The Role of Medical Entomology in Medical

Education: Challenges and Opportunities

Ebrahim abbasi

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Article

Keywords: Medical entomology, medical education, vector-borne diseases, disease control, public health,
curriculum integration, innovative teaching methods

Posted Date: April 15th, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6192733/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Read Full License

Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

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Abstract
Introduction

Medical entomology is vital for preventing and managing vector-borne diseases, which are major global
health issues. However, its inclusion in medical education has been insufficient. This study examines
how medical entomology can be integrated into medical curricula and evaluates its effects on healthcare
practices, disease control, and public health outcomes.

Materials and Methods

A literature review assessed global medical school programs incorporating medical entomology into
their curricula. Data was collected through surveys and interviews with medical students, educators, and
healthcare professionals to evaluate the significance, challenges, and advantages of integrating this
subject. A qualitative analysis identified key themes related to the teaching and application of medical
entomology.

Results

The study highlights a growing recognition of medical entomology's importance, yet its integration into
medical curricula is lacking due to barriers like limited instructional time, insufficient resources, and a
shortage of qualified instructors. Innovative teaching methods, including digital tools and field
experiences, enhance learning outcomes and practical application. Participants noted increased
awareness of vector-borne diseases and improved preparedness for outbreak management and disease
control.

Discussion

The findings underscore the necessity of incorporating medical entomology into medical education to
tackle global health issues, especially as vector-borne diseases rise from climate change and
urbanization. The study advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative teaching methods to
enhance educational effectiveness. Integrating medical entomology could better equip healthcare
professionals in disease prevention and control initiatives.

Introduction
Medical entomology, the study of insects and arthropods in relation to human health, plays a pivotal role
in understanding and managing vector-borne diseases. These diseases, transmitted by insects such as
mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, represent a major global health burden, responsible for millions of infections
and deaths annually. As the landscape of healthcare continues to evolve, there is an increasing need for
comprehensive medical education that equips healthcare professionals with the knowledge and skills
necessary to diagnose, treat, and prevent vector-borne diseases. While medical education programs
have traditionally emphasized the biomedical sciences, the role of medical entomology has often been

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underrepresented in curricula, despite its critical importance in global health(Kuno, 2024; Organization,
2020; Vos, et al., 2015).

Incorporating medical entomology into medical education is essential, given the growing burden of
diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika virus, and Lyme disease, which are predominantly transmitted
through insect vectors. Understanding the biology, behavior, and control of these vectors is not only vital
for physicians and public health professionals but also for medical researchers and policy-makers
aiming to combat these diseases. The integration of medical entomology into medical curricula can
provide students with a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between humans and the
environment, particularly regarding the transmission dynamics of vector-borne pathogens(Gubler, 2011;
MacLeod, 2020; Ranson & Lissenden, 2016).

Despite its importance, there are several challenges in incorporating medical entomology into medical
education. One of the primary challenges is the limited time allocated for the subject within the crowded
medical curricula, which often prioritize other areas of study perceived as more immediately relevant to
clinical practice. Additionally, the interdisciplinary nature of medical entomology, which spans fields such
as biology, ecology, epidemiology, and public health, requires innovative teaching methods that can
bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Moreover, there is a lack of
standardized educational materials and resources for teaching medical entomology, further
complicating its integration into medical training(Christofferson, et al., 2020; Eck & Smith, 2018; Strube,
Raue, & Janecek, 2018).

However, there are numerous opportunities to overcome these challenges. Advances in educational
technology, such as online platforms, virtual simulations, and interactive tools, offer new avenues for
delivering engaging and informative content on medical entomology. Furthermore, collaboration
between entomologists, medical educators, and public health experts can facilitate the development of
multidisciplinary teaching modules that highlight the relevance of medical entomology in the context of
real-world health issues. By leveraging these opportunities, medical education programs can foster a
more comprehensive understanding of vector-borne diseases and enhance the ability of future
healthcare professionals to contribute to global disease control and prevention efforts(Calderón-Peláez,
et al., 2019; Kangas, 2022; Tourapi & Tsioutis, 2022).

