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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

POLYNOMIAL Examples:

STANDARD FORM
Directions: Write each polynomial in standard form.
2 2 3

EXAMPLES 1. 3x + 1 + 2 x 2. k + 64 − k + 7k

3 2 3
3. w + 5w + 28 − w 4. 24 − n + n

3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2
5. 2ab + a + 5a b − 2b 6. 13 − c + 5d − 7c d

DEGREE
Polynomials are classified by their degree and number of terms.
DEGREE NUMBER OF TERMS

0 1
CLASSIFYING 1 2
POLYNOMIALS 2 3

3 4+

4
Directions: Classify each polynomial by degree and number of terms.
7. 6 8. −2x
EXAMPLES
9. 7 p + 1 2
10. v + 2v − 5

3 4 2
11. 4 a − 8 12. 2m − 7m − 5m + 1

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 You can add or subtract polynomials by simply combining like terms.

ADDING & Addition Example

(11x – x2 + 13) + (2x2 – 23 – 5x)
Subtraction Example
(4x2 + 5x) – (7x + 3x2 + 1)
SUBTRACTING
Polynomials

Directions: Find each sum or difference.

13. ( x + 5) + (4 x − 7) 2 2
14. (k − 4k + 7) + (k + 9k − 3)
EXAMPLES

3 2
15. ( w − 2w − 5) + (3w − 11)
2
16. (9 x − 5 y) + (3x + 2 y − 7)

2 2 2 3
17. (8 − p + 5 p) + ( p − 15 − 4 p) 18. (6a − 5a) + (a − 5a + 3a )

2 2
19. ( x + 17 x) − (3x + 5 x) 20. (5r − 2s) − (9r − 11s)

21. (4c − 11) − (4c + 11) 2

22. (3m + 7m − 1) − (m + 2m − 5)
2

2
23. (7v − v + 14) − (15 + 8v + v )
2
24. (8 x − 3 y) − (2 y − 13 + 5 x)

25. Find the sum of (8p2 – 2p + 15) and (11 – 2p2 – 1).

26. Subtract (2w2 – 5w + 10) from (w3 + 6w2 – 2).

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

To multiply a monomial and a polynomial, simply Product Rule:

Monomial distribute the monomial to the polynomial.

For exponents, recall the product rule.
X Example 1: x(x + 4) Example 2: 5m3(3m2 – m – 7)

Polynomial
Directions: Find each product. Final answers must be in standard form.
1. k(k – 9) 2. 9a(a + 1)
You Try! Z
3. -6p(p4 – 8) 4. 3c5(-2c – 5)

5. -4g2(2g + 7) 6. x(x2 – x + 3)

7. -3n(n2 – 2n + 8) 8. -2x4(6x2 – 12x + 18)

9. p2q3(p5q2 – pq) 10. 3xy(x2 + xy + y2)

11. 5r2s2(-2r2 + 3rs – 4s2) 12. 3ab(4a2 – 7b3)

13. -7c3d2(9c2d2 – 4cd5) 14. 10m4n(-2mn3 + 3n)

Directions: Distribute, then simplify the remaining expression. Final

answers must be in standard form.
15. -2x(3x – 4) + 7x 16. 5w(-7w + 3) – 2w(13 – 9w2)

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 17. y(y + 4) – y(y – 3) – 9y 18. 6x(2x – 3) – 5(2x2 + 9x – 3)

19. 2y(6x – 4x2y) + 13x2y2 – 6 20. -2(3m3 + 6) + 3m(2m2 + 3m + 1)

21. 3v(7v – 2) + 3(v2 + 2v + 1) – 3v(-5v + 3)

22. 4x2(2x2 + x – 5) – x(x3 + 5x2 – 3) + 17

23. -2r(r3 – 6r2 + 6) + 4r3 – (5r4 + 10r)

24. 4b[2a2 – 5(3ab – 2b2)] + 29ab2

25. Find the area of the trapezoid as a simplified expression.

Geometric 8x2 + 3x
4 x2
Applications
2x3 – x

26. Find the area of the shaded region as a simplified expression.

2x 6x
5x + 3

8x – 1

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

First Outer, Inner Last

Multiplying To multiply binomials, distribute each term
in the first binomial to each term in the
other binomial, then combine like terms. (a + b)(c + d ) =
Binomials This order of distributing is frequently
referred to as the “FOIL” method. ac + ad + bc + bd

Example 1: (x + 2)(x + 4) Example 2: (2x + 1)(x – 5)

Directions: Find each product. Final answers must be in standard form.

