basic objectoriented concepts

1:Which of the following statements best describes encapsulation in Java?

A) Encapsulation is the process of inheriting methods from a parent class.

B) Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access via public
methods.

C) Encapsulation is the ability to define multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

D) Encapsulation is the ability to create new classes based on existing classes.

**Answer: B**

2:What is the primary purpose of the `this` keyword in Java?

A) To refer to the static members of a class.

B) To refer to the superclass of the object.

C) To refer to the current object instance within a method or a constructor.

D) To refer to a method in the parent class.

**Answer: C**

3:Which of the following correctly demonstrates polymorphism in Java?

A) A class having multiple constructors.

B) A class having multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists.

C) A subclass overriding a method of its superclass.

D) All of the above.

**Answer: D**

4:In Java, what is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?

A) An abstract class can have concrete methods, while an interface can only have abstract methods.

B) An interface can have constructors, but an abstract class cannot.

C) An abstract class can implement multiple interfaces, but an interface cannot extend multiple classes.

D) An abstract class must be extended, while an interface must be instantiated.

**Answer: A**

5:Which of the following best explains inheritance in Java?

A) Inheritance allows one class to inherit all the methods and properties of another class.

B) Inheritance allows one class to hide its implementation details from other classes.

C) Inheritance is a mechanism to achieve polymorphism by defining multiple methods with the same
name.

D) Inheritance ensures that a class has a fixed number of methods and properties.

**Answer: A**

6:Given the following code, what will be the output?

```java

class Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Bark");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal a = new Dog();

a.makeSound();

}
```

A) Animal sound

B) Bark

C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: B**

7:What is the purpose of the `super` keyword in Java?

A) To create a new instance of a subclass.

B) To refer to the current object instance within a method.

C) To refer to the immediate parent class of the current object.

D) To access static methods of a class.

**Answer: C**

8:Which of the following statements is true regarding method overriding in Java?

A) Method overriding is not supported in Java.

B) Overriding methods must have the same name, return type, and parameter list as the overridden
methods.

C) Overriding methods must have a different return type than the overridden methods.

D) Overriding methods can be declared in the same class as the overridden methods.

**Answer: B**

9:Consider the following code snippet. What is the output?

```java

class A {

int x = 5;

void printValue() {

System.out.println("Value-A: " + x);

 }

class B extends A {

int x = 10;

void printValue() {

System.out.println("Value-B: " + x);

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

A obj = new B();

obj.printValue();

A) Value-A: 5

B) Value-B: 10

C) Value-A: 10

D) Compilation error

**Answer: B**

10: Which of the following is NOT a feature of object-oriented programming in Java?

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Compilation

**Answer: D**
1:Which of the following statements best describes inheritance in Java?

A) Inheritance is the process of hiding the implementation details from other classes.

B) Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and
methods) of another class.

C) Inheritance allows a class to have multiple constructors.

D) Inheritance is the process of creating new data types from existing ones.

**Answer: B**

2: Which of the following best describes encapsulation in Java?

A) Encapsulation is the ability to create new classes based on existing classes.

B) Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access through
public methods.

C) Encapsulation is the process of defining multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.

D) Encapsulation is the ability to hide the implementation details of an object.

**Answer: B**

3: What is polymorphism in Java?

A) Polymorphism is the ability to create a class with multiple constructors.

B) Polymorphism is the ability to hide the implementation details of an object.

C) Polymorphism is the ability of a subclass to override a method of its superclass and the ability to
define multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

D) Polymorphism is the process of creating new data types from existing ones.

**Answer: C**

4: Which of the following statements is true about abstract classes and interfaces in Java?

A) Both abstract classes and interfaces can have constructors.

B) An abstract class can have both abstract methods and concrete methods, while an interface can only
have abstract methods (prior to Java 8).
C) An abstract class can implement multiple interfaces, but an interface cannot extend multiple abstract
classes.

D) An abstract class must be instantiated, while an interface must be extended.

**Answer: B**

5: Given the following code snippet, which of the following statements is correct?

