TOPIC – ALGEBRA

LEVEL I
Quadratic and Compound Quadratic Expressions
1 1 2
1. Calculate the value of + +
1− 5 1+ 5 1+ 5
4 4

1 1 2
Sol Let A = + + , then
1− 5 1+ 5 1+ 5
4 4

1+ 2 + 3
2. Simplify by rationalizing the denominator
1− 2 + 3

( 3 +1+ 2 )
2
1+ 2 + 3
Sol =
1− 2 + 3 
 ( 3 + 1) − 2  ( 3 + 1) + 2


( )
2
3 +1+ 2 6+2 3 +2 6 +2 2
=
( ) ( 2) 4+2 3 −2
2 2
3 +1 −

2+3 3 + 5
If = a + b 3 + c 5, here a, b, c are rationa l numbers .Find a, b and c.
3.
( 2 + 3 )( 2 3+ 5 )
Sol
2+3 3 + 5 (2 + 3) + (2 3 + 5 ) =
=
1
+
1
.
( 2 + 3 )( 2 3+ 5) ( 2 + 3 )( 2 3 + 5 ) 2 3+ 5 2+ 3

2 3− 5 2− 3 2 1 5 1
+ = 3− 5 +2− 3 = 2− 3− 5.
12 − 5 4−3 7 7 7 7
1
4. If x = 2 + 3 , find the value of x3 +
x3
Sol x = 2+ 3
 1
=
1
=
1 2− 3 ( )
x 2+ 3 2+ 3 2− 3 ( )( )
(Rational the denominator)
2− 3 2− 3
= = = 2− 3
( 2) ( 3) 4−3
2
−
2

1
 x+ = 2+ 3 +2− 3 = 4
x
Cubing both sides,

1
 x3 + = 64 − 12 = 52
x3
3 +1
5. If x = , find the value of 4x3 + 2x2 – 8x + 7.
2

3 +1
Sol x=  2x = 3 +1
2
 2x −1 = 3
Squaring both sides,
(2x – 1)2 = (3)2  4x2 – 4x + 1 = 3
4x2 – 4x + 1 – 3 = 0  4x2 – 4x – 2 = 0
 2x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
Now, 4x3 + 2x2 – 8x + 7
=2x(2x2 – 2x – 1) + 3(2x2 – 2x – 1) + 10
= 2x  0 + 3  0 + 10
= 0 + 0 + 10 = 10
6. Arrange the following in ascending order
(i) a = 6 − 2 and b = 2 2 − 6

(ii) a = 27 − 26, b = 28 − 27, c = 29 − 28

 ( 6) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
− 22 2 2 2 − 6 2
Sol a= = ,b = =
6+2 6+2 2 2+ 6 8+ 6

From 8 + 6  6 + 2 , we have a > b.

1 1 1
a= ,b = ,c = ,  c  b  a.
27 + 26 28 + 27 29 + 28
7. Given a > b > c > d > 0 and
U = ab + cd , V = ac + bd ,W = ad + bc,

Use "  " to connect U ,V ,W

( ) −( )
2 2
Sol U 2 −V 2 = ab + cd ac + bd = ab + cd − ac − bd

= ( a − d )( b − c )  0.

= (a - b)(c - d) > 0

Therefore U2 > V2 > W2 , i.e. W < V < U.

8. Simplify 12 − 4 5

Sol

9. (CHINA/1996) Simplify 2+ 3 + 2− 3

Sol 2+ 3 + 2− 3 =
1 
2
( 3 +1 +) ( 3 −1  = 6
 )
10. (CHINA/1998) Evaluate 8 + 63 − 8 − 63

Sol Let a = 8 + 63 , b = 8 − 63 , then a2 + b2 = 16, ab = 1, so

(a – b)2 = 16 – 2 = 14  a – b = 14.

11. (CHINA/1994) Simplify 7 − 15 − 16 − 2 15

Sol 7 − 15 − 16 − 2 15 = 7 − 15 − 15 + 1 = 5 − 3.

12. (CHINA/1998) Simplify Given x + y = 3 5 − 2 , x − y = 3 2 − 5 , find the value of xy

1
Since xy = ( x + y ) − ( x − y )  , so
2 2
Sol
4 
 6 − 30
13. Let . Is A the root of A the equation x + = ?
2 − 10

Sol It is clear . On the other hand,

Thus, A is the root of the given equation for x.

Divisibility
14. Find, by long division and synthetic division respectively, the quotient and remainder of
3x3 – 5x + 6 when it is divided by x –2.
Sol The two divisions are as follows

The quotient is 3x3 + 6x + 7, and the remainder is 20.

15. Use synthetic division to carry out the division (–6x4 –7x2 + 8x + 9) ÷ (2x–1).
Sol. Use synthetic division to calculate
(–6x4 – 7x2 + 8x + 9)  (2x – 1)
 1
We carry out (–6x4 –7x2 + 8x + 9)   x −  first. Then
 2

Therefore
16. Given that f(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 8x2 – kx + 11 is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.
83
Sol By the factor theorem, 0 = f(–3) = 81 – 81 + 72 - 3k + 11, therfore k = − .
3
17. Given that f(x) = x4 – ax2 – bx +2 is divisible by (x +1)(x+2) find the values of a and b.
Sol Since f(–1) = f(–2) = 0, we have a – b = 3 and 2a – b = 9. By solving them we have a = 6, b = 3.
18. Given that a polynomial f(x) has remainder 1, 2, 3 when divided by (x–1), (x–2), (x–3) respectively.
Find the remainder of f(x) when it is divided by (x–1) (x–2) (x–3).
Sol From the remainder theorem, we have f(x) = (x – 1)q1(x) + 1
Let q1(x) = (x – 2)q2(x) + r1. Then
f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)q2(x) + r1(x – 1) + 1.
Since f(2) = 2, we have r1 + 1 = 2, i.e. r1 = 1, hence
f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)q2(x) + x.
Let q2(x) = (x – 3)q3(x) + r2, then
f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)q3(x) + r2(x – 1) (x – 2) + x.
Since f(3) = 3, we have 2r2 + 3 = 3, i.e. r2 = 0. Thus
f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)q3(x) + x,
the remainder of f(x) is x when divided by (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3).
19. Using factor theorem, prove the following
(i) an – bn is divisible by a – b, for any n∊N
(ii) an + bn is divisible by a + b, if n is odd natural number.
(iii) 123132 – 73132 is divisible by 12311 – 7311 & 12312 – 7312
Sol. (i) Let f(a) = an – bn, put a = b
f(b) = 0
Thus (a - b) is a factor.
(ii) Let f(a) = an + bn, put a = -b
f(-b) = (-b)n + bn = 0 for odd n
(iii) 123132 – 73132 = (12311)12 – (7311)12
Clearly divisible by 12311 – 7311
123132 – 73132 = (12312)11 – (7312)11
Clearly divisible by 12312 – 7312
20. What should be added to 2x6 – 5x3 – 3, so that it is divisible by x3 + 1.
Sol. Let x3 = y
P(y) = 2y2 – 5y – 3
P(–1) = 4
–4 should be added to polynomial.
21. If p(x) is a 4 degree polynomial with leading coefficient 1. If P(1) = 1, P(2) = 3, P(3) = 5, P(4) = 7
then p(5) =
(a) 30 (b) 33 (c) 9 (d) none
Ans: (b)
Sol: Given,
P(1) = 1
P(2) = 3
P(3) = 5
P(4) = 7
Consider h ( x ) = P ( x ) − ( 2 x − 1)

As given, h(x) has roots x = 1, 2, 3, 4

P ( x ) − ( 2 x − 1) = ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)( x − 4 )

P ( 5 ) = 9 + 24 = 33

22. Factorize x3 + 7 x 2 + 14 x + 8
Sol Let f(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 14x+8. Since all the coefficients are positive integers, f(x) =0 has negative roots.
8 has negative divisors 1, –2, –4, –8, and –1 is not a root, so we check if (x + 2) is a factor by factor
theorem. From f(–2) = –8 + 28 – 28 + 8 = 0, x + 2 is a factor. By synthetic division, we obtain f(x) =
(x + 2)(x2 + 5x + 4).
It is easy to see that x2 + 5x + 4 = (x + l)(x + 4), so x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 = (x + l)(x + 2)(x + 4)
Relation Between Roots and Coefficients
23. (CHINA/1999) Given that 2x2 –5x – a = 0 is a quadratic equation in x, ‘a’ is a parameter. If the ratio
of its two roots x1 : x2 = 2 : 3, find the value of x2 – x1
Sol. Let x1 = 2t, x2 = 3t, where t is some real number. By Viete Theorem,
5 1
5t = x1 + x2 = t = .
2 2
1
 x2 – x1 = t =
2
24. Given that  and  are the real roots of x2 – 2x – 1 = 0. Find the value of 5 4 + 12 3 .

Sol 2 = 2 + 1 yields 4 = 42 + 4 + 1 = 12 + 5, and similarly 2 = 2 + 1, 3 = 22 +  = 5 + 2.

Viete Theorem give  +  = 2 and  = 1, thus,
54 + 123 = 5(12 + 5) + 12( + 2) = 60( + ) + 49
= 120 + 49 = 169.
1 1
25. If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the value of: +
a + b a + b
Sol : Given  and  are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

a 2 + b + c = 0
−c
 a + b =

−c
Similarly, a + b =

1 1 − − b
+ = + =
a + b a + b c c ac
26. If ,  are the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0, then prove that / is a root of the equation: bx2 + (2b – a2)x
+ b = 0.

Sol. Now, putting x = in bx 2 + ( 2b − a 2 ) x + b , we get

2 
b + ( 2b − a 2 ) + b
 2

b 2 + ( 2b − a 2 )  + b 2
=
2

b( 2 +  2 ) + ( 2b − a 2 ) 
=
2

b(a 2 − 2b) + ( 2b − a 2 ) b
=
2
=0

x= is a root

27. If ,  be the roots of x3 + 2px2 – qx + 2r = 0 such that  = –2 and r  0, then:
 (a) r2 + 2pr = 2 – q (b) r2 + pr = q – 1 (c) r2 + 2pr = q – 2 (d) None
Sol Let  ,  and  be the roots of x3 + 2px2 – qx + 2r = 0
  . . = −2r
(−2). = −2r
 =r
So, r is one of the root of equation
Thus, x3 + 2px2 – qx + 2r = 0
r (r2 + 2pr – q + 2) = 0
So, r2 + 2pr = q − 2
a 20 − 2a18
28. Let  and  be the roots of x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 with  > . If an = n – n for n  1, then is
3a19

2
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d)
3
Ans: (a)
Sol: Given,  ,  are roots of x2 – 3x – 2 = 0

So,  2 − 3 − 2 = 0
 2 − 2 = 3
Similarly  2 − 2 = 3
also,  +  = 3
 = −2
Now,
a20 − 2a18 ( 20 +  20 ) − 2( 18 +  18 )
=
3a19 3( 19 +  19 )

 18 ( 2 − 2) +  18 (  2 − 2)
=
3( 19 +  19 )

3( 19 +  19 )
=
3( 19 +  19 )
=1
29. If , , ,  are roots of x4 – 3x2 + x + 2 = 0 then equation having roots:
 +  +  + +  +  +  + +
, , and is
   
 (a) x3–1 = 0 (b) (x–1)3 = 0 (c) (x+1)4 = 0 (d) x3–3 = 0
Ans: (c)
Sol: Given, , , ,  are roots of x4 – 3x2 + x + 2 = 0
Thus,  +  +  +  = 0
or  +  +  = −
 +  +  + +  +  +  + +
= −1 = = =
   
