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Modules for Math 0
(Mathematics for Engineering Science and Technology)

Module 16 (Mensuration of Plane Figures)

Time Allotment : 1.2 hrs lecture / 1.8 hrs lab

Presentation of the Lesson

16.1 Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles

The most basic terms in mensuration are 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕, 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆, 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 and 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆. Each of these terms has been explained only using
examples and descriptions. Granting these words are in the dictionary, still they are not defined clearly. For example, what is a point? Although
the concept of a point is intuitive, still some descriptions can be discussed. It can be described as a dot on a piece of paper, but what is the
dot size? We may consider points on the number line or points on the rectangular plane.
Point
A 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 is a zero – dimensional mathematical object that has position only and has no length, no width not thickness. It may be specified
in an 𝑛 – dimensional space using 𝑛 coordinates. Any point in space may be denoted by a capital letter
Line
A 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 is a one – dimensional figure having no thickness and extending infinitely in both directions. It is sometimes called a straight line
to emphasize that it has no twist anywhere along its length.
Important Facts
1. A 𝒓𝒂𝒚 is a straight line which is limited from one side and infinite from another side. It is terminated at one end by point 𝐴 and infinitely
extending to another end.
2. A 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 or 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 is a part of a straight line which is limited to both sides. Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are used to terminate the line
to form a line segment. Two line segments having the same length are said to be congruent line segments.
3. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 are straight lines which lie in the same plane and do not intersect no matter how long they are extended.
4. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 are two or more different lines that meet at the same point.
5. 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 is a line that cuts across two or more lines.
6. 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 is a set of line segments connected end to end.
7. 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 are points on the same line
8. 𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 is the point exactly halfway between two endpoints of a line segment.

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Plane
A 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 is a flat surface that has length and width but no thickness.
Important Facts
1. If two planes intersect, their intersection is a 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆.
Line 𝐴𝐵 is formed through the intersection of the two planes
2. The intersections of two parallel lines by a third plane are 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔.
Parallel lines 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are formed through the intersections of two parallel planes and a third plane.
3. If two planes are perpendicular to the third plane, their intersections is also 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 to that
plane.
4. Points that lie on the same plane are said to be 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓.
Angle
An 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a space formed by two rays called 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 having a common endpoint called 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙. An
angle is indicated by the symbol ∠ and three characters, marking end of rays and a vertex of an angle which
is the middle character. The angle may be denoted either by ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 or by the symbol 𝜃.
Angle Measurements
1. 𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 (°) is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete revolution is divided into 360 parts.
2. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 (𝑟𝑎𝑑) is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete revolution is equal to 2𝜋.
3. 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑) is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete revolution nis divided into 400 parts.
4. 𝑴𝒊𝒍 (𝑚𝑖𝑙), used in military science, is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete revolution is divided into 6400
parts.
Example 1
Transform 135° into other forms of angle measurements (radian, gradient and mil)
Solution:
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3
a. 135° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
360° 4
400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑
b. 135° = 150 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑
360°
6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙
c. 135° = 2400 𝑚𝑖𝑙
360°

Forms of angles
1. 𝑨𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is an angle whose measure is less than 90°.
2. 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is an angle that measures exactly 90°.
3. 𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a n angle whose measure is more than 90° and less than 180°.
4. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is an angle that measures exactly 180°.
5. 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is an angle whose measure is more than 180° but less than 360°.
6. 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is an angle that measures exactly 360°.
Terms
1. 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are two angles whose sum is 90°.
2. 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are two angles whose sum is 180°.
3. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are the angles formed by cutting two parallel lines with a transversal line.
4. 𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are a pair of nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal. Alternate interior angles
are congruent.
5. 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 have the same position with respect to their lines and the transversal. Corresponding angles are congruent.
6. 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are two angles which have the same vertex and a common side between them. The sum of two adjacent angles is
180°.
7. 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 are two nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines. Vertical angles are congruent.
8. 𝑫𝒊𝒉𝒆𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 is the amount of divergence of two intersecting planes.
9. Two angles having the same number of angle measurements are said to be 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔.