```java

abstract class Vehicle {

abstract void start();

class Car extends Vehicle {

void start() {

System.out.println("Car started");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vehicle v = new Car();

v.start();

```

A) The code will result in a compilation error because abstract methods cannot be implemented in
subclasses.

B) The code will compile successfully and print "Car started".

C) The code will result in a runtime error because abstract classes cannot be instantiated.

D) The code will print "Vehicle started".

**Answer: B**

6:Which of the following correctly demonstrates method overriding in Java?

A) A class having multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists.

B) A subclass providing a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

C) A class with methods having the same name but different return types.

D) A class inheriting methods from a parent class.

**Answer: B**

7:What is the primary purpose of using the `super` keyword in Java?

A) To call a method in the current class

B) To call a method in the parent class.

C) To refer to the current object instance.

D) To define a method in the subclass.

**Answer: B**

8: Which of the following is NOT a benefit of encapsulation in Java?

A) Encapsulation helps in protecting the internal state of an object.

B) Encapsulation allows controlled access to the fields of a class.

C) Encapsulation allows objects to be easily interchanged or updated without affecting other code.

D) Encapsulation forces subclasses to implement all methods defined in the superclass.

**Answer: D**

9: Consider the following code. What will be the output?

```java

class Parent {

void display() {
 System.out.println("Parent display");

class Child extends Parent {

void display() {

System.out.println("Child display");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent p = new Child();

p.display();

```

A) Parent display

B) Child display

C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: B**

10: What does it mean for a class to be abstract in Java?

A) It means the class can be instantiated directly.

B) It means the class must contain only abstract methods.

C) It means the class cannot be instantiated directly and must be subclassed.

D) It means the class must be final.

**Answer: C**

11: Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of method overloading in Java?

A) A subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass.

B) A class contains multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists.

C) A class inherits the methods and fields from another class.

D) A class implements an interface and provides definitions for all its methods.

**Answer: B**

12: Consider the following code snippet. What will be the output?

```java

class A {

void display() {

System.out.println("Class A");

class B extends A {

void display() {

System.out.println("Class B");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

A obj = new B();

obj.display(); } }

A) Class A

B) Class B
 C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: B**

13: Which of the following is a correct statement about interfaces in Java?

A) An interface can extend multiple abstract classes.

B) An interface can contain concrete methods.

C) An interface can only contain method declarations and final fields.

D) An interface cannot be implemented by more than one class.

**Answer: C**

14: What is the output of the following code?

```java

class Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

void play() {

System.out.println("Dog plays");

} }

public class Main {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal a = new Dog();

a.makeSound();

// a.play(); } }

A) Animal makes sound

B) Dog barks

C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: B**

15: Which keyword is used to prevent a class from being subclassed in Java?

A) static

B) final

C) abstract

D) protected

**Answer: B**

16: Given the following code, what will be the output?

```java

interface Shape {

void draw();

class Circle implements Shape {

public void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); } }

class Square implements Shape {

public void draw() {

 System.out.println("Drawing Square"); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Shape s1 = new Circle();

Shape s2 = new Square();

s1.draw();

s2.draw(); } }

A) Drawing Circle

B) Drawing Square

C) Drawing Circle

Drawing Square

D) Compilation error

**Answer: C**

17: Which of the following statements about constructors in Java is true?

A) A class can have only one constructor.

B) Constructors cannot be overloaded.

C) A constructor can be private.

D) Constructors must have a return type.

