Application Notes P44x/EN AP/Hb6

MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444 (AP) 5-71

Z2
Z1

Z1 Z1
Z1
Z2

LOL-A
LOL-B
&
LOL-C

0 & 18ms
Trip
&
40ms 0
Z2
1

P3053ENa

Figure 48: Loss-of-load accelerated trip scheme

For circuits with load tapped off the protected line, care must be taken in setting the loss of
load feature to ensure that the I< level detector setting is above the tapped load current.
When selected, the loss of load feature operates in conjunction with the main distance
scheme that is selected. In this way it provides high speed clearance for end zone faults
when the Basic scheme is selected or, with permissive signal aided tripping schemes, it
provides high speed back-up clearance for end zone faults if the channel fails.

Note: Loss of load tripping is only available where 3 pole tripping is used.

3.3 Power Swing

See section 4.1.

3.4 Other protection considerations - settings example

3.4.1 Distance Protection Setting Example

3.4.1.1 Objective
To protect the 100km double circuit line between the Green Valley and Blue River
substations using relay protection in the POP Z2 Permissive Overreach mode and to set the
relay at Green Valley substation, as shown in Figure 49.
P44x/EN AP/Hb6 Application Notes

(AP) 5-72 MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444

Tiger Bay Green valley

Blue River Rocky bay

80 Km
100 Km 60 Km

System Data
Green Valley - Blue River transmission line 21 21
System voltage 230kv
System grounding solid
CT ratio 1200/5
VT ratio 230000/115
Line length 100km
Line impedance
Z1 = 0.089 + J0.476 OHM/km
Z0 = 0.426 + J1.576 OHM/km
Faults levels
Green Valley substation busbars maximum 5000MVA, minimum 2000MVA
Blue River substation busbars maximum 3000MVA, minimum 1000MVA P3074EN

Figure 49: System assumed for worked example

3.4.1.2 System Data

Line length: 100km

Line impedances: Z = 0.089 + j0.476 = 0.484 / 79.4° Ω/km

1

Z = 0.426 + j1.576 = 1.632 / 74.8° Ω/km

0

Z /Z1 = 3.372 / -4.6°

0
CT ratio: 1 200 / 5
VT ratio: 230 000 / 115

3.4.1.3 Relay Settings

It is assumed that Zone 1 Extension is not used and that only three forward zones are
required. Settings on the relay can be performed in primary or secondary quantities and
impedances can be expressed as either polar or rectangular quantities (menu selectable).
For the purposes of this example, secondary quantities are used.

3.4.1.4 Line Impedance

1200 / 5
Ratio of secondary to primary impedance = 0.12
230000 /115
Line impedance secondary = ratio CT/VT x line impedance primary.

Line Impedance = 100 x 0.484 / 79.4° (primary) x 0.12

= 5.81 / 79.4° Ω secondary.

Relay Line Angle settings -90° to 90° in 1° steps. Therefore, select Line Angle = 80° for
convenience.

Therefore set Line Impedance and Line Angle: = 5.81 / 80° Ω secondary.

3.4.1.5 Zone 1 Phase Reach Settings

Required Zone 1 reach is to be 80% of the line impedance between Green Valley and Blue
River substations.

Required Zone 1 reach = 0.8 x 100 x 0.484 / 79.4° x 0.12

Application Notes P44x/EN AP/Hb6

MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444 (AP) 5-73

Z1 = 4.64 / 79.4° Ω secondary.

Z2 = 100 x 0.484 / 79.4° + 50% x 60 x 0.484 / 79.4°

The Line Angle = 80°.

Therefore actual Zone 1 reach, Z1 = 4.64 / 80° Ω secondary.

3.4.1.6 Zone 2 Phase Reach Settings

Required Zone 2 impedance =
(Green Valley-Blue River) line impedance + 50% (Blue River-Rocky Bay) line impedance

Z2 = (100+30) x 0.484 / 79.4° x 0.12

= 7.56 / 79.4° Ω secondary.

The Line Angle = 80°.

Actual Zone 2 reach setting = 7.56 / 80° Ω secondary

3.4.1.7 Zone 3 Phase Reach Settings

Required Zone 3 forward reach =
(Green Valley-Blue River + Blue River-Rocky Bay) x 1.2

= (100+60) x 1.2 x 0.484 / 79.4° x 0.12

Z3 = 11.15 / 79.4° ohms secondary

Actual Zone 3 forward reach setting = 11.16 / 80° ohms secondary

3.4.1.8 Zone 4 Reverse Settings with no Weak Infeed Logic Selected

Required Zone 4 reverse reach impedance = Typically 10% Zone 1 reach

= 0.1 x 4.64 / 79.4°

Z4 = 0.464 / 79.4°

Actual Zone 4 reverse reach setting = 0.46 / 80° ohms secondary

3.4.1.9 Zone 4 Reverse Settings with Weak Infeed Logic Selected

Where zone 4 is used to provide reverse directional decisions for Blocking or Permissive
Overreach schemes, zone 4 must reach further behind the relay than zone 2 for the remote
relay. This can be achieved by setting: Z4 ≥ ((Remote zone 2 reach) x 120%) minus the
protected line impedance:
Remote Zone 2 reach =
(Blue River-Green Valley) line impedance + 50% (Green Valley-Tiger Bay) line impedance

= (100+40) x 0.484 / 79.4° x 0.12

= 8.13 / 79.4° Ω secondary.
Z4 ≥ ((8.13 / 79.4°) x 120%) - (5.81 / 79.4°)
= 3.95 / 79.4°
Minimum zone 4 reverse reach setting = 3.96 / 80° ohms secondary

3.4.1.10 Residual Compensation for Earth Fault Elements

The residual compensation factor can be applied independently to certain zones if required.
This feature is useful where line impedance characteristics change between sections or
where hybrid circuits are used. In this example, the line impedance characteristics do not
change and as such a common KZ0 factor can be applied to each zone. This is set as a ratio
“kZ0 Res. Comp”, and an angle “kZ0 Angle”:
P44x/EN AP/Hb6 Application Notes

(AP) 5-74 MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444

kZ0 Res. Comp, kZ0 = (Z0 - Z1) / 3.Z1 Ie: As a ratio.

kZ0 Angle, ∠kZ0 = ∠ (Z0 - Z1) / 3.Z1 Set in degrees.

