General Knowledge & General Awareness 19

GEOGRAPHY

WORLD GEOGRAPHY

THE UNIVERSE Facts about Sun

Diameter — 1.392 × 106 km
 Existing matter and energy are together known as Volume — 1.304 × 106 times the volume of earth
Universe.
Temperature — 6000°C at surface and 15 million degree C
GALAXY at the centre
Relative density — 1.4
 A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars and clouds
of dust and gases. Gravitational Pull — 28 times the gravitational pull of the earth
 Our solar system is a part of Milky Way galaxy.
 There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe. Facts about Planets
Closest to Sun Mercury
STARS Farthest from Sun Neptune
 Stars account for 98 per cent of the matter in a galaxy. Heaviest Jupiter
The stars nearest to the earth are Proxima Centauri, Alpha Hottest Venus
Centauri, Barnard's Star, Sirius and so on. Of these, Inner Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Sirius is the brightest. Largest Jupiter
Smallest Mercury
LIGHT YEAR Moons, None Mercury, Venus
 Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year Moon; Largest Ganymede (Jupiter), larger than Mercury
at a speed of 2,99,792.5 km. per second. Nearest to Earth Venus
Orbits; Order Mercury (closest to Sun), Venus, Earth,
SOLAR SYSTEM Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
 The Sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial Rings/largest number Saturn
bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids form the solar Spin; Backwards Venus (East to West)
system. COMETS
 It has a head and a tail. Its tail originates only when it
gets closer to the sun. The tail can be 20-30 million km
long. It always point away from the sun because of the
Mercury
Earth force exerted by solar wind and radiation on the cometory
Asteroids Moon
Neptune
Saturn Sun material.
Uranus Jupiter
Mars THE EARTH
 The earth is the third nearest planet to the Sun.
 From the outer space, the earth appears blue because its
two-thirds surface is covered by water. It is, therefore,
called a blue planet.
SUN
 It is the densest of all planets.
 The Sun is in the centre of the solar system.
 Rotation is the movement of the earth on its axis. Due to
 The Sun is a mixture of gases. It consists of 92% hydrogen, this rotation, day and night occur.
7.8% helium and 0.2% other gases.
 The earth takes about 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds
 The Sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. to complete one rotation around its axis.
 The sun is an ultimate source of energy for life on Earth.  Earth takes 365¼ days (one year) to revolve around the
 Sunlight takes 8 min 16.6 sec to reach earth. sun.
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THE EARTH: FACTS AND FIGURES INDIAN STANDARD TIME (IST)