 Roots of required equation will be -1, -1, -1, -1
Thus equation (x + 1)4 = 0
30. (CHNMOL/1999) Given that the real numbers s & t, satisfy 19s 2 + 99s + 1 = 0 ,
st + 4s + 1
t 2 + 99t + 19 = 0 and st  1 . Find the value of
t
2
1 1
Sol Changing the second equality in the form of 19   + 99   + 1 = 0 , it follows that s and 1/t both are
t  t 
roots of the equation 19x2 + 99x + 1 = 0.
Therefore, by Viete Theorem,
1 99 s 1
s + = − , and = .
t 19 t 19
st + 4s + 1 1 s 99 4
 = s + + 4 = − + = −5.
t t t 19 19
31. (RUSMO/1989) Given p + q = 198, find the integer solutions of the equation x2 + px + q = 0
Sol Let (x1, x2) be an integer solution of the given solution. Then x1 + x2 = -p, x1x2 = q, so
198 = p + q = -(x1 +x2) + x1x2 = (x1 – 1)(x2 – 1) –1 ,
 (x1 – 1)(x2 – 1) = 199 = 1.199 = (–1)  (–199).
Letting x1  x2, then x1 – 1 = 1, x2 – 1 = 199 or x1 – 1 = –199, x2 – 1 = –1, so the solution are
(x1, x2) = (2, 200) or (–198, 0)
Nature of Roots & Transformation of Equations
32. If the roots of the equation, (c2 – ab) x2 – 2 (a2 – bc) x + (b2 – ac) = 0 be equal, prove that either a = 0
or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Sol (c 2
− ab ) x 2 − 2 ( a 2 − bc ) x + ( b 2 − ac ) = 0

For equal roots, D = 0

Thus,
 4 ( a 2 − bc ) − 4 ( c 2 − ab )( b 2 − ac ) = 0
2

a 4 + b 2 c 2 − 2a 2bc − c 2b 2 + ac 3 + ab3 − a 2bc = 0

a ( a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc ) = 0

a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
33. The roots of px2 + 2qx + r = 0 and qx2 – 2 pr x + q = 0 are simultaneously real then,

(a) p = q, r  0 (b) p/q = q/r (c) 2q =  pr (d) None of these

Ans: (b)
Sol: Given for quadratic equation
px2 + 2qx + r = 0
and qx2 – 2 pr x + q = 0

both are real

4q2 – 4pr  0 and 4pr – 4q2  0
q2 – pr  0 and pr – q2  0
Both will be simultaneously true only when q2 = pr
p q
or = .
q r

34. Find the quadratic equation with rational co–efficient one of whose roots is 2 + 3 and hence find

the value of expression: x3 – 7x2 + 13x – 2 for x = 2 + 3.

Sol Let x = 2 + 3

x−2= 3
Squaring both sides, we get
x2 + 4 − 4 x = 3
x2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 (required equation)
Now,

(x 3
− 7 x 2 + 13x − 2 ) = ( x 2 − 4 x + 1) Q ( x ) + R ( x )

Here, R(x) = 1
at x = 2 + 3
x3 − 7 x 2 + 13x − 2 = 1
35. Find ‘a’ such that (a2 – 5a + 6)x2 + (a2 – 4a + 3)x + (a2 – 9) is identically zero.
Sol For identity, all coefficients should be simultaneous zero
So
a 2 − 5a + 6 = 0 a 2 − 4a + 3 = 0
a2 − 9 = 0
( a − 3)( a − 2 ) = 0 ( a − 3)( a − 1) = 0
a = 3
a = 2,3 a = 1,3
Thus a = 3

(CHINA/2004) If the larger root of ( 2003x ) − 2002  2004 x − 1 = 0 is m, and the smaller root of
2
36.

x 2 + 2002 x − 2003 = 0 is n, then m – n is

2003 2002
(a) 2004 (b) 2003 (c) (d)
2004 2003
Sol In the first equation, since (2003)2 – 2002  2004 – 1 = 0, so x – 1 is a factor of the left hand side. By
cross multiplication, it is obtained that
(x – 1)(20032x + 1) = 0,
1
So the other roots of − , and the larger root m is 1.
20032
For the second equation, since 1 + 2002 – 2003 = 0, x – 1 is a factor of the left hand side, so it
follows that
(x – 1) (x + 2003) = 0,
The smaller roots n is –2003. Thus m – n = 1 + 2003 = 2004.
37. (CHINA/1997) a; b; c are real numbers. Then the equation x 2 + ( a + b + c ) x + ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = 0 has

(a) 2 Negative real roots, (b) 2 Positive real roots,

(c) 2 Real roots with opposite signs (d) No real roots.
Sol The discriminant of the equation is given by
 = (a + b + c)2 – 4(a2 + b2 + c2)
= –3a2 – 3b2 – 3c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
= – (a2 – 2ab + b2) – (b2 – 2bc + c2) – (c2 – 2ca + a2) – (a2 + b2 + c2)
= – [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (a2 + b2 + c2)] < 0.
So the equation has no real roots, the answer is (D).
38. Obtain a polynomial of lowest degree with integral coefficient, whose one of the zeroes
is 5+ 2

Sol. Let P( x) = x − ( ) ( )
5 + 2 =  x − 5 − 2

 Now, following the method used in the previous example, using the conjugate, get:

( )
P1 ( x) =  x − 5 − 2   x − 5 + 2 
   ( )

(
= x2 + 3 − 2 5x )
P2 ( x) = ( x2 + 3) − 2 5x  ( x2 + 3) + 2 5x 

= (x2 + 3)2 – 20x2

=x4 + 6x2 + 9 – 20x2
P(x) = ax4 – 14ax2 +9a, where a  a  0.
The other zeroes of this polynomial are 5 − 2, − 5 + 2, − 5 − 2.
39. Find a polynomial equation of the lowest degree with rational coefficients whose one root is
3
2 + 33 4 .

Sol x = 3 2 + 33 4

x3 = 2 + 108 + 3 3 2  3 3 4 ( 3
2 + 33 4 )

1+  1+  1+ 
40. Let , ,  be the roots of x3 –x2 – 1 = 0. Then find the value of + +
1− 1−  1− 
1+ 
Sol Let x =
1−
x 1+  x − 1 2
=  =
1 1− x +1 2
x −1
=
x +1
1+  1+  1+  x −1
Eqn. having roots , , formed by replacing x by
1− 1−  1−  x +1

 x −1   x −1 
3 2

  −  −1 = 0
 x +1   x +1 

( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ( x + 1) − ( x + 1)3 = 0
3 2

( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ( x + 1) − ( x + 1)3 = 0
3 2

x3 + 5x2 – x + 3 = 0
 1+  1+  1+ 
+ + = −5
1− 1−  1− 
Method 2:
3 –2 – 1 = 0
-2 = 1/(1 - )
1+  1+  1+ 
+ + = -(2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3) = -(22 + 22 + 22 + 3)
1− 1−  1− 
= -2(2 + 2 + 2) – 3
= -2( +  + )2 + 4( +  + ) – 3 = -2 + 0 -3 = -5
41. If b1b2 = 2 (c1 + c2 ) , then at least one of the equations x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 and x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0 has

(a) Real roots (b) Purely imaginary roots

(c) Imaginary roots (d) None of these
Sol

= b12 + b22 − 2b1b2

 Either both D1 & D2 zero atleast one greater than zero

 At least two real roots

42. For how many values of k, x 2 + (k 2 + 2k ) x + k 2 + 4k + 4 is a perfect square for all integer values of x?
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
Sol. D=0

(k + 2k ) − 4 ( k + 2) = 0
2 2 2

k = 2
Common Roots and Analysis of Graph of Quadratic Expression
43. Find ‘t’ such that x2 + 2tx – 1 = 0 and x2 – 4 = 0 may have a root in common.
3 3 3 3
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
2 4 5 2
Sol. Given, x2 + 2tx – 1 = 0 and x2 – 4 = 0 have common root
But x2 – 4 = 0
 x = 2
Thus, either 2 or -2 is a common root.
Putting in x2 + 2tx – 1 = 0, we get
4 + 4t – 1 = 0
4t = −3
3
t=−
4
also, 4 – 2t – 1 = 0
2t = 3
3
t=
4
44. Find K, if the equations: 4x2 – 11x + 2k = 0 & x2 – 3x – k = 0 have a common root and obtain the
common root for this value of K.
Sol Given equation
4x2 – 11x + 2k = 0 and x2 – 3x – k = 0
Or 4x2 – 11x + 2k = 0
4x2 – 12x – 4k = 0
_______________
x + 6k = 0
x = –6k
Putting in any one equation
(–6k)2 – 3(–6k) – k = 0
36k2 + 18k – k = 0
k (36k + 17) = 0
17
k = 0 or −
36
So, common root will be
x = –6k
17
x = –6 × 0 or x = –6 × −
36
17
x=0 x=
6
45. If the equation 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 have a common root then  is equal to:
 (a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 0, –1 (d) 2, –1
Sol Given equations
2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
and x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
or 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
2x2 + 4x + 6 = 0
_________________
–x – = 0
x = –
Putting in any one equation
2 - 2 + 3= 0
2 +  = 0
( + 1) = 0
 = 0 or –1
46. For a  b, if the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 has a common root, then value of (a +
b) is:
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Sol Given equation gives 1 as a common root, such that
1+a+b=0
a + b = –1
47. If x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + 2 = 0 have a common root and a, b  R, then the value of a + b is
equal to :
(a) 8 (b) 4/5 (c) 8/5 (d) none of these
Sol Given, x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and
ax2 + bx + 2 = 0 have a common root
But x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 has imaginary roots, thus roots will come in pairs.
Hence, both roots are common
a b 2
Thus, = =
1 3 5
2 6
a = ,b =
5 5
 8
a+b =
5
48. Find condition so that roots of a1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 are double the roots of

a2 x 2 + b2 x + c2 = 0

Sol Let roots of a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 be α and β

Such that roots of a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0 will be 2α and 2β

−b1 c
Now,  +  = and  = 1
a1 a1

−b2
Also, 2 + 2 =
a2
−b2
Or  +  =
2a2

c2
And ( 2 )( 2 ) =
a2
c2
 =
4a2

−b1 −b2 c c
= and 1 = 2
a1 2a2 a1 4a2
a1 2b1 a 4c
= and 1 = 1
a2 b2 a2 c2

a1 2b1 4c1
Thus, = =
a2 b2 c2
49. Find range of:
(i) x2 + x + 1 (ii) –2x2 + x + 3
Sol (i) Given,
x2 + x + 1
Since coefficient of x2 is positive.
It will have a minimum
1− 4 
= − 
 4 
3
=
4
 3 
Thus range  ,  
4 
(ii) Given, −2 x 2 + x + 3
Since coefficient of x2 is negative
It will have maximum
 1 + 24 
= −  
 4 ( −2 ) 
25
=
8
 25 
Thus range  -, 
 8
50. x2 + 2kx + 10  0  x then

(a) K  [–10, 10] (b) K  − 10, 10  (c) K  [–4, 4] (d) None

 
Sol. Given,
x 2 + 2kx + 10  0 x
This is possible if D  0
Thus,
4k 2 − 4 (10 )  0
k 2  10
− 10  k  10
k   − 10, 10 

51. If both the roots of k (6 x 2 + 3) + rx + 2 x 2 − 1 = 0 and 6k (2 x 2 + 1) + px + 4 x 2 − 2 = 0 are common, then

2r − p is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Sol (6k+ 2) x2 + rx + 3k – 1 = 0
( 6k + 2 ) x 2 + rx + 3k − 1 = 0
(12k + 4 ) x 2 + px + 6k − 2 = 0
For both roots common
6k + 2 r 3k − 1
= =
12k + 4 p 6k − 2
 P = 2r
52. If x 2 + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax3 + bx + c , then