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 Example 2
A certain angle has a supplement 4 times of its complement. What is the angle?
Solution:
Let: 𝜃 = required angle
90° − 𝜃 = complement of 𝜃.
180° − 𝜃 = supplement of 𝜃
180° − 𝜃 = 4(90° − 𝜃)
180° − 𝜃 = 360° − 4𝜃
3𝜃 = 180°
180°
𝜃=
3
𝜃 = 60°
Example 3
The supplementary angles are in the ratio 2: 1. Find the two angles
Solution:
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be the two supplementary angles
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 180° (1)
𝐴 ∶ 𝐵 = 2 ∶ 1 or
𝐴 2
=
𝐵 1

𝐴 = 2𝐵 (2)
Substitute (2) to (1)
2𝐵 + 𝐵 = 180°
3𝐵 = 180°
180°
𝐵=
3

𝐵 = 60°
16.5 Polygons
Most of the basic shapes, such as triangle, square, rectangle, are parts of a larger subset of closed figures bounded by broken lines
called polygons. The term “𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏” is a combination of two Greek words “𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚” which means “𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚” and “𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒂” which means
“𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆”.
Polygon is a two – dimensional closed figure bounded by straight line
segments.
Parts of a Polygon
1. 𝑺𝒊𝒅𝒆 or 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 is one of the line segments that make up the polygon.
2. 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 is a point where the sides meet.
3. 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 is a line connecting two non – adjacent vertices.
4. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the
polygon.
5. 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 is the angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.
6. 𝑨𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎 (of a regular polygon) is the segment connecting the center of a polygon and the midpoint of a side. The 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 is a
perpendicular bisector of the opposite side.
7. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 (of a regular polygon) is the angle subtended by a side about the center.
Types of Polygons
1. 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒔. A simple polygon has only one boundary and the sides do
not cross each other, otherwise it is a complex polygon. 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎 at the right is a simple polygon
while 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏 is a complex polygon.
2. 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒔. A convex polygon has no internal angle more than 180°
and if there are any internal angles greater than a straight angle, then it is a concave polygon.
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎 at the right is a convex polygon while 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏 is a concave polygon.
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3. 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒔. Regular polygon is one whose sides are equal and whose interior angles are all congruent.
Thus, a regular polygon is both equilateral and equiangular. If, otherwise, the polygon is said to be irregular.
Names of Polygons
Polygons are named or classified according to their number of sides. A polygon with 𝑛 sides is called the 𝑛 – 𝑔𝑜𝑛.
𝒏 (sides) Polygon 𝒏 (sides) Polygon

3 Triangle, Trigon 18 Octadecagon

4 Quadrilateral, Tetragon 19 Enneadecagon

5 Pentagon 20 Icosagon
6 Hexagon 30 Triacontagon
7 Pentagon 40 Tetracontagon
8 Octagon 50 Pentacontagon
9 Nonagon 60 Hexacontagon
10 Decagon 70 Heptacontagon
11 Undecagon, Hendecagon 80 Octacontagon

12 Dodecagon 90 Enneacontagon
13 Tridecagon 100 Hectagon
14 Tetradecagon 1,000 Chiliagon
15 Pentadecagon 10,000 Myriagon

16 Hexadecagon 106 Megagon

17 Heptadecagpn 10100 Googolgon

To construct a polygon’s name, combine the corresponding prefix and suffix as follows.
sides Prefix sides Suffix
1 Henagon
2 Digon 20 Icosa
3 Trigon 30 Triacon
4 Tetragon 40 Tetracon
5 Pentagon 50 Pentacon
6 Hexagon 60 Hexacon
7 Heptagon 70 Heptacon
8 Octagon 80 Octacon
9 Enneagon 90 Enneacon
Formulas in Polygons
Two of the most practical applications in polygon deal with perimeter and area. 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 is the
length around the boundary of a closed two – dimensional region while 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 is the amount of material
that would be needed to cover a surface completely.
A regular polygon of 𝑛 sides can be subdivided into 𝑛 congruent isosceles triangles, whose base is
a side of the polygon. The common vertex of these triangles is the center of the polygon.
Perimeter: The perimeter 𝑃 of a regular polygon is
𝑷 = 𝒏𝒔 where 𝑛 is the number of sides and 𝑠 is the measure of one side.
Area of a Regular Polygon: The area 𝑨 of a regular polygon with an apothem 𝒂 is given by
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒂
𝟐