You Try! Z 1. (y + 8)(y + 1) 2. (k – 4)(k + 5)

3. (x – 10)(x – 4) 4. (x + 2)(x – 2)

5. (4x – 7)(x + 3) 6. (n – 1)(5n – 4)

7. (3y + 1)(3y + 2) 8. (6a + 2)(2a + 3)

9. (8h – 3)(3h – 1) 10. (3w + 1)(3w – 1)

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 11. (5x + 4y)(x – y) 12. (2a + 5b)(a – 4b)

13. (2r + s)(2r – s) 14. (4c + d)(7c – 2d)

15. (x + 4)2 16. (p – 7)2

17. (2m – 5)2 18. (a + 3b)2

Directions: Find each product. Final answers must be in standard form.

Binomial 19. (x + 4)(x2 + 3x – 6) 20. (k – 5)(k2 – k – 8)

X
Trinomial
21. (3a + 1)(5a2 + 2a – 6) 22. (2v + 3)(4v2 – 3v – 6)

23. Find the area of the shaded region as a simplified expression.

Geometric 3x 2x + 7
x + 12
Application 9x – 2

21.

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, Quotient Rule:

divide each term in the numerator by the
term in the denominator. For exponents,
recall the quotient rule.
Dividing a Polynomial 8n2 − 36n −14 x12 y 5 + 7 x2 y 2
Example 1: Example 2:
by a Monomial 4n 7 x2 y 2

Directions: Find each quotient.

6x + 9 10v2 + 5v − 15
You Try! Z 1.
3
2.
5

8a 3 − 2a 2 + 5a 40 x2 − 8 x
3. 4.
a 8x

18c3 − 21c2 + 3c 6a2b − 12ab2

5. 6.
3c −2ab

−20 x2 − 5 x 14 x 6 y 3 − 49 x 5 y 9
7. 8.
5x −7 x 4 y

−25 x 4 y 3 + 30 x 2 y 5 20a7b3c2 − 5abc

9. 10.
−5 x 2 y 5abc

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 16 x 6 − 12 x 4 + 4 x 2 12c5 d 4 + 18c 4 d 3
11. 12.
4 x2 3c2 d 3

−24 x 7 + 9 x 3 − 15 x 15 x5 − 25 x 3 + 5 x 2
13. 14.
3 x5 5 x4

28 x5 y 4 z 3 + 8 x 4 y 3 z 2 30r 5 s 9 − 12r 4 s 8 + 3r 3 s 7
15. 16.
4 x2 y 2 z 2 3r 2 s 2

Directions: Simplify each expression completely.

15 x2 + 6 x
Challenge! Z 17.
3x
⋅ (2 x − 1)

Put It All Together

2r 3 s 8 (7r 7 − 5r 3 s 4 ) − (2r10 s 8 − 6r 6 s12 )
18.
4r2 s4

(m2 n2 − mn)(m2 n2 + mn)

19.
mn

(4 k 2 + 2k )(5k 2 − 3)
20.
6k

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

Directions: Simplify the following polynomials.

• a (3a + 7) = _______________________________________
WARM-UP • − 2 m ( m 2 + 6 m − 1) = _______________________________________

• 4 x3 y( x2 − 2 y) = _______________________________________

What is
Factoring? (Simplest Form) (Factored Form)

Polynomials that cannot be factored are called _________________!

There are several factoring methods; the approach

Factoring depends on the polynomial. We will start by identifying and factoring
out the greatest common factor (GCF) of the polynomial.
a GCF
(Greatest Common Factor) Steps for Factoring a GCF:
Step 1: Identify the GCF of the polynomial:
• Check the coefficients for a GCF.
• Now look at the variables. A variable must be present in all
terms to be a GCF. If a variable is present in all terms, take
the one with the smallest exponent.
Step 2: Divide each term by the GCF and leave the remaining
factors in parentheses

Step 3: Check your work by distributing!

