MODULE 3
1) Describe the architecture of a Bluetooth system with HDP and applications.
Architecture of a Bluetooth System with HDP
1. Bluetooth System Layers
A Bluetooth system with HDP consists of the following key layers:
(a) Physical Layer (Radio Layer)
Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) for interference resistance.
Supports 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, and 3 Mbps data rates (Bluetooth Classic) or 125 kbps
to 2 Mbps (Bluetooth Low Energy).
(b) Baseband Layer
Manages physical channels, link control, and error correction.
Uses Time-Division Duplex (TDD) for communication.
Handles connection establishment between Bluetooth devices.
Supports ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) and SCO (Synchronous
Connection-Oriented) links.
(c) Link Manager Protocol (LMP)
Establishes and manages device pairing and authentication.
Controls power management and QoS (Quality of Service).
(d) L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol)
Handles data segmentation and reassembly for efficient communication.
Supports multiple higher-layer protocols.
(e) Enhanced L2CAP (eL2CAP)
Used specifically in HDP for better data flow and reliability.
Provides QoS support for medical data transmission.
(f) Health Device Profile (HDP)
Built on top of L2CAP and eL2CAP.
Defines how health-related data is structured and transmitted.
Uses IEEE 11073 standard for health informatics.
Includes two device roles:
1. Source Device – Medical sensor (e.g., blood pressure monitor, ECG sensor).
2. Sink Device – Data receiver (e.g., smartphone, medical hub).
(g) Bluetooth Application Layer
Contains various profiles for communication.
HDP provides seamless integration with medical applications and cloud-based
health monitoring systems.
Applications of Bluetooth HDP
Wireless Patient Monitoring: Used in ECG monitors, blood pressure sensors, and
glucose meters.
Fitness and Wellness: Smart watches and fitness bands use Bluetooth HDP for
tracking vital signs.
Remote Healthcare: Enables real-time data collection and transmission to medical
servers or cloud platforms.
Hospital Automation: Wireless medical devices reduce cabling complexity in
hospitals.
2) Explain IPV6 packet format with neat diagram.
IPv6 Packet Format (from Textbook)
IPv6 Packet Structure
An IPv6 packet consists of:
1. Fixed Header (40 bytes)
2. Optional Extension Headers
3. Payload (Variable length)
The IPv6 base header contains the following fields:
Field Size (bits) Description
Version 4 Identifies IPv6 (value = 6).
Traffic Class 8 Defines priority and QoS.
Flow Label 20 Helps routers identify packet flows.
Payload Length 16 Specifies the size of the payload.
Next Header 8 Identifies the next header type (e.g., TCP, UDP).
Hop Limit 8 Maximum number of hops (like TTL in IPv4).
Source Address 128 IPv6 address of the sender.
Destination Address 128 IPv6 address of the receiver.
3) Describe QOS capabilities in IPV6.
QoS Capabilities in IPv6
IPv6 QoS Mechanisms
IPv6 supports QoS through two primary fields in its header:
1. Flow Label (20-bit field)
o Used in Integrated Services (IntServ) environments.
o Helps classify and prioritize traffic.
o Provides guaranteed and controlled load service.
o Allows resource reservations per flow.
o However, IntServ has scalability issues.
2. Traffic Class (8-bit field)
o Used in Differentiated Services (DiffServ) environments.
o Works like IPv4's Type of Service (ToS) field.
o Traffic classification into different priority levels.
o Performance guarantees apply to aggregates of traffic, not individual flows.
o Common Differentiated Services Code Points (DSCP) classes:
Expedited Forwarding (EF) – Provides low latency and jitter.
Assured Forwarding (AF) – Defines four traffic classes with three
drop precedence levels.
IPv6 Traffic Priority Levels
IPv6 supports eight priority levels for traffic management:
Priority Level Traffic Type
Level 0 No specific priority
Level 1 Background traffic (e.g., news updates)
Level 2 Unattended data transfer (e.g., emails)
Level 3 Reserved
Level 4 Attended bulk transfer (e.g., FTP downloads)
Level 5 Reserved
Level 6 Interactive traffic (e.g., Telnet, remote desktop)
Level 7 Control traffic (e.g., routing, network management)
Key Benefits of IPv6 QoS
More granular control over traffic handling.
Better support for real-time applications (e.g., VoIP, IPTV).
Improved scalability compared to IPv4 QoS models.
No need for additional signaling protocols for resource allocation.
4) What is tunneling? Explain IPV6 tunneling mechanism with neat diagram.