(a) a 2 + c 2 = −ab (b) a 2 − c 2 = −ab (c) a 2 − c 2 = ab (d) None of these

Sol Let ,  roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0
 = 1
ax3 + bx + c has roots , , 
 = – c/a   = –c/a
−C 3 bc
 2 − +c = 0
a a
c2 + ab = a 2
53. If every pair of the equations
x 2 + px + qr = 0 , x 2 + qx + rp = 0, x 2 + rx + pq = 0
have a common root, then the sum of three common roots is
−( p + q + r ) −p+q+r
(a) (b) (c) −( p − q + r ) (d) − p + q + r
2 2
Sol (a) Let the roots be  ,  ;  ,  and  ,  respectively.
  +  = − p,  +  = −q,  +  = −r
Adding all, we get  = −( p + q + r ) / 2 etc.
54. If b  a , then the equation ( x − a) ( x − b) = 1 has
(a) Both roots in [a, b] (b) Both roots in (−, a)
(c) Both roots in (b, + ) (d)One root in (−, a) and the other in (b, + )
Sol, let f(x) = (x – a)(x – b) – 1
f(–) ⇒ +ve
f(a) = –1⇒ –ve
f(b) = –1 ⇒ –ve
f() ⇒ +ve
System of Linear Equations
x−n x−m m
55. Solve the equation − = (where mn ≠ 0)
m n n
Sol. From the given equation we have
 n ( x − n) − m ( x − m) m
= ,
mn n
(n – m)x – n2 + m2 = m2,
(n – m)x = n2.
n2
When n  m, we have x = ; when n = m, no solution.
n−m
56. Solve the equation [4ax - (a + b)](a + b) = 0, where a and b are constants.\
Sol. When a + b = 0, any real number is a solution of the equation.
When a + b  0, from 4ax – (a + b) = 0 we have 4ax = a + b, so the equation has no solution if a =
a+b
0, and if a  0.
a
1
mx = 5x + ( −2) , find the value of expression
2
57. Given that –2 is the solution of equation
3
(m2–11m + 17)2007
Sol. From 1/3m(–2) = 5(–2) + (–2)2, we obtain m = 9. Therefore
(m2 – 11m + 17)2007 = (81 – 99 + 17)2007 = (–1)2007 = –1
58. Given that k is a positive constant and the equation = k2x – k2 = 2kx – 5k has a positive solution for
x. Find the value of k.
Sol. After arranging the terms of the given equation, we obtain (k2 – 2k)x = k2 – 5k, so
(k – 2)x = k – 5 or (k – 2)2x = (k – 5)(k – 2).
 (k – 5) (k – 2) > 0 i.e. (k – 5) and (k – 2) have same sign.
Thus, k > 5 or 0 < k < 2.
59. If positive numbers a; b; c satisfy abc = 1, solve the equation in x
2ax 2bx 2cx
+ + =1
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
Sol. From abc = 1, the given equation can be changed in the form
2abcx 2bx 2bcx
+ + = 1,
ab  bc + a  bc + bc bc + b + 1 ca  b + c  b + b
2x 2bx 2bcx
+ + = 1,
b + 1 + bc bc + b + 1 1 + bc + b
2 (1 + b + bc ) x 1
= 1,  x = .
bc + b + 1 2
60. If the system in x and y
 3x − y = 5

2 x + y − z = 0
4ax + 5by − z = −22

And the system in x and y
ax − by + z = 8

x + y + 5 = c
2 x + 3 y = −4

have a same solution, then (a,b,c) is
(A) (2; 3; 4); (B) (3; 4; 5); (C) (–2; –3; –4); (D) (–3; –4; –5).
Sol From the first equation of the first system we get y = 3x – 5. By substituting it into the last equation
of the second system, it follows that 2x + 3(3x – 5)) = –4, so x = 1,2/ = –2. Then, the second
equation of the first system yields z = 0. Thus, from the second equation of the second system, c = 4.
By solving the system
4a – 10b = –22, a + 2b = 8,
the solution for a and b is obtained: a = 2, b = 3. Thus, the answer is (A).
61. Determine the values of k such that the system of equations
 1
 kx − y = −
 3 has unique solution, no solution, and infinitely many solutions respectively.
3 y = 1 − 6 x

Sol. The given system can be expressed in the form

 1
kx − y = − ,
 3
6 x + y = 1.

k −1 1
When  , i.e. k  –2, the system has unique solution x = 0, y = − .
6 3 3
k 1
When = − , the system has infinitely many solutions.
6 3
Thus, its impossible that the system has no solution.
ab ac bc
62. Given = 2, = 5, = 4 find the value of a + b + c\
a+b a+c b+c
Sol. Since abc  0, by writing down the given equation in the form
a+b 1 a+c 1 b+c 1
= , = , = ,
ab 2 ac 5 bc 4
 We obtain the new system satisfied by a, b, c:
1 1 1
+ = (1)
a b 2
1 1 1
+ = (2)
a c 5
1 1 1
+ = (3)
b c 4

By
1
2
((1) + ( 2) + (3)) , it follows that
1 1 1 19
+ + = (4)
a b c 40
1 1
By (4) – (1), then = − i.e. c = –40.
c 40
1 11 40
By (4) – (2), then =− i.e. = b =
b 40 11
1 9 40
By (4) – (3), then = , i.e. a = .
a 40 9
x − y − z = 5

63. Solve the system of equations  y − z − x = 1
 z − x − y = −15

Sol. Let the given equations be equations (1), (2), (3), respectively.
x–y–z=5 (1)
y–z–x=1 (2)
z – x – y = -15 (3)
add (1), (2) and (3)
x+y+z=9 (4)
By (2) + (3), it follows that 2x = 14, i.e. x = 7. Similarly, by (2) + (4) and (15.7) + (15.8)
respectively
we obtain
y = 5, z = –3.
Thus, the solution is x = 7, y = 5, y = –3.
64. Given
1 2 3
+ + = 0, (i)
x y z
 1 6 5
− − = 0, (ii)
x y z
x y z
Find the value of + +
y z x

Sol. By (i) - (ii) to eliminate x, it follows that

8 8 y
+ = 0, i.e. = −1.
y z z
4 4 z
3  (i) + (ii) eliminates y and yields + = 0, i.e. = −1.
x z x
x y z
Thus, + + = 1 – 1 – 1 = –1.
y z x
65. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 cm2 if its length is reduced by 5 cm and breadth is
increased by 3 cm. If we increase the length by 3 cm and breadth by 2 cm, then the area increases by
67 cm2. Find the area of the triangle.
(a) 123 cm2 (b) 153 cm2 (c) 175 cm2 (d) 191 cm2
Ans: (b)
Sol: Let the length of the rectangle be L cm
Let the breadth of the rectangle by B cm
A = LB
According to the question,
(L – 5) (B + 3) = A – 9
LB + 3L – 5B – 15 = A – 9
3L – 5B = 6
(L + 3) (B + 2) = A + 67
LB + 2L + 3B + 6 = A + 67
2L + 3B = 61
3(3L – 5B) = 18
5(2L + 3B) = 305
9L – 15B = 18
10L + 15B = 305
19L = 323
∴ L = 17 cm
 3L − 6
B=
5
3 (17 ) − 6
=
5
51 − 6
=
5
45
=
5
= 9 CM
 A = LB = 17  9 = 153 cm 2
Subject: Mathematics
66. If the length and the breadth of a rectangle are respectively increased by 2 m and decreased by 3 m,
then its area decreases by 17 m2. If its length and breadth are respectively decreased by 1 m and
increased by 2 m, then its area increases by 7 m2. Find the area of the rectangle.
(a) 32 cm2 (b) 35 cm2 (c) 38 cm2 (d) 41 cm2
Ans: (b)
Sol: Let the length of the rectangle be L cm.
Let the breadth of the rectangle be B cm.
According to the question,
(L + 2) (B – 3) = LB – 17
 LB − 3L + 2B − 6 = LB − 17
 −3L + 2B + 11 = 0
( L − 1)( B + 2 ) = LB + 7
 LB + 2L − B − 2 = LB + 7
 2L − B − 9 = 0
2L − B − 9 = 0  4L − 2B − 18 = 0
4L – 2B – 18 = 0
–3L +2B + 11 = 0
L + 0 – 7=0
 L = 7cm
B = 2L – 9
= 2(7) – 9
 = 14 – 9
=5
 B = 5 cm

 Area = LB = 7  5 = 35 cm2
67. After covering a distance of 30 km with a uniform speed there is some defect in a train engine and
therefore, its speed is reduced to 4/5 of its original speed. Consequently, the train reaches its
destination late by 45 minutes. Had it happened after covering 18 km more, the train would have
reached 9 minutes earlier. Find the distance of the journey.
(a) 90 km (b) 100 km (c) 110 km (d) 120 km
Ans: (d)
Sol: Let the original speed of the train be x km/hr and the length of the journey be y km.
Time taken = (y/ x) hrs.
Case I
The defect in the engine occurs after 30 km.
Speed for first 30 km = x km/hr
4
Speed for remaining (y - 30) km = x km/hr
5
30
Time taken to cover 30 km = hrs
x
y − 30 5
Time taken to cover (y - 30) km = hrs = ( y − 30) hrs
4x / 5 4x
According to the question,
30 5 y 45
+ ( y − 30 ) = +
x 4x x 60
30 5 y − 150 y 3
 + = +
x 4x x 4
120 + 5 y − 150 4 y + 3x
 =
4x 4x
 5 y − 30 = 4 y + 3x
 3x − y + 30 = 0
Case II
The defect in the engine occurs after covering 48km.
Speed for first 48 km = x km/hr
 4x
Speed for the remaining (y - 48) km = km/hr
5
48
Time taken to cover 48 km = hrs
x

 y − 48   5 ( y − 48 ) 
Time taken to cover (y - 48) km =   hr =   hr
 4x / 5   4x 
According to the question, the train now reaches 9 minutes earlier than Case I, which means 36
minutes later than usual. Hence,
48 5 ( y − 48) y 36
+ = +
x 4x x 60
48 5 y − 240 y 3
 + = +
x 4x x 5
192 + 5 y − 240 5 y + 3x
 =
4x 5x
5 y − 48 5 y + 3x
 =
4 5
 25 y − 240 = 20 y + 12 x
 12 x − 5 y + 240 = 0
Therefore, we have the following pair of linear equations in two variables.
3x - y + 30 = 0
12x - 5y + 240 = 0
By using cross-multiplication, we have
x −y 1
= =
−240 + 150 720 − 360 −15 + 12
x −y 1
 = =
−90 360 −3
−90 −360
x= = 30and y = = 120
−3 −3
Hence, the original speed of the train is 30 km/hr and the length of the journey is 120 km.
68. On selling a tea-set at 5% loss and a lemon-set at 15% gain, a crockery seller gains Rs. 7. If he sells
the tea-set at 5% gain and the lemon-set at 10% gain, he gains Rs. 13. Find the difference in the
actual prices of the tea-set and the lemon-set.
(a) Rs. 10 (b) Rs. 15 (c) Rs. 20 (d) Rs. 25
Ans: (c)
Sol: Let the cost price of the tea-set and the lemon-set be Rs. x and Rs. y respectively.
Case I
The tea-set is sold at 5% loss and lemon-set at 15% gain.
5x x
Loss on tea-set = Rs. = Rs.
100 20
15 y 3y
Gain on lemon-set = Rs. = Rs.
100 20
3y x
Net gain = Rs. − Rs.
20 20
3y x
 − =7
20 20
 3 y − x = 140
 x − 3 y + 140 = 0
Case II
The tea-set is sold at 5% gain and the lemon-set at 10% gain.
5x x
Gain on tea-set = Rs. = Rs.
100 20
10 y y
Gain on lemon-set = Rs. = Rs.
100 10
x y
Total gain = Rs. + Rs.
20 10
x y
 + = 13
20 10
 x + 2 y = 260
 x + 2 y − 260 = 0
Subtracting x + 2 y − 260 = 0 from x − 3 y + 140 = 0 , we get
–5y + 400 = 0
y = 80
 x − 240 + 140 = 0  x = 100
Hence, cost prices of tea-set and lemon-set are Rs. 100 and Rs. 80 respectively.
 Difference = Rs. 100 – Rs. 80 = Rs. 20
69. A two-digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits. If 18 is added to the number, the digits are
reversed. Find the number.
(a) 24 (b) 28 (c) 42 (d) 82
Ans: (a)