Directions: Factor each polynomial. Check your work by distributing.
If a polynomial cannot be factored, write “prime.”
1. 3x + 12 2. 7y – 7
Examples

3. 8m + 36n 4. 5x + 30y

© Gina Wilson (All Things Algebra®, LLC), 2012-2017

5. 6a2 + 27 6. 4y2 – 24y

7. 21cd – 3d 8. 14gh – 18h

9. 15a2b – 30ab 10. 16bc2 + 24bc

11. ab – a 12. x2y + 3xy

13. 5x – 13y 14. 18a2bc2 – 48abc3

15. 2x2y – 2xy2+ 4xy 16. 9r8 – 18r2s – 24rs2

17. 6y4 + 14y3 – 10y2 18. 12a5b2 – 36a4b3 – 6a2b2

19. 14gh2 + 28gh + 14h 20. 18x2yz – 24xz2 + 36yz3

21. m3n – m2n2 + 5mn3 22. 16xy2 + 28xy + 8y

23. 35a2 – 20ab2 + 15a 24. 3a3b2c – 9a2b3c2 + 15ab4c3

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

Directions: Simplify the following polynomials.

WARM-UP • ( x + 4)( x − 4) = ___________________________ = ___________________

• (5m + 1)(5m − 1) = ___________________________ = ___________________

• (2a + 3b)(2a − 3b) = ___________________________ = ___________________

This resulting product is called

a DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES.

First, make sure you have an actual difference of squares!

Steps to Factor a 1 (Must be a subtraction sign and you can square root both terms)

difference of 2 Use the following rule to factor: a2 – b2 = ____________________________

squares 3 Check your work by distributing!

Directions: Factor each difference of squares. Check your work by

distributing. If a polynomial cannot be factored, write “prime.”

examples 1. a2 – 4 2. n2 – 64

3. 81 – x2 4. c2 – 100

5. k2 + 25 6. 1 – 49y2

7. 9b2 – 100 8. 25x2 – 49

9. 16a2 – 121 10. x2 – 81y2

11. 4h2 – 25g2 12. 64u2 – v2

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 13. x2y2 – 1 14. 81n4 – 25

15. 4c2 – 5d 2 16. 49m4 – 16

17. k6 – 16 18. 4p4 – 25

19. 121r6 – 1 20. 64m4 – 9n2

Directions: Look for a GCF first, then factor the remaining difference of
squares. Check your work by distributing.
EXAMPLES 21. 2n2 – 72 22. 18x2 – 50

WITH A GCF
23. 32s2 – 18u2 24. 45q3 – 20q

25. 24a2 – 54b2 26. 100b3 – 36b

27. 80n4 – 125n2 28. 8x2y – 32y3

29. 36p3 – 9p 30. 3n2 – 147

31. 16k3 – 100k 32. m3n – mn

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples
Directions: Simplify the following polynomials.

WARM-UP • ( x + 1)( x + 5) = _______________________________ = ________________________

• ( m − 4)( m + 6) = _______________________________ = ________________________

• ( k − 7)(k − 3) = _______________________________ = ________________________

Trinomials like these can be factored

back into a product of binomials!

To factor a trinomial of the form x2 + bx + c, you must find two integers

FACTORING that _____________________________ and ________________________________.
TRINOMIALS Guided Example: x 2 + 7 x + 12
of the form What two integers have a product of 12 and a sum of 7? ______________
Z

Write two binomials using these integers, then distribute to check.

x2 + bx + c

Directions: Factor each trinomial.

SET 1 1. n2 + 9n + 20 2. w2 + 9w + 18

3. a2 + 10a + 24 4. y2 + 2y + 1

5. n2 + 3n – 18 6. x2 + 2x – 8

SET 2

7. g2 + g – 6 8. c2 + 4c – 45

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 9. a2 – 2a – 3 10. x2 – 7x – 30

SET 3

11. b2 – 2b – 63 12. k2 – 12k – 64

13. x2 – 11x + 24 14. x2 – 14x + 49

SET 4

15. y2 – 17y + 72 16. m2 – 15m + 50

17. a2 + 6a – 16 18. x2 – 14x – 72

MIXED
PRACTICE
19. y2 + 13y + 40 20. w2 – 16w + 48

21. n2 – n – 30 22. k2 + 13k + 42

Directions: Look for a GCF first, then factor the remaining trinomial.
23. 4k2 + 12k + 8 24. 2x2 – 8x – 24
EXAMPLES
WITH A GCF
25. 3y2 – 15y + 12 26. 3a3 + 30a2 + 63a

27. 2b2 + 10b + 12 28. 5x2y – 15xy – 140y

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Group Members: Block: ________

Factoring Review!
Directions: Work together to complete each problem. Do not divide up the work!
Each person should be participating. At the end of the block, one person’s paper
will be chosen at random to be graded for the group.

