Computer and Systems Engineering Department

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

 - A computer or computing machine is a device that performs
mathematical and logical operations on symbols and other
forms of information at high speed and with precision.

- Early computers were used mainly to compute (add, subtract,

multiply, divide and so on).

- Today, computers perform a variety of tasks such as, text

processing and handling large quantities of information,
which takes different forms (text, image, sound, and video).

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
A computer that is internal
component of another machine

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
They are classified based on their power, size, and speed :
- Microcomputers
- Workstations
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
They are classified based on their power, size, and speed :
- Microcomputers
- Workstations
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers

A microcomputer is a computer with a

microprocessor as its central processing
unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor,
memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.
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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
They are classified based on their power, size, and speed :
- Microcomputers
- Workstations
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers
A workstation is a high-end microcomputer
designed for technical or scientific applications.
Intended primarily to be used by one person at a
time, they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems.

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
They are classified based on their power, size, and speed :
- Microcomputers
- Workstations
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers

Operate at very high speed, have very

large storage capacity and can handle
the work load of many users

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 • Embedded computers
• Non-embedded computers
They are classified based on their power, size, and speed :
- Microcomputers
- Workstations
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive

and are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of mathematical calculations.
For example, weather forecasting , animated graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
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 Processing
unit
Is (3+4)> 8 ?

No
Input

Output

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 Processing unit
Main memory Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
input storage area
Input Arithmetic Output
working storage area
device and Logic Unit device
(ALU)
output storage area
Control unit
program storage area

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 Processing unit
Main memory Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
3 input
4 storage
8 area
Input (no) Arithmetic Output
7working
0 storage area and3+4 = ?Unit
Logic
device device
(ALU)
Logic (7)>8 ?
Noutput
o storage area
Control unit
program
read (+) storage
(>) area
write
Is (3+4)> 8 ? No

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 • The computer’s workspace where application
instructions and data are held during
operation is called memory also known as
main memory, primary storage or RAM
(Random Access Memory).
• The capacity of a memory is important. Bigger
memory means bigger workspace.

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 • Smallest basic unit = bit
• Basic unit = byte (B) (1 byte = 8 bits)
1 Kilobyte (KB) =210 byte
1 Megabyte (MB)= 220 byte
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 230 byte
1 Terabyte (TB) = 240 byte

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 • Volatile
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Dynamic
• Static (cache memory)

• Non-Volatile
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
– Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
– Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
– Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
– Flash memory

Volatile memory: contents are erased when the system's power is turned off or
interrupted

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 • Volatile
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Dynamic
• Static (cache memory)

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)

DRAM uses capacitors to store data by charging/discharging capacitors.
DRAM requires the data to be refreshed periodically in order to retain the data
despite of capacitors leakage

Static random-access memory (SRAM)

SRAM uses transistors to store data
SRAM does not need to be refreshed. but is still volatile.
1. SRAM is static while DRAM is dynamic
2. SRAM is faster compared to DRAM
3. SRAM is more expensive than DRAM
4. Cheaper DRAM is used in main memory while SRAM is commonly used in cache
memory
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 SRAM

Cache memory
DRAM
(SRAM)
Inside the
processor

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 Non-Volatile
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
• Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
• To erase the data stored in the array of transistors, ultraviolet
light is directed onto the die
• Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
• Flash memory
• It was developed from EEPROM and must be erased in fairly large
blocks before these can be rewritten with new data

ROM – PROM - EEPROM EPROM Flash memory

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 • Any type of device that provides data
to a computer from the outside
world
• For example:
–Keyboard
–Mouse
–Scanner
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 Control keys Navigation keys
Function keys Numeric keyboard
Typing (alphanumeric) keys Indicator lights

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 • A computer scanner converts printed or transparent
material into a digital image.
• The resolution of a scanner determines the sharpness
of the scan. Resolution is usually measured in dots per
inch, or dpi.
• The internal electronics in a scanner convert the color
information to digital bits.
• This process is called analog-to-digital (or A/D)
conversion, and the quality of the A/D conversion can
affect the final digital output.
• (Bit Depth) Most modern scanners feature 48 bit A/D
conversion, or 16 bits for each color.
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 8 at different dpi

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 32-bit color

64-bit color

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 • Any type of device that provides data from
a computer to the outside world
• Examples of output data:
– A printed report
– An image such as a picture
– A sound
• Common output devices include:
– Monitor (display screen)
– Printer
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 • Output device that visually conveys information
• Information on display device sometimes
called soft copy
• Two Common types
• CRT
• LCD
• Main Specifications
• Refresh rate
• Resolution
• Visible screen size

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 The back of the tube has a negatively charged cathode,
so called electron gun. The electron gun shoots electrons
down the tube and onto a positively charged screen. The
screen is coated with a pattern of red, green and blue
phosphor dots that will glow when struck by the electron
stream. The three dots together make up a pixel.

