**PWSAT Science Exam Full Notes**
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### **Physics**
**Chapter 9: Motion and Time**
- **Motion**: An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time. Motion can
be linear, circular, or periodic.
- **Types of Motion**:
- **Uniform motion**: Object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
- **Non-uniform motion**: Object covers unequal distances in equal intervals.
- **Speed** = Distance / Time. Unit: m/s (meter per second).
- **Measurement of Time**: Using clocks, stopwatches, and pendulums.
- **Distance-Time Graph**:
- Straight line = uniform motion
- Curved line = non-uniform motion
**Chapter 10: Electric Current and its Effects**
- **Electric Current**: Flow of electrons through a conductor.
- **Electric Circuit**: A complete path through which current flows.
- **Components**:
- **Cell/Battery**: Source of energy
- **Switch**: Opens/closes the circuit
- **Bulb**: Shows current flow
- **Wires**: Conduct current
- **Symbols**: Cell (| |), battery, bulb, switch (open/closed), wire.
- **Effects of Current**:
- **Heating Effect**: Used in electric iron, toaster, etc.
- **Magnetic Effect**: Current-carrying wire produces magnetic field.
- **Electromagnet**: Temporary magnet formed when current passes through a coil around
iron.
- **Electric Fuse**: Safety device to prevent damage by breaking circuit in case of excess
current.
**Chapter 11: Light**
- **Nature of Light**: Light travels in a straight line.
- **Reflection**: Bouncing of light from a surface.
- **Laws of Reflection**:
- Incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in the same plane.
- Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
- **Plane Mirror**:
- Forms virtual, erect and laterally inverted image.
- Image is of same size as the object.
- **Periscope**: Uses plane mirrors to see over obstacles.
- **Kaleidoscope**: Uses multiple reflections to produce patterns.
- **Real vs. Virtual Image**:
- **Real**: Formed on screen (e.g., using convex lens).
- **Virtual**: Cannot be captured on screen.
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### **Chemistry**
**Chapter 3: Heat**
- **Heat**: A form of energy transferred between bodies due to temperature difference.
- **Temperature**: Degree of hotness or coldness. Measured in °C or K.
- **Thermometer**: Device to measure temperature.
- **Clinical Thermometer**: Used to measure body temperature (normal: 37°C or 98.6°F).
- **Laboratory Thermometer**: Measures temperature of substances in labs.
- **Transfer of Heat**:
- **Conduction**: Through solids (e.g. cooking pans).
- **Convection**: Through liquids/gases (e.g. boiling water).
- **Radiation**: No medium needed (e.g. sunlight).
- **Conductors**: Allow heat (e.g. metals).
- **Insulators**: Block heat (e.g. wood, plastic).
**Chapter 4: Acids, Bases and Salts**
- **Acids**: Taste sour, turn blue litmus red. Examples: HCl, lemon juice.
- **Bases**: Taste bitter, turn red litmus blue. Examples: NaOH, soap.
- **Indicators**: Show acid/base:
- Litmus (red/blue),
- Turmeric (yellow/red),
- China rose (pink/green).
- **Neutralisation**: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
- Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O.
**Chapter 5: Physical and Chemical Changes**
- **Physical Change**:
- No new substance
- Reversible
- Examples: Melting, boiling, dissolving.
- **Chemical Change**:
- New substance formed
- Irreversible
- Examples: Rusting, burning, digestion.
- **Rusting of Iron**: Needs air and moisture.
- Prevention: Painting, greasing, galvanisation.
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### **Biology**
**Chapter 1: Nutrition in Plants**
- **Modes**:
- **Autotrophic**: Make food via photosynthesis (green plants).
- **Heterotrophic**: Depend on others (e.g. fungi).
- **Photosynthesis**:
- Process: CO₂ + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + O₂.
- Needs: Chlorophyll, water, CO₂, light.
- **Stomata**: Pores for gas exchange.
- **Other Plants**:
- **Insectivorous**: Pitcher plant.
- **Parasitic**: Cuscuta.
**Chapter 2: Nutrition in Animals**
- **Steps**:
- **Ingestion**: Taking in food
- **Digestion**: Breaking food
- **Absorption**: Nutrients to blood
- **Assimilation**: Nutrients used by body
- **Egestion**: Removing waste
- **Human Digestive System**:
- Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus.
- Organs: Liver (bile), Pancreas (enzymes).
- **Ruminants**: Cows, goats chew cud (regurgitate).
**Chapter 6: Respiration in Organisms**
- **Types**:
- **Aerobic**: With oxygen (glucose → CO₂ + H₂O + Energy)
- **Anaerobic**: Without oxygen (glucose → alcohol + CO₂ + energy)
- **Human Respiratory System**:
- Nose → Trachea → Lungs → Alveoli.
- **Breathing**: Inhalation (oxygen), Exhalation (CO₂)
- **Breathing rate** increases with exercise.
**Chapter 7: Transportation in Plants and Animals**
- **Humans**:
- Blood: Red (RBCs), White (WBCs), Platelets.
- Heart: Pumps blood. Has 4 chambers.
- Blood Vessels: Arteries (away), Veins (towards), Capillaries.
- **Plants**:
- Xylem: Transports water.
- Phloem: Transports food.
- Transpiration: Loss of water through leaves.
**Chapter 8: Reproduction in Plants**
- **Types**:
- **Asexual**: Without seeds (cuttings, roots).
- **Sexual**: With seeds.
- **Flower Parts**:
- **Stamen**: Male part (anther + filament)
- **Pistil**: Female part (stigma, style, ovary)
- **Pollination**: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
- **Fertilisation**: Fusion of male and female gametes.
**Chapter 12: Forests – Our Lifeline**
- **Forest Structure**:
- Trees, shrubs, herbs, decomposers.
- **Functions**:
- Maintain oxygen-carbon balance
- Prevent floods and soil erosion
- Provide resources: wood, medicine
- **Food Chain**:
- Plants → Herbivores → Carnivores → Decomposers
- **Conservation** is important to protect biodiversity.
**Chapter 13: Wastewater Story**
- **Wastewater**: Dirty water from homes.
- **Sewage**: Wastewater with human and household waste.
- **Treatment Steps**:
- **Primary**: Filtration, sedimentation.
- **Secondary**: Aeration (adding oxygen).
- **Tertiary**: Disinfection (chlorination).
- **Sanitation**: Safe disposal of waste.
- **Diseases from dirty water**: Typhoid, cholera, dysentery.
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**Best of luck for your PWSAT Science Exam!**