 Mass of Earth—5.972 × 1021 tonnes  Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5°E
 Density of Earth—5.517 times that of water longitude which passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
 Volume of Earth—1.083 × 1011 cubic km Pradesh, Odisha, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh.
 Equatorial circumference—4.007 × 104 km
ECLIPSES
 Polar Diameter—12,714 km
 Equatorial Diameter—12756 km  Sun is the only source of light for both the Earth and
 Polar or Meridional circumference—4.0 × 104 km Moon. Eclipses occur when the light thus received is
 Estimated Age—At least 4600 million years either blocked by the earth or by the Moon.
 Land Surface—148,951,000 sq km  Eclipses occur when either the Earth moves behind the
 Water Surface—361,150,000 sq km (71 per cent of total Moon’s shadow or the Moon moves behind the Earth’s
area) shadow.
 Highest Point of the land surface—Mt. Everest (8,848
LUNAR ECLIPSE
metres)
 Lowest point of the land surface—Shores of the Dead Sea  Lunar eclipse occur only when the following conditions
(396 metres below the sea level) are met.
 Greatest Ocean depth—Mariana Trench, East of 1. The Sun, Earth and Moon must be aligned in a straight
line.
Philippines (11,033 metres below the sea level)
2. The Earth must be positioned between the Sun and the
THE MOON Moon.
 Earth has only one satellite, that is, the moon. 3. The Moon must be in its full phase (Full Moon).
 Its diameter is only one-quarter that of the earth. It is
SOLAR ECLIPSE
about 3,84,400 km away from us.
 Solar eclipses occur only when the following conditions
 The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days. It are met.
takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. As a 1. The Sun, Earth and Moon must be aligned in a straight
result, only one side of the moon (only 59% of its surface) line.
is visible to us on the earth. 2. The Moon must be positioned between the Sun and
 Moonlight takes 1.3 sec. to reach earth. the Earth.
3. Must be a New Moon day.
LATITUDE
 Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured ROCKS
as an angle whose apex is at the centre of the earth.  Rocks are composed of many minerals such as silica,
 The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole aluminium, iron and magnesium. The nature of the rock
is 90°N and the South Pole 90°S. is determined by the presence of its minerals.
 23½°N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23½°S represents  Rocks can be classified into three types:
Tropic of Capricorn. 1. Igneous rocks are formed by magma that reaches the
earth’s surface along deep cracks and at volcanic vents.
LONGITUDE e.g., Mica, Granite etc.
 It is the angular distance measured from the centre of the 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation
earth. On the globe the lines of longitude are drawn as a and cementation of mud, silt, or sand derived from
series of semicircles that extend from the North Pole to weathered igneous rock frag-ments. e.g., Gravel, Peat,
the South Pole through the equator. They are also called Gypsum etc.
meridians. 3. Metamorphic rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks
 The distance between any two meridians is not equal. At that have been altered by heat and/or pressure, either
the equator, 1 degree = 111 km. At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 because they have been buried and folded deep in the
km. It goes on decreasing this way until it is zero at the crust, or because they have come into contact with
poles. molten igneous rock, e.g., Gneiss, Marble, Quartzite
etc.
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
VOLCANOES
 It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, Sudden eruption of hot magma (molten rock), gases, ash and
deviating at Aleutian Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Gilbert other material from inside the Earth to its surface.
Islands.
 Active which erupts frequently, e.g., Mauna Loa (Hawaii),
 Travellers crossing the Date Line from west to east repeat
Etna (Sicily), Vesuvius (Italy), Stromboli (Mediterranean
a day and travellers crossing it from east to west lose a day.
Sea).
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 Dormant Not erupted for quite sometime, e.g., Fujiyama MOUNTAINS

(Japan), Krakatoa (Indonesia), Barren Island (Andamans).  A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises
 Extinct Not erupted for several centuries, e.g., Arthur's abruptly from the surrounding region.
Seat, Edinburgh, Scotland.  There are three types of mountains- Fold Mountains, Block
EARTHQUAKES Mountains and the Volcanic Mountains.
 Earthquakes are a form of wave energy that is transferred  Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, Atlas, etc are examples
through bedrock. It is transmitted from the point of the of Fold Mountains.
earthquake focus, as spherical seismic waves. They travel in  The Aravali range in India is one of the oldest fold
all directions outward.
mountain systems in the world.
 The intensity of earthquake waves is recorded by
Seismograph.  The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are
examples of such mountain systems.
LANDFORMS  Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic activity.
 There are three major landforms: mountains, plateaus and  Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are
plains. examples of such mountains.

Major Mountain Ranges of the World

Range Location Highest Peak (m) Length (km)
Andes South America 6,960 7,200
Himalayas-Karakoram-Hindukush South Central Asia 8,848 4,800
Rockies North America 4,401 4,800
Great Dividing Range East Australia 2,228 3,600
Western Ghat Western India 2,637 1,610
Caucasus Europe 5,642 1,200
Alaska USA 6,194 1,130
Alps Europe 4,808 1,050
Apennines Europe 2,912 —
Ural Asia 1,895 —
Atlas North West Africa — 1,930

PLATEAUS PLAINS
 A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table  A relatively low-lying and flat land surface with least
land standing above the surrounding area. difference between its highest and lowest points is called
Principal Mountain Peaks of the World a Plain.