Sol: Let the two-digit number be AB

 AB = 10 A + B
According to the question,
 10 A + B = 4 A + 4B
 6 A = 3B  B = 2 A

AB + 18 = BA
 10 A + B + 18 = 10B + A
 9 A − 9B + 18 = 0
 A− B + 2 = 0
 A − 2A + 2 = 0
 A=2
 B = 2 ( 2) = 4

 AB = 24
70. P, Q and R are siblings. Four years ago, P’s age was fourteen less than twice the sum of the ages of
Q and R. Six years hence, P’s age will be four less than the sum of the ages of Q and R. Find P’s
present age.
Sol. Let the present ages of P, Q and R be p, q and r respectively
Let q + r = s
According to the question,
p – 4 = (2)(q - 4 + r - 4) – 1
⇒ p – 2s + 26 = 0
p + 6 = (q + 6 + r + 6) – 4
⇒p–s–2=0
Solving, we get p = 30 years
71. The sum of a two-digit number and the number formed by interchanging its digits is 110. If 10 is
subtracted from the first number, the new number is 4 more than 5 times the sum of the digits. Find
the original number.
Sol. Let the two digit number be MN , where M and N are the digits

Hence, MN = 10M + N
According to the question, MN + NM = 110 and MN - 10 = 5(M + N) + 4
MN + NM = 110 ⇒ 10M + N + 10N + M = 110 ⇒ 11M + 11N = 110
∴ M + N – 10 = 0

MN - 10 = 5(M + N) + 4 ⇒ 10M + N – 10 = 5M + 5N + 4 ⇒ 5M – 4N – 14 = 0
∴ 5M – 4N - 14 = 0
Solving, we get the number is MN = 64
 LEVEL II
1. (CHINA/1996) Simplify 2 ab − a − b , where a ≠ b

Sol It is clear ab  0, i.e. a and b have same signs.

Let A = 2 ab − a − b , then

A = −b if a = 0 and b < 0; or A = − a if b = 0 and a < 0.

( )
2
A is not defined if a > 0, b > 0 since 2 ab – a – b = – a− b  0.

( )
2
A= −a + −b = −a + −b if a < 0, b < 0.

Thus, A = −a + −b if A is defined.

2. Evaluate a + 3 + 4 a −1 + a + 3 − 4 a −1

( ) ( )
2 2
Sol Let a + 3 + 4 a −1 + a + 3 − 4 a −1 = a −1 + 2 + a −1 − 2

Then, A =

It’s clear that a  1. When a − 1 < 2, i.e. 1  a < 5, then A = 2 + a −1 + 2 – a − 1 = 4.

When 5  a, then

A= a −1 + 2 + a −1 – 2 = 2 a −1 .


 4 if 1  a  5,
Thus a + 3 + 4 a −1 + a + 3 − 4 a −1 = 
2 a − 1, if a  5.

3. If x5 – 5qx + 4r is divisible by (x–2)2 find the value of q and r.
Sol Let x5 – 5qx + 4r = (x – 2)2(x3 + ax2 + bx + c), then
x5 – 5qx + 4r
= x5 + (a – 4)x4 + (4 + b – 4a)x3 + (4a + c – 4b)x2 + (4b – 4c)x + 4c,
Therefore
a – 4 = 0, 4 + b – 4a = 0, 4a + c – 4b = 0, 4b – 4c = –5q, 4c = 4r.
From them we have orderly a = 4, b = 12, c = 32, q = 16 and r = c = 32.
Thus, q = 16, r = 32.
4. Given that f(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, and its remainders are 2x – 5 and -3x + 4 when divided
by x2 – 1 and x2 – 4 respectively. Find the f(x).
Sol Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. From assumptions,
f(x) = (x2 – 1)q1(x) + 2x – 5 and
f(x) = (x2 – 4)q2(x) –3x + 4.
Let x =  1, it follows that
a + b + c + d = –3. (1)
–a + b – c + d = –7. (2)
Let x = 2, it follows that
8a + 4b + 2c + d = –2. (3)
–8a + 4b – 2c + d = 10. (4)
By (1) + (2) and (3) + (4), respectively, we obtain
b + d = –5. (5)
4b + d = 4. (6)
Therefore (5) – (6) yields b = 3 and d = –8. By substituting back the values of b and d into (1) and
(3), respectivley, we obtain
a + c = 2, (7)
4a + c = -3 (8)
5 11
(7) – (8) yields a = − , and from (7), c = . Thus
3 3

Factorize x 4 + y 4 + ( x + y )
4
5.

Sol The given expression is symmetric in x and y. so it can be expressed in the basic symmetric
expressions u = x + y and v = xy. Therefore
x4 + y4 + (x + y)4
= (x2 + y2)2 – 2x2y2 + (x + y)4 = (u2 – 2v)2 – 2v2 + u4
= 2u4 – 4u2v + 2v2 = 2(u4 – 2u2v + v2) = 2(u2 – v)2
= 2((x + y)2 – xy)2 = 2(x2 + y2 + xy)2.
6. Factorize xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) + yz ( y 2 − z 2 ) + zx ( z 2 − x 2 )

Sol The given expression is a cyclic polynomial. Define f(x) = xy(x2 – y2) + yz(y2 – z2) + zx(z2 – x2),
where y, z are considered as constants, then f(y) = yz(y2 – z2) + zy(z2 – y2) = 0, so (x – y), (y – z), (z –
x) are three factors. Since the given polynomial is homogeneous and has degree 4, the fourth factor is
linear homogeneous cyclic expression, so must be A(x + y + z). Hence
 xy(x2 – y2)+yz(y2 – z2) + zx(z2 – x2) = A(x + y + z)(x – y)(y – z)(z – x).
Let x = 2, y = 1, z = 0, then 6 = –6A, i.e. A = –1. Thus,
xy(x2 – y2) + yz(y2 – z2) + zx(z2 – x2) = (x + y + z)(x – y)(y – z)(x – z).
7. Show that (x–1)2 is a factor of xn – nx + n –1
Sol. Let P(x) = xn – nx + n –1
P(1) = 0
⇒(x – 1) is a factor.
P(x) = xn –1– n(x – 1) = (x – 1)(xn-1 + xn-2 + ……..+1 ) – n(x – 1)
P(x) = (x – 1)(xn-1 + xn-2 + ……..+1 – n)
Q(x) = xn-1 + xn-2 + ……..+1 – n must be divisible by (x – 1)
Q(1) = n – n = 0
(x – 1) is a factor of Q(x)
⇒ (x–1)2 is a factor of xn – nx + n –1
8. If a, b, c, d, e are all zeroes of the polynomial (6x5 + 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1), find the value of
(1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) (1 + d) (1 + e).
Sol. 6x5 + 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 6(x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) (x – e)
Put x = –1
⇒ (1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) (1 + d) (1 + e) = ½
9. (CHINA1993) Given that the two roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are 1 greater than the two
1
roots of the equation x 2 + 2qx + p = 0 respectively. Find the solutions to each of the two equations.
2
Sol Let x2 + px + q = 0 (i)
1
x2 + 2qx + p = 0, (ii)
2
and let ,  be the roots of (i), then the roots of (ii) are  - 1,  - 1.
By Viete Theorem,
 +  = -p (iii)
 = q, (iv)
 +  - 2 = -2q (v)
1
( - 1) ( - 1) = p. (vi)
2
By (iii) – (iv)
 -p + 2q = 2. (vii)
Then (iv) – (v) – (vi).
-p + 6q = 2. (viii)
Then (viii) – (vii) yields q = 0, p = –2, hence the equation (i) is x2 – 2x = 0, its roots  = 0,  = 2.
Similarly, the equation (ii) is x2 – 1 = 0, its roots are x1 = –1 =  – 1, x2 = 1 =  – 1.
10. (CHINA/1993) ,  are the real roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0. Find the number of the pairs
(p, q) such that the quadratic equation with roots 2, 2 is still x2 – px + q = 0
Sol Viete theorem produces
 +  = p,  = q, 2 + 2 = p, 22 = q.
From q2 = q, it follow that q = 0 or 1. Since p = ( + )2 – 2 = p2 – 2q,
When q = 0, then p = 0 or 1. So (p, q) = (0, 0) or (1, 0).
When q = 1, then p = -1 or 2. But x2 + x + 1 = 0 has no real root when p = -1, so p = 2 and (p, q) =
(2,1).
Thus, there are three desired pairs for (p, q)
11. (CHINA/1995) Given that the sum of squares of real roots to the equation
1
2 x 2 + ax − 2a + 1 = 0 is 7 , find the value of a.
4
a −2a + 1 1
Sol Let ,  be roots of the equation, then  +  = − ,  = , and  2 +  2 = 7 , so
2 2 4
1  −2a + 1  33
( +  ) = 7 + 2  = − 2 a,
2

4  2  4
a 2 33
= − 2a ,
4 4
a2 + 8a – 33 = 0  (a – 3) (a + 11) = 0  a = 3 or –11.
Since  = a2 + 16a – 8  0, so

16 − 288 −16 + 288

a  −11, or a   0,
2 2
Thus a = 3.
12. (USSR) Prove that if  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + px + 1 = 0, γ and δ are the roots of
the equation x2 + qx + 1 = 0, then ( −  )(  −  )( +  )(  +  ) = q 2 − p 2

Sol Viete Theorem gives  +  = – p,  = 1,  +  = −q,  = 1. So

( − ) ( − )( + )( + ) = [( − )( + )][( − )( + )]
 =  2 −  2 −  2 +  2 = ( +  ) − 2  − ( +  ) − 2 
2 2
   
= ( q2 − 2) − ( p2 − 2) = q2 − p2 .

13. What are the co-efficient of x4 and x3 in (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5)?

Sol Coefficient of x4 = – (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = –15
Coefficient of x3 = (1  2 + 1  3 + 1  4 + 1  5) + (2  3 + 2  4 + 2  5) + (3  4 + 3  5) +
(4  5) = A (Say)
Observe,
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 2A
2A = 225 – 55 ⇒ A = 85
14. (CHINA/1997) Given that a, b are integers with a > b and the two roots ,  of the equation
3x 2 + 3 ( a + b ) x + 4ab = 0 satisfy the relation  ( + 1) +  (  + 1) = ( + 1)(  + 1) Find all the pairs
.
(a, b) of two integers.
4
Sol First of all,  +  = -(a + b) and  = ab.
3
The condition ( + 1) +  ( + 1) = ( + 1)( + 1) implies
2 + 2 –  = 1, i.e. ( + )2 – 3 = 1,
 (a + b)2 – 4ab = 1, i.e. (a – b)2 = 1, so
a – b = 1.
  0 implies 3(a + b)2  16ab = 4[(a + b)2 - (a – b)2] = 4[(a + b)2 - 1],
so (a + b)2  4, i.e.
−2  a + b  2.
Since a – b = 1 so -1  2a  3, i.e. a = 0 or 1. Hence
(a, b) = (0, –1) or (1, 0)
By checking, the two solution satisfy the requirement. Thus there are two desired pairs for (a, b).
15. (CHINA/2005) Solve the quadratic equation ( m − 2 ) x 2 − ( m + 3) x − 2m − 1 = 0

Sol When m = 2, the equation becomes –5x – 11 = 0, the solution is x = –1.

When m  2,  = [–(m + 3)]2 + 4(2m + 1)(m – 2) = 9m2 – 6m + 1 = (3m – 1)2  0, so
16. (CHINA/2004) Given that the equation in x, ( m 2 − 1) x 2 − 2 ( m + 2 ) x + 1 = 0 has at least a real root,

find the range of m.

