Siliguri Institute of technology

Name : Ivana Choudhury

Roll no: 33642724057
Dept : BCA
Sem : II
Subject : Computer Architecture
Subject Code : BCAC201
 RAM and ROM
Introduction :
RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are two fundamental types of memory used in computer systems.
Both play crucial roles in storing and processing data, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics.

RAM :
- RAM is a volatile memory technology that temporarily stores data and applications while a computer is
running.
- It allows for fast access and processing of data.
- RAM is used to store operating systems, applications, and data currently being used.
ROM :
- ROM is a non-volatile memory technology that permanently stores essential system software and
firmware.
- It retains its data even when the power is turned off.
- ROM is used to store the computer's basic input/output system (BIOS) and other essential system
software.
Differences between RAM & ROM
- Volatility: RAM is volatile, while ROM is non-volatile.
- Purpose: RAM is used for temporary storage, while ROM is used for permanent storage.
- Access: RAM allows for fast access and processing, while ROM is read-only.
- Content: RAM stores operating systems, applications, and data, while ROM stores essential system software and firmware.
 Peripherals
Definition :
Peripherals refer to external devices that connect to a computer system to provide input, output, storage, or other functions,
expanding the computer's capabilities and enabling users to interact with it. These devices operate independently of the central
processing unit (CPU) and main memory, and are typically connected through interfaces such as USB, wireless, or Bluetooth.

Types :
Input Peripherals Output Peripherals Storage Peripherals
- Keyboard: used for typing text and - Monitor: used for displaying text, - Hard drive: used for storing large
commands images, and videos amounts of data
- Mouse: used for pointing and clicking on - Printer: used for printing documents - Solid-state drive (SSD): used for storing
graphical user interfaces and images data in a fast and reliable manner
- Scanner: used for digitizing printed - Speaker: used for playing audio - Flash drive: used for storing small
documents and images - Projector: used for displaying amounts of data in a portable device
- Webcam: used for video conferencing presentations and videos - CD/DVD drive: used for reading and
and capturing images writing data to optical discs
- Microphone: used for recording audio

Importance :
- Enhances user experience and productivity
- Provides additional functionality and capabilities
- Allow for input, output, and storage of data
- Enable communication and connectivity with other devices and networks
 Interface
Definition :
An interface is a shared boundary or connection between two or more systems, devices, or components that enables the
exchange of information, data, or control signals. It defines the rules, protocols, and formats for communication, allowing
different systems or devices to work together seamlessly.

Characteristics :
- Standardization: interfaces follow standardized protocols and formats
- Compatibility: interfaces enable different systems or devices to work together
- Flexibility: interfaces can be customized or modified to suit specific needs
- Usability: interfaces are designed to be user-friendly and intuitive
Importance :
- Enable communication and interaction between different systems or devices
- Facilitate data exchange and transfer
- Enhance user experience and productivity
- Provide flexibility and customization options
Types :
Interfaces come in three main types: Hardware
Interfaces (e.g., USB, HDMI), Software Interfaces
(e.g., APIs, GUIs), and User Interfaces (e.g., GUIs,
VUIs, Touchscreens).
 Fixed Point and Floating Point (IEEE)
Introduction :
Numbers are represented in computers using binary digits (bits). There are two main ways to represent numbers: Fixed Point
and Floating Point.

Definition :
Fixed Point Representation Floating Point Representation
Fixed Point representation is a method of Floating Point representation is a method
representing numbers using a fixed of representing numbers using a variable
number of bits for the integer part and a number of bits for the exponent and
fixed number of bits for the fractional mantissa.
part.
Characteristics Characteristics
- Fixed number of bits for integer and - Variable number of bits for exponent
fractional parts and mantissa
- Limited range and precision - Wide range and high precision
- Simple arithmetic operations - Complex arithmetic operations
 Complement in Number System
Introduction :
In number systems, the complement of a number is used to represent the negative of that number. This is particularly useful in
digital computers, where binary numbers are used to represent data.

Types :
1. One's Complement 2. Two's Complement 3. 9's Complement 4. 10's Complement
- To find the one's complement - To find the two's - Used in decimal number - Used in decimal number
of a binary number, invert all complement of a binary systems. systems.
the bits (i.e., change 0s to 1s number, add 1 to the one's - To find the 9's - To find the 10's complement
and 1s to 0s). complement. complement of a decimal of a decimal number, add 1 to
- Example: One's complement of - Example: Two's number, subtract each digit the 9's complement.
1101 is 0010. complement of 1101 is 0011 from 9. - Example: 10's complement
(one's complement is 0010, - Example: 9's complement of 456 is 544 (9's complement
add 1 to get 0011). of 456 is 543 (9-4=5, 9-5=4, is 543, add 1 to get 544).
9-6=3).

Importance :
- Used in digital computers to represent negative numbers.
- Used in arithmetic operations, such as subtraction and multiplication.
- Essential in computer programming and design.
 Microoperation (Register) Transfer
Introduction :
Microoperations, also known as register transfer operations, are the basic building blocks of digital computer operations. They
involve the transfer of data between registers or the performance of simple arithmetic or logical operations.

Importance :
- Enables data movement between registers.
- Facilitates data processing and manipulation.
- Allows temporary storage and retrieval of data.
- Essential for executing instructions and performing arithmetic and logical operations.

Here, R1 , R2, R3 are

three different registers