Mountains Height in Metres OCEANS

1. Mount Everest 8,848
2. K-2 (Godwin Austen) 8,611  Oceans of the world is classified into four groups: the
3. Kanchenjunga 8,597 Pacific, the Atlantic, the Arctic and the Indian.
4. Lhotse 8,511  The Pacific is the largest ocean, being twice the size of
5. Makalu I 8,481 the Atlantic. It covers about a third of the Earth’s surface,
6. Dhaulagiri I 8,167 and contains more than half the water on the planet.
7. Mansalu I 8,156
8. Chollyo 8,153 Oceans of the World
9. Nanga Parbat 8,124
Names Area (Sq. Km.) Greatest Depth
10. Annapurna I 8,091
11. Gasherbrum I 8,068 Pacific 166,240000 Mariana Trench
12. Broad Peak I 8,047 Atlantic 86,560000 Puerto Rico
13. Gasherbrum II 8,034 Trench
14. Shisha Pangma (Gosainthan) 8,014 Indian 73430000 Java Trench
15. Gasherbrum III 7,952 Arctic 13230000 —
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Major Rivers of the World

River Origin Falls in Length (Km.)
Nile Victoria lake Mediterranean Sea 6,650
Amazon Andes (Peru) Atlantic Ocean 6,428
Yangtze Tibetan Kiang Plateau China Sea 6,300
Mississippi Missouri Itaska lake (USA) Gulf of Mexico (USA) 6,275
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts. Arctic Ocean 5,539
Hoang Ho Kunlun Mts. Gulf of Chibli 5,464
Ob Altai Mts., Russia Gulf of Ob 5,410
Congo Lualaba & Luapula rivers Atlantic Ocean 4,700
Amur Northeast China Sea of Okhotsk 4,444
Lena Baikal Mts Laptev Sea 4,400
Mekong Tibetan Highlands South China Sea 4,350
Mackenzie Great Slave Lake Beaufort Sea 4,241
Niger Guinea Gulf of Guinea 4,200

Major Gulfs of the World

Names Area (Sq. Km.) Names Areas (Sq. Km.)

Gulf of Mexico 15,44,000 Gulf of St. Lawrence 2,37,000
Gulf of Hudson 12,33,000 Gulf of California 1,62,000
Arabian Gulf 2,38,000 English Channel 89,900

Important Straits of the World

Straits Water Bodies joined Area

Bab-al-Mandeb Red Sea & Arabian Sea Arabia & Africa

Bering Arctic Ocean & Bering Sea Alaska & Asia
Bosphorus Black Sea & Marmara Sea Turkey
Dover North Sea & Atlantic Ocean England & Europe
Florida Gulf of Mexico & Atlantic Ocean Florida & Bahamas Islands
Gibralter Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean Spain & Africa
Malacca Java Sea & Bay of Bengal India & Indonesia
Palk Bay of Bengal & Indian Ocean India & Sri Lanka
Magellan South Pacific & South Atlantic Ocean Chile
Sunda Java Sea & Indian Ocean Indonesia

Important Lakes of the World Highest Waterfalls of the World

Lake Location Area Name(s) (Foreign) Location
(Sq. Km.) Angel (Salto Angel) Canaima Nat’l Park, Venezuela
Caspian Russia and CIS 371000 Tugela Natal Nat’l Park, South Africa
Superior Canada and USA 82414 Utigord (Utigordsfoss) Norway
Victoria Tanzania (Africa) 69485 Monge (Mongefoss) Marstein, Norway
Huron Canada and USA 59596 Gocta Cataracts Chachapoyas, Peru
Michigan USA 58016 Mutarazi (Mtarazi) Nyanga Nat’l Park, Zimbabwe
Yosemite Yosemite Nat’l Park, California, U.S.
Tanganyika Africa 32892
Espelands Hardanger Fjord,
Baikal Russia (CIS) 31502
(Espelandsfoss) Norway
Great Bear Canada 31080 Lower Mar Valley Eikesdal, Norway
Malawi Malawi (Tanzania) 30044 (Ostra Mardolafoss)
Great Slave Canada 28438 Tyssestrengene Odda, Norway
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Important Cities on River Banks (World) City Country River