𝒔𝟐 𝒏 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒏𝒔𝟐
𝑨= 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) or 𝑨= 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟒 𝒏 𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏( )
𝒏

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 A regular polygon can be subdivided into congruent isosceles triangles whose common vertex lies at the center of the polygon. Thus,
the area of a regular polygon is equal to the product of the area of one triangle and the number of sides of the polygon.
Central Angle in a Regular Polygon
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝜽𝒄 =
𝒏

Apothem:
The altitude of the isosceles triangle that can be formed from a regular polygon. The apothem bisects the central angle and its opposite
side. Thus, the apothem can be computed as follows:
𝜃 𝜃𝑐 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
tan 2 = tan 2
= tan 𝟐𝒏
𝜃 𝑠 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
tan 2 = 2𝑎
= tan 𝟐𝒏
𝒔
𝒂= 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝒏

Number of Diagonals in a Polygon:

𝒏
𝒅 = (𝒏 − 𝟑)
𝟐

Number of Triangles Formed by Diagonals Drawn Through the Same Vertex:

𝒕= 𝒏−𝟐
Each Interior Angle of a Regular Polygon:
In each isosceles triangle, the measure of the base angles can be denoted by ∅ , and each interior angle of the regular polygon by 2∅.
Thus, the measure of each interior angle is solve as follows:
2∅ = 180° − 𝜃
360°
= 180° −
𝑛
180°(𝑛−2)
=
𝑛
𝒏−𝟐
2∅ = 𝜽𝒊 = ( ) 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝒏

Sum of Interior Angles:

𝑰𝒔 = (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Example 4
Find the area of a regular nonagon whose sides measure 3 units. Determine the number of distinct diagonals that can be drawn from
each vertex and the sum of its interior angles.
Solution:
A nonagon is a 9 – sided polygon. Thus, 𝑛 = 9.
Given: 𝑠 = 3
Area pf a polygon:
𝑛𝑠 2
𝐴= 180°
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
𝑛

9(3)2
= 180°
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
9

= 55.64 square units

Number of diagonals:
9
𝑑 = (9 − 3)
2
9
= (9 − 3)
2

= 27
Sum of interior angles:
𝐼𝑠 = (𝑛 − 2)180°
= (9 − 2)180°
= 1,260°

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16.5 Triangles
Just like any polygon, triangle is one of the most popular geometric figures in Mathematics. It is the simplest three – sided polygon
with various topics and practical applications in the field of mathematics and engineering. This is proven with the widespread topics and
applications of triangles such as the Pythagorean Theorem, trigonometric functions, law of sine and cosine, bearings, and angles of elevation
and depression.
Triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles. Any of the three sides of a triangle may be considered as the base of
the triangle. The angle opposite the base is called 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆. The two angles adjacent to the base is called 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔.
A line segment drawn from the vertex perpendicular to the opposite side is called 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆. The point of intersection of the altitudes
of a triangle is called 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓. A 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 of a triangle is the line segment connecting the midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex.
The 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 is the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle. An 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 divides an angle of the triangle into two
congruent angles and has endpoints on a vertex and the opposite side. The point of intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle is
called 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓.

A 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 of a side of a triangle divides the side into two congruent segments and its perpendicular to the side.
The 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. The 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 is the line which
contains the orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter of a triangle. The centroid is located between the orthocenter and the circumcenter.
However, in an equilateral triangle, the centroid, circumcenter, incircle, and orthocenter are coincident.