Tunneling is a method used to transport IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network or vice versa. It helps in
transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 while maintaining compatibility between legacy and new network
systems.
The key concept of tunneling is encapsulation:
An IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.
The encapsulated packet is transmitted across the IPv4 network.
At the receiving end, the IPv6 packet is decapsulated and forwarded to its destination.
Why is Tunneling Needed?
IPv6 is not natively supported everywhere. Many existing networks still rely on IPv4.
IPv6 tunneling allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate over an IPv4-only
infrastructure.
It provides a temporary solution for networks migrating to IPv6.
1. Figure 7.6: IPv6 Tunneling Mechanism
This diagram explains unidirectional and bidirectional tunneling.
Unidirectional Tunneling (Top Section)
The tunnel entry-point node encapsulates an IPv6 packet inside another IPv6 packet.
The encapsulated packet is transmitted through the IPv6 tunnel.
The tunnel exit-point node removes the outer IPv6 header and forwards the original
packet to its final destination.
Bidirectional Tunneling (Bottom Section)
Two unidirectional tunnels operate in opposite directions.
This enables full-duplex communication between IPv6 nodes.
Each node acts as both an entry-point and an exit-point depending on the traffic
direction.
2. Figure 7.7: IPv6 Encapsulation Process
This diagram illustrates the encapsulation of an IPv6 packet inside another IPv6 header.
Encapsulation Process
1. Original Packet
o Contains the original IPv6 header and payload.
2. Tunnel IPv6 Headers
o A new IPv6 header is added, forming a tunnel packet.
o Optional IPv6 extension headers may also be added.
3. Tunnel Transmission
o The encapsulated packet is forwarded through the tunnel.
o Intermediate routers process the tunnel header, not the original packet.
4. Decapsulation at the Exit Node
o The tunnel header is removed.
o The original packet is forwarded to its final destination
This encapsulation process enables IPv6 packets to be transmitted over an incompatible
network (e.g., an IPv4-only infrastructure).
5) With suitable diagram explain the evolved packet system (EPS) network
architecture.
This figure illustrates the overall architecture of the EPS network, showing the
integration of different components.
Key Components:
1. UE (User Equipment)
o The mobile device that connects to the LTE network.
2. E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
o Comprised of eNodeB (eNB), which manages radio communication with UEs.
o Performs functions such as radio bearer control, scheduling, and admission
control.
3. EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
o Manages mobility, authentication, and data forwarding.
o Composed of:
MME (Mobility Management Entity): Handles session control and
security.
S-GW (Serving Gateway): Routes packets between the eNodeB and
the core network.
P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway): Provides access to external
networks (Internet, IMS).
HSS (Home Subscriber Server): Stores subscriber data and
authentication details.
PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function): Enforces QoS and
billing policies.
This figure explains how EPS uses "bearers" to ensure Quality of Service (QoS) for
different types of traffic.
Concept of EPS Bearers
A bearer is an IP packet flow between the gateway and the UE.
The EPS network sets up and releases bearers dynamically based on application
requirements.
Multiple bearers can be created for a user, each ensuring different QoS levels.
Example of Multiple Bearers
A video streaming bearer ensures low latency and high bandwidth.
A web browsing bearer can use best-effort service.
Different bearers allow simultaneous multimedia streaming and data transfer.
6) Compare IPv4 and IPv6 address formats.
Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 Address Formats (from Textbook)
Address Format and Length
1. IPv4 Addressing:
o Uses a 32-bit address space.
o Represented in dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
o Limited to 4.3 billion unique addresses.
o Uses Subnet masks for network division.
2. IPv6 Addressing:
o Uses a 128-bit address space.
o Represented in colon-separated hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:db8::1).
o Provides approximately 340 undecillion addresses (2¹²⁸).
o Uses prefix notation instead of subnet masks.
Addressing Modes in IPv4 and IPv6
Addressing Mode IPv4 IPv6
Unicast Used Used
Broadcast Used Not used (replaced by multicast)
Multicast Limited support Strongly supported
Anycast Not used Fully supported
Broadcast addressing is replaced in IPv6 by multicast to reduce network
congestion.
Anycast is a new type of addressing in IPv6 that allows data to be sent to the nearest
available node.
Special Address Types
Address Type IPv4 Example IPv6 Example
Loopback 127.0.0.1 ::1
Unspecified 0.0.0.0 ::
Private 10.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16 fc00::/7 (ULA - Unique Local Address)
Link-local Not used fe80::/10
Multicast 224.0.0.0/4 ff00::/8
IPv6 introduces link-local addresses (fe80::/10), which are automatically assigned to every
network interface.