City Country River Vienna Austria Danube

Warsaw Poland Vistula
Adelaide Australia Torrens
Washington D.C. U.S.A. Potomac
Amsterdam Netherlands Amsel
Yangoon Myanmar Irawaddy
Alexandria Egypt Nile
Ankara Turkey Kazil World’s Geographical Surnames
Bangkok Thailand Chao Praya
City of Sky-scrapers—New York
Basra Iraq Eupharates and
Tigris City of Seven Hills—Rome
Baghdad Iraq Tigris City of Dreaming Spires—Oxford
Berlin Germany Spree City of Golden Gate—San Francisco
Bonn Germany Rhine City of Magnificent Buildings—Washington D.C.
Budapest Hungary Danube City of Eternal Springs—Quito (S. America)
Bristol UK Avon China’s Sorrow—Hwang Ho
Buenos Aires Argentina Laplata Cockpit of Europe—Belgium
Chittagong Bangladesh Majyani Dark Continent—Africa
Canton China Si-Kiang Emerald Isle—Ireland
Cairo Egypt Nile
Eternal City—Rome
Chung King China Yang-tse-kiang
Empire City—New York
Cologne Germany Rhine
Forbidden City—Lhasa (Tibet)
Dandzing Germany Vistula
Garden City—Chicago
Dresden Germany Elbe
Gate of Tears—Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb
Dublin Ireland Liffy
Gift of the Nile—Egypt
Hamburg Germany Elbe
Granite City—Aberdeen (Scotland)
Kabul Afghanistan Kabul
Hermit Kingdom—Korea
Karachi Pakistan Indus
Herring Pond—Atlantic Ocean
Khortoum Sudan Confluence of
Blue & White Nile Holy Land—Jerusalem
Island Continent—Australia
Lahore Pakistan Ravi
Islands of Cloves—Zanzibar
Leningrad Russia Neva
Isle of Pearls—Bahrein (Persian Gulf)
Lisbon Portugal Tagus
Key to the Mediterranean—Gibralter
Liverpool England Messey
Land of Cakes—Scotland
London England Thames
Land of Golden Fleece—Australia
Moscow Russia Moskva
Land of Maple Leaf—Canada
Montreal Canada St. Lawrence
Land of Morning Calm—Korea
Nanking China Yang-tse-kiang
Land of Midnight Sun—Norway
New Orleans U.S.A. Mississipi
Land of the Thousand Lakes—Finland
New York U.S.A. Hudson
Land of the Thunderbolt—Bhutan
Ottawa Canada Ottawa
Land of White Elephant—Thailand
Paris France Seine Land of Thousand Elephants—Laos
Philadelphia U.S.A Delaware Land of Rising Sun—Japan
Perth Australia Swan Loneliest Island—Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Prague Czech Republic Vitava Manchester of Japan—Osaka
Quebec Canada St. Lawrence Pillars of Hercules—Strait of Gibraltar
Rome Italy Tiber Pearl of the Antilles—Cuba
Rotterdam The Netherlands New Moss Playground of Europe—Switzerland
Stalingrad Russia Volga Quaker City—Philadelphia
Shanghai China Yang-tse-kiang Queen of the Adriatic—Venice
Sidney Australia Darling Roof of the World—The Pamirs, Central Asia
Saint Louis U.S.A Mississippi Sugar bowl of the world—Cuba
Tokyo Japan Arakava Venice of the North—Stockholm
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Windy City—Chicago Radcliff Line India & Pakistan

Whiteman’s grave—Guinea Coast of Africa Maginot Line France & Germany
Yellow River—Huang Ho (China) Oder Niesse Line Germany & Poland
Sickman of Europe—Turkey Hindenberg Line Poland & Germany (at the time of First
World War)
Important Boundaries
38th Parallel North & South Korea
Durand Line Pakistan & Afghanistan 49th Parallel USA & Canada
MacMohan Line India & China

Continents: Some Facts

Continent Biggest Counrty Highest Peak Longest River
Asia China Mt. Everest (8848 m) Yangtze Kiang
Africa Algeria Mt. Kilimanjaro (5895 m) Nile
North America Canada Mt. Mckinley (6194 m) Mississippi Missouri
South America Brazil Mt. Acancagua (6960 m) Amazon
Europe Russia Mt. Elbrus (5642 m) Ob
Australia Australia Mt. Coscuisco (2228 m) Darling
Antarctica — Vinson Massif (5140 m) —