Sol (i) When m = 1, then –6x + 1 = 0, so there is a real root x = 1/6.
(ii) When m = –1, then –2x + 1 = 0, so there is a real root x = ½.
5
(i) when m2 – 1  0, then  = 4(m + 2)2 – 4(m2 – 1) = 16m + 20  0 implies that m  − and m 
4
5
 1. Thus, the range of m is  − .
4
17. If the equation in x, x 2 + 2 (1 + a ) x + ( 3a 2 + 4ab + 4b 2 + 2 ) = 0 has real roots, find the values of a and

b.
Sol Since the discriminant of the equation is non-negative,
4(1 + a)2 – 4(3a2 + 4ab + 4b2 + 2)  0,
(1 + a)2 – (3a2 + 4ab + 4b2 + 2)  0,
2a2 – 2a + 1 + 4ab + 4b2  0,
(a – 1)2 + (a + 2b)2  0
 a = 1, and a + 2b = 0,
1
a = 1, b = −
2
18. Let p, q {1, 2,3, 4} . The number of equations of the form px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 having real roots is
(a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 8
Sol. For real roots, discriminant  0
 q2 − 4 p  0  q2  4 p

For p = 1, q 2  4  q = 2,3, 4

p = 2, q 2  8  q = 3, 4

p = 3, q 2  12  q = 4

p = 4, q 2  16  q = 4
Total seven solutions are possible.
19. Let a, b, c be real numbers a  0 . If  is a root a 2 x 2 + bx + c = 0 ,  is a root of a 2 x 2 − bx − c = 0

and 0     , then the equation a 2 x 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root  that always satisfies
 + 
(a) = (b)  =  + (c)  =  (d)
2 2
   

let f (x) = a x + 2bx + 2c = 0

2 2
Sol

f ( ) = a 2 2 + 2b + 2c = −a 2 2 as  is a root a 2 x 2 + bx + c = 0

f (  ) = a 2  2 + 2b + 2c = 3a 2  2 as  is a root of a 2 x 2 − bx − c = 0
f ( ) f (  )  0

⇒    
20. (CMO/1988) For what values of b do the equations 1988x2 + bx + 8891 = 0 and 8891
x2 + bx + 1988 = 0 have a common root ?
Sol Let x0 be the common root of the two given equation, then
1988x02 + bx0 + 8891 = 8891x02 + bx0 + 1988,

(8891 − 1988) x02 = (8891 − 1988)

 x0 = 1.

Substituting back such x0 into the first equation,

b −(8891 + 1988) = − 10879,  b = 10879 .

21. Find the value of k, such that the equations x 2 − kx − 7 = 0 and x 2 − 6 x − ( k + 1) = 0 have a common

root, and find the common root and different roots.

Sol Let x0 be the common root, then x02 + kx0 − 7 = 0 and x02 + 6 x0 − ( k + 1) = 0

Then their difference gives

(6 – k)x0 – (6 – k) = 0,or (6 – k) (x0 – 1) = 0.
Notice that k  6. Otherwise, the two equation are identical so that they have two common roots.
Therefore, x0 = 1, k = –6. By substituting back, the value of k into the given equations, it follows that
x2 + 6x – 7 = 0 and x2 – 6x + 5 = 0
 (x – 1) (x + 7) = 0 and (x – 1)(x – 5) = 0.
Thus, the different are –7 and 5 respectively.
22. Solve the cubic equation 9x3 –27x2 + 26x – 8 = 0, given that one of the root of this equation is
double the other.
Sol. Let the roots be , 2 and β.
Now,
−27
3 +  = − =3
9
 = 3 (1 – ) (1)
26
2 2 + 3 = (2)
9
8
2 2  = (3)
9
From Eqs (1) and (2), we get
26
2 2 + 3  3 (1 −  ) =
9
 632 – 81 + 26 = 0
 (21 - 13)(3 - 2) = 0
13 2
So  = or
21 3
13
If  =
21
 13  24 8
  = 3 1 −  = =
 21  21 7
169 8 8
This leads to 22 = 2    (a contradiction)
441 7 9
2  2 1
So, taking  = ,  = 3 1 −  = 3  = 1
3  3 3
2 4
Hence,  + 2 + = + + 1 = 3,
3 3
4 3 2 26
22 + 3 = 2  + 1 = ,
9 3 9
4 8
and 22 = 2  1 =
9 9
2 4
Thus, the roots are , and 1.
3 3
23. Show that 2x6 + 12x5 + 30x4 + 60x3 + 80x2 + 30x + 45 = 0 has no real roots.
Sol. 2(x6 + 6x5 + 9x4) + 3(4x4 + 20x3 + 25x2) + 5(x2 + 6x +9) = 0
2(x3 + 3x2)2 + 3(2x2 + 5x)2 + 5(x + 3)2 = 0
x3 + 3x2 =0 & 2x2 + 5x =0 & x + 3=0
no common value of x.
24. Find all real solution x of the equation x10 − x8 + 8x6 − 24 x 4 + 32 x 2 − 48 = 0
Sol. let x2 = t, t ≥ 0
t 5 − t 4 + 8t 3 − 24t 2 + 32t − 48 = 0
By inspection, t =2 is a root
t 5 − t 4 + 8t 3 − 24t 2 + 32t − 48 = (t − 2)(t 4 + t 3 + 10 t 2 − 4 t + 24) = 0

t 4 + t 3 + 10 t 2 − 4 t + 24 = 0 has no real root for t ≥ 0.

When t ≥ 1, 10t2 > 4t
t 4 + t 3 + 10 t 2 − 4 t + 24  0
No solution for t ≥ 1
When 0 ≤ t < 1
-4t+24 > 0
t 4 + t 3 + 10 t 2 − 4 t + 24  0
No solution for 0 ≤ t < 1
Therefore, t = 2 is the only solution.
⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x =

25. Solve 2 x99 + 3x98 + 2 x97 + 3x96 + ... + 2 x + 3 = 0 in R

Sol. 2x(x98 + x96 +…….+ 1) + 3(x98 + x96 +…………..+1) = 0
(x98 + x96 +…………..+1)(2x+3) = 0
x = -3/2, 2nd factor has no real solution as all terms are positive.
26. Prove that 1 + x111 + x 222 + x333 + x444 divides 1 + x111 + x 222 + x 333 + .. + x999 .
1 + x111 + x 222 + x 333 + .. + x999 = 1 + x111 + x 222 + x 333 + x 444 + x555 (1 + x111 + x 222 + x 333 + x 444 )
Sol.
= (1 + x111 + x 222 + x 333 + x 444 )(1 + x555 )
27. Let r, s, t are roots of equation 8x3 + 1001x + 2008 = 0. Then value of (r + s)3 + (s + t)3
+ (t + r)3 is 7k3 (where k is at ten’s place). Then value of k is _____
Sol. [5]
 −2008
 r + s + t = 0, rst = = – 251
8
Now Let r + s = x
s+t=y
t+r=z
 x + y + z = 2 (r + s + t) = 0
 x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
= 3 (r + s) (s + t) (t + r)
= 3 (– t) (– r) (– s) = – 3 rst
= –3 × (– 251)
= 753
28. The value of ‘a’ for which x3 + ax –1 = 0 & x4 + ax2 + 1 = 0 have a common root is – k then k equals
Sol. [2]
Let  is common root
3 + a  – 1 = 0 ……(i)
& 4 + a 2 + 1 = 0 ……(ii)
Multiply equation (i) by  & subtract from (ii)
  = –1
 put in (i)
 a = –2
P(1/ 2) + P(−1/ 2) 1 1 1
29. Let P(x) be a cubic polynomial with zeros    If = 100. Find + +
P(0)   
Sol. [0196]
Let P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
P(1/2) + P(–1/2) = 2b (1/4) + 2d
P(0) = d
2b / 4 + 2d
= 100
d
2b b
 + 2 = 100  = 98
4d 2d
b d
also  +  +  = – ,  = –
a a
 1 1 1 b
+ + = = 0196
   d
30. If  and  are the roots of both equations x2 + px + q = 0 and x3900 + p1950 x1950 + q1950 = 0. Prove that
 
, are the roots of x1950 + 1 + (x + 1)1950 = 0
 
Sol. x2 + px + q = 0 roots (, )
 +  = − p,  = q
Also ( ) are the of the roots equation
x3900 + p1950 x1950 + q1950 = 0
 1950 + 1950 = – p1950 and 1950 1950 = q1950 …(1)
Now  is a root of x1950 + 1 + (x + 1)1950 = 0
1950 1950
   
  + 1 +  + 1 =0
   
1950 + 1950 + ( + )1950 = 0
– p1950 + (– p)1950 = 0
31. Let k be an integer and p is a prime number such that the quadratic equation x2 + kx + p = 0 has two
distinct positive integer solutions. Then the value of – (p + k) is.
Sol.  +  = – k and  = p
since p is prime, hence  = 1 or  = 1
Let  = 1, then  = p
So 1 + p = – k  p + k = –1
 – (P + k) = 1
−3 −3
Solve for x : (5 + 2 6) x + (5 − 2 6) x
2 2
32. = 10

−3 1
Let t = (5 + 2 6) x =
2
Sol. −3
(5 − 2 6) x
2

t = 52 6
−3
5  2 6 = (5 + 2 6) x
2

x2 – 3 = 1, -1
x = ± 2, ± 2
33. Let S be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral which has one vertex on each side of X. If
a, b, c ad d denote the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral, prove that
2  a2 + b2 + c2 + d2  4.
Sol.

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = x2 +(1 – w)2 + (1 – x)2 + y2 + (1 – y)2 + z2 +(1 – z)2 = w2

= 2[x2 + y2 + z2 + w2 – w – x – y – z + 2]
 2
1 
2
1 
2
1  1
2

= 2  x −  +  y −  +  z −  +  w −  + 1
 2  2  2  2 
As o  x, y, z, w , 1.
(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)min = 2  1[at x = y = z = w = ½]
1 1 1 1 
(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)min = 2   + + + + 1 (at x = y = z = w = 0)
4 4 4 4 
=4
34. Suppose a, b and c are integers with a > 1 and p is a prime number, show that if ax 2 + bx + c is
equal to p for two distinct integral values of x, then ax2 + bx + c cannot be equal to 2p for any
integral value of x.
Sol. Let x1 and x2 be two integral values of x. Since these are roots of equation
ax2 + bx + c – p = 0
 ax2 + bx + c – p = a(x – x1) (x – x2)
Let  be an integer that satisfies
ax2 + bx + c = 2p
 a2 + b + c = 2p
Then p = a2 + b + c – p = a( – x1)( – x2)
As a > 1 and p is prime number, we must have p = a, so that
( – x1) ( – x2) = 1
  –x1 =  –x2 = ± 1 As  –x1 and  – x2 are integers,
Hence x1 = x2 =  −  r  + , which is not possible as x1 and x2 are required to be distinct.
35. If   are the roots of x2 + ax – b = 0 and 4, 4 are the roots of x2– cx + d = 0, then prove that the
equation x2 – 4bx + 2b2 –c = 0 always has real roots.
Sol. Given   are roots of x2 + ax – b = 0,
  +  = –a and  = –b … (1)
Also 4, 4 are roots of x2 – cx + d = 0
 4 + 4 = c and 44 = d … (2)
Now, discriminant of x2 – 4ab + 2b2 – c = 0 is
D = 16b2 – 4(2b2 – c)
= 8b2 + 4c
= 8(22 ) + 4(4 + 4 )
= 4(2 + 2)2 ≥ 0
Hence the equation always has two real roots.
36. Find the sum of the roots of the equation 2333x–2 + 2111x+1 = 2222x+2+ 1.
1
Sol. 2333x . + 2111x . 2 = 22 . 2222x + 1
4
t3
Let 2111x = t  + 2t = 4t2 + 1
4
 t3 – 16t2 + 8t – 4 = 0 ; Let roots of this equation are t1,t2,t3 corresponding to x1,x2,x3
 so t1 t2 t3 = 4
i.e. 2111x1 2111x2 2111x3 = 4
 2111( x1 + x2 + x3 ) = 22  x1 + x2 + x3 = 2/111
1
37. If an+1 =
1
( n = 1, 2,......2008) and a1 = 1, find the value of
1+
an
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + ….+ a2008a2009
Sol. For n = 1, 2,…..2008,
1 an
an +1  an +1 =  an +1an + an +1 = an
1+
1 an + 1
an

 an an1 = an − an+1 ,
 Therefore
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 +……+a2008a2009
= (a1 – a2) + (a2 – a3) +………+(a2008 – a2009)
an
On the other hand, From the formula an1 = we find that
an + 1

