EDEXCEL IGCSE / CERTIFICATE IN PHYSICS 2-3 Current and Voltage in Circuits Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 74 to 81 Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in red typeon the next slide and is indicated on subsequent slides by ‘TRIPLE ONLY June 172012Edexcel Specification Section 2: Electricity c) Energy and potential differenc ircuits explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for particular applications, including domestic lighting understand that the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of other components understand that current is the rate of flow of charge know and use the relationship: charge = currentx time Q=/xt know that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons know that: + voltage is the energy transferred per unit charge passed + the volt is a joule per coulomb. Red type: Triple Science OnlyCOVERED UNDER ELECTRIC CHARGE Electrical conductors and insulators An electrical conductor is a material through which electric current flows easily. All metals are conductors. Electrical insulators have a very high resistance to the flow of electric current. Complete the table below: copper conductor | rubber insulator steel conductor | mercury | conductor paper insulator plastic insulator | diamond _| insulator graphite | conductorCOVERED UNDER ELECTRIC CHARGE BY TRIPLE GROUPS ONLY Electric charge Electric charge can be either positiveor negative. In an atom an electron has a negative charge that is of the same size as the positive charge of a proton. Neutrons @ Becton have no electric charge. oun @ Neuron As an atom has the same number of electrons as protons it is uncharged. NucleusElectric current An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge. An electric current of one ampere(A) flows when a charge of one coulomb(C) passes a point in an electric circuit in one second In metallic conductors (e.g. copper wire) electronscarry negativecharge from the negative side of a power supply, around a circuit and back into the positive side. VY 8 “TN Battery The arrow shows the direction of electron flow.Charge-current equation electric charge =current xtime also: /=Q /tQuestion 1 Calculate the charge passing through a device when a current of 500mA flows for 3 minutes. Qe=l xt = 500 mA x 3 minutes = 0.5A x 180s charge = 90CQuestion 2 Calculate the current flowing when a charge of 240C flows through a device in 80s. 1=Q +t current = 240 C 80s current = 3AAnswers t 30s 5s 4 minutes 60sTRIPLE ONLY Voltage A battery gives electrical charge energy. The voltageof a battery is equal to the energyin joulesprovided when a chargeof one coulomb passes through the battery. voltage =energy +charge 1 volt is the same as 1 joule per coulombTRIPLE ONLY Question Calculate the voltage of a battery if it supplies 300 joules of energy to 50C of charge. voltage =energy +charge = 300 J 50C battery voltage = 6VTRIPLE ONLY Answers Voltage Energy Charge 480J 500J 120J 69kJTRIPLE ONLY Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below: Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge . Electric charge is measured in coulombs . A battery provides electrical energy. The amount of energy provided per coulomb _ of electric charge passing is equal to the voltage of the battery. The mains _ supply gives 230 joules to every coulomb of charge.Electric circuits An electric current will only flow if there is a complete, unbroken electric circuit, that contains a power supply. A circuit diagram uses a standard set of symbols to show how electrical components are connected together.Circuit symbols cell acell is required to push electrons around a circuit battery a battery consists of two or more cells wire wires should always been drawn as straight lines wire junction switch a switch enables the current in a circuit to be turned on or off27? ¢ indicator light bulb ammeter voltmeter often a light bulb — this is used to show whether or not a circuit is on old symbol — the indicator symbol is now used measures electric current in amperes (A) measures voltage in volts (V)Bad \N ! fixed a resistor is used to limit resistor the current in a circuit variable resistor thermistor a device whose resistance decreases with temperature light dependent a device whose resistor (LDR) resistance decreases with brightness—pp— diode a diode only allows current to flow in one direction (indicated by the arrow) “7 ph light emitting a diode that emits light when diode (LED) __ it allows the flow of electric current SS} fuse a fuse is designed to melt and so break an electric circuit when too much electric current flows Tk heater a device used to convert electrical energy to heatElectric current flow Electric current flows from the POSITIVE terminal of a power supply around a circuit to the NEGATIVEterminal. The longer thinner line of the symbol for a cell is the positive terminal. | 4 Bh Radio In the circuit above the diode is aligned so that it allows current to flow through the radio.Complete