Classification of Triangles
1. According to sides
a. 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon with three equal sides.
b. 𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon with two equal sides.
c. 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon with no equal sides
2. According to angles
a. 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon with one right angle.
b. 𝑶𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a triangle with no right angle.
i. 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon having three equal angles.
ii. 𝑨𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon having three acute angles.
iii. 𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a three – sided polygon having one obtuse angle
Special Lines in a Triangle
1. 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 of a triangle is a segment connecting a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
In figure to the right, the three line segments (𝑚𝑎 , 𝑚𝑏 , 𝑚𝑐 , ) are connected between the vertices of the triangle and its sides. The
point of intersection of all the medians of a triangle is called 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑. Formulas for finding the lengths of medians are as follows:
𝟏
𝒎𝒂 = √𝟐𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ,
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎𝒃 = √𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 , and
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎𝒄 = √𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 .
𝟐

2. 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 of a triangle is a segment from a vertex that bisects an angle and
extends to the opposite side.
Three line segments (𝑏𝑎 , 𝑏𝑏 , 𝑏𝑐 , ) are connected between the vertices and their
opposite sides which split the interior angles of the triangle. The point of intersection of
all the angle bisectors of the triangle is called the 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓.

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 Formulas for finding the lengths of the angle bisectors are as follows:
𝟐√𝒃𝒄𝒔(𝒔−𝒂)
𝒃𝒂 = ,
𝒃+𝒄

𝟐√𝒂𝒄𝒔(𝒔−𝒃)
𝒃𝒃 = , and
𝒂+𝒄

𝟐√𝒂𝒃𝒔(𝒔−𝒄)
𝒃𝒄 = ,
𝒂+𝒃
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where 𝑠 is the semi – perimeter, 𝑠 =
2

3. 𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 or 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 of a triangle is a segment from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.
Three line segments (ℎ𝑎 , ℎ𝑏 , ℎ𝑐 , ) are connected from the vertices perpendicular to the opposite sides of the triangle as shown in the
figure. The point of intersection of all the altitudes of a triangle is called 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓. The altitudes or heights of triangle may be
obtained by the following formulas.
𝟐𝑨∆
𝒉𝒂 = ,
𝒂
𝟐𝑨∆
𝒉𝒃 = , and
𝒃
𝟐𝑨∆
𝒉𝒄 = ,
𝒄

where 𝐴∆ is the area of triangle.

Principles
1. The sum of the three angles in any triangle will always be equal to 180°.
2. The longest side of any triangle is always opposite the largest angle even as the shortest side is opposite the smallest angle.
3. No side of any triangle can be as long as the sum, of the other two side lengths.
4. If the legs of a right triangle are equal, then each acute angle contains 45°.
5. The line segment which joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to one – half the third
𝟏
side. In symbol 𝑫𝑬 = 𝑨𝑩
𝟐

6. The median connecting the vertex of the right angle and the hypotenuse of the right triangle is equal to one – half of the hypotenuse.
𝟏
In symbols, 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩
𝟐

7. In a right triangle, a line segment is drawn perpendicular from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse, the two triangles
formed are similar to the given triangle and similar to each other. In symbols, ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵~∆𝐴𝐷𝐶~∆𝐵𝐷𝐶.
8. If two angles of an isosceles triangle are equal, then the sides opposite these angles are also equal.
9. Each angle in an equilateral or equiangular triangle measures 60°.
Formulas
The area of each triangle with base 𝒃 and height 𝒉 is given by the formula
𝟏
𝑨∆ = 𝒃𝒉
𝟐
𝟏
𝑨∆ = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 → if two sides 𝑎 and 𝑏 and the included angle 𝜃
𝟐
𝑨∆ = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) → if all the sides are known, The Heron’s formula
√𝟑
𝑨∆ = 𝒂𝟐 → for an equilateral triangle
𝟒
16.5 Quadrilaterals
A 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍, also known as tetragon or 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, is a general term for a four – sided polygon. In fact there are six types
of quadrilaterals
1. Square
2. Parallelogram
3. Rectangle
4. Rhombus
5. Trapezoid
6. Trapezium
Each of these six quadrilaterals has special qualities which will be discussed in the succeeding parts of this section.

