European Exploration and Colonization in U.S.

 Europeans’ key motives:

- Spanish: Gold, NW Passage
- French: Spread Christianity, NW Passage
- England: Colonize, NW Passage
 Explorers:
- Christopher Colombus
- Hernan Cortes – Conquered Aztec Empire with limited resources
 Exploration of the Americas Timeline

- 1000: Lief Erikson discovers New England

- 1492: C.C. discovers New World
- 1497: John Cabot discovers N. America
- 1507: New World named after Amerigo Vespucci
- 1513: Vasco Nunez discovers Pacific Ocean
- 1519: H.C. conquers Mexico
- 1521: Ferdinand Magellan sails around the world

 1st American Settlements

- St. Augustine: oldest U.S. city, founded by Spanish
- Jamestown, VA: 1st permanent English colony
- Plymouth Colony: 1st permanent Puritan Settlement
- Rhode Island Colony: founded by Roger Williams (Puritan)

Key player in American colonization: The Pilgrims (English Puritans seeking religious
freedom)

 The 13 Colonies
- New England Colonies: New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island,
Connecticut
- Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
- Southern Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina

The American Revolution

Main Players of the Revolutionary War

 George Washington: Military general & 1st President

 John Adams: Lawyer & diplomat, 2nd President
 Sam Adams: Founding Father, Founded Sons of Liberty, believed people have natural
rights to security, liberty, and property
 Paul Revere: Patriot, Midnight Ride
 Thomas Jefferson: Founding father, 3rd president, principal author of Declaration of
Independence
 Alexander Hamilton: Federalist, Founding father
  John Locke: Philosopher of the Social Contract Theory, impacted Declaration of
Independence
 Benedict Arnold: General in the Continental Army, coward/traitor

Cause of the American Revolution

 Stamp Act: Tax put on American colonies by the British in 1765

 Townshend Acts: Series of laws passed by British Parliament to tax good imported to
American colonies
 Boston Massacre: Confrontation where a British soldier shot and killed several people in
Boston. Leading Patriots (Paul Revere, Sam Adams) used this as Propaganda.
 Boston Tea Party: Protest by American Colonies against British government
 Sons of Liberty: Secret organization to advance the rights of colonists and fight taxation
by the British government

Political Parties

 1st Political Parties

- Federalist Party: Considered the “big government” party; created by Alexander
Hamilton
- Democratic-Republican Party: Considered the “small government” party; created by
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
 2nd Political Parties
- Republican Party: Henry Clay
- Democratic Party: Andrew Jackson
- Whig Party: Opposition to Democratic Party; transitioned to Republican Party

Westward Expansion

 Fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail, and Manifest Destiny
 Louisiana Purchase: Land deal between U.S. & France – under T. J’s term and this land
formed 15 states
 Eerie Canal: Man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic through NY to the Great Lakes;
made it easier/cheaper to travel and trade
 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851: Treaty for U.S. and native Americans to assign them
territories

Positives from the Civil War

 Dissolution of the Confederacy

 Abolishment of slavery
 Beginning of the Reconstruction Era
 Passing of the 13th-15th amendments (Civil Rights Amendments)

Immigration and Migration during late 19th- Early 20th Century

 Agrarianism: Values rural over urban society as well as owning land & farming
 Industrialization: Economy shifts from agricultural to manufacturing of goods
 Urbanization: Population shifts to rural areas
WW1

 Cause: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

 WW1 Powers
- Allied: France, Britan, Russia, US
- Central: Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary
 President during: Woodrow Wilson
 Ended with Treaty of Versailles

WW2

 Cause: Germany invaded Poland

 Deadliest war in history
 30+ countries
 WW2 Powers
- Allied: Great Britan, US, Soviet Union, China
- Axis: Germany, Japan, Italy, France (kind of)
 Major events of WW2:
- Pearl harbor, D-Day (Normandy), Manhattan Project, Hiroshima & Nagasaki
bombings, Germany & Japan surrender to end the war
 Ending: Paris Peace Treaties of 1947

Partition of India

 British empire gave India independence after WW2

 India split into 2 – Pakistan & India

The 6-Day War

 Between: Israelis & Arabs

 Ended: Significant tension that still exist today for ownership of Gaza

The Persian Gulf War

 Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Kuwait

 Worldwide ban on trade with Iraq

Iraq War

 US & GB invade Iraq (200s)

Cold War

 Key events:
- Truman Doctrine, formation of NATO, Arms Race, Space Race, Bay of Pigs Invasion,
Cuban Missile Crisis