**Answer: C**

18: Consider the following code snippet. What will be the output?

```java

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); }

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() {
 System.out.println("Meow"); } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal a = new Cat();

a.sound(); } }

A) Animal sound

B) Meow

C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: B**

19: Which of the following best describes the principle of encapsulation?

A) Encapsulation is the process of defining a new class from existing classes.

B) Encapsulation is the ability of an object to take many forms.

C) Encapsulation is the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data.

D) Encapsulation is the process of exposing the fields of a class directly.

**Answer: C**

20: What is the primary benefit of using interfaces in Java?

A) Interfaces allow for multiple inheritance of implementation.

B) Interfaces provide a way to achieve runtime polymorphism.

C) Interfaces allow a class to inherit the implementation of methods from multiple classes.

D) Interfaces provide a standard way to define methods that can be implemented by any class, ensuring
a contract for behavior.

**Answer: D**

21: What does it mean for a method to be overridden in Java?

A) The method has multiple versions within the same class, each with different parameters.
B) The method in a subclass has the same name, return type, and parameters as a method in its
superclass.

C) The method is declared as final and cannot be changed.

D) The method has a different return type but the same name and parameters as a method in its
superclass.

**Answer: B**

22: Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between an abstract class and its
subclasses in Java?

A) An abstract class cannot have any concrete methods.

B) A subclass must implement all abstract methods of an abstract class, or the subclass itself must be
abstract.

C) A subclass can override some methods of an abstract class and leave others unimplemented.

D) A subclass can only inherit from one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces.

**Answer: B**

24: Which of the following is an example of encapsulation in Java?

A) Using the `super` keyword to access a superclass method.

B) Making instance variables private and providing public getter and setter methods.

C) Declaring a class as final.

D) Overriding a method in a subclass.

**Answer: B**

25: Which keyword is used in Java to indicate that a class cannot be instantiated directly?

A) final

B) static

C) abstract

D) private

**Answer: C**

27: How does polymorphism benefit object-oriented programming in Java?

A) It allows multiple classes to be derived from a single class.

B) It enables a single method to operate on objects of different types.

C) It ensures that subclasses inherit all methods and fields from the superclass.

D) It allows encapsulation of the implementation details.

**Answer: B**

28: Given the following code snippet, which statement is correct?

```java

abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw(); }

class Circle extends Shape {

void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Shape s = new Circle();

s.draw(); } }

```

A) The code will result in a compilation error because abstract classes cannot be instantiated.

B) The code will compile and run successfully, printing "Drawing Circle".

C) The code will result in a runtime error because abstract methods cannot be invoked.

D) The code will print "Drawing Shape".

**Answer: B**

29: Which of the following statements best describes the use of the `protected` access modifier in Java?

A) `protected` allows access to class members within the same class only.
B) `protected` allows access to class members within the same package and by subclasses in any
package.

C) `protected` allows access to class members within the same package only.

D) `protected` allows access to class members by subclasses only,

30 What is the primary difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?

A) An abstract class can implement methods, while an interface can only declare methods (prior to Java
8).

B) An abstract class cannot have any constructors, while an interface can.

C) An abstract class can inherit from multiple classes, while an interface cannot.

D) An abstract class must be instantiated directly, while an interface must be extended.

**Answer: A**

32: What is the purpose of the `final` keyword when applied to a class in Java?

A) To indicate that the class can be inherited.

B) To indicate that the class cannot be instantiated.

C) To indicate that the class cannot be extended.

D) To indicate that the class is abstract.

**Answer: C**

33: Which of the following best demonstrates runtime polymorphism in Java?

A) Method overloading within the same class.

B) Method overriding in a subclass.

C) Declaring a method with a different return type but the same name.

D) Using the `final` keyword to prevent method overriding.

**Answer: B**

35: Which of the following is true about encapsulation in Java?

A) Encapsulation is the ability to combine data and methods in a single unit called a class.

B) Encapsulation allows access to private members of a class from outside the class.
C) Encapsulation can be achieved using interfaces.

D) Encapsulation prevents a class from being extended.

**Answer: A**

36: Consider the following code. What will be the output?

```java

class Base {

private void display() {

System.out.println("Base display"); } }

class Derived extends Base {

public void display() {

System.out.println("Derived display"); } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Base b = new Derived();

b.display(); } }

A) Base display

B) Derived display

C) Compilation error

D) Runtime error

**Answer: C**

37: What does it mean when a class is declared as `abstract` in Java?

A) The class can be instantiated.

B) The class cannot contain any concrete methods.

C) The class cannot be instantiated directly and must be subclassed.

D) The class cannot have any member variables.

**Answer: C**

### Question 38: Which of the following statements is true about the `super` keyword in Java?

A) It is used to call a method in the current class.

B) It is used to access static members of a class.

C) It is used to refer to the immediate parent class of the current object.

D) It is used to create a new instance of the current class.

**Answer: C**

### Question 39: Consider the following code snippet. What will be the output?

```java

class Parent {

protected int value = 10; }

class Child extends Parent {

private int value = 20;

public void display() {

System.out.println("Parent value: " + super.value);

System.out.println("Child value: " + this.value); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Child c = new Child();

c.display(); } }

A) Parent value: 10

Child value: 20

B) Parent value: 20

Child value: 20

C) Parent value: 10
 Child value: 10

D) Compilation error

**Answer: A**

### Question 40: Which of the following is true about Java interfaces?

A) An interface can have constructors.

B) An interface can extend multiple classes.

C) An interface can contain concrete methods (since Java 8).

D) An interface cannot have any fields.

**Answer: C**

### Question 41: Which feature of OOP is demonstrated in the following code snippet?