In conclusion, the integration of medical entomology into medical education presents both significant
challenges and promising opportunities. As global health threats posed by vector-borne diseases
continue to rise, it is imperative to ensure that medical professionals are equipped with the necessary
knowledge to address these pressing concerns. By addressing the challenges and capitalizing on the
opportunities in teaching medical entomology, we can better prepare the next generation of healthcare
professionals to meet the evolving demands of global health(Fernandes, Moise, Maranto, & Beier, 2018;
Jabir & Choolayil, 2024; Khan, Yasmin, Syed, Manzoor, & Ali).

Materials and Methods

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Integration of Medical Entomology into Medical Education
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the integration of medical entomology into
medical education, focusing on educational challenges, opportunities, and methodologies. The review
utilized multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and JSTOR, with keywords such
as "medical entomology," "medical education," "vector-borne diseases," "teaching entomology,"
"curriculum integration," and "challenges in medical education." Articles selected for review met specific
inclusion criteria, such as being published within the past decade in peer-reviewed journals, focusing on
medical curricula, and addressing innovative teaching methods. Studies unrelated to medical education,
not in English, or focusing on non-human health applications of entomology were excluded. A thematic
synthesis categorized the findings into challenges and opportunities for integrating medical entomology
into medical education(Allen, et al., 2017; Pisciotta, 2007; Tusting, et al., 2013).

Data extracted from the selected articles encompassed topics such as the scope of medical entomology
in curricula, teaching strategies, technological tools, and public health outcomes. Both qualitative and
quantitative analyses were employed. Thematic coding identified recurring themes like challenges in
curriculum integration, the role of digital tools, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Quantitative data from
studies assessing the impact of medical entomology courses were synthesized to evaluate changes in
student knowledge retention, engagement, and relevance to clinical practice(Bradt, 2017; Chitnis,
Schapira, Smith, & Steketee, 2010; Shannon, et al., 2024).

To complement the literature review, expert interviews and surveys were conducted with professionals in
entomology, medical education, and public health. Experts were identified through professional networks
and institutions, and a semi-structured format was used for interviews to explore key issues like the
importance of medical entomology, barriers to integration, and innovative teaching methods.
Additionally, an online survey gathered broader perspectives on current practices and challenges in
integrating entomology into educational systems. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were
applied to analyze the qualitative and quantitative survey data(Brisbois & Ali, 2010; Buekens, 2012;
Garcia, et al., 2017).

An analysis of educational frameworks and curricula from various medical schools provided insights
into how medical entomology is currently taught. Key areas of focus included the time allocated to
vector-borne diseases, the incorporation of hands-on training, and interdisciplinary collaboration among
medical professionals. The review highlighted gaps in curricula, particularly the need for balancing
theoretical knowledge with practical skills through case studies, fieldwork, and real-world
applications(Aalborg & Sullivan; Campeau, Degroote, Ridde, Carabali, & Zinszer, 2018; Sande, et al.,
2019).

The study adhered to ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Informed consent was
obtained from participants, ensuring voluntary participation and the option to withdraw at any stage.
Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained, and the research protocol was approved by the

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institutional review board (IRB) of the respective institutions. These measures ensured the integrity and
ethical compliance of the research process (Beauchamp & Childress, 1994; Emanuel, Wendler, & Grady,
2000; Guideline, 1996).

Results
The findings of this study indicate a variety of perspectives and insights regarding the integration of
medical entomology into medical education. These insights were derived from the systematic literature
review, expert interviews, surveys, and the curriculum analysis. The results are presented across four
primary themes: (1) the importance of medical entomology in medical education, (2) challenges faced in
its integration into curricula, (3) the innovative teaching methods and technologies employed, and (4) the
impact of medical entomology on public health and disease control outcomes.

A central finding of this study is the consensus among experts and educators on the crucial role that
medical entomology plays in understanding vector-borne diseases and their impact on global public
health. Medical entomology is seen as an essential field for the training of medical professionals,
particularly in regions where diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika virus are endemic. Participants
highlighted that understanding the biology, behavior, and control mechanisms of disease vectors are
crucial for medical practitioners who are tasked with diagnosing and managing vector-borne diseases.
From the literature review, it was evident that medical entomology contributes to a broader
understanding of public health challenges. The integration of entomology into medical education not
only supports disease prevention but also enhances diagnostic capabilities by equipping healthcare
professionals with the necessary skills to identify vector-related diseases. Experts emphasized the
necessity of this field, especially as vector-borne diseases continue to pose a significant global health
threat due to factors such as urbanization, climate change, and increased international travel(Eck &
Smith, 2018; Fernandes, et al., 2018; Gubler, 2011).