Court Cases

 Plessy v. Ferguson: Upheld segregation; It was okay to keep segregation if both sides
were “separate but equal”; JIM CROW LAWS
  Mapp v Ohio: Established illegal searches and seizures
 Marbury v. Madison: Established judicial review
 Brown v. BOE: Ended segregation in public schools

Branches of Government

Article 1- Legislative Branch

 House of Representatives (435 Members); 2-year terms

- 100% are reelected every 2 years
 Senate (100 Members); 6-year terms
- 33% are reelected every 2 years

Article 2- Executive Branch

 President; 4-year term

Article 3 – Judicial Branch

 Supreme Court: 9 justices appointed by the President

 Boundary Delimitation: Process of drawing electoral district boundaries

 Constituency: A group of voters who elect representatives to legislative bodies
 Gerrymandering: Drawing political boundaries to gain advantage over opponents

Political Systems

 Direct Democracy: The people decide on policies directly (Switzerland)

 Representative democracy: People elect representatives to vote on policies (U.S.)
 Republic: Government with a chief of state who is usually president, not a monarch.
Power ultimately resides with the citizens who elect representatives to govern (U.S.)
 Absolute Monarchy: Undivided rule or absolute sovereignty by a single person (comes
into power by marriage or offspring (Saudi Arabia)
 Constitutional Monarchy: Monarch’s powers are limited to the Parliament (Britan)
 Communist State: Single political party based on the ideology of Marxism. Call
themselves “socialist states” (China, NK)
 Dictatorship: An authoritarian form of government that has a single leader or group of
leaders (opposite of democracy) (Hitler)
 Parliamentary: led by representatives of the people; remains in power until voted out
(Israel)

Founding Documents

 Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin

 Federalist Papers: Made case for checks and balances and separation of powers;
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison
 Articles of Confederation: 1st constitution of the U.S.; John Dickinson
  Constitution: Outlines Articles 1-3; Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison,
Alexander Hamilton
 The Bill of Rights: 1st 10 amendments; James Madison

The Bill of Rights

 1- Freedom of Religion, Speech, and the Press

 2- The right to bear arms
 3- Prevents government from forcing homeowners to house soldiers
 4- Protection from unlawful search and seizure
 5- Protection for people accused of crimes (double jeopardy, right against self-
incrimination and cannot be imprisoned without due process – fair trial)
 6- Additional protection for people accused of crimes – right to a speedy and public trial,
right to be informed of charges, witnesses must face the accused)
 7- Right to a jury trial in federal civil cases
 8- Bars excessive bail and cruel/unusual punishment
 9- These are not their only rights
 10- State Rights’: Federal government only has the rights of the constitution, if not listed
it goes to the state

U.S. Foreign Policy

 Monroe Doctrine (1823): Isolation policy that in order for America to develop, Europe
and America must stay out of each other’s affairs; lasted until WW1
 Truman Doctrine (1947): U.S. would provide military and equipment assistance to all
democratic nations
 Marshall Plan (1949): AKA European Recovery Program; American initiative to help
western Europe rebuild their economic system after WW2
 NATO (1949): AKA Washington Treaty; Military alliance to create a counterweight to
Soviet armies stationed in Europe. Few original members: Belgium, Canada, France, Italy,
UK. The Soviet Union responded with the Warsaw Pact
 Domino Theory (1954): The theory of communism spreading; Dwight Eisenhower
 Foreign Assistance Act and USAID (1961): Policy of implementing diplomacy through
foreign aid; JFK

Geography

 International Date Line: line of navigation from North to South Pole and indicates the
change of one calendar day to the next – not a straight line as it detours around political
boundaries
 Places: defined by both physical and human characteristics
 Regions: broad areas divided by physical and human impact characteristics. Ex.
Southwest Florida, and Sunbelt
 Sovereign State: A self-governing geopolitical entity that has defined borders and
controls its internal sovereignty over its existence and affairs

Maps
  Political: Shows locations of cities, towns, and counties and may show some physical
features (common)
 Physical: Shows the physical features of an area (Mountains, rivers, lakes). Colors are
used to show differences in land elevations or water
 Topographical: Similar to physical except uses contour lines instead of color to show
depth. Also display important landmarks and roads, can show how people migrated,
buildings, cemeteries

Physical Systems

 Atmosphere: gases surrounding the planet

 Biosphere: Includes all life
 Hydrosphere: Includes all water
 Lithosphere: The outer region of Earth including the crust and upper mantle

Geographic features

 Archipelago: A group of islands or island chains (Hawaii)