```java

class Vehicle {

private String brand;

public String getBrand() {

return brand;

public void setBrand(String brand) {

this.brand = brand; } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vehicle v = new Vehicle();

v.setBrand("Toyota");

System.out.println(v.getBrand()); } }

A) Inheritance
B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: C**

### Question 42: What is demonstrated by the following code?

```java

class Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal sound"); }}

class Cat extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Meow"); } }

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Bark"); } }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myAnimal = new Dog();

myAnimal.makeSound(); } }

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: B**

### Question 43: Which OOP principle is illustrated by the following code?
```java

abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw();

class Circle extends Shape {

void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Shape s = new Circle();

s.draw(); } }

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: D**

### Question 44: Identify the OOP concept demonstrated by this code:

class Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("Animal eats"); } }

class Dog extends Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("Dog eats"); }}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Animal a = new Dog();

a.eat(); }}

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: B**

### Question 45: Which OOP principle is showcased by the following code snippet?

class Person {

private String name;

public String getName() {

return name; }

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name; } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person p = new Person();

p.setName("John");

System.out.println(p.getName()); } }

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: C**

### Question 46: Which OOP concept is being used in this code?
class Bird {

void fly() {

System.out.println("Bird flies"); } }

class Sparrow extends Bird {

void fly() {

System.out.println("Sparrow flies"); } }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Bird b = new Sparrow();

b.fly(); } }

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: B**

### Question 47: Which OOP concept is demonstrated in the following example?

abstract class Animal {

abstract void makeSound();

class Cow extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Moo"); } }

class Horse extends Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Neigh"); } }
public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myCow = new Cow();

Animal myHorse = new Horse();

myCow.makeSound();