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 The beam scans across the monitor from left
to right and top to bottom to create, or draw
the image, line by line. The number of times in
one second that the electron gun redraws the
entire image is called the refresh rate and is
measured in Hertz (Hz).

If the scanning beam hits each and every line

of pixels, in succession, on each pass, then the
monitor is known as a non-interlaced monitor.
A non-interlaced monitor is preferred over an
interlaced monitor. The electron beam on an
interlaced monitor scans the odd numbered
lines on one pass, and then scans the even
lines on the second pass. This results in an
almost unperceivable flicker that can cause
eye-strain

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 Liquid crystal panels are constructed by sandwiching thin layer of liquid crystal between
two electrically conducting plates. The top plate has transparent electrodes deposited on
it, and the back plate is a mirror. By applying proper electrical signals across the plates,
various segments of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their light-
diffusing or polarizing properties. These segments then either transmit or block the light.
An image is produced by passing light through selected segments of the liquid crystal and
then reflecting it back from mirror to the viewer. In addition to computer monitors, LCDs
have found extensive use in watches, calculators, notebook computers, and many other
devices where small-sized displays are needed.
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 •How does video travel from the processor to a CRT/LCD
monitor?
Video card (also called a graphics card) converts digital output
from computer into analog video signal
Step 5. Electron guns
Step 1. The fire the three color signals
processor sends Step 3. The to the front of the CRT.
digital video data to analog signal is
the video card. sent through a
Step 4. The
cable to the CRT
CRT monitor
monitor.
separates the
analog signal
into red, green,
and blue signals.
Step 6. An image is
displayed on the screen
Step 2. The video card’s digital-to- when the electrons hit
analog converter (DAC) converts the phosphor dots on the back
digital video data to an analog signal. of the screen.
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 • Output device that produces text and graphics
on paper, Result is hard copy, or printout
• In addition, many modern printers can directly
interface to electronic media such as memory
sticks or memory cards, or to image capture
devices such as digital cameras, scanners
• Some printers are combined with a scanners
and/or fax machines in a single unit.

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 • Dot matrix
• Inkjet
• Laser

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 The dot-matrix printer is a printer that uses hammers and a
ribbon to form images out of dots. The common desktop
dot matrix printer, also known as a serial dot matrix
printer, uses one or two columns of dot hammers that are
moved across the paper. The more dot hammers used, the
higher the resolution of the printed image.

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 Ink jet printers are very basic printers with very
few moving parts. The ink cartridge, the heart
of the printer, contains the print head and ink
supply. The entire cartridge is replaced as the
ink runs out.

If you ever look at a piece of paper that has come out of an inkjet
printer, you know that:
• The dots are extremely small (usually between 50 and 60 microns
in diameter), so small that they are tinier than the diameter of a
human hair (70 microns).
• The dots are positioned very precisely, with resolutions of up to
1440 x 720 dots per inch (dpi).
• The dots can have different colors combined together to create
photo-quality images.

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 - Charging the drum via the charging corona wire. A negative charge is
applied to the electro-photographic drum.
- The laser flashes on and off in the correct areas of the drum, as
informed by the commands sent to it by your computer. The flashes of
the laser represent your print job.
- The laser reduces the negative charge only in the areas of where the
laser touched the drum.
- The toner is only attracted to the areas exposed by the laser
- The corona wire applies a strong positive charge to the paper
- The positive charge will cause the negatively charged toner to leap
onto the paper. After the toner has leaped onto the paper, the paper
passes through a static-eliminator strip which removes all charge from
the paper.
- The fusing component actually melts the toner onto the paper and
ejects the paper from the printer. As the paper is ejected a sensor
tells a cleaning blade to remove the unused toner from the drum and
begin the process again.

See Video
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 1) EPROM stands for _____________.
2) Volatile memory means _____________.
3) The memory chip is mounted onto the _________________.
4) DPI stands for ____________.
5) In monitors, sweeping odd lines then even lines is called ______.
6) The two basic types of monitors are __________ and ___________.
7) The monitor ________ is the number of times it sweeps its entire screen
per second.
8) A ________ is an intermediary device between the CPU and the monitor.
9) The refresh rate of the monitor means _____________.
10)The CRT resolution means _____________.

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 Next week In-Shaa-Allah

Data Representation

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