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The common parts of a quadrilateral are described as follows:
1. 𝑺𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔: These are line segments joining any two adjacent vertices (corners).
2. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔: An interior is the angle formed between two adjacent sides.
3. 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆: it is the distance between two parallel sides of a quadrilateral.
4. 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆: This is the bottom side that is perpendicular to the altitude.
5. 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍: This is the line segment joining any two non – adhacent vertices.
Classifications
The classification of quadrilaterals is based on the number of pairs of its parallel sides.
1. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 has two pairs of parallel sides.
2. 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅 has only one pair of parallel sides.
3. 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒊𝒖𝒎 does not have any pair of parallel sides.
4. 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, rhombus and square are special types of parallelograms
Parallelogram
A 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.
Parallelograms have the following important properties:
1. Opposite sides are equal.
2. Opposite interior angles are congruent.
3. Adjacent angles are supplementary.
4. A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
5. The two diagonals bisect each other.
Diagonals of a parallelogram
If sides 𝒂 and 𝒃, and the angle 𝜽 are given, then by cosine law, the diagonal may be obtained by the equation
𝒅𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
If any two parts are given, the relationship among 𝒂, 𝒉 and 𝜽 may be obtained from the right triangle as shown. Using the other angle
180° − 𝜽, the second diagonal may be obtained by the same formula.
Perimeter of a Parallelogram
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
Area of a Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram can be obtained by any of the following formulas
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉 where b is the length of the base, and h is the height
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 where a and b are the sides of the parallelogram and 𝜃 is any interior angle
Kinds of Parallelogram
The next three quadrilaterals that will be discussed – rectangles, rhombuses, and squares – are all special types of parallelograms.
Depending on the congruent sides and angles, we can classify each shape.
Rectangle
A 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 is a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all right angles.
Diagonals of a Rectangle
A diagonal of the rectangle cuts the rectangle into two congruent right triangles. In the figure, the diagonal AD divides the rectangle
ABCD into congruent right triangles ACD and ABD. Since the diagonal of the rectangle forms right triangles that include the diagonal
and two sides of the rectangle, one can always compute for the third side with the use of Pythagorean Theorem, if any two of these
parts are given. If the diagonal and length of the base are given, one can find out the height, and if the side lengths of the rectangle
are known, one can compute for the diagonal. Thus, the diagonal 𝒅 = 𝑨𝑫 may be determined using the following equation.
𝒅 = √𝒃𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 eh
Perimeter of a Rectangle
The perimeter is the sum of the four sides, that is
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉

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 Area of a Rectangle
The formula for the area of a rectangle is
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉 where 𝑏 is the length of the base, and ℎ is the height.
Square
A 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 is a special type of a rectangle in which all the sides are equal. Since all sides and interior angles are equal, a square is
classified as a regular polygon of four sides.
Diagonal of a Square
The determination of the diagonal of a square is similar to the technique used in rectangle. Thus,
𝒅 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
𝒅 = 𝒂√𝟐
Note that, if the length of the diagonal is given, one can always compute for the length of the sides of the square using the same
formula.
Perimeter of a Square
Since all the sides of a square are equal, it is also possible to provide a simple formula for the perimeter of the square. Thus, the
simplified form of the perimeter is
𝑷 = 𝟒𝒂 where 𝒂 is the length of one side of the square.
Area of a Square
The formula for the area of a square is given by
𝑨 = 𝒂𝟐 where 𝒂 is once again the length of one side of the square.
Rhombus
A 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔 is a parallelogram in which all the sides are equal. It may also be defined as an equilateral parallelogram. The terms
“rhomb” and “diamond” are sometimes used instead of rhombus. A rhombus with an interior angle of 45° is sometimes called a 𝒍𝒐𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆.
The Diagonal of a Rhombus
Just like the square, the two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors. Thus, the angle between them is 90° and

𝒅 𝟐 𝒅 𝟐
𝒃 = √( 𝟏 ) + ( 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐

They are also bisectors of the opposite vertices. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the diagonals may be obtained in a similar
manner like that of a parallelogram.
The angle opposite the shorter diagonal 𝒅𝟏 , may be obtained by the formula”
𝒅
𝜽 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟏 )
𝒅𝟐

where 𝒅𝟏 and 𝒅𝟐 are the shorter and longer diagonals, respectively, and 𝜽 is the angle opposite 𝒅𝟏
The Perimeter of a Rhombus
If 𝒃 is the measure of one side of a rhombus then the perimeter is
𝑷 = 𝟒𝒃
Area of a Rhombus
The area of a rhombus may be determined by any of the following ways:
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 the area is one – half the product of its diagonals
𝟐

𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉 the area is the product of base times the height

Trapezoid
A 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅 is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides. In the figure shown, the
parallel sides 𝒂 and 𝒃 are called the bases and 𝒉 is the height or perpendicular distance
between the two bases. A trapezoid containing two right angles is called an
𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are also congruent.
One can observe that the relationship among the sides, height and base angles of an
isosceles trapezoid may be obtained from the right triangle formed by constructing a line from
one vertex perpendicular to the opposite side (lower base).
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 Area of a Trapezoid
The area of a trapezoid is equal to the product of the mean of bases and the height.
𝟏
𝑨 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒉
𝟐

The median of a trapezoid is the line segment parallel to and midway between the bases of the trapezoid. Thus,
𝑎+𝑏
𝑚=
2

Trapezium
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒊𝒖𝒎 is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are parallel. In finding the area of a trapezium, you may use any of the three
formulas for the area of a quadrilateral.

16.5 Circles
A 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 is a set of points, each of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓.
𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 – the line joining the center of s circle to any point on the circle. It is the most important measurement of a circle because
once it is known, all other characteristics of the circler such as circumference and area can be determined
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 – is the set of all points within the boundary of the circle whose distances from the center are always less
than the measure of the radius.
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 – is the set of all points outside the boundary of the circle whose distances from the center are always
greater than the radius. Thus, we say that if a point P is interior to the circle then P is in the circle. If P is an exterior point then P is outside
the circle. If P is neither interior nor exterior to the circler, the P is on the circle whose distance from the center is equal to the radius.
𝑨𝒓𝒄 – is a portion of as circle that contains two endpoints and all the points on the circle between the endpoints. By choosing any two
points on the circle, two arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).
𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅 – is a line segment joining any two points on the circle. The chord that passes through the center of the circle is called the
diameter of a circle. It divides the circle into two regions, the major segment and the minor segment.
𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 – is twice the length of the radius is also known as the longest chord of the circle.
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 – is the figure formed by two radii and an included arc.
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 – is the angle whose vertex lies at the center of the circle whose sides are the two radii.
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 – is the angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose two sides are chords of the circle.
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 – circles of different radii having the common center.
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 – the region bounded by any two concentric circles.
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 – a line in the same plane as the circle that intersects the circle at exactly one point.
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 – a line that intersects the circle at two points on the circle.
Theorems on Circle
1. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
If two chords intersect at a point inside the circle, then the product of the segments of one chord is equal to the
product of the segments of the other chord.

2. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an exterior point, then the product of lengths of the entire secant line
and its external segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant line and its external segment.

3. 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then the product lengths of
the secant line and its external segment is equal to the square of the length of the tangent line.

4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

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 Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle drawn through the point of tangency.

5. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs. Conversely, the diameter that
bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord. Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord is the
diameter of the circle which must pass through the center of the circle.

6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

Central angles of the same or equal circle have the same ratio as their intercepted arcs.

7. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑐

Angles formed from two points on the circle are equal to other angles formed from these two points in the same arc.

8. 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the point of tangency. Hence, the distance
between the two centers of the figure on the left side is equal to 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 , whereas, the distance of
the centers of the second figure is 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 .

9. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑐

The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its intercepted arc. The intercepted arc is measured
by the central angle.

10. Inscribe Angle

1
An inscribed angle is measured by of its intercepted arc.
2

11. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 – 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

The angle formed by constructing lines from the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point on the circle is a right
angle. So, angle ACB is a right angle.

12. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙

In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the opposite sides is equal r_1+r_2o the product of the
diagonals.

13. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

If two intersecting tangents are drawn on a circle, the lengths of the two tangents (from the point of tangency
on the circle to the point where they intersect) are the same.

14. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

The angle formed by two secant lines intersecting at a point inside the circle is equal to one – half the sum of
the angular measurements of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
If the secants intersect at a point outside the circle, then the angle formed by the secant is equal to one –
half the difference between the angular measurements of the
intercepted arcs.