myHorse.makeSound(); } }

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: D**

### Question 48: What OOP principle is illustrated by this code?

```java

class Vehicle {

String brand;

void honk() {

System.out.println("Beep Beep!");

class Car extends Vehicle {

String modelName;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car();

 myCar.brand = "Ford";

myCar.modelName = "Mustang";

System.out.println(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);

myCar.honk();

A) Inheritance

B) Polymorphism

C) Encapsulation

D) Abstraction

**Answer: A**

**Answer: D**

differences between structural and object-oriented programming paradigms

### Question 1: Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between structural
and object-oriented programming paradigms?

A) Structural programming emphasizes objects and classes, while object-oriented programming focuses
on functions and procedures.

B) Structural programming supports inheritance and polymorphism, while object-oriented programming

does not.

C) Structural programming organizes code into functions and procedures, while object-oriented
programming organizes code into objects and classes.

D) Structural programming cannot handle complex applications, while object-oriented programming can
only be used for small, simple applications.

**Answer: C**

### Question 2: In the context of software design, what is a significant advantage of using object-
oriented programming (OOP) over structural programming?

A) OOP allows for better performance and speed optimization in all cases.

B) OOP enables easier code reuse through inheritance and polymorphism.

C) OOP makes it impossible to create global variables, ensuring better data security.

D) OOP does not require any form of planning or design before coding begins.

**Answer: B**

### Question 4: Which of the following best describes how encapsulation in object-oriented
programming contrasts with data handling in structural programming?

A) Encapsulation in OOP allows global variables to be accessed directly, while structural programming
strictly prohibits global variables.

B) Encapsulation in OOP involves bundling data with methods that operate on the data, while structural
programming keeps data and functions separate.

C) Encapsulation in OOP limits the scope of functions, while structural programming provides
unrestricted access to all functions.

D) Encapsulation in OOP leads to less maintainable code compared to structural programming.

**Answer: B**

### Question 5: In which of the following scenarios would object-oriented programming be more
advantageous than structural programming?
A) Writing a simple script to automate file renaming tasks.

B) Developing a small utility program for calculating mathematical functions.

C) Creating a large-scale software system with complex relationships and data models.

D) Implementing a basic command-line tool for text manipulation.

**Answer: C**

### Question 6: What is a primary reason for the increased maintainability of object-oriented programs
compared to structural programs?

A) Object-oriented programs rely solely on global variables, making the code easier to track.

B) Object-oriented programs encourage the use of large monolithic functions for better performance.

C) Object-oriented programs use principles like inheritance and polymorphism to reduce code
duplication and improve code reuse.

D) Object-oriented programs are always written in low-level languages, which are inherently more
maintainable.

**Answer: C**

### Question 7: Consider the following scenarios. Which one demonstrates a drawback of structural
programming that is addressed by object-oriented programming?

A) A simple calculator program where each operation is handled by a separate function.

B) A graphics application where different shapes like circles and rectangles need to share some common
behavior but also have unique characteristics.

C) A script to sort and display a list of names.

D) A program that processes user input and prints the result to the console.

**Answer: B**

### Question 8: How does the concept of inheritance in object-oriented programming provide a solution
to code redundancy, a common issue in structural programming?

A) Inheritance allows a new class to reuse properties and methods of an existing class, reducing the
need for duplicate code.

B) Inheritance forces all classes to be independent, thereby eliminating code redundancy.

C) Inheritance ensures that all methods are private, reducing the chances of code duplication.
D) Inheritance in OOP eliminates the need for functions, thus reducing code redundancy.

**Answer: A**

### Question 9: In structural programming, functions often rely on global variables to share data. What
is a key advantage of the object-oriented programming approach in terms of data handling?

A) Object-oriented programming eliminates the use of functions entirely.

B) Object-oriented programming makes extensive use of global variables, similar to structural

programming.

C) Object-oriented programming encapsulates data within objects, providing better control over data
access and modification.

D) Object-oriented programming does not support data sharing between different parts of the program.

**Answer: C**

### Question 10: Which of the following statements best explains the flexibility offered by
polymorphism in object-oriented programming compared to the structural programming approach?

A) Polymorphism allows multiple functions with the same name but different functionalities, reducing
the need for multiple function declarations.

B) Polymorphism restricts the use of global variables, which is common in structural programming.

C) Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, allowing for more
flexible and extensible code.

D) Polymorphism forces the use of inheritance, which is not present in structural programming.

**Answer: C**

### Question 11: Which of the following best illustrates how object-oriented programming can improve
code maintainability compared to structural programming?

A) Object-oriented programming uses a single large function to handle all tasks, while structural
programming breaks tasks into multiple smaller functions.

B) Object-oriented programming encapsulates related data and behavior into classes, which can be
reused and maintained independently.

C) Object-oriented programming enforces the use of global variables for better data management,
unlike structural programming.

D) Object-oriented programming eliminates the need for modularity, which is essential in structural
programming.
**Answer: B**

### Question 12: Consider a scenario where you need to implement a payroll system for a company.
Why would an object-oriented approach be more beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach is faster in terms of execution time.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to model employees, departments, and payrolls as objects
with specific attributes and methods, making the system more intuitive and easier to manage.