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
 82°30' E longitude is considered as the Indian Standard
AREA AND LOCATION
Meridian. The local time of this longitude is taken as the
 India is in the southern parts of the Asian continent. In the Indian Standard Time (IST). This is 5½ hours ahead of the
west of India lies the Arabian Peninsula while in the east Greenwich Mean Time.
lies the Indo-China Peninsula.
T HE INDIAN STATES ON INT ERNAT IONAL
 India extends between 8°4' N and 37°6' N latitudes and
BOUNDARIES ARE:
between 68°7' E and 97°2' E longitudes.
 India, has a total geographic area of 32,87,263 sq. km.  Bordering Pakistan: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,
This is only 2.42 % of the total geographic area of the Rajasthan, Gujarat.
world but holds 17 per cent of the world’s population.  Bordering China: Ladakh, Him achal Pradesh,
 The 23½ºN, which is the Tropic of Cancer, runs across Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
the country.  Bordering Nepal: Bihar, Uttarakhand, UP, Sikkim, West
 India has a length of 3214 km from north to south and Bengal.
2933 km from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15200  Bordering Bangladesh: West Bengal, M izoram,
km. Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam.
 The total length of the coastline of the mainland,  Bordering Bhutan: West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Pradesh, Assam.
is 7,516.6 km.  Bordering Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
 India ranks seventh among the countries of the world, in Manipur, Mizoram.
terms of the geographical extent.  Bordering Afghanistan: Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-
 India is bordered on three sides by water and on one by occupied area).
land, it is also a peninsula.
 India shares its common border with Afghanistan and Important Passes
Pakistan in the north-west, China and Bhutan in the north,
Kashmir Burzi-La, Joji-La
and Bangladesh in the east. In the south, Sri Lanka is
Himachal Pradesh Bara La, Cha-La, Shipki-La
separated from India by a strait, known as the Palk Strait.
Uttarakhand Niti-La, Lipu-Lekh-La
 There are 28 States (After reorganisation of J&K in 2019)
and 8 Union Territories (After merger of Dadra & Nagar Sikkim Jelep-La, Nathu-La
Haveli and Daman & Diu in 2020). Arunachal Pradesh Bomdi-La
(2123) G.K.—4
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Heighest Mountain Peaks of India Lucknow Gomti

Ludhiana Sutlej
Peaks Elevation• (in mts.) Nasik Godavari
Godwin Austin (K2) 8611 Pandharpur Bhima
Kanchenjunga 8598* Patna The Ganges
Nanga Parvat 8126* Sambalpur Mahanadi
Gasherbrum 8068* Srinagar Jhelum
Broad Peak 8047* Srirangapattam Cauveri
Dastegil 7885* Surat Tapti
Masherbrum (East) 7821* Varanasi The Ganges
Nanda Devi 7817 Vijaywada Krishna
Masherbrum (West) 7806*
Waterfalls of India
Rakoposhi 7788*
Kamet 7756 Waterfall Hgt (Mt.) River State
Saser Kangdi 7672 Jog/Gersoppa 260 Sharavati Karnataka
• Above mean sea level in metres. Rakim Kund 168 Gaighat Bihar
* Situated in Pak occupied Kashmir (PoK). Chachai 127 Bihad Madhya
Towns at River Banks Pradesh
Kevti 98 Mahanadi Madhya
Town River Pradesh
Agra Yamuna Sivasamudram 90 Cauveri Karnataka
Allahabad Confluence of the Kunchikal 45.5 Varani Karnataka
Ganges and the Yamuna
Ayodhya Saryu Important Lakes of India
Badrinath The Ganges
Name of lake State/UT
Kolkata Hooghly
Cuttuck Mahanadi Pulicat Lake Tamil Nadu & Andhra
Delhi Yamuna Pradesh Border
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
Ferozepur Satluj Tso Moriri Lake Jammu & Kashmir
Guwahati Brahmaputra Vembanad Lake Kerala
Hardwar The Ganges Wular & Dal Lakes Jammu and Kashmir
Hyderabad Musi Chilka Lake Odisha
Jabalpur Narmada Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
Kanpur The Ganges Loktak Lake Manipur
Kota Chambal Lonar Lake Maharashtra
Kurnool Tungbhadra Pangong Lake Ladakh