component symbol component ammeter | Tk heater | diode | sk resistor | indicator | tZ+ NN thermistor | cell LDR 12.99Question Draw a circuit diagram for the torch shown e| below. Slide switch Reflector Spring / = Plastic case L Bulb (3V) Glass coverSeries circuits Circuit components are said to be connected in seriesif the same electric current passes through each of them in turn. 3A 3A 3A A 3A 3A 3A The cell and the two lamps are in series with each other and so the same electric current passes through all of them.In a series circuit all of the components can be controlled by using just one switch. Each component shares the voltage of the power supply and so adding more bulbs in series will cause each bulb to become dimmer.Parallel circuits The voltage across each component connected in parallelis the same. X—+ component X, V,will be the | The voltmeter reading for same as the voltmeter | _ reading for component Y, Vy. +—@)— = YIn a parallel circuit all of the components can be individually controlled by using separate switches. If one light bulb blows the other bulbs will still carry on working.Currents in parallel circuits The total current x through the whole 5A BA circuit is the sum of the currents through ) the separate ph components. riWhat are the advantages of connecting two lamps in parallel rather than in series to a power supply? c ints +>——_{X%)——+ . the lamps are brighter than when connected in series When connected in parallel: 2. the lamps can be controlled individually with switches 3. one lamp will continue working even if the other does notCalculate the currents measured by ammeters A1, A2 and A3 in the circuit below. x 6A A1 =2A A2 =4A LY @){__|Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below: When components are connected_together in series they will all have the same __current__ flowing through each of them. When components are connected in parallel to each other they will each have the same voltage. Lamps are usually connected in __ parallel to each other as this allows them to be controlled individually by switches and if one lamp _blows _ the others can still continue to operate.Online Simulations KT - Microsoft WORD Srl Symbols wit fis pats gameby 2Chak Hidden Pairs Game on Circuit Symbols - by KT - Signal Circuit- PhET - Why do the lights turn on in a room as soon as you flip a swit lip the switch and electrons slowly creep along a wire. The light turns on when the signal reaches it. Charo flow with resistors in series and parallel- Circuit Construction DC Only - PhET - An nics kit in your computer! Build circuits with resistors, light bulbs, batteries, and switches. Take measurements with the realistic ammeter and voltmeter. View the circuit as a schematic diagram, or switch to a life-like view. Simple parallel circuit with motor and lamps -_ Freezeway.com Seats parallel circuit with motor and larios and ‘Switch quiz circuit - Freezeway.com Two way switches with a flight of stairs - ae a Bulb circuit diagram quiz - Freezeway.com Microsoft Electric Current Quizes- by KT - Microsoft BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Circuit symbols Series and parallel circuits Measuring current and voltage Current in series circuits BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision: Circuit symbols & diagrams Series & parallel connection Current & potential difference Cells and circuits Series circuits Parallel circuitsTRIPLE ONLY Current and Voltage in Circuits Notes questions from pages 74 to 81 1. Describe how electric current flows through a metallic conductor. (see pages75 and 75) 2. (a) State the equation in words and symbol form relating electric current to charge. (b) Calculate the charge that flows when a current of 5A flows for 40 seconds. 3. (a) What is meant by voltage? (b) How much energy will a 12V battery supply to a charge of 4 coulombs? 4. Draw the circuit symbols for: (a) battery; (b) diode; (c) bulb; (d) fuse; (e) variable resistor; (f) LDR; (g) thermistor. (see page 77) 5. List the differences between series and parallel circuit connection. Give an advantage for each case. (see pages 77 to 79) 6. Why are LEDs used in preference to light bulbs? 7. Answer the questions on pages 80 and 81. 8. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist on page 80.DOUBLE ONLY Current and Voltage in Circuits Notes questions from pages 74 to 81 1. Describe how electric current flows through a metallic conductor. (see pages75 and 75) 2. (a) State the equation in words and symbol form relating electric current to charge. (b) Calculate the charge that flows when a current of 5A flows for 40 seconds. 3. Draw the circuit symbols for: (a) battery; (b) diode; (c) bulb; (d) fuse; (e) variable resistor; (f) LDR; (g) thermistor. (see page 77) 4. List the differences between series and parallel circuit connection. Give an advantage for each case. (see pages 77 to 79) 5. Why are LEDs used in preference to light bulbs? 6. Answer questions 1, 2, 4 and 5 on pages 80 and 81.