C) An object-oriented approach requires fewer lines of code than a structural programming approach.

D) An object-oriented approach does not need any planning or design, whereas structural programming
does.

**Answer: B**

### Question 13: Which feature of object-oriented programming helps in managing and organizing large
codebases, a common challenge in structural programming?

A) Extensive use of global variables

B) Function overloading

C) Encapsulation of data and methods into classes

D) Use of goto statements for better control flow

**Answer: C**

### Question 14: How does polymorphism in object-oriented programming enhance flexibility and
extensibility compared to structural programming?

A) Polymorphism allows a single function to be used for different types of data, reducing the need for
type checking.

B) Polymorphism forces the program to use fewer classes, making it more efficient.

C) Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, enabling methods to be
used interchangeably across different object types.

D) Polymorphism requires less memory usage compared to structural programming.

**Answer: C**

### Question 15: In the context of error handling and debugging, how does object-oriented
programming provide advantages over structural programming?

A) Object-oriented programming encourages the use of global variables for error tracking.
B) Object-oriented programming groups related data and methods into classes, making it easier to
identify and isolate errors.

C) Object-oriented programming relies on complex inheritance hierarchies that can be difficult to debug.

D) Object-oriented programming does not use exceptions, simplifying error handling.

**Answer: B**

### Question 16: Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a key limitation of structural
programming that is addressed by object-oriented programming?

A) Writing a simple script to automate file renaming tasks.

B) Implementing a user authentication system where different types of users have different permissions
and behaviors.

C) Creating a small utility to perform arithmetic operations.

D) Developing a straightforward command-line application for text processing.

**Answer: B**

### Question 18:

What is a primary advantage of using inheritance in object-oriented programming compared to the

function-based approach in structural programming?

A) Inheritance allows for code reuse by enabling new classes to inherit properties and methods from
existing classes.

B) Inheritance restricts the use of functions, making the code more modular.

C) Inheritance eliminates the need for encapsulation, simplifying the code structure.

D) Inheritance forces all classes to be independent, reducing code coupling.

**Answer: A**

### Question 19: How does the concept of encapsulation in object-oriented programming improve data
security compared to structural programming?

A) Encapsulation allows all data to be accessed globally, reducing security concerns.

B) Encapsulation groups related data and functions together, restricting direct access to the data and
providing controlled access through methods.
C) Encapsulation uses global variables to manage data, making it more secure.

D) Encapsulation eliminates the need for data hiding, simplifying the code.

**Answer: B**

### Question 20: Which of the following best describes how object-oriented programming addresses
the issue of code redundancy, a common problem in structural programming?

A) Object-oriented programming eliminates the need for multiple functions by using large monolithic
functions.

B) Object-oriented programming uses inheritance and polymorphism to enable code reuse and reduce
duplication.

C) Object-oriented programming relies on global variables to share data between functions, reducing
redundancy.

D) Object-oriented programming does not support modularity, which helps to reduce code redundancy.

**Answer: B**

### Question 21: Consider a scenario where you need to implement different types of payment
methods (credit card, PayPal, bank transfer). Why would an object-oriented approach be more
beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach allows you to create separate classes for each payment method,
encapsulating the specific behavior and attributes of each method, while a structural approach would
require separate functions without a clear structure.

B) An object-oriented approach makes use of global variables to handle different payment methods,
ensuring better performance.

C) An object-oriented approach is less flexible for handling different payment methods compared to a
structural approach.

D) An object-oriented approach eliminates the need for planning and design, making it faster to
implement.

**Answer: A**

### Question 22: In the context of software design, why is modularity more effectively achieved in
object-oriented programming compared to structural programming?

A) Modularity in object-oriented programming is achieved by breaking down code into small,

independent functions.
B) Object-oriented programming encourages the use of global variables, which enhances modularity.

C) Modularity in object-oriented programming is achieved through the encapsulation of related data and
functionality within objects, promoting better organization and reusability.

D) Structural programming uses inheritance to achieve modularity, which is less effective than
encapsulation in object-oriented programming.

**Answer: C**

### Question 23: Consider a scenario where you need to develop a system for managing different types
of employees (full-time, part-time, contractors). Why would an object-oriented approach be more
beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach allows you to use global variables to represent different types of
employees.

B) An object-oriented approach enables you to encapsulate employee data and behavior within
separate classes, facilitating better organization and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
employee data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 24: How does polymorphism in object-oriented programming contribute to code flexibility
and extensibility, addressing limitations of structural programming?

A) Polymorphism allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple
function declarations.

B) Polymorphism promotes code reuse by enabling methods to be used interchangeably across different
object types, enhancing flexibility and extensibility.

C) Polymorphism requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code flexibility.

D) Polymorphism restricts the use of inheritance, which is a key feature of structural programming.

**Answer: B**

### Question 25: In the context of software maintenance and updates, why is object-oriented
programming often preferred over structural programming?

A) Object-oriented programming eliminates the need for planning and design, making maintenance and
updates easier.
B) Object-oriented programming offers better performance compared to structural programming,
making maintenance and updates faster.

C) Object-oriented programming provides better organization of code through encapsulation,

