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Renal Stone Notes

Renal stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid formations in the kidney, with types including calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cysteine, and struvite stones. Causes include family history, dietary factors, dehydration, and urinary retention, with symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, and nausea. Management involves medication, surgical procedures like lithotripsy, and nursing care focused on monitoring and education.

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15 views6 pages

Renal Stone Notes

Renal stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid formations in the kidney, with types including calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cysteine, and struvite stones. Causes include family history, dietary factors, dehydration, and urinary retention, with symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, and nausea. Management involves medication, surgical procedures like lithotripsy, and nursing care focused on monitoring and education.

Uploaded by

ramravi kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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in

Renal Stone

Definition
 Stone formation in the kidney is called nephrolithiasis.
 Stone formation in the ureters is called urolithiasis.
 Renal stone is a calculus stone formation in the kidney.
 Alternative name renal stone is - renal lithiasis
 Nephrolithiasis
 Renal calculi.

Types of renal stone


1. Calcium stone - Most common renal stone.
 Occur due to saturation of urine with calcium.

2. Oxalate stone - Due to excessive oxalate diet.


Eg. - Tomato, Brinjal.

3. Uric acid stone - Due to excessive use of purine diet and


gout.

4. Cysteine stone - Due to cysteine crystal formation.

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5. Struvite stone - Most common in women.


 Due to splitting bacteria.

Causes
 Family history of stone formation.
 Hereditary
 Obstruction and urinary stasis
 Gout
 Hyperparathyroidism
 Dehydration, edema
 Diet - high calcium diet and vitamin D diet.
 Rich milk diet
 Excessive uric acid diet.
 Immobilization
 Prolonged catheterization
 BPH and prostate gland cancer
 High purine diet
 Inflammatory bowel disease
 Urinary retention.

Sign and Symptoms


 Chronic flank region pain
 Painful urination
 Cloudy or foul smelling urine
 Fever and chills
 Decrease frequency of urine

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 Blood in urine (Haematuria)


 Nausea and vomiting
 Excessive sweating
 Abdominal discomfort
 Oliguria and Anuria
 Severe abdominal pain
 Hydronephrosis.

Diagnostic Examination
 History collection and physical examination.
 Urine analysis
 Urine culture test
 Urine routine and culture test
 Cystoscopy examination
 Intravenous pyelography ( IVP )
 Abdominal USG
 X-ray
 CT scan and MRI
 Retrograde pyelography
 24 hours urine collection
 Other lab investigations.

Management
 Antispasmodic medication - Buscopan.
 Corticosteroid medication - to treat inflammation and edema.
 NSAID - to treat pain.
 IV fluids
 Antiemetics drug - to treat vomiting.

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 Antipyretics - to treat fever.


 Proton pump inhibitors.

Surgical management
1. Cystoscopy - it is a diagnosis and therapeutic procedure.
 Visualise urinary bladder through urethra.

2. Percutaneous lithotripsy - percutaneous lithotripsy may be


performed by nephroscopy or cystoscopy.

3. Laser lithotripsy - external laser used to destroy the renal


stone.

4. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) -


Breakdown of stone.

5. Lithotomy - Surgical removal of calculus from urinary tract


and kidney.
 Ureterolithotomy - remove tumour from ureter.
 Nephrolithotomy - remove tumour from kidney.

Complication
 Renal failure
 Hydro ureter
 Hydronephrosis
 Infection.

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Nursing Management
 Nurses monitor patients' vital signs and assess urine output.
 Nurse assesses fever for signs of infection.
 Nurses collect urine samples and analysis for kidney disorders.
 Encourage the patient to intake excessive fluid to prevent
infection.
 Monitor serum calcium level and uric acid level.
 Provide prescribed medications and IV fluids.
 Nurse modified dietary intake.
 Hot applications apply to relieve pain.
 Educate the patient for daily activity and exercise.
 Provide instruction about diet restriction.
 Nurse prepares the patient for surgical intervention.
 Provide health education and awareness.

Key Points
 Stone formation into the kidney is called - Nephrolithiasis.

 Stone formation into ureters is called - Urolithiasis.

 Most common renal stone is - Calcium oxalate stone.

 Renal stone occurs due to a purine diet - Uric acid stone.

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 Leading cause of renal stone - Lack of water in body.

 Uric acid stone is more commonly found in - Male.

 Which renal stone more commonly found in women - Struvite


stone.

 Common surgery to treat renal stone - Lithotripsy.

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