Despite the recognition of its importance, the integration of medical entomology into medical curricula
presents several challenges. One of the most significant barriers identified through both the literature
review and expert interviews was the lack of sufficient time and resources allocated to this subject
within medical schools. Many curricula prioritize other disciplines, leaving limited space for entomology,
which is often viewed as supplementary or peripheral. Additionally, the lack of specialized instructors
with expertise in medical entomology was highlighted as a key limitation, especially in regions where the
subject is not widely taught at the medical school level. Another major challenge is the perceived
difficulty in integrating a highly specialized subject like entomology into a curriculum that is already
dense with clinical and basic science courses. Experts noted that integrating medical entomology
requires an interdisciplinary approach that bridges gaps between entomologists, medical professionals,
and public health experts. However, such collaboration is often difficult to establish due to institutional
barriers, faculty limitations, and insufficient funding for dedicated courses or programs(Casas, Lazzari,
Insausti, Launois, & Fouque, 2016; Deepthi, Naresh Kumar, Prasanna Kamath, & Rajeshwari, 2014; Eck &
Smith, 2018; Goddard, 2022).
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The study found that several innovative teaching methods and technologies are being employed to
overcome these challenges and enhance the learning experience in medical entomology. Notably, virtual
learning platforms and simulation-based education are increasingly being used to teach complex
concepts related to medical entomology. Experts discussed the growing role of online resources,
including interactive modules, virtual labs, and video tutorials, in delivering theoretical content in a more
accessible and engaging format. These methods allow students to interact with vector-related case
studies, practice diagnostic techniques, and participate in virtual dissections and identification of
disease vectors, even in resource-limited settings. Additionally, some medical schools have successfully
integrated hands-on, field-based learning experiences in medical entomology, where students are
involved in vector control programs or laboratory-based research projects. These experiences allow
students to gain practical, real-world exposure to vector surveillance and control strategies, fostering a
deeper understanding of the subject. Some participants reported the use of interdisciplinary workshops,
where medical students work alongside entomologists and public health experts, as a promising method
to enhance collaborative learning and the application of knowledge in real-life scenarios(Pandey, Zodpey,
& Kumar, 2015; Pokhrel & Chhetri, 2021; Spielman, Pollack, Kiszewski, & Telford III, 2001; Stensgaard, et
al., 2009).

The results of this study suggest that the integration of medical entomology into medical curricula has
the potential to improve disease control outcomes, particularly in regions affected by vector-borne
diseases. Several experts noted that well-trained medical professionals, equipped with knowledge of
entomology, are better prepared to manage outbreaks, identify disease vectors, and participate in vector
control programs. This, in turn, can contribute to reducing the burden of diseases such as malaria,
dengue, and Zika virus, which are particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Participants
who were involved in public health programs emphasized the importance of training medical
professionals in vector control measures, such as insecticide use, habitat management, and community
health education. By incorporating these aspects into the curriculum, medical professionals can play a
crucial role in preventing outbreaks and reducing the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Furthermore, the integration of medical entomology has been linked to improved interdisciplinary
collaboration between healthcare providers, entomologists, and public health officials, facilitating more
effective disease control strategies (Table 1 and Fig. 1)(Gubler, 2011; Nii-Trebi, 2017; Ranson &
Lissenden, 2016; Wilson, et al., 2020).

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 Table 1
Comprehensive Summary of Medical Entomology Integration in Medical Education
Section Key Insights

Introduction - Medical entomology is pivotal in understanding and mitigating vector-borne

diseases, which pose significant global health threats.
- Despite its critical role, its inclusion in medical curricula remains inadequate.

- Integrating medical entomology into education can enhance disease prevention

strategies and strengthen public health frameworks.

Materials and - A systematic literature review was conducted using major academic databases
Methods (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR).
- Data collection involved expert interviews and surveys targeting medical
educators, students, and healthcare professionals.

- A combination of qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative synthesis was

employed to assess curriculum integration trends.

Results - There is widespread recognition of medical entomology's importance, yet

significant barriers hinder its curricular integration.
- Primary challenges include limited instructional time, scarcity of specialized
faculty, and insufficient educational resources.