inheritance, and polymorphism, making it easier to understand, update, and maintain.

D) Object-oriented programming uses global variables extensively, simplifying maintenance and

updates.

**Answer: C**

### Question 26: Consider a scenario where you need to design a system for managing different types of
vehicles (cars, trucks, motorcycles). Why would an object-oriented approach be more beneficial than a
structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single large function to handle all vehicle types, simplifying
the design process.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate vehicle data and behavior within separate
classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
vehicle data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 27: How does encapsulation in object-oriented programming improve data security and
integrity compared to structural programming?

A) Encapsulation allows all data to be accessed globally, enhancing data security.

B) Encapsulation restricts direct access to data and provides controlled access through methods,
reducing the risk of data corruption and unauthorized modification.

C) Encapsulation promotes the use of global variables, which enhances data security.

D) Encapsulation eliminates the need for data hiding, simplifying data management.

**Answer: B**

### Question 28: Which of the following best describes the role of classes and objects in object-
oriented programming compared to structural programming?

A) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming encapsulate data and behavior, promoting
reusability and modularity, while structural programming relies on separate functions to handle data.
B) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming are used solely for organizing functions, whereas
structural programming relies on inheritance to achieve code organization.

C) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming are less flexible than structural programming
functions.

D) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming promote global variables, unlike structural
programming.

**Answer: A**

### Question 29: Consider a scenario where you need to implement a system for managing different
types of accounts (savings, checking, investment). Why would an object-oriented approach be more
beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single function to handle all account types, simplifying the
design process.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate account data and behavior within separate
classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
account data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 30:How does inheritance in object-oriented programming contribute to code reusability
and maintainability, addressing limitations of structural programming?

A) Inheritance allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple function
declarations.

B) Inheritance promotes code reuse by enabling derived classes to inherit properties and methods from
base classes, reducing duplication and promoting better organization and maintenance.

C) Inheritance requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code reusability.

D) Inheritance restricts the use of encapsulation, making maintenance and updates more challenging.

**Answer: B**

### Question 31: Which of the following best describes the approach to code organization in structural
programming compared to object-oriented programming?
A) Structural programming organizes code into functions and procedures, while object-oriented
programming organizes code into objects and classes.

B) Structural programming relies on global variables for code organization, while object-oriented
programming promotes the use of local variables.

C) Structural programming emphasizes the use of inheritance and polymorphism for code organization,
while object-oriented programming does not.

D) Structural programming prohibits the use of functions for code organization, while object-oriented
programming encourages it.

**Answer: A**

### Question 32: Consider a scenario where you need to implement a system for managing students
and courses. Why would an object-oriented approach be more beneficial than a structural programming
approach?

A) An object-oriented approach allows you to organize student and course data into classes with specific
attributes and methods, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

B) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

C) An object-oriented approach relies on a single function to handle all student and course data,
simplifying the design process.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
student and course data.

**Answer: A**

### Question 33: How does the concept of polymorphism in object-oriented programming contribute to
code flexibility and extensibility, addressing limitations of structural programming?

A) Polymorphism allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple
function declarations.

B) Polymorphism promotes code reuse by enabling methods to be used interchangeably across different
object types, enhancing flexibility and extensibility.

C) Polymorphism requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code flexibility.

D) Polymorphism restricts the use of inheritance, which is a key feature of structural programming.

**Answer: B**
### Question 34: In the context of software design, why is modularity more effectively achieved in
object-oriented programming compared to structural programming?

A) Modularity in object-oriented programming is achieved by breaking down code into small,

independent functions.

B) Object-oriented programming encourages the use of global variables, which enhances modularity.

C) Modularity in object-oriented programming is achieved through the encapsulation of related data and
functionality within objects, promoting better organization and reusability.

D) Structural programming uses inheritance to achieve modularity, which is less effective than
encapsulation in object-oriented programming.

**Answer: C**

### Question 35: Consider a scenario where you need to develop a system for managing inventory items
in a warehouse. Why would an object-oriented approach be more beneficial than a structural
programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single large function to handle all inventory items, simplifying
the design process.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate inventory item data and behavior within
separate classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
inventory item data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 36: How does encapsulation in object-oriented programming improve data security and
integrity compared to structural programming?

A) Encapsulation allows all data to be accessed globally, enhancing data security.

B) Encapsulation restricts direct access to data and provides controlled access through methods,
reducing the risk of data corruption and unauthorized modification.