1 1 1
a2 = , a3 = a4 = .
2 3 4
1
, we obtain an = n − 1 = , therefore a2009 =
1 1 1
Assuming an−1 = , and
n −1 1
+1 n 2009
n −1
1 2008
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + …… + a2008a2009 = 1 − = .
2009 2009
38. Solve the system of equations
x − y + z = 1
y − z +u = 2

z − u + v = 3
u − v + x = 4

v − x + y = 5

Sol. Let
x–y+2=1 (i)
y–z+u=2 (ii)
z–u+v=3 (iii)
u–v+x=4 (iv)
v – x + y = 5. (v)
By (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv) + (v), it follows that
z + y + z + u + v = 15. (vi)
By (i) + (ii), (ii) + (iii), (iii) + (iv), (iv) + (v), (v) + (i) respectively, we obtain
x+u=3 (vii)
y+v=5 (viii)
z+x=7 (ix)
u+y=9 (x)
v + z = 6. (xi)
 By (vii) + (viii) + (ix) – (vi), (viii) + (ix) + (x) – (vi), (ix) + (x) + (xi) – (vi), (x) + (xi) + (vii) –
(vi), (xi) + (vii) + (viii) – (vi) respectively, it follows that
x = 0, y = 6, z = 7, u = 3, v = –1.
39. (CHINA/2001) Given that the system of equations
mx + 2 y = 10

3 x − 2 y = 0
has integer solution, i.e x, y are both integers. Find the value of m2
Sol. By adding the two equations, we obtain (m + 3)x = 10, so
10 3 15
x= , y= x= .
m+3 2 m+3
Since m + 3|10 and m + 3|15, so m + 3 | 5. Thus, m = 2 and m2 = 4.
40. As shown in the given figure, a; b; c; d; e; f are all rational numbers, such that the sums of three
numbers on each row, each column and each diagonal are equal. Find the value of a + b + c + d + e +
f.

Sol.

Let S = a +b + c + d + e + f. Then
f + d + 6 = f + 7 + 2  d = 3.
A + 3 + 2 = f + 7 + 2  a = f + 4.
E + 8 = f = 9  e = f – 1.
A + f = 3 + f – 1  f = 0.
 a = 4, e = -1, c = 9 – a = 5,
b = 9 – 4 – 6 = –1. Thus
 a + b + c + d + e + f = 3  9 – 6 – 7 – 2 = 12.
3x + my = 7
41. Given that the system of equations  has no solution, where m, n are integers between –
2 x + ny = 4
10 and 10 inclusive, find the values of m and n
3 m 7 3n
Sol. From that they system has no solution we find that +  . Therefore m = , and n is even
2 n 4 2
2 2
satisfying −9.  n  9. , i.e.
3 3
−2  n  6.
So n = −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6 and correspondingly, m = −9, −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, 9. That is, (m, n) can be
one of
(−9, −6), (−6, −4), (−3, −2), (0, 0), (3, 2), (6, 4), (9, 6).
 LEVEL III
1. (Training question for National Team of Canada) Simplify
1 1 1
P= + + ... +
2 1+ 2 3 2 +2 3 100 99 + 99 100
Sol. For each positive integer n,
1 1 n +1 − n
= =
( n + 1) n + n n +1 n ( n + 1) n + 1 + n (
n ( n + 1) )
1 1
= −
n n +1

 1   1 1   1 1 
Hence P = 1 − + −  + ... +  − 
 2  2 3  99 100 
1 1 9
= 1− = 1− =
100 10 10

2. Simplify (
9 + 2 1+ 3 1+ 5 )( )
Sol. ( )(
Considering that 9 + 2 1 + 3 1 + 5 = 11 + 2 3 + 2 5 + 2 15, )
where the coefficients of the terms of 3, 5, 15 are all 2, it is natural to use the coefficient
determining method, assume that

( )(
9 + 2 1+ 3 1+ 5 = a + b + c )
Taking squares on both sides yields
11 + 2 3 + 2 5 + 2 15 = a + b + c + 2 ab + 2 ac + 2 bc
By the comparison of coefficients, the following system of equations is obtained:
a + b + c = 11; (1)
ab = 3; (2)
ac = 5; (3)
bc = 15: (4)
(2) x (3) x (4) yields (abc)2 = 152 .i.e. abc = 15 , so a = 1 from (4) b = 3 from (3) and c = 5 from (1).

Thus ( )(
9 + 2 1+ 3 1+ 7 = 1 + 3 + 5 )
 x 4 − 6 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 18 x + 23
3. (SSSMO(J)/2007) Find the value of When x = 19 − 8 3
x 2 − 8 x + 15

Sol. x = 19 − 8 3

x = 4− 3
x 2 − 8 x + 13 = 0
Hence by long division
x4 – 6x3 – 2x2 + 18x + 23 = (x2 – 8x + 13) (x2 + 2x + 1) + 10 = 10
so that the value of the given expression is 10/2 = 5.

4. Simplify S = x2 + 2x + 1 − x2 + 4x + 4 + x2 − 6x + 9

Sol, From S = x2 + 2x + 1 − x2 + 4x + 4 + x 2 − 6x + 9 = x +1 − x + 2 + | x − 3 |

there are four possible cases as follows:

(i) When x ≤ – 2, then S = –(x + 1) + (x + 2) – (x – 3) = – x + 4
(ii) When –2 < x ≤ 1, then S = –(x + 1) – (x + 2) – (x – 3) = –3x.
(iii) When –1 < x ≤ 3, then S = (x + 1) – (x + 2) – (x – 3) = –x + 2
(iv) When 3 < x, then S = (x + 1) – (x + 2) + (x – 3) = x – 4.
5. (CHINA/2005) Given that equations x2 – ax + 3 – b = 0 has two distinct real roots
x2 + (6 – a) x + 6 – b = 0 has two equal real roots, and x 2 + ( 4 − a ) x + 5 − b = 0 has not real roots.

Then the ranges of a and b are

(a) 2 < a < 4; 2 < b < 5, (b) 1 < a < 4; 2 < b < 5,
(c) 2 < a < 4; 1 < b < 5, (d) 1 < a < 4; 1 < b < 5.
Sol. The assumptions in question imply that their discriminants are
1 = a 2 − 4 ( 3 − b )  0

2 = ( 6 − a ) − 4 ( 6 − b ) = 0
2

3 = ( 4 − a ) − 4 ( 5 − b )  0
2

respectively, namely,
a 2 + 4b − 12  0 (i )
a 2 − 12a + 12 + 4b = 0 ( ii )
 a 2 − 8a − 4 + 4b  0 ( iii )
(ii) yields
a 2 + 4b = 12a − 12.....(iv)
Substituting (iv) into (i) yields 12a – 12 – 12 > 0, i.e. a > 2. Substituting (iv) into (iii), then 12a – 12
– 8a – 4 < 0, i.e. a < 4.
Thus, 2 < a < 4 (v)
(ii) gives 4b = 24 –(6–2)2.Applying (v), it follows that
24 –(6–2)2 < 4b < 24 –(6-4)2
so 8 < 4b < 20, i.e. 2 < b < 5. Thus, the answer is (a).
6. (CHINA/1996) x1 and x2 are roots of the equation x2 + x – 3 = 0. Find the value of
x13 − 4 x22 + 19 .

Sol. By Viete Theorem x1 + x2 = −1, x1 x2 = −3.

Let A = x13 − 4 x22 + 19, B = x23 − 4 x12 + 19.Then

A + B = ( x13 + x23 ) − 4 ( x12 + x22 ) + 38

= ( x1 + x2 ) ( x1 + x2 ) − 3x1 x2  − 4 ( x1 + x2 ) − 2 x1 x2  + 38
2 2
   
= − 1 + 9 − 4 1 + 6 + 38 = 0

A − B = ( x13 − x23 ) + 4 ( x12 − x22 )

= ( x1 − x2 ) ( x1 + x2 ) − x1 x2 + 4 ( x1 + x2 )
2
 
= ( x1 − x2 ) 1 + 3 − 4 = 0

Thus, 2A = (A + B) + (A – B) = 0, i.e. A = 0.
5x + 2ab 1
7. Solve the equation ax + b − =
5 4
Sol, Removing the denominator of the given equation yields
20(ax+b) – 4 (5x + 2ab) = 5,
20(ax + 20b –20x – 8ab = 5
20(a–1)x = 5 – 20b + 8ab
5 − 20b + 8ab
(i) When a  1, x =
20 ( a − 1)
 5
(ii) When a = 1 and b = , the equation becomes 0. x = 0 so any real number is a solution for x.
12
5
(iii) When a = 1 and b  the equation becomes 0. x = 5 – 12b so no solution for x
12
8. (CHINA/1993) Find the units digit of the expression
1993
 −2a | a | −3 + 3− | a | 
x= − 
 1+ a 3− a
 
Sol. Considering negative number cannot be under square root sign, we find |a| = 3,i.e. a = 3. Further, 3
– a, appears in denominator implies a  3, so a = –3. Thus

 ( −2 )( −3) 
1993

x=  = 61993
 4−3 
Thus, the units digit of x is 6 since any positive integer power of 6 always has units digit 6.

−1
 4 2 1
9. (CHNMOL/1993) Simplify 4
3  3 − 3 + 3 
 9 9 9

Sol. Let 3
3 = x, 3 2 = b, then the given expression becomes
−1 −1
 y2 y 1   y2 − y +1  x2
x 2 − 2 + 2  = x  = x.
x x x   x2  y2 − y +1

x3 x3 ( y + 1) 3 ( y + 1)
= = = = y + 1 = 3 2 + 1.
y − y +1
2
y +1
3
2 +1

1998 1999  2000  2001 + 1

10. (CHINA/1998) Evaluate .
4

n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3) + 1
Sol. More general, we calculate A =
4

A=
1
2
(n 2
+ 3n )( n2 + 3n + 2 ) + 1 =
1
2
(n 2
+ 3n )( n2 + 3n + 1) − 1 + 1

n 2 + 3n + 1
=
2
 3997999
Now n = 1998, so A = = 1998999.5.
2

3 3 1
11. Given a = 3 4 + 3 2 + 1, find the value of + +
a a 2 a3

( ) ( 2 ) −1 = 1, a = 1
3
Sol. From 3
2 −1 a = 3
, so that
3
2 −1
1 1 1
a2 = = , a3 = .
( ) 4 − 2 2 +1 2 − 3 4 + 3 3 2 −1
2 3 3 3
3
2 −1

Thus
3 3 1
+ + =3
a a 2 a3
( 3
2 −1 + 3 ) ( 3
)
4 − 2 3 2 +1 +1− 33 4 + 33 2 = 1

( )
6
12. Given that the integral part of M = 13 + 11 is P find the value of M(1-P)

Sol. We find [M] first. Let A = 13 + 11, B = 13 − 11. Then M = A6 and A + B = 2 13 , AB = 2, so

A2 + B2 = (A + B)2 – 2AB = 52 – 4 = 48.
Since M = A6, for finding [M], we now consider A6 + B6:
A6 + B6 = (A2)3 + (B2)3 = (A2 + B2)(A4 – A2B + B4)
= (A2 + B2) [(A2 + B2)2 – 3(AB)2]
Which is an integer, 0  B = 13 − 11  4 − 3 = 1 yields 0 < B6 < 1,
So [M] = A6 + B6 – 1 and
P = M – [M] = A6 – (A6 + B6 – 1) = 1 – B6, or 1 – P = B6.
Thus, M(1 – P) = A6B6 = (AB)6 = 26 = 64.