 Atoll: Coral island that surrounds a lagoon (Maldives)
 Barrier Island: Band of beach parallel to the mainland that protects the shore from
effects of the ocean (Clearwater Beach, Florida)
 Bays: Inlet of the sea- usually smaller than the gulf (Chesapeake Bay)
 Deciduous Forest: Forest of trees that lose their leaves seasonally (U.S.)
 Delta: Landform that forms from deposition of sediment from a river
 Fjord: Long, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs
 Isthmus: Narrow strip of land connecting two large land areas (Panama)
 Taiga: Moise, subarctic forest of conifers that begins where a tundra ends
 Tundra: arctic; rolling plains

Agriculture

 Arable: Producing crops

 Terrace Farming: Invented by the Inca; steps built on hilly areas
 Crop Rotation: Plating different crops sequentially to maximize nutrients in soil
 Pastoral: Producing animals
 Sustenance: Producing what is needed for self or family – sustaining
 Commercial: Producing to sell
 Intensive: Small areas of land; high input of resources
 Extensive: Large areas of land; low input of resources
 Irrigation: The supply of water to land and crops to promote growth

- Surface irrigation: using gravity to move water across land; no mechanical system

-Localized irrigation: Using a network of pipes and low pressure to distribute water

-Center pivot irrigation: Sprinklers

-Sub-irrigation: Using pumping stations, canals, dams, gates, ditches

  Aqueducts: Method of surface irrigation; Mesopotamians created, and Romans
perfected

Religions

 Christianity: most widely practiced religion worldwide

- Text: Bible
- Countries: U.S., Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Philippines, Germany, France
 Islam: originated at start of the 7th century in Arabia; 2nd most popular worldwide
 Muslims worship one all-knowing God who is known as Allah
- Text: Koran
- Countries: Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq
 Catholicism: Belief that the Roman Catholic Church is the only true church; belief in
Purgatory; Seven sacraments
 Buddhism: based on the teachings of Buddha; ultimate goal is Nirvana; 4 noble truths
- Text: Pali Cannon
- Countries: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam
 Hinduism: Originated in modern day Pakistan; compilation of different beliefs and has no
one founder; worship Brahman
- Text: The Vedas
- Countries: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan
 Judaism: founded by Moses; belief that the Messiah has not come yet
- Text: Torah
- Countries: Israel, U.S.

Neolithic Revolution: The turning point in human history from the hunter-gatherer to an agrarian
lifestyle. (believed to have happened in Mesopotamia 9000 BC)

 Hunter-gatherer societies: loosely formed; followed animal migratory patterns; no

government organization
 Agriculture-based societies: Beginning of modern civilization; grew crops, domesticated
animals, formed government, laws, economic systems
- 4 main regions responsible for advancements of Neolithic Revolution are
Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), Indus Valley-Pakistan
(Pakistan River), China (Yellow)

Mesopotamia

 First civilization
 Known for some of the most important developments in human history such as
tools/weapons, cuneiform writing, agriculture, Irrigation, pottery, domestication of
plants/animals, wooden plows, rectangular houses
 Advancements: Cuneiform to trigger recording of history; Babylonian Numerals
Egyptian Advancements

 Hieroglyphics, autobiography, prayer, statues, Pharoh the Great engineered the

corbelled arch to help build the pyramids, invented paper, ink, calendar, and were great
astronomers

Ancient Civilizations

 Ancient Greece (2000 BC-100 BC): Olympic games, Athens, Sparta, Gods, Myths,
Alexander the Great
 Roman Empire (800 BC-500 AD): Architecture, concrete, plumbing, mastery of
aqueducts, Julius Caesar, gladiators, Juluis proposed 365-day calendar
 Indian (2500 BC-1600 BC): Hinduism (oldest religion), Buddhism
 Chinese (1600 BC-1912 AD): Shang Dynasty, Confucianism,
 Ottoman Empire (1200 AD-1922): conquered the Byzantine Empire, controlled western
Europe, known as Turkish Empire

20th Century Developments:

 Assembly Line: Henry Ford; reduced time it took to build something and allowed for
mass production
 Light Bulb: Thomas Edison; work longer hours
 Bessemer Steel: Andrew Carnegie; allowed steel to be mass produced
 Atomic energy: Einstein; 1st fission bomb
 Sputnik: 1st satellite launched into space by the Russian, triggered the space race

The Age of Reasoning and the Enlightenment

 The Age of Reason: transition from faith-based reasoning of the Medieval Era to rational
reasoning
 The Enlightenment: Intellectual movement for freedom, democracy, and reasoning

Triangular Slave Trade: the route European Colonists used to transport slaves from Africa to the
Americans and Europe