Rivers of India
Name Originates From Falls Into
Yamuna Yamunotri Ganga
Chambal Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhyan escarpment Yamuna
Ghaghara Matsatung Glacier Ganga
Kosi Near Gosain Dham Peak Ganga
Sabarmati Aravalis Gulf of Khambat
Krishna Western Ghats Bay of Bengal
Godavari Nasik district in Maharashtra Bay of Bengal
Caurey Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Bay of Bengal
Tungabharda Western Ghats Krishna
Ganges Combines Sources Bay of Bengal
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Name Originates From Falls Into

Sutlej Mansarovar Rakas lakes Chenab
Indus Near Mansarovar Lake Arabian Sea
Ravi Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass Chenab
Beas Near Rohtang Pass Sutlej
Jhelum Verinag in Kashmir Chenab
Son Amarkantak Ganga
Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake Bay of Bengal
Narmada Amarkantak Gulf of Khambat
Tapti Betul District in Madhya Pradesh Gulf of Khambat
Mahanadi Raipur District in Chhattisgarh Bay of Bengal
Luni Aravallis Rann of Kuchchh
Ghaggar Himalayas Near Fatehabad
Betwa Vindhyanchal Yamuna

Geographical Surnames

Bengal’s Sorrow Damodar River City of Lakes Srinagar

City of Palaces Kolkata Twin City Hyderabad-Secunderabad
Gateway of India Mumbai City of Seven Islands Mumbai
Pink City Jaipur Diamond Harbour Kolkata
Paris of India Jaipur Switzerland of India Kashmir
Manchester of India Ahmedabad Rice Bowl Chhattisgarh
Kashmir of South Kerala Fruit Bowl Himachal Pradesh
Son of Sea Lakshadweep Ganga of South Cauvery
Queen of Mountains Mussourie Pitsburg of India Jamshedpur
Iron City Jamshedpur City of Bridges Srinagar
Hollywood of India Mumbai Residence of God Allahabad
Scotland of East Meghalaya A Cross-road (Quadrivial)
City of Nababs Lucknow of National Highways Kanpur
City of Temples & Ghats Varanasi Heart of India Delhi
Land of Five Rivers Punjab Black River Sharda
City of Golden Temple Amritsar City of Festivals Madurai
Garden of India Bangaluru Queen of Deccan Pune
Spice Garden of India Kerala Sorrow of Bihar Kosi River

Some Major Irrigational and Multipurpose Projects

S.No. Name of Project Related State River

1. Bargi Project Madhya Pradesh Bargi
2. Beas Joint Venture of Haryana, Beas
Punjab and Rajasthan
3. Bhadra Karnakata Bhadra
4. Bhakra Nangal Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan Sutluj
5. Bhima I Maharashtra Pawana
6. Bhima II Maharashtra Krishna
7. Chambal Joint Project of M.P. and Rajasthan Chambal
8. Damodar Valley Project West Bengal and Bihar Damodar
9. Dulhasti Power Project Jammu and Kashmir Chenab
10. Farakka West Bengal Hooghly
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S.No. Name of Project Related State River