13. Simplify (
8+ 2 2+ 5 2+ 7 )( )
Sol. Let ( )( )
8 + 2 2 + 5 2 + 7 = a + b 5 + c 7 , where a, b, c > 0. By taking square to both sides, then

16 + 4 5 + 4 7 + 2 35 = a 2 + 5b2 + 7c 2 + 2ab 5 + 2ac 7 + 2bc 35 ,

 a2 + 5b2 + 7c2 = 16, ab = 2, ac = 2, bc = 1,
 a2 = 4, i.e. a = 2, b = c = 1.

Thus (
8+ 2 2+ 5 2+ 7 = 2+ 5 + 7 )( )
 ( ) ( )
5 5
a −1 − a a −1 + a
14. Simplify 3
+3
a −1 + a a − a −1

( ) ( )
5 5
a −1 − a a −1 + a
Sol. 3
+3
a −1 + a a −1 − a

( ) ( )
6
= −3 a −1 + a + 3 a −1 + a

( ) +( ) = 4 a ( −1)
2 2
=− a −1 − a a −1 + a

15. Simplify 1 + a 2 + 1 + a 2 + a 4
Sol. Since
1 
(a + 1) − a 2 
2
1 + a2 + 1 + a2 + a4 =  2 + 2a 2 + 2 2

2 

= ( 2 + 2a 2 + 1) + 2 (a + a + 1)( a 2 − a + 1) + ( a 2 − a + 1)
1 2

2  

( )
2
1
= a2 + a + 1 + a2 − a + 1
2
Therefore

a2 + a + 1 + a2 − a + 1
1 + a2 + 1 + a2 + a4 =
2

2 a2 + a + 1 + a2 − a + 1
=
2

16. Simplify x + 2 + 3 2x − 5 − x − 2 + 2x − 5

Sol. Let 2 x − 5 = y then y  0 and x =

(y 2
+ 5)
, so that
2

x + 2 + 3 2 x − 54 − x − 2 + 2 x − 5

=
2
(
1 2
y + 5) + 2 + 3 y − ( y + 5) − 2 + y
1 2
2
1 1
= y2 + 6 y + 9 − y2 + 2 y +1
2 2
 1 1 2
= ( y + 3) − ( y + 1) = = 2.
2 2 2

1 x + 2 + x2 + 4x
17. Given x= a− , find the value of
a x + 2 − x2 + 4x
1 1 1
Sol. Given x= a− , yields x = a + − 2 , so a + x + 2 . Since
a a a
1 a −1 1
a+ x+2 = x  0 , so a  1, hence a −  0 . Thus
a a a
2 2

( x + 2) − 4 =  a +  − 4 =  a −  = a − ,
1 1 1
x2 + 4 x =
2

 a  a a
It yields that
 1  1
 a + +a − 
x + 2 + x + 4x 
2
a  a
= = a2.
x + 2 − x + 4x
2  1   1 
a + −a − 
 a  a
1
18. (CHINA/1999) Find the nearest integer of
17 − 12 2
1 1 1
Sol. = = + 3 + 8 , so
17 − 12 2 (3 − 8 ) 3− 8
2

19. Find all polynomials P(x) with real coefficients such that (x − 8)P(2x) = 8(x − 1)P(x).
Ans. P(x) = a(x-2)(x-4)(x-8)
Sol. (x – 8)P(2x) = 8(x – 1)P(x) (1)
P(2) = P(8) = P(4) = 0
P(x) = Q(x)(x – 2)(x – 8)(x – 4)
Put in (1)
(x – 8)Q(2x)(2x – 2)(2x – 8)(2x – 4)
= 8(x – 1)Q(x)(x – 2)(x – 8)(x – 4)
Q(2x) = Q(x)
Q(2x) Q(x)
 identify in x
  Q(x) is constant
P(x) = a(x – 2)(x – 4)(x – 8)
20. Let (x–1)3 divides (p(x) + 1) and (x +1)3 divides (p(x)−1). Find the polynomial p(x) of degree 5.
Sol. P(x) – 2 = (x – 1)3 (a(x+1)2 + b(b + 1) + c) – 2
[(x + 1)3 – 8 – 6(x + 1)2 + 12 (x + 1)][a(x + 1)2 + b(x + 1) + c] – 2
Make coff.. of (x + 1)2, (x + 1) & constant term zero.
(i) 12c(x + 1) – 8b(x + 1) = 0
3 = 8b
3
b=
8
(ii) –8c – 2= 0
1
c=
4
(iii) –8a + 12b – 6c = 0
18 6
–8a + − =0
4 4
3
a=
8
21. If p, q, r are the real roots of x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, determine the possible values of p2q + q2r + r2p
Sol. x3 – 6x2 + 3x = 0
p+q+r=6
pq + qr + rp = 3
pqr = –1
Let p2q + q2r + r2p = 
q2p + r2q + rp2 = 
 +  = 3 + (p + q) qr(r + q) + pr(p + q)
= [pq + qr + rp] = 3
= 2r
 = 3+(p3q3 + q3r3 + p3r3) – (p3 + q3 + r3)
= 3 + 3 (pqr)2 + (pq + qr + pr)[(pq + rq + pr)2 –3pqr (p + q + r)]
–3pqr – (p + q + r) (p + q + r)2 – 3(pq + qr + rp)
= 3 + 3 + 3(9 + 3(6)) + 3 – 6(36 – 9)
 = 90 – 6  27
  = –72
 +  = 21
22. (CHINA/1995) Given that a, b, c >0 and the quadratic equation (c +a) x2 +2bx (c – a) = 0 has two
equal real roots. Determine if the three segments of lengths a; b; c can form a triangle. If so, what is
the type of the triangle? Give your reasons.
Sol. Since the given equation has two equal real roots implies that its discriminant is 0, so

 = ( 2b ) − 4 ( c + a )( c − a ) = 4 ( b2 + a 2 − c 2 ) = 0,
2

 a2 + b2 = c2.
From c2 = a2 + b2 < a2 + b2 + 2ab = {a + b)2, it follows that c < a + b, so the three segments with
lengths a, b. c can form a triangle. Further, from Pythagoras’ Theorem, the triangle is a right-angled
triangle with the hypotenuse side of length c.
23. (CHINA/1998) Given that ,  are roots of the equation x 2 − 7 x + 8 = 0, where    . Find the

2
value of + 3 2 without solving the equation.

2 2
Sol. Let A = + 3 2 , B = + 3 2 , since + = 7,  = 8, and  -  =  = 49 − 32 = 17
 
It follows that
2 ( +  )
+ 3 ( 2 +  2 ) = + 3 ( 72 − 16 ) =
14 403
A+ B =
 8 4
2 ( −  )  2 
A− B = − 3 ( 2 −  2 ) = − ( −  )  + 3 ( +  ) 
   

1  85 17
= −   + 21 = ,
4  4
Therefore

2 1  403 85 17  403 − 85 17
+ 3 2 = A =  − =
a 2 4 4  8

24. Given that a = 8 – b and c2 = ab – 16, prove that a = b.

Sol. a = 8 – b and c2 = ab – l6 yields a + b = 8, ab = c2 + 16. Then, by inverse Viete Theorem, a, b are the
real roots of the equation
x2 – 8x + (c2 + 16) = 0. Since its discriminant  is non-negative, i.e. (−8)2 − 4(c2 + 16)  0. then
82− 4(c2 +16), 4c2  0,  c = 0,
 therefore a, b are the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + 16 = (x – 4)2 = 0, i.e. a = b = 4.
25. (USSR) Let and  be the roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 and  and  be the roots of the

equation x 2 + Px + Q = 0 . Express the product ( −  )(  −  )( −  )(  −  ) in terms of the

coefficients of the given equations.

Sol. The assumptions in question implies that
( x −  )( x −  ) = x 2 + px + q and ( x −  )( x −  ) = x 2 + Px + Q.

Consequently

( −  )(  −  )( −  )(  −  ) = ( −  )( −  ) ( −  )( −  )

= (  2 + p + q )( 2 + p + q ) .

However
 +  = −P ,  = Q
Hence

( −  )(  −  )( −  )(  −  ) = ( 2 + p + q )( 2 + p + q )
=  2 2 + p 2 + q 2 + p 2 + p 2 + pq + q 2 + pq + q 2

= ( ) + p ( +  ) + q ( +  ) − 2  + p 2 2 + pq ( +  ) + q 2

2 2
 
= Q 2 + q 2 − pP ( Q + q ) + qP 2 + p 2Q − 2qQ.

26. (ASUMO/1986) If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax + b + 1 = 0 are natural numbers,
prove that a2 + b2 is a composite number.
Sol. Let  and  be the roots of the given equation. Then
 +  = -a, and  = b + 1
Consequently
a2 + b2 = ( + )+( - 1)2 = 2 + 2 + 22 + 1
= (2 + 1)(2 + 1),
Which is a composite number. The conclusion is proven.
13x − x 2  13 − x 
27. (CHINA/1999) Solve the equation x+  = 42
x +1  x +1 
Sol. This problem involves an equation of high degree. By using substitutions, it can be reduced to a
13 − x
quadratic equation. Let y = . then the given equation becomes xy(x + y) = 42.
x +1
 The technique of solving the problem is to solve xy and x + y first by applying the inverse Viete
Theorem. For this the value of (xy) + (x + y) is needed. Since
13x − x 2 x 2 + x + 13 − x 13x + 13
xy + ( x + y ) = = = = 13,
x +1 x +1 x +1
By using inverse Viete Theorem, xy and x + y are roots of the equation
z2 – 13z + 42 = 0.
Since z = 6 or 7. by solving the systems xy = 6,ar + y = 7 and xy = 7, x + y = 6 respectively, the
solutions for x are
x1 = 1, x2 = 6, x3 = 3 + 2 , x4 = 3 – 2.
By checking, they are all the solution of the original equation.
28. If the prouduct of two roots of the equation 4x4 –24x3 + 31x2 + 6x − 8 = 0 is 1, find all the roots.
Sol. Suppose, the roots are a, β, γ, δ and aβ = 1
Now
−24
1 + ( +  ) + ( +  ) = − =6 (1)
4
31
 2 + ( +  ) + ( +  ) +  +  = −
4
31 27
 ( +  ) + ( +  ) +  = −1 = (2)
4 4
−3
 3 =  ( +  ) +  ( +  ) =
2
−3
  ( +  ) + ( +  ) = (3)
2
 4 =  = −2
  = −2 (4)
From Eqs. (2) and (4), we get
35
( +  ) + ( +  ) = (5)
4
−3
−2 ( +  ) + ( +  ) = (6)
2
From Eqs. (1) and (6), we get
15
( +  ) =
2
 or
5
 + = (7)
2
and
 = 1
1
 =

Putting the value of  in Eq. (7), we get
1 5
+ =
 2
 22 – 5 + 2 = 0
 (22 –1)( – 2) = 0
1
 = or  = 2
2
1
Hence  = 2 or  =
2
1 7
Taking  = and  = 2, and substituting in Eq. (5). We get  + = .
2 2
We know that  = −2

Again, solving for  and . We get

−1 −1
= and  = 4 or  = and  = 4
2 2
1 −1
Thus, the four roots are , , 2 , and 4.
2 2
29. Given that f(x) = x2 + ax + b is a polynomial with integral coefficients. If f is a common factor of
polynomials g(x) = x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 1 and h(x) = 3x4 – 9x3 + 2x2 + 3x–1 find f(x)
Sol. From f is a common factor of g and h, f is a common factor of .3g(x) − h(x) = 4x2 – 12x + 4 = 4(x2 –
3x + 1), so. by the factor theorem,
4(x2 – 3x + 1) = A(x2 + ax + b).
where A is a constant. By the comparison of the coefficient of x 2, A = 4.
Thus a = –3, b = 1, and f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1.
30. For any non-negative integers m, n, p, prove that the polynomial x3m + x3n+1 + x3 p + 2 has the factor x2
+x+1
Sol. For f(y) = ym – 1, since f(1) = 0. so f(y) has factor y – 1, i.e. ym – 1 = 0(y – 1) q(y). Let y = x3. we
have
x3m – 1 = (x3)m – 1 = (x3 – 1)(x3) = (x – 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x3),
i.e. x2 + x + 1 is a factor of x3m – 1. Therefore x2n+1 – x = x(x3n – 1)
and x3p+2 – x2 = x2(x3p – 1) both have the factor x2 + x + 1 also. Thus,
x3m + x3n+l + x3p+2 = (x3m – 1) + (x3n+l – x) + (x3p+2 – x2) + (x2 + x +1)
has the factor x2 + x + 1.
31. Given that f(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients. If there are distinct real numbers a, b, c such
that the remainders of f(x) are a, b, c when f is divided by(x–a), (x –b), (x–c) respectively, prove that
f(x) – x has the factor (x–a) (x–b) (x–c).
Sol. From the given conditions we have f(a) = a, f(b) = b, f(c) = c. Let r(x) be the remainder of f(x) when
divided by (x – a)(x – b)(x – c). If r(x) is zero polynomial, the conclusion is proven.
Suppose that r(x) is not the zero polynomial, then its degree is not greater than 2, and
f(x) = (x – a)(x – b)(x – c)q(x) + r(x),
so r(a) = f(a) = a, r(b) = f(b) = b, r(c) = f(c) = c. Thus, the polynomial g(x) = r(x) – x has at least
three distinct real roots a, b, c, although its degree is not greater than 2. Thus, g(x) is equal to 0
identically, i.e. r(x) = x.

