Limitations of Computer/daI;wVj dh lheka,
1. Dependent on Elecricity/fctyh ij fuHkZj:-
compuer uses electricity to work it can't be
does work without electricity.
daI;wVj dke djus ds fy, fctyh dk mi;ksx djrk gS
;g fctyh ds fcuk dke ugh dj ldrk gSA
2. Lack of Intelligency/cqf) dh deh : Computer is a
machine it does not have inteligency as like
human.It works only according to user
instruction.
daI;wVj ,d e’khu gS ftlesa euq"; dh rjg cqf) ugha
gksrh gSA ;g mi;ksxdrkZ ds funsZ’kkuqlkj gh dk;Z djrk
gSA
3. Upgrade and Update/vixszM vkSj viMsV:-
Computer is a that type of machine which is
neccesory update and upgrade time to time.
daI;wVj ,d ,slh e’khu gS ftls le;≤ ij viMsV
vkSj vixsszM djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
4. Risk from Virus/ok;jl ls [krjk :- Computer has
the risk from virus always.If virus comes in
computer ones then it is harmful to the
Operating system as well as for stored file.
daI;wVj dks ges’kk ok;jl ls [krjk jgrk gSA vxj
daI;wVj esa ok;jl vk tk, rks ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe ds
lkFk&lkFk LVksj dh xbZ Qkby ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd
gksrk gSA
Generation of Computer
Generation of Computer can be classify into 5
generation :-
1. First Generation of Computer(1942-55):
A. The first computer systems used vacuum tubes
for circuitry. vacuum tubes were large in size so
that the size of the computer of first generation
computer were very large. They were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
igys daI;wVj flLVe lfdZVjh ds fy, oSD;we V~;wc dk
bLrseky djrs FksA oSD;we V~;wc vkdkj esa cM+s Fks
blfy, igyh ih<h ds daI;wVj dk vkdkj cgqr cM+k
FkkA os vDlj fo’kky gksrs Fks] iwjs dejs dks ?ksj ysrs FksA
B. magnetic drums were used for main memory.
esXusfVd MªEl eSu eseksjh ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs FksA
C. Punch Card were used for input and output.
iap dkMZ dk mi;ksx buiqV vkSj vkmViqV ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA
D. In this Generation Assembly Language and
Machine Language were used.
bl ih<+h esa vlsacyh ySaXost vkSj e’khu ySXa ost dk
bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA
E. These computers were very expensive to
operate.
;s daI;wVj lapkfyr djus ds fy, cgqr egaxs FksA
F. these computers consume high electricity and
generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
;s daI;wVj mPp fctyh dh [kir djrs gSa vkSj cgqr
vf/kd xehZ mRiUu djrs gSa] tks vDlj [kjkch dk
dkj.k gksrk gSA
G. There are some computers which are the
example of this generation : Eniac, Edsac, Edvac,
Univac and IBM 710.
dqN daI;wVj ,sls gSa tks bl ih<+h ds mnkgj.k gSa:
Eniac, Edsac, Edvac, Univac और IBM 710.
2. Second Generation Of Computer(1955-64):-
A. Transistors were used in the second generation of
computers.
daI;wVj dh nwljh ih<h esa Vªkfa tLVj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k
FkkA
B. The transistor was invented by JOHN
Bardin,William shockly and walter braten at Bell
Labs in 1947.
VªkaftLVj dk vkfo"dkj 1947 esa csy ySCl esa tkWu ckfMZu]
fofy;e 'kkWdyh vkSj okYVj czsVu }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
C. Magnetic tape and magnetic Drum were used for
secondary memory.
lsdsaMjh eseksjh ds fy, eSXusfVd Vsi vkSj eSXusfVd Mªe dk
bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA
D. In this Generation Assembly Language and High level
Language were used such as Fortran,Cobol.
bl ih<+h esa vlsacyh ySaXost vkSj gkbZ ysoy ySaXost dk
bLrseky fd;k tkrk Fkk tSls fd QksjVªku] dkscksyA
E. There are some computers which are the example of
this generation : Eniac,Edsac,Edvac,Univac and IBM
710.
dqN daI;wVj ,sls gSa tks bl ih<+h ds mnkgj.k gSa: Eniac,
Edsac, Edvac, Univac vkSj IBM 710.
F. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,
allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable
than their first-generation predecessors.
VªkaftLVj oSD;we V~;wc ls dgha csgrj Fkk] ftlls daI;wVj
vius igyh ih<+h ds iwoZofrZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa NksVs] rst] lLrs]
vf/kd ÅtkZ&dq’ky vkSj vf/kd fo’oluh; gks x,A
G. Though the transistor still generated a great
deal of heat that subjected the computer to
damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube.
gkykafd Vªkfa tLVj vHkh Hkh cgqr vf/kd xehZ mRiUu
djrk gS tks daI;wVj dks uqdlku igqapkrk gS] ;g oSD;we
V~;wc ij ,d cM+k lq/kkj FkkA
H. A second-generation computer still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for
output.
nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj vHkh Hkh buiqV ds fy, iapdkMZ
vkSj vkmViqV ds fy, iapdkMZ vkSj vkmViqV ds fy,
fizVa vkmV ij fuHkZj FksA
3. Third Generation Of Computer(1964-71):
A. Integrated Circuits were used in the third
generation of computers.
rhljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj esa baVhxzsVsM lfdZV dk bLrseky
fd;k x;k FkkA
B. Integrated circuits was invented by Jack Kilbi
and Robert Nyce in 1958.
baVhxzsVsM lfdZV dk vkfo"dkj tSd fdYch vkSj jkWcVZ
ukbl us 1958 esa fd;k FkkA
C. Semiconductor memory is used for main
memory and Hard disk were used for
secondary memory.
lseh daMDVj eseksjh dk mi;ksx eq[; eseksjh ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gkMZ fMLd dk mi;ksx lsdsaMjh
eseksjh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
D. In this Generation High level Language were
used such BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL,
FORTRAN – II language.
bl ih<+h esa mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk tSls csfld] ikLdy ,
ALGOL-68, COBOL, FORTRAN-II Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk FkkA
E. There are some computers which are the
example of this generation are IBM 370, PDP-
11, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108, Honeywell-
6000, DEC series, and ICL 2900.
dqN daI;wVj gSa tks bl ih<+h ds mnkgj.k gSa IBM 370,
PDP-11, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108,
Honeywell-6000, DEC lhjht vkSj ICL 2900 gSaA
4. Fourth Generation Of Computer(1971-85) :
A. Fourth generation Computers used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
pkSFkh ih<+h ds daI;wVj osjh yktZ Ldsy baVhxzVsM ¼oh,y,lvkbZ½
lfdZV dk bLrseky djrs FksA
B. Microprocessor were used in this generation.
` bl ih<+h esa ekbØksizkslslj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
C. High-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in
this generation.
bl ih<+h esa mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kkvksa tSls C, C++, DBASE vkfn dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
D. There are some computers which are the example of this
generation are DEC10,STAR1000,PDP 11,CRAY-1(Super
Computer),CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer).
dqN daI;wVj gSa tks bl ih<+h ds mnkgj.k gSa DEC10, STAR1000,
PDP 11, CRAY-1 lqij daI;wVj CRAY-X-MP lqij daI;wVjA
5. Fifth Generation Of Computer(1985 –Till Now):
A. Fifth generation Computers used Ultra Large Scale
Integrated (ULSI) circuits.
ikapoha ih<+h ds daI;wVj vYVªk yktZ Ldsy baVhxzsVsM (ULSI)
lfdZV dk bLrseky djrs FksA
B. Multi processor were used in this generation.
bl ih<+h esa eYVh izkslslj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
C. There are some computers which are the example
of this generation are high-level languages like C
and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
dqN daI;wVj ,sls gSa tks bl ih<h ds mnkgj.k gSa mPp
Lrjh; Hkk"kka,¡ tSls C vkSj C++, Java, .Net vkfn bl ih<+h
esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSaA
D. This generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software.
;g ih<+h lekukarj izlaLdj.k gkMZos;j vkSj ,vkbZ
¼vkWfVZfQf’k;y baVsfytsal½ lkW¶Vos;j ij vk/kkfjr gSA
E. There are some computers which are the
example of this generation are PARAM,
PRATYUSH, MIHIR, PARAM PREVEGA.
dqN daI;wVj ,sls gSa tks bl ih<+h ds mnkgj.k gSa ije]
izR;w"k] fefgj] ije izosxkA