11. Gandak Bihar and U.P. Gandak
12. Ghataprabha Karnataka Ghataprabha
13. Hasdeo Bango Project Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Hasdeo
14. Hirakud Odisha Mahanadi
15. Jayakwadi Maharashtra Godavari
16. Kakrapara Gujarat Tapti
17. Kangsbati West Bengal Kangsbati and Kumari
18. Karjan Gujarat Karjan
19. Kosi Bihar Kosi
20. Koyana Maharashtra Koyana
21. Krishna Project Maharashtra Krishna
22. Kukadi Maharashtra Kukadi
23. Left Bank Ghagra Canal Uttar Pradesh Ghagra
24. Madhya Ganga Canal Uttar Pradesh Ganga
25. Mahanadi Delta Odisha (The irrigation scheme
Scheme will utilise releases from
Hirakund Reservoir)
26. Mahi Gujarat Mahi
27. Malaprabha Karnataka Malaprabha
28. Mayurakshi West Bengal Mayurakshi
29. Nagarjunasagar Andhra Pradesh Krishna
30. Panam Gujarat Panam
31. Parambikulam Aliyar Tamil Nadu and Kerala Perimbikulam
32. Pochampad Andhra Pradesh Godavari
33. Pong Dam Punjab Beas
34. Ramganga Uttarakhand Ramganga
35. Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein Dam) Punjab Ravi
36. Rihand Uttar Pradesh Rihand
37. Sabarmati Gujarat Sabarmati
38. Sharda Sahayak U.P. Ghagra
39. Sone High Level Canal Bihar Sone
40. Tawa Madhya Pradesh Tawa
41. Tehri Dam Uttarakhand Bhagirathi
42. Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Tungabhadra
43. Ukai Gujarat Tapti
44. Upper Krishna Karnataka Krishna
45. Upper Penganga Maharashtra Penganga
46. Uri Power Project Jammu and Kashmir Jhelum

Major Indian Crops

Crops Temp(°c) Water(cm) States where Produced
Wheat 15°-25° 60-90 Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
Rice 24°-26° 80-200 West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab
Maize 18°-21° 50-60 Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra
Jowar 20°-35° 40-60 Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
Soyabean 25°-27° 50-120 Madhya Pradesh
Cotton 20°-30° 80-150 Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh
Tobacco 20°-25° 75-80 Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh
Tea 24°-30° 100-200 Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
Ground Nut 15°-25° 60-130 Gujarat, Maharashtra
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Mineral Wealth at a Glance (Metallic Minerals) NH 6 Kolkata-Dhule

NH 7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari (2369 km)
Mineral Chief Producers NH 8 De lhi-Mum bai (via J aip ur, Ba rod a a nd
Bauxite Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand Ahmedabad)
Chromite Odisha, Karnataka NH 9 Mumbai-Vijaywada
Coal Jharkhand, Odisha NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka
Copper Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh NH 24 Delhi-Lucknow
Diaspore Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi
Gold Karnataka
Iron Odisha, Karnataka, Goa Major Ports of Country
Lead Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh 1. Kolkata
Lignite Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir
2. Mumbai
Manganese Odisha, Karnataka
3. Nhava Sheva (J.L. Nehru Port)
Natural Gas Gujarat, Assam
Petroleum Gujarat, Assam, Andhra Pradesh 4. Tuticorin
Silver Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat 5. Chennai
Tungsten Rajasthan 6. Mormugao
Zinc Rajasthan, Maharashtra
7. New Mangalore
Zones and Headquarters of Indian Railways 8. Paradeep
9. Kandla
S.No. Zone Headquarters
10. Vishakhapatnam
1. Central Mumbai (Victoria Terminus)
2. Eastern Kolkata 11. Cochin
3. Northern New Delhi 12. Haldia
4. North-Eastern Gorakhpur 13. Ennore.
5. North-East Frontier Maligaon, Guwahati
6. Southern Chennai Major International Airports in India
7. South-Central Secunderabad
8. South-Eastern Kolkata International Airports City
9. Western Mumbai, Churchgate
Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi
10. East Coast Bhubaneswar
Anna International Airport Chennai
11. East Central Hajipur
Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji Amritsar
12. North Central Allahabad
International Airport
13. North Western Jaipur
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad
14. South Western Bengaluru (Hubli)
Calicut International Airport Calicut
15. West Central Jabalpur
16. South East Central Bilaspur Chhatrapati Shivaji International Mumbai
17. Metro Railway Kolkata Airport
18. South Coast Railway Vishakhapatnam Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru
Goa Airport in Vasco di Gama City Goa
Major National Highways Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Kolkata
International Airport
NH Connects
Thriuvananthapuram International Thiruvanan-
NH 1 New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar
Airport thapuram
NH 2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Guwahati
Varanasi-Kolkata
International Airport
NH 3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Ahmedabad
NH 4 Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaum
International Airport
NH 5 Kolkata-Chennai