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The Perimeters
The 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 of the circle is the perimeter of the circle
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
The 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒔 of a circle with radius r and central angle 𝜃
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
The 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 is equal to the sum of the arc length subtended and twice the length of the radius
𝑃 = 𝑟 + 2𝑟𝜃 or 𝑃 = 𝑟(2 + 𝜃)
The 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 is the sum of the arc length s and the length of chord 𝐿
𝑃 =𝑠+𝐿
The 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝑳 may be obtained by cosine law. The equation derived for 𝐿 is

𝐿 = √2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝜃) where 𝜃 is the central angle of the chord.

Areas of Circle, Sector and Segment
𝑑 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴 = 𝜋 ( ) = 𝑑2
2 4
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 – 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
4
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐴 = 𝑟2𝜃 or 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
2 2

where 𝑠 is the length of the arc and 𝜃 is expressed in radians

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
1 1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 − 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 or
2 2
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃) where 𝜃 is in radian units.
2

Exercises 16
1. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 540°. Determine the following:
a. Number of sides s
b. Number of diagonals d
c. Number of triangles t inside the polygon
d. Central angle
e. Interior angle
f. Perimeter of the polygon if side is 5 cm
g. Area of polygon in f
h. Apothem of the polygon in f
2. The sum of the sides of two polygons is 11 and the sum of its diagonal is 14. Find the number of sides of each polygon.
3. Find the smallest angle of a triangle if the difference and sum of two angles are 30° and 110° respectively.
4. Two angles of a triangle are 40° and 80°, find the obtuse angle formed by the bisectors of these two angles.
5. Two sides of a triangle are 26 and 27, while the height to the third side is 25. Find the area of the triangle.
6. The area of the triangle is 20 and its base is 16. Find the base of a similar triangle whose area is 45.
7. Two regular quadrilateral vinyl tiles each of 1 𝑓𝑡 sides overlap each other such that the overlapping region is a regular octagon. What
is the area of the overlapping region?
8. The altitude of an equiangular triangle is 12 𝑐𝑚. Find the length of one side.
9. The sides of a triangle are 50, 60 and 70. Find the length of the angle bisector from the longest side to its opposite vertex.
10. The sides of a triangle are 70 𝑐𝑚, 80 𝑐𝑚 and 90 𝑐𝑚. Compute the length of the altitude to the 80 – 𝑐𝑚 side.

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 References and Learning Materials

Alexander, Daniel C. and Geralyn M. Koeberlain. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students. 6th ed. Australia:
Cenkage Learning.
Carpio,Joy N, and Jaymie M. Guillermo (2015) College Algebra. Mandaluyong City.
Karr, Rosemary M, Marilyn B. Massey and R. David Gustafson. (2015). Beginning Algebra: A Guided Approach. 10th Ed.
Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Poole, David. (2015). Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. 4th Ed. Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Sato, Matsuo, et al. (2016). Matrix and Linear Algebra. New York: Magnum Publishing.
Sirug, Winston S. (2015). Analytical Geometry. Manila: MiIndshapers.
Young, (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Quezon City: Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.

Course Outline No. of Hours

Part I: Algebra
1. Polynomials: Four Fundamental Operations 9 hours
2. Special Products 3 hours
3. Factoring 6 hours
4. Fractions 6 hours
5. Exponents and Radicals 6 hours
6. Linear Equations 4 hours
7. Systems of Linear Equations 3 hours
8. Quadratic Equations 3 hours
9. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 3 hours (Midterm Examination)
Part II: Trigonometry
1. Circular & Trigonometric Functions 3 hours
2. Solution of Right Triangles & Applications 4 hours
3. Solution of Oblique Triangles 3 hours
4. Trigonometric Identities 3 hours
Part III: Analytic Geometry
1. The Rectangular Coordinate System 7 hours
2. The Straight Line 7 hours
Part IV: Solid Mensuration
1. Plane Figures 3 hours
2. Solids for Which Volume = Bh 3 hours
3. Solids for Which Volume = 1/3 Bh 3 hours (Pre – Final Examination)
4. The Sphere and Hemisphere 5 hours (Final Examination)

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