C) Encapsulation promotes the use of global variables, which enhances data security.

D) Encapsulation eliminates the need for data hiding, simplifying data management.

**Answer: B**
### Question 37: Which of the following best describes the role of classes and objects in object-oriented
programming compared to structural programming?

A) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming encapsulate data and behavior, promoting
reusability and modularity, while structural programming relies on separate functions to handle data.

B) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming are used solely for organizing functions, whereas
structural programming relies on inheritance to achieve code organization.

C) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming are less flexible than structural programming
functions.

D) Classes and objects in object-oriented programming promote global variables, unlike structural
programming.

**Answer: A**

### Question 38: Consider a scenario where you need to implement a system for managing different
types of accounts (savings, checking, investment). Why would an object-oriented approach be more
beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single function to handle all account types, simplifying the
design process.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate account data and behavior within separate
classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
account data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 39: How does inheritance in object-oriented programming contribute to code reusability
and maintainability, addressing limitations of structural programming?

A) Inheritance allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple function
declarations.

B) Inheritance promotes code reuse by enabling derived classes to inherit properties and methods from
base classes, reducing duplication and promoting better organization and maintenance.

C) Inheritance requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code reusability.

D) Inheritance restricts the use of encapsulation, making maintenance and updates more challenging.
**Answer: B**

### Question 40: In the context of software maintenance and updates, why is object-oriented
programming often preferred over structural programming?

A) Object-oriented programming eliminates the need for planning and design, making maintenance and
updates easier.

B) Object-oriented programming offers better performance compared to structural programming,

making maintenance and updates faster.

C) Object-oriented programming provides better organization of code through encapsulation,

inheritance, and polymorphism, making it easier to understand, update, and maintain.

D) Object-oriented programming uses global variables extensively, simplifying maintenance and

updates.

**Answer: C**

### Question 41: In the context of software design, why is abstraction more effectively achieved in
object-oriented programming compared to structural programming?

A) Abstraction in object-oriented programming relies on global variables for code organization, which
enhances clarity and understanding.

B) Object-oriented programming uses inheritance to achieve abstraction, which is less effective than the
use of functions in structural programming.

C) Abstraction in object-oriented programming is achieved through the encapsulation of implementation

details within classes, promoting better organization and reusability.

D) Structural programming encourages the use of complex control structures, which enhances
abstraction.

**Answer: C**

### Question 42: Consider a scenario where you need to implement a system for managing different
types of employees (full-time, part-time, contractors). Why would an object-oriented approach be more
beneficial than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single large function to handle all employee types, simplifying
the design process.

B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate employee data and behavior within separate
classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.
C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented
approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
employee data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 43: How does polymorphism in object-oriented programming enable code reuse and
extensibility, addressing limitations of structural programming?

A) Polymorphism allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple
function declarations.

B) Polymorphism restricts the use of inheritance, which is a key feature of structural programming.

C) Polymorphism promotes code reuse by enabling methods to be used interchangeably across different
object types, enhancing flexibility and extensibility.

D) Polymorphism requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code flexibility.

**Answer: C**

### Question 44: Which of the following best describes the role of encapsulation in object-oriented
programming compared to structural programming?

A) Encapsulation in object-oriented programming promotes the use of global variables, which enhances
data security.

B) Encapsulation in object-oriented programming encapsulates related data and behavior within objects,
providing better control over data access and modification, unlike structural programming which uses
global variables.

C) Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is achieved through the use of complex control

structures, whereas structural programming relies on encapsulation to organize code.

D) Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is less effective than in structural programming.

**Answer: B**

### Question 45: Consider a scenario where you need to design a system for managing different types of
products (electronics, clothing, groceries). Why would an object-oriented approach be more beneficial
than a structural programming approach?

A) An object-oriented approach relies on a single large function to handle all product types, simplifying
the design process.
B) An object-oriented approach allows you to encapsulate product data and behavior within separate
classes, facilitating better organization, reusability, and maintenance.

C) A structural programming approach offers better performance compared to an object-oriented

approach.

D) An object-oriented approach restricts the use of functions, making it more suitable for managing
product data.

**Answer: B**

### Question 46: How does inheritance in object-oriented programming promote code reuse and
maintainability compared to structural programming?

A) Inheritance allows functions to accept different types of data, reducing the need for multiple function
declarations.

B) Inheritance requires extensive use of global variables, which enhances code reusability.

C) Inheritance promotes code reuse by enabling derived classes to inherit properties and methods from
base classes, reducing duplication and promoting better organization and maintenance.

D) Inheritance restricts the use of encapsulation, making maintenance and updates more challenging.

**Answer: C**