P442 RELAY SETTING CALCULATION
Input Data:
Protected Line Length 8.16 km
Volage Rating 132 kV
Positive Sequence Resistance per km 0.164 Ω
Positive Sequence Reactance per km 0.394 Ω
Positive Sequence Impedance per km 0.4268 Ω
Line angle ∠ 67.37
Zero Sequence Resistance per km 0.397 Ω
Zero Sequence Reactance per km 1.162 Ω
PT Ratio 132000 / 110 V
CT Ratio 250 /1 A
Length of the adjacent shortest line 1.6 km
Length of the adjacent longest line 48 km
Type of Circuit (Single / Double) Single
Distance Protection Setting Calculation:
1. CT/PT Ratio:
To convert primary impedance to a secondary value for use in adjusting a
phase or ground distance relay, the following formula is used:
( / )
Ratio of secondary to primary impedance = = 0.208
( / )
2. Total Line Impedance:
All impedance reaches for phase fault protection are calculated in polar form:
Z ∠θ, where Z is the reach in ohms, and θ is the line angle setting in degrees,
common to all zones. The line parameters can be set in polar or rectangular
form to give the total positive impedance of the protected line:
+ve Seq Impedance of line (Z-PL pri) = +ve Seq Imp per km X Line Length
= 0.4268 X 8.16
= 3.482 Ω (primary)
= 3.482 X 0.208
+ve Seq Impedance of line (Z-PL sec) = 0.725 Ω
3. Zone 1:
The zone 1 elements of a distance relay should be set to cover as much of the
protected line as possible, allowing instantaneous tripping for as many faults as
possible.
It is therefore recommended that the reach of the zone 1 distance elements is
restricted to 80 - 85% of the protected line impedance (positive phase sequence
line impedance)
Zone 1 pickup (sec) = Z-PL sec x 80%
= 0.725 X 80%
Zone 1 pickup (sec) = 0.580 Ω
4. Zone 2:
The zone 2 elements should be set to cover the 20% of the remaining line not
covered by zone 1. Allowing for underreaching errors, the zone 2 reach (Z2) should
be set in excess of 120% of the protected line impedance for all fault conditions.
A constraining requirement is that, where possible, zone 2 does not reach beyond
the zone 1 reach of adjacent line protection.
Zone 2 reach should be set to cover ≤50% of the shortest adjacent line impedance.
a. Condition-1 (Considering ≤50% of Adjacent Shortest Line)
Zone 2 pickup (sec) = Z-PL sec + 50% of Adj. Short line Imp
= 0.725 + (0.5 X 0.4268 X 1.6 X 0.208)
Zone 2 pickup (sec) = 0.796 Ω
b. Condition-2 (Considering ≥120% of Protected Line)
Zone 2 pickup (sec) = Z-PL sec X 120%
= 0.725 X 120%
Zone 2 pickup (sec) = 0.870 Ω
Note: Condition-2 covers the 100 percent of the adjacent line. This covers
the receiving end substation of the adjacent shortest line. So Condition-1
is considered for pickup
5. Zone 3:
The zone 3 elements would usually be used to provide overall back-up protection
for adjacent circuits. The zone 3 reach (Z3) is therefore set to approximately
120% of the combined impedance of the protected line plus the longest adjacent
line.
Zone 3 pickup (sec) = (Z-PL sec X 120%) +
(Adj longest line imp)
= (0.725 X 120%) +
(1 X 0.4268 X 48 X 0.208)
Zone 3 pickup (sec) = 5.132 Ω
6. Zone 4:
The zone 4 elements would typically provide back-up protection for the local
busbar, where the offset reach is set to 25% of the zone 1 reach of the relay for
short lines (<30km) or 10% of the zone 1 reach for long lines.
Zone 4 pickup (sec) = Z-PL sec X 25%
= 0.725 X 25%
Zone 4 pickup (sec) = 0.181 Ω
7. Zone setting – KZ Residual compensation for Earth Fault Elements and
KZ Angle:
The residual compensation in distance protection is used to account for the
difference between zero sequence (Z0) and positive sequence (Z1) impedances
during single-line-to-ground (SLG) faults.
kZ0 is designated as the residual compensation factor, and is calculated as:
(Z0 – Z1)
kZ0 Res. Comp, ⏐kZ0⏐ =
(3 X Z1)
(Z0 – Z1)
kZ0 Angle, ∠kZ0 = ∠
(3 X Z1)
((0.397 + i 1.162)− (0.164 + i 0.394)
=
(3 X (0.164 + i 0.394))
= 0.627 ∠ 5.722
Where:
Z1 = Positive sequence impedance for the line or cable.
Z0 = Zero sequence impedance for the line or cable.
8. Resistive reach calculation
The resistive reach (RPh) is set independently of the impedance reach along the
protected line/cable. RPh defines the maximum amount of fault resistance
additional to the line impedance for which a distance zone will trip, regardless of
the location of the fault within the zone.
The maximum phase fault resistive reach must be limited to avoid load
encroachment trips. Thus, R3Ph and other phase fault resistive reach settings
must be set to avoid the heaviest allowable loading on the feeder.
Note: As per the recommendations of Ramakrishna committee, 50%
overloading condition is considered and during this overload voltage
drop of 15% is considered for calculating the Load Resistance (RL).
Line Full load current in Primary = 250 A
Line Maximum current in Primary = 250 A x 150%
= 375 A
Line Minimum voltage in Primary during Overload = (85%*132)/√3
=64.78 kV
(64.78 X 1000)
Load Resistance in Primary =
(375)
= 172.74 Ω
Load Resistance in Secondary = 172.74 X 0.208
= 35.988 Ω
a. Phase fault resistive reaches (Rph-ph):
Resistance reach for Zone 3 & Zone 4 - R3Ph/R4Ph= 2 X 60% X Load Resistance
= 2 X 60% X 35.988
= 43.190 Ω
The zone 2 elements satisfy R2Ph ≤ (R3Ph x 80%), and R2G ≤ (R3G x 80%)
Resistive reach for Zone 2 - R2Ph = R3Ph Reach X 70%
= 43.190 X 70%
= 30.233 Ω
Resistive reach for Zone 1 - R1Ph = R2Ph Reach X 70%
= 30.233 X 70%
= 21.1631 Ω
b. Phase fault resistive reaches (Rph-G):
Resistance reach for Zone 3 & Zone 4 - R3G/R4G= 80% X Load Resistance
= 80% X 35.988
= 28.790 Ω
Resistive reach for Zone 2 - R2Ph = R3G Reach X 70%
= 28.790 X 70%
= 20.153 Ω
Resistive reach for Zone 1 - R1Ph = R2G Reach X 70%
= 20.153 X 70%
= 14.107 Ω