Set 1: Factor the following polynomials by determining a greatest common factor (GCF):
1. 21 x − 15 y 2. 14 c2 + 2c

3. 5 p 2 + 12q 2 4. 8 x3 y 4 − 22 x5 y 6

5. 10 a 2b 2 + 9ab2 − a 2b 6. 21m5 n2 + 6 m3 n + 15m2

Set 2: Factor the following difference of squares:

7. a 2 − 64 8. y 2 − 289

9. m2 + 81 10. 1 − 25n 2

11. 16 x 2 − 49 y 2 12. w4 − 100

13. c2 − 81d 2 14. 196a 2 − b2

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Set 3: Factor the following trinomials.
15. x2 + 7 x + 6 16. m2 − 17 m − 38

17. y 2 − 10 y + 16 18. p 2 + 9 p − 36

19. c2 − 12c − 45 20. w2 − 16 w + 64

21. a 2 + 13a − 30 22. x 2 − 27 x − 90

Set 4: Find a GCF first, then factor the remaining difference of squares or trinomial.

23. 75r 2 − 48 24. 45 x2 − 5

25. m3 n − mn3 26. 6 a 3 − 24 ab2

27. 3 x 2 + 15 x − 72 28. 2m2 − 4 m + 2

29. x3 + 9 x2 − 52 x 30. 4 y 3 + 4 y 2 − 120 y

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

Directions: Factor the following trinomials. Check for a GCF first.

1. x2 + 14n + 45 2. n2 – 3n – 28
WARM-UP

3. 2a2 + 2a – 24 4. 4p2 – 24p + 20

When “a” cannot be factored out by GCF, we can possibly still

factor the trinomial. The steps below show a method called
FACTORING “Slip and Slide” to factor the trinomials.

TRINOMIALS 1 “Slip” _______ to the end of the trionomial and multiply by ________.

of the form 2 Factor this new basic trinomial.

Z

3 Divide both your factors by the value you “slipped” over in Step 1.

ax2 + bx + c 4 Reduce fractions and “slide” any denominators up next to

the variable. Distribute to check.
Example 1: 2x2 + 5x + 3 Example 2: 5m2 – 17m + 6

Example 3: 6y2 – 5y – 4 Example 4: 12c2 + 11c – 5

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 1. 3x2 – 11x + 10 2. 8y2 – 10y – 3

YOU TRY!

3. 9m2 + 3m – 2 4. 10p2 – p – 2

5. 4a2 – 4a + 1 6. 6x2 + x – 12

Directions: Look for a GCF first, then factor the remaining trinomial.
7. 10k2 + 75k + 35 8. 12x2 + 2x – 2
EXAMPLES
WITH A GCF

9. 15y2 – 18y – 24 10. 32w2 – 16w + 2

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

It is possible to factor a polynomial with four terms by using a method

called grouping. Follow the steps below to factor the given polynomial.
FACTORING
Steps Example
POLYNOMIALS
Step 1:
with Group the first two terms together x 3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x + 14
and the last two terms together.
FOUR TERMS
Step 2:
Factor out the GCF from each
binomial.

Step 3:
Factor the common binomial out.

Step 4:
Distribute to check your answer.

Directions: Factor each polynomial.

