COURSE MODULE

Based on CHED CMO 67, S.

2017

I. NAME OF PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering (BSMarE)

II. COURSE COURSE CODE

Basic Electronics
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE Electro 2
/ CODE
COURSE CREDIT
III. PRE-REQUISITE / CO- NONE UNIT
REQUISITE / CREDIT
UNIT 4

The course is designed for the Bachelor of Science in Marine

Engineering (BSMarE) students. It deals with the study of the
principle and application of Power electronic components, the
study of the basic Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
IV. COURSE DESCRIPTION
programming and troubleshooting of Silicon Controlled Rectifier
(SCR), Motor controls circuit specifically for soft starter and the
electro-pneumatic circuit.

MODULE NUMBER
V. MODULE TITLE / Ladder Diagram Programming
NUMBER 13

VI. INCLUSIVE WEEK Week Number 11

VII. COURSE OUTCOME Construct a ladder diagram for a given sequence control circuit.

A. Learning Outcome: At the end of the modules, the students should be able to:
LO2.7 Convert a relay logic to a ladder logic diagram

B. STCW Competence Addressed by the Course Module :

 A-III/1.F2.C1: Operate electrical, electronic and control systems
 A-III/1.F2.C2: Maintenance and repair of electrical and electronic equipment
C. STCW KUP Addressed by the Course Module:
 A-III/1 F2.C1.KUP1.2.a: Basic configuration and operation principles of the
characteristics of basic electronic circuit elements
 A-III/2.F2.C1.KUP1: Theoretical knowledge, (.1.b) marine electronics, power
electronics and (.1.d) safety devices
 A-III/1.F2.C2.KUP6: The interpretation of simple electronic diagrams
 A-III/2 F2.C2.KUP1.1: Practical knowledge on Troubleshooting of electrical and
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 electronic control equipment
VIII. MODULE RESOURCES
Minimum reading material/online resources to be provided by the faculty; it can be in pdf /
word file / internet links / etc. And its MHEIs discretion based on their resources / capability

1.

Guide on how to read and learn with this module:

1. Before the lesson or topic is introduced, please answer the guide questions. This is in terms of an
activity, these questions are related with our day-to-day interaction of the things surround us, part of our
daily activity or present in our locality / community which we did not dare to understand or even know
that it exist. Some of the guide question is also coming from the previous lesson to show the connectivity
of topic.

2. Grading system of each activity or assessment are based on a given rubrics attach on the last page of
this module.

3. The contents of the lesson is either given in complete package or is just an example. The full content
will be given as an activity for the student to do research.

4. Some of the activities are mark as an assessment, this is to comply the LO (Learning objective),
competency or KUP (Knowledge Understanding and Proficiency) of a given topic with reference to the
STCW’78 as amended.

5. At the end of the topic a final written assessment is given to assess the understanding of the student.

6. After complying with the activity and assessment, the student is required to upload the output into the
forms for grading purposes.

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 7. Review of the question and the technical answers will be given at the end of the module.

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Module 13: Ladder Diagram Programming

Source: https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-ladder-diagram/1227

Overview

 Programs for microprocessor-based systems must be loaded into them in

machine code.

 machine code - is a sequence of binary code numbers to represent the program

instructions.

 Ladder programming method in writing programs was adopted by most PLC

manufactures.

 In 1993, the International Electrotechnical Commission published IEC 1131-3 as

an International standard in writing PLC programs. The IEC 1131-3 programming
languages are ladder diagrams (LAD), instruction list (IL), sequential function
charts (SFC), structured text (ST), and function block diagrams (FBD).

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Before reading the text below, please answer the guide question.
Test yourself:
What electronic or electrical devices is used in earlier automated system onboard the
vessel?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

13.1 Ladder diagram

Figure 13.1 Ways of drawing an

electrical circuit
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Ladder diagram - are specialized schematics commonly used to document industrial
control logic systems. They are called “ladder” diagrams because they resemble
a ladder, with two vertical rails (supply power) and as many “rungs” (horizontal lines) as
there are control circuits to represent.
Source: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-6/ladder-diagrams/

Ladder diagram – is a very commonly used method of programming PLCs

Conventions are adopted in drawing a ladder diagram:

1 The vertical lines of the diagram represent the power rails between which circuits are
connected. The power flow is taken to be from the left-hand vertical across a rung.

2 Each rung on the ladder defines one operation in the control process.

3 A ladder diagram is read from left to right and from top to bottom, Figure 13.2 showing
the scanning motion employed by the PLC. The top rung is read from left to right. Then
the second rung down is read from left to right and so on. When the PLC is in its run
mode, it goes through the entire ladder program to the end, the end rung of the program
being clearly denoted, and then promptly resumes at the start. This procedure of going
through all the rungs of the program is termed a cycle. The end rung might be indicated
by a block with the word END or RET for return, since the program promptly returns to
its beginning.