- Innovative pedagogical approaches—such as virtual learning environments,

simulation-based training, and field-based experiential learning—have
demonstrated efficacy in enhancing knowledge retention and application.
- Strengthened medical entomology education correlates with improved
preparedness for vector-borne disease management and outbreak response.

Discussion - The study underscores the pressing need for integrating medical entomology
into medical education, particularly in light of escalating vector-borne disease
risks due to climate change, urbanization, and globalization.

- Institutional barriers, including rigid curricula and funding limitations, remain

significant impediments.
- Interdisciplinary collaboration between entomologists, medical educators, and
public health professionals is crucial for effective curriculum development.
- Leveraging digital tools and experiential learning can bridge existing gaps and
enhance student engagement.

Conclusion - The integration of medical entomology into medical education is essential for
bolstering global health initiatives and advancing vector-borne disease control
efforts.

- Addressing the existing barriers requires sustained institutional support,

financial investment, and innovative curriculum reform.
- Future research should focus on longitudinal evaluations to measure the impact
of medical entomology training on healthcare outcomes.

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Overall, the results demonstrate that while there are significant challenges in integrating medical
entomology into medical education, there is a strong consensus on its importance and the potential
benefits for public health. The use of innovative teaching methods, including virtual learning and field-
based experiences, offers promising solutions to overcome these challenges. As global health threats
from vector-borne diseases continue to rise, the integration of medical entomology into medical
curricula is essential to equip the next generation of healthcare professionals with the knowledge and
skills needed to address these challenges effectively(Fernandes, et al., 2018; Gubler, 2011; Pandey, et al.,
2015).

Discussion
This study aimed to evaluate the integration of medical entomology into medical education and explore
its impact on healthcare practice and disease control, particularly with regard to vector-borne diseases.
The findings presented offer several critical insights that underscore the necessity of incorporating
medical entomology into medical curricula and address the associated challenges. Additionally, the
results demonstrate the potential benefits of such integration for global public health, particularly in
resource-limited settings.

The findings from this study reinforce the view that medical entomology plays an indispensable role in
the prevention and management of vector-borne diseases. Global health challenges, such as malaria,
dengue, and Zika virus, continue to plague many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and
subtropical regions. Medical professionals equipped with knowledge of entomology are better
positioned to contribute to disease control efforts, especially by identifying and managing disease
vectors. As highlighted by several experts in the study, medical entomology allows healthcare
professionals to develop comprehensive strategies for disease prevention and control, ranging from
vector surveillance to public health interventions. The findings emphasize the importance of training
medical students in this field to address the changing dynamics of vector-borne diseases. Rapid
urbanization, climate change, and the increasing movement of populations across borders have altered
the epidemiology of these diseases, necessitating a more proactive and well-rounded approach to
healthcare education. By incorporating medical entomology into medical education, medical schools can
ensure that future physicians, public health officials, and entomologists are well-prepared to face these
emerging threats. Given that global health issues are becoming increasingly complex, the integration of
medical entomology into the curriculum supports the broader goal of improving public health systems
and outcomes globally(Gubler, 2011).

Despite its recognized importance, the integration of medical entomology into medical curricula remains
a significant challenge. One of the most pressing issues identified by participants in this study is the lack
of sufficient instructional time and resources allocated to medical entomology in most medical schools.
The dense nature of medical curricula, with a focus on clinical skills and foundational medical sciences,
leaves little room for specialized subjects such as entomology. Furthermore, medical entomology often
does not receive the attention it deserves, with many curricula relegating it to peripheral status rather
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than as a core subject. Moreover, a shortage of qualified instructors with expertise in medical
entomology further hampers its integration. The study revealed that many medical institutions lack
faculty members with specialized knowledge in this area, limiting the ability to offer dedicated courses
or programs. This issue is particularly significant in countries where medical entomology is not widely
taught or is viewed as an elective, rather than a mandatory subject. For these reasons, fostering
interdisciplinary collaborations between entomologists, medical educators, and public health experts is
essential for developing comprehensive curricula that can effectively address the growing concerns
about vector-borne diseases. However, achieving this goal requires significant institutional commitment,
funding, and the development of specialized teaching resources(Bogale, 2021; Goddard, 2022).