32. Factorize (y2 –z2)(1 + xy)(1 + xz) + (z2 – x2)(1 + yz)(1+yx) + (x2–y2)(1+zx)(1+zy)
Sol. Let the given expression be P(x, y, z). Then P is cyclic. Consider it as a polynomial f(x) of x only
and let x = y, then
f(y) = (y2 – z2)(1 + y2)(l + yz) + (z2 – y2)(l + yz) (1 + y2) = 0,
so (x – y), and hence [x – y)(y – z)(z – x) are factors of P. The remaining factor is a cyclic
polynomial of degree three (but it is non-homogeneous). So
P(x, y, z) = (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)[A(x3 + y3 + z3)
+B(x2y + y2z + z2x) + C(xy2 + yz2 + zx2) + Dxyz + E(x2 + y2 + z2) + F(xy + yz + zx)
+G(x + y + z) + H],
where A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H are the coefficients to be determined. Since the highest index of each of
x, y, z on the left hand side is 3, so in the brackets the power of x, y, z cannot be greater than 1,
hence A = B = C = E = 0.
The comparison of coefficients of x2y indicates that H = 0;
The comparison of coefficients of xy3 indicates that G = 1;
 The comparison of coefficients of x3y2 indicates that F = 0.
Therefore the right hand side is only (x – y)(y – z){z – x)(x + y + z + Dxyz). Letting x = 3, y = 2, z =
1, then
–24 = –2(6 + 6D)  D = 1.
Thus, the factorization of the given expression is
(x – y)(y – z)(z – x)(x + y + z + xyz).
33. When f(x) = x3 + 2x-2 + 3x + 2 is divided by g(x) which is a polynomial with integer coefficients, the
quotient and remainder are both h(x). Given that h is not a constant, find g and h.
Sol. The given conditions give that
f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 2 = g(x)  h(x) + h(x) = h(x)[g(x) + 1].
It is easy to find that f(–1) = 0, so f(x) has the factor 2 + 1. By synthetic division, we obtain
x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 2
= (x + l)(x2 + x + 2) = (x + l)[(x2 + x + 1) + 1] = (x2 + x + l)(x + 1)+ (x + 1).
Since h is not a constant, and its degree is less than that of g. so it must be a
linear polynomial, and g is a quadratic polynomial with integer coefficients.
Thus.
g(x) = x2 + x + 1, h(x) = x + 1
satisfy all the requirements. Since the coefficient of x3 is 1, and all the coefficients of g are integers,
the solution is unique.
1 1 1 13
34. The number of positive integers x satisfying the equation + + = is
x x + 1 x + 2 12
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Infinitely many
3 13 3
Sol. From   ,it follow that
x + 2 12 x
13x < 36 < 13(1 + 2), x < 3, i.e. x = 1 or 2.
By checking, x = 1 does not satisfy the original equation, and x = 2 satisfies the given equation.
Thus, the answer is (B).
8 9
35. Given that the equation x − m = x + 123 has positive integer solution when m is also a positive
3 4
integer, find the minimum possible value of m
Sol. Let the positive integer solution be x. From the given equation we have
8 9 5
m =  −  x − 123 = x = 123.
3 4 12
 5
Since m is positive integer, x − 123  1, so x = 12k and
12
x 124
k=  = 24.8
12 5
i.e. the minimum value of k is 25. Thus, x = 300, mmin = 5k – 123 = 2.
36. Solve the system
x + y + z + u = 10; (i)
2x + y + 4z + 3u = 29; (ii)
3x + 2y + z + 4u = 27; (iii)
4x + 3y + z + 2u = 22: (iv)
Sol. By (4.29) – (4.28) – (4.27), we obtain –4z = –12, so z = 3. Substituting it into the equations (4.27),
(4.29), and (4.30), it follows that
2r + y + u = 7, (15.20)
3x4 – 2y + 4u = 24, (15.21)
4x + 3y + 2u = 19. (15.22)
By (15.22) – (15.20) – (15.21), we obtain –3u = –12, so u = 4. Substituting it into (15.20) and
(15.21), it follows that
x + y = 3, 3x + 2y = 8.
By solving it, we obtain x = 2,y = 1. Thus, x = 2, y = 1, z = 3. y = 4.
37. Solve the system of equations
1 1 1
x + y + z = 2,

1 1 1
 + = ,
y z+x 3
1 1 1
 + = ,
z x+ y 4
Sol. Combine the left hand side of each equation, then let x + y + z = t, we have
xy + xz = 2t, (15.23)
yz + xy = 3t (15.24)
zx + yz = 4t. (15.25)
1
Besides, ((15.23) + (15.24) + (15.25)) yields
2
 9
xy + yz + zx = t (15.26)
2
From (15.26) − (15.23), (15.26) − (15.24), (15.26) − (15.25), respectively, it follows that
1 5 3
xy = t , yz = t , zx = t.
2 2 2
Since x, y, z  0, t  0. It’s easy to see that x : y : z = 3 : 5 : 15, therefore
3 5 15
x= t, y = t, z = t
23 23 23
15 2 1 232
xy = 2 t = t  t = .
23 2 30
23 23 23
Thus, x = , y = , z = . By checking, the triple satisfies the original equation, so it is the
10 6 2
solution.

38. Solve the system

 x ( y + z − x ) = 60 − 2 x 2

 y ( z + x − y ) = 75 − 2 y
2


 z ( x + y − z ) = 90 − 2 z
2

Sol. The system can be rewritten in the form

x(x + y + z) = 60 (15.27)
y(x + y + z) = 75, (15.28)
2(x + y + z) = 90. (15.29)
By adding them, we obtain (x + y + z)2 = 225, i.e.
x + y + 2 = ±15. (15.30)
By substituting back (15.30) into (15.27), (15.28), (15.29) respectively, we obtain x = 4, y = 5, z – 6
or x − 4, y −5, z −6.
39. Find the values of ‘a’ such that the system of equations in x and y
x + 2y = a + 6 (1)
2x – y = 25 – 2a (2)
 has positive integer solutions.
56 − 3a 1 − 3a
Sol. By (4.31) + 2  (4.32), it follows that x = = 11 + and by
5 5
5a − 3
2  (4.31) – (4.32), it follows that 5y = 4a – 13, so y = −2
5
56 – 3a  5 and 5a – 13  5 implies that 4 < a  19. From 5 | (1 – 3a), the units’ digit of a maybe 2 or
7. From 5 | (4a – 3), the units; digit of a is 2. Thus, a = 12. By checking, when a = 12, the system has
solution
x = 4, y = 7.
40. Solve the system of equations
2x + y + z + u + v = 16 (i)
x + 2y + z + u + v = 17 (ii)
x + y + 2z + u + v = 19 (iii)
x + y + z + 2u + v = 21 (iv)
x + y + z + u + 2v = 23 (v)
Sol. By adding up (4.33), …., (4.37) and then divided by 6, it follows that
x + y + z + u + v = 16. (15.31)
Use each of the given 5 equations minus (15.31), we obtain x = 0, y = 1,z = 3, u = 5, v = 7.

( x − 2) + (3 − x )
2 2
41. If x < 2 then is equal to

(a) 5 – 2x (b) 2x – 5 (c) 2 (d) 3

x  2| ( x − 2) + (3 − x ) |=| ( 2 − x ) + ( 3 − x ) |= 5 − 2 x , so the answer is (A).

2 2
Sol.

3 3
42. The number of integers x which satisfies the inequality x is
1+ 3 5− 3

Sol. We have
3
x
1

3 ( 3 −1 )  x  3( 5+ 3 )
1+ 3 5− 3 2 2
Since
2 4
 3 − 1   4 − 2 3  9 3  16  243  256,
3 9
3 −1  1  3  2 = 4
10 100
 5+ 3  8 + 2 15  14  9 15  196  1215,
3 3
 5 + 3  4  8 + 2 15  16  15  4  15  16,

 1
. ( 3 −1 )  3 ,5  .3 ( 5+ 3 )  6,
2 2 2
 x may be 2, 3, 4, 5, the answer is (C).
43. (CHNMOL/2004) Given that the equation in x
mx 2 − 2 ( m + 2 ) x + m + 5 = 0 (i)

has no real root, how about the real roots of the following equation?
( m − 6 ) x 2 − 2 ( m + 2 ) x + m + 5 = 0? (ii)

Sol. The equation (i) has no real root implies m ≠ 0 and its discriminant is negative, so

−2 ( m + 2) − 4m ( m + 5) = −4m + 16  0, i.e. m  4

2

For the equation (ii),

(i) When m = 6, (ii) becomes –16x + 6 = 0, its solution is x =3/8]
(ii) When m ≠ 6, then (ii) is a quadratic equation, and its discriminant is given by

4 ( m + 2 ) − 4 ( m − 6 )( m + 5 ) = 4 (10m + 4 )  0 ( m  4 )
2

so (ii) has two distinct real roots for this case. Thus, (ii) has one root x = 3/8 when m = 6, or two
distinct real roots when m ≠ 6.
1 1 1 1
44. If a 2 x3 + b2 y 3 + c 2 z 3 = p5 , ax 2 = by 2 = cz 2 and + + = and a + b + c only in terms of p.
x y z p
Sol. Let ax2 = by2 = cz2 = k
k k k
a= 2
,b = 2 & c = 2
x y z
Given a2x3 + b2y3 + c2z3 = p5
1 1 1
k 2  + +  = p5  = k 2 = p6  k = p3
x y z
1 1 1
a+ b+ c= k + + 
x y z
3
p2
= = p
p
 The polynomial x 2 k + 1 + ( x + 1)
2k
45. is not divisible by x2 + x + 1. Find the value of k  N .

Sol. x2k + 1 + (x + 1)2k

= x2k + 1 + (x2 + 2x + 1)k
= x2k + 1 + (x2 + 2x + 1 + x)k – xk + xk.
= x2k + xk + 1 + ((x2 + x + 1 + x)k – xk) [ Multiple of x2 + x + 1]
 we have to check for x2k + xk + 1.
If k = 3r, r z.
x2k – 1 & xk – 1 divisibly by x2 + x + 1. Therefore, remain 3.
If = 3r + 1
x6r  x2 + x3r  x + 1
= x2(x6r – 1) + x(x3r – 1)+ 1+ x + x .
Divisible by x2 + x + 1.
Similarly, if k = 3r + 2, given expression divisible by x2 + x + 1.