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 Figure 13.2 Scanning the Ladder
diagram
4 Each rung must start with an input or inputs and must end with at least one output.
The term input is used for a control action, such as closing the contacts of a switch,
used as an input to the PLC. The term output is used for a device connected to the
output of a PLC, e.g., a motor.

5 Electrical devices are shown in their normal condition. Thus, a switch which is
normally open until some object closes it, is shown as open on the ladder diagram. A
switch that is normally closed is shown closed.

6 A particular device can appear in more than one rung of a ladder. For example, we
might have a relay which switches on one or more devices. The same letters and/or
numbers are used to label the device in each situation.

7 The inputs and outputs are all identified by their addresses, the notation used
depending on the PLC manufacturer. This is the address of the input or output in the
memory of the PLC.

IEC 1131-3 symbols that are used for input and output devices.

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 Figure 13.3 Basic symbols

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Example diagram

Figure 13.4 A ladder rung (a) Normally open (NO), (b) Normally closed (NC)
 In Fig. (a), The output will only be energized when the input is activated for
example a switch is closed.
 While in Fig. (b), the output is always running unless the input is activated
(meaning is open)

Notation:

Individual PLC manufacturer has its own notation designation for each device. Below
are the samples.

Figure 13.5 Notation: (a) Mitsubishi, (b) Siemens, (c) Allen-Bradley, (d) Telemecanique

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13.2 Logic functions

There are many control situations requiring actions to be initiated when a certain
combination of conditions is realized.

In real situation, there are many instances that needs a combination of 2 or more input
devices to activate simultaneously for a particular output device to turn on. For example,
for application where high risk or fatal accident might happen. Many of the safety
measure are incorporated into the machine to minimize accidents. Like safety doors are
lock during operation, two start buttons placed a considerable distance are employed to
ensure that both hands are away from the operating devices and many more. This
operations need a logic function to achieve a desirable output.

13.2.1 AND function

Figure 13.6 (a) AND electrical circuit, (b) AND logic gate (c) Truth
table

Requires all input devices are

“ON” in a given instant to trigger
the output.

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 Figure 13.7 (a) Equivalent ladder diagram (b) Signal

On a ladder diagram contacts in a horizontal rung, i.e., contacts in series, represent the
logical AND operations.

13.2.2 OR function

Figure 13.8 (a) OR electrical circuit, (b) OR logic gate (c) Truth table

Requires any or both input devices

are “ON” to trigger the output.

Figure 13.9 (a, b) Equivalent ladder diagram (b)

Signal
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Alternative paths provided by vertical paths from the main rung of a ladder diagram, i.e.,
paths in parallel, represent logical OR operations.

13.2.3 NOT function

Figure 13.10 (a) NOT circuit, (b) NOT logic with a ladder rung,
(c) high output when no input to A (d) Truth table

13.2.4 NAND function

Figure 13.11 (a) NAND ladder diagram, (b) signal, (c) Truth table
Both the inputs A and B have to be 0 for there to be a 1 output.

13.2.5 NOR function

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 Figure 13.12 (a) NOR ladder diagram, (b) signal, (c) Truth table

The combination of OR and NOT gates is termed a NOR gate. There is an output when
neither input A or input B is 1.

13.2.6 XOR function

Figure 13.13 (a) XOR ladder diagram, (b) signal, (c) Truth table

There will be an output if either of the input is 1 but no output if both inputs are 0 or 1.

13.3 Latching

Figure 13.14 Latched circuit

Holding the output in a high state even if the input ceases.

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Example application of Latching:

During the motor is not running RED

lamp is ON. When the start button is
pressed (X400 closes) the motor
start and Y430 NO contacts also
close, latching the circuit. Even if
the start button is released (X400
open) the flow of current will pass
the Y430 NO contacts. Since Y430
NO is closed the green lamp will ON
and simultaneously Y430 NC will
open thereby RED lamp is OFF.
To stop the motor, stop button X401
must be pressed to deactivate Y430
coil.

Figure 13.15 Motor control

13.4 Multiple outputs

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 Figure 13.16 Ladder rung with one input and 2 output.

When input closes both output A and B is energized.

Figure 13.17 Ladder rung with two input and 2 output.

Output B is dependent on input A. As input A closes, output A is energized. At this time

if input B closes, output B will energize. There is a sequence of events.

Rubric for reflective assessment:

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 Criteria Below Average Average Above average
Adequate degree of
observations some Sophisticated and
Simplistic observation
insight and analysis, thoughtful
provides little or no
reflection and observation, high
Observation and insight, comment, or
outcomes considered degree of insight and
Insight analysis.
but lack of depth. analysis.
0~5
6 ~ 10 11 ~ 15

Effective use of
Poor vocabulary and Competent vocabulary
vocabulary and no
numerous errors and occasional errors
Vocabulary errors
0~3 4~7
8 ~ 10

Reference(s):

1. Wikipedia 2021, Logic Gate

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

2. W. Bolton (2006), Programmable Logic Controllers,

Elsevier Newnes, ISBN-13: 978-0-5706-8112-4 / ISBN-10: 0-7506-8112-8

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