The study identified several innovative teaching methods that have been employed to overcome the
challenges associated with integrating medical entomology into medical education. These include the
use of virtual learning platforms, simulation-based training, and field-based learning experiences. The
adoption of digital technologies in medical education has revolutionized the way complex subjects such
as medical entomology are taught, offering students the opportunity to engage with theoretical and
practical components of the field in an interactive and accessible manner. Online resources such as
virtual labs, interactive case studies, and video tutorials provide students with a platform to learn about
vector identification, disease transmission, and vector control strategies, even in settings with limited
access to laboratory facilities or fieldwork opportunities. Moreover, the inclusion of hands-on learning
experiences, such as field-based vector surveillance and control programs, has proven to be a highly
effective way to reinforce theoretical knowledge and develop practical skills. Several participants in this
study shared positive experiences related to interdisciplinary workshops that brought together medical
students, entomologists, and public health professionals. These workshops fostered collaborative
learning and allowed students to apply their knowledge in real-world settings, which is essential for
preparing future healthcare professionals to tackle vector-borne diseases. The integration of field-based
learning ensures that medical students are not only exposed to the theoretical aspects of entomology
but are also actively involved in community-based disease prevention initiatives, thus enhancing the
overall quality of their education and training. An important finding of this study is the potential for
medical entomology education to improve disease control outcomes. As vector-borne diseases remain a
major public health concern worldwide, the training of healthcare professionals in entomology can
significantly enhance the effectiveness of disease control strategies. The study found that medical
professionals who are knowledgeable about vector biology and control techniques are better equipped
to manage outbreaks and reduce the transmission of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus.
The ability to recognize disease vectors, implement appropriate control measures, and educate
communities about vector-related risks is integral to reducing the burden of these diseases, particularly
in endemic areas(Bandzuh, 2023; Feasey, Wansbrough-Jones, Mabey, & Solomon, 2010; Rocha, et al.,
2020).

Furthermore, the integration of medical entomology into the curriculum fosters interdisciplinary
collaboration, which is essential for effective disease control. Public health officials, medical
professionals, and entomologists working together can develop more comprehensive, evidence-based
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strategies to combat vector-borne diseases. The study's results suggest that such collaboration
enhances the coordination of vector control programs, such as insecticide-treated nets, environmental
management, and community health education, which are critical to reducing the spread of disease
vectors. By improving healthcare professionals' understanding of entomology, it becomes possible to
implement more targeted, effective, and sustainable interventions that can have long-lasting impacts on
public health outcomes(Ranson & Lissenden, 2016).

This study highlights the need for further research and innovation in medical entomology education.
While there are promising approaches to incorporating this field into medical curricula, more robust
evaluations are required to assess the long-term impact of these methods on student learning, clinical
practice, and disease control outcomes. Longitudinal studies that track the effectiveness of medical
entomology education over time, as well as research that explores the barriers and facilitators to
curriculum integration, would provide valuable insights for policymakers and educators seeking to
improve the quality of medical training in this critical area. Furthermore, the development of
standardized, evidence-based curricula for medical entomology is needed to ensure that students
receive consistent and high-quality education across institutions and regions. Collaboration between
international health organizations, medical schools, and entomological societies could help in the
creation of globally relevant curricula that address both regional and global health priorities. In this
context, medical schools in low- and middle-income countries, where vector-borne diseases are
particularly prevalent, could benefit from targeted investments in medical entomology education to help
strengthen national healthcare systems and improve disease control outcomes(Mandodan, et al., 2023;
Singh, Upadhyay, Gupta, Thakur, & Sharma, 2022; Smith, 2020; Wilson, et al., 2020).

Conclusion
In conclusion, this study underscores the critical need for integrating medical entomology into medical
curricula to equip healthcare professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to address the
growing threat of vector-borne diseases. The innovative teaching methods identified in this study offer
promising solutions to the challenges of curriculum integration. With greater institutional support,
collaboration, and investment, medical entomology can play a central role in improving global health
outcomes and reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases.

Declarations
Author Contribution
E.A. has conducted all parts of the study, including design, execution, and writing the manuscript.

Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank the Research Vice-Chancellor of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
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Figures

Figure 1

Framework for Integrating Medical Entomology into Medical Education: Challenges, Opportunities,
Innovative Teaching Methods, and Public Health Impacts

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