1. x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 32 2. a3 + 2a2 + 9a + 18
MORE
EXAMPLES

3. w3 + 5w2 – 8w – 40 4. k3 + 2k2 – 5k – 10

5. p5 – 6p3 – 2p2 + 12 6. v3 – v2 – 3v + 3

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 7. 3x3 – 21x2 + 4x – 28 8. 2y4 – 6y3 – 7y + 21

9. 16a3 + 8a2 – 6a – 3 10. 10m3 – 25m2 + 4m – 10

11. 8x2 + 12x + 2xy + 3y 12. c2d + 3c2 – 7d 2 – 21d

13. a3 + a2b + ab + b2 14. 4r2s – 8rs – 3r + 6

Directions: Factor each polynomial by rearranging terms first, then use

grouping.
CHALLENGE! 15. 2xy + 5x – x2 – 10y 16. uv – u – u2 + v

Rearranging Terms

17. 12m2 + 28mn + 3m + 7n 18. 10ab + 21 – 15a – 14b

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 FACTORING
POLYNOMIALS First, look for a

2 GCF
terms
4
terms
DIFFERENCE
OF SQUARES
a 2 − b2 3 GROUPING!

terms
Example(s):
Example(s):
TRINOMIAL TRINOMIAL 2a3 – a2b + 10a – 5b
• x2 – 64
x 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c

• 18m2n – 2n3
Find factors of “c”
that add up to “b”. Slip and Slide!

Example(s): Example(s):

• x2 – x – 42 30x2 – 27x + 6

• 2w2 + 20w + 50

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

Up until now, factoring has been a bit organized! We are ready to mix it
up! Follow the guide below to help you through the factoring process.
Mixed Step 1: Check for a GCF!
Factoring Step 2: Check for one of the following patterns and factor if possible:
• Difference of Squares (a2 – b2)
• “Basic” Trinomial (x2 + bx + c)
• “Slip and Slide” Trinomial (ax2 + bx + c)
• Four Terms (use grouping)

Step 3: Check to see if something factors AGAIN.

Directions: Factor each polynomial completely.

1. 28a2b – 63b 2. 3m2 + 9m – 30
Examples

3. x3 + 2x2y – 4x – 8y 4. 4y2 + 7y – 2

5. 45w5 – 3w 6. 24x2y2 – 6xy2 + 3xy

7. 8x4 – 4x3 – 24x2 8. 64x2 – 4y2

9. x3 + 3x2 – 5x – 15 10. k2 – 6k – 16

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11. ab2 – a 12. 9y2 – 12y + 4

13. 24ab + 30ac 14. 9x3 + 9x2y – x – y

15. x3 – 10x2 + 21x 16. 6y3 – 150y

17. 8m2 + 2m – 3 18. 2w2 + 38w + 140

19. 5x3y – 5xy 20. 100 – 9y2

21. 5a2 + 10ab – 3a – 6b 22. 75x2 – 30x + 3

23. x2 – 7x – 78 24. 4x2y – 24xy + 36y

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Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

We can use factoring to divide a polynomial by a binomial.

Follow the steps below to divide the polynomials.
Dividing a
Steps Example
polynomial Step 1:
x2 + 7x − 8
by a Factor the numerator and
x −1
denominator.
binomial Step 2:
Cancel out any common factors.

Step 3:
The remaining factor is the answer.

Directions: Find each quotient.

x 2 − 10 x + 21 m 2 − 4 m − 45
1. 2.
YOU TRY! Z x−7 m−9

y 2 − 25 2 r 2 + 16 r
3. 4.
y+5 r+8

2 n 2 + 5 n − 12 6.
15v + 35
5.
2n − 3 3v + 7

16 k 2 − 1 3 y2 − 7 y − 6
7. 8.
4k + 1 y−3

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 9. (c 2 + 8c − 33) ÷ (c − 3) 10. ( x 2 − y 2 ) ÷ ( x − y )

11. (4 m 2 − 20 m) ÷ ( m − 5) 12. (2 d 2 − 4 d − 70) ÷ ( d + 5)

13. (4 p 2 − 3 p − 10) ÷ ( p − 2) 14. (6 n 2 − n − 12) ÷ (3n + 4)

15. ( x 3 − x 2 y − 6 x + 6 y ) ÷ ( x − y ) 16. ( a 3 − 3a 2 + 8 a − 24) ÷ ( a 2 + 8)

17. A rectangle has an area of (12m2 – 7m – 10). If the width of the rectangle
is (3m + 2), write an expression to represent the length of the rectangle in
simplest form.

18. Completely simplify:

{2(v − 5)(v + 2)} − (v − 2) 2

v+4
CHALLENGE!

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