Z -Z = (0.426 + j1.576) - (0.089 + j0.476)
L0 L1
= 0.337 + j1.1

= 1.15 / 72.9°

1.15 / 72.9°
kZ0 = = 0.79 / –6.5°
3 x0.484 / 79.4°
Therefore, select:
kZ0 Res. Comp = 0.79 (Set for kZ1, kZ2, kZp, kZ4).
kZ0 Angle = –6.5° (Set for kZ1, kZ2, kZp, kZ4).

3.4.1.11 Resistive Reach Calculations

All distance elements must avoid the heaviest system loading. Taking the 5A CT secondary
rating as a guide to the maximum load current, the minimum load impedance presented to
the relay would be:

Vn (phase-neutral) / In = (115 / √3) / 5 = 13.3 Ω (secondary)

Typically, phase fault distance zones would avoid the minimum load impedance by a margin
of ≥40% if possible (bearing in mind that the power swing characteristic surrounds the
tripping zones), earth fault zones would use a ≥20% margin. This allows maximum resistive
reaches of 7.9 Ω, and 10.6 Ω, respectively.

From Table 2: (see § 3.1.2.4), taking a required primary resistive coverage of 14.5Ω for
phase faults, and assuming a typical earth fault coverage of 40Ω, the minimum secondary
reaches become:

RPh (min) = 14.5 x 0.12 = 1.74 Ω (secondary);

RG (min) = 40 x 0.12 = 4.8 Ω (secondary).

Resistive reaches could be chosen between the calculated values as shown in Table 10.
The zone 2 elements satisfy R2Ph ≤ (R3Ph x 80%), and R2G ≤ (R3G x 80%).

Minimum Maximum Zone 1 Zone 2 Zones 3 & 4

Phase (RPh) Ω 1.74 7.9 R1Ph = 3 R1Ph = 4 R3Ph-4Ph = 8
Earth (RG) Ω 4.8 10.6 R1G = 5 R1G = 6 R3G-4G = 10
Table 7: Selection of resistive reaches

R3Ph/2 = R4Ph/2 should be set ≤ 80% Z minimum load – ∆R.

3.4.1.12 Power Swing Band

Typically, the ∆R and ∆X band settings are both set between 10 - 30% of R3Ph. This gives a
secondary impedance between 0.6 and 1.8 Ω. For convenience, 1.0 Ω could be set.
The width of the power swing band is calculated as follows:

∆R = 1.3 × tan(π × ∆f × ∆t) × RLOAD

Assuming that the load corresponds to 60° angles between sources and if the resistive reach
is set so that Rlim = RLOAD/2, the following is obtained:

∆R = 0.032 × ∆f × RLOAD
To ensure that a power swing frequency of 5 Hz is detected, the following is obtained:

∆R = 0.16 × RLOAD
Application Notes P44x/EN AP/Hb6

MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444 (AP) 5-75

Where:

∆R width of the power swing detection band

∆f power swing frequency (fA – fB)

Rlim resistive reach of the starting characteristic (=R3ph-R4ph)
Z network impedance corresponding to the sum of the reverse (Z4) and
forward (Z3) impedances
RLOAD load resistance

3.4.1.13 Current Reversal Guard

The current reversal guard timer available with POP schemes needs a non-zero setting
when the reach of the zone 2 elements is greater than 1.5 times the impedance of the
protected line. In this example, their reach is only 1.3 times the protected line impedance.
Therefore, current reversal guard logic does not need to be used and the recommended
settings for scheme time-delays are:
tREVERSAL GUARD = 0
‘Aid Dist Delay’ = 98 ms (typical).

3.4.1.14 Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

To provide parallel high-speed fault clearance to the distance protection, it is possible to use
the I>3 element as an instantaneous highset. It must be ensured that the element will only
respond to faults on the protected line. The worst case scenario for this is when only one of
the parallel lines is in service.
Two cases must be considered. The first case is a fault at Blue River substation with the
relay seeing fault current contribution via Green Valley. The second case is a fault at Green
Valley with the relay seeing fault current contribution via Blue River.
Case 1:

Source Impedance = 2302 / 5000 = 10.58 Ω

Line Impedance = 48.4Ω

Fault current seen by relay = (230000 / √3) / (10.58 + 48.4)

= 2251A
Case 2:

Source Impedance = 2302 / 3000 = 17.63 Ω

Line Impedance = 48.4 Ω

Fault current seen by relay = (230000 / √3) / (17.63 + 48.4)

= 2011A
The overcurrent setting must be in excess of 2251A. To provide an adequate safety margin a
setting ≥120% the minimum calculated should be chosen, say 2800A.

3.4.2 Teed feeder protection

The application of distance relays to three terminal lines is fairly common. However, several
problems arise when applying distance protection to three terminal lines.

3.4.2.1 Apparent Impedance

Figure 50 shows a typical three terminal line arrangement. For a fault at the busbars of
terminal B the impedance seen by a relay at terminal A will be equal to:
Za = Zat + Zbt + [ Zbt.(Ic/Ia) ]