 Middle Passage: part of the slave trade when African captives were packed into ships
and sent from Africa to the West Indies (Caribbean)

French Revolution

 France went broke from recent wars

 People were no longer satisfied with monarchical rule
 King Louis the 16th made poor decisions as a leader

Basic concepts of economics

 Recession: A period of temporary economic decline, generally identified by the fall of

GDP
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The value of all goods and services a country produces in
one year
  Capitalism: Business owners produce goods and provide services for sale in order to
make a profit
 Socialism: There are no private business owners; there is a system of collective or gov.
ownership
 Communism: No private party exists and there is no centralized production or
distribution
 Perfect competition: Opposite of monopoly
 Monopolistic competition: Producers sell similar goods and services; barriers to enter
the market are low
 Monopoly: There is only one producer/seller, and they control prices

Types of Accounts:

 Money Market Accounts: bank account with a higher interest rate than savings but with
limited withdrawals per statement cycle; usually requires a minimum balance
 Certificates of Deposit (COD): bank account with a higher interest rate than a money
market account but longer periods of time between withdrawals
 IRA: Retirement account that offers tax advantages but cannot be withdrawn until
retirement age without penalty
 U.S. Savings Bonds: Government bond that is exempt from state and local taxes and is
used to fund capital projects

Supply and Demand

 Law of Demand: When prices increase, demand increases; centered on consumer’s

behavior
 Law of Supply: When prices increase, supply increases
 Equilibrium: Supply & demand equilibrium occurs at the intersection of both curves;
AKA allocation efficiency
 Elastic: The quantity demand of a good or service changes significantly when the price
changes
 Inelastic: The quality demand of a good or service only changes modestly when its price
changes
- If the elasticity is greater than or equal to 1, the good or service is elastic

Economics and its effects on population, resources, and technology

 Push factors: circumstances that make a person want to leave

 Pull factors: advantages a country has to make a person want to live there
- Great Potato Famine – lasted 6 years killed 1 million people and caused
2 million to flee the country

Government and the Economy

 Embargo: official ban on trade with a particular country

 Eminent domain: the right of a government to expropriate private property for public
use without compensation
 Sanctions: a threatened penalty for disobeying the law
  Federal Reserve: in charge of interest rates,
 Department of Treasury: produces currency, collects taxes, pays bills

Market Systems

 Traditional: traditions, customs, beliefs, shape the goods and services produced
 Command: Government determined what goods are produced as well as the price
 Market: Goods produced are based on the market, supply, and demand
 Mixed: contains characteristics of both capitalism and socialism economies

Important Misc. Terms

 Acculturation: modification of an individual or group as a result of interaction with

another culture
 Compromise of 1850: Fugitive slave act; Capture and return of runaway slaves, abolish
slave trade in DC, established NM, AZ, and UT as territories, admitted CA into union as a
free state
 Opportunity Cost: Gaining one item out of two by giving up the second item

Which of the following ancient civilizations used hieroglyphics as a way to communicate?

A. Greece

B. Rome

C. Egypt +
D. China

Which of the following events of the American Revolution occurred last?

A. The passage of the Intolerable Acts

B. Dumping of tea into the Boston Harbor

C. Signing of the Declaration of Independence

D. Battle of Yorktown +

Which of the following forms of gov. consists of a union of several countries with some or most power
shared between them?

A. Dictatorship

B. Republic

C. Confederation +

D. Monarchy

Which of the following actions contained a controversial fugitive slave provision?

A. The Compromise of 1850 +

B. The Missouri Compromise

C. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

D. 3/5 Compromise

Which of the following American Civil War battles immediately preceded the issuing of the
Emancipation Proclamation?

A. Battle of Gettysburg

B. Battles of Bull Run

C. battle of Antietam +

D. Battle of Vicksburg

Which of the following individuals helped end the system of apartheid in South Africa?

A. Mohandas Gandhi

B. Mother Teresa

C. Nelson Mandela +
D. The Dalai Lama

Which of the following European nations was the 1st to colonize the southwestern U.S.?

A. Spain +

B. Portugal

C. France

D. England

The Ring of Fire is best known for which of the following characteristics?

A. Slash-and-Burn agriculture

B. High levels of seismic activity +

C. Severe drought conditions

D. High number of wildfires

Which of the following are the main religions in Nepal (Asia)?

A. Sikhism and Buddhism

B. Buddhism and Confucianism

C. Hinduism and Buddhism +

D. Christianity and Judaism

Which of the following events took place as a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A. Members of the Seminole tribe Peacefully relocated to Florida

B. The US Army relocated members of the Creek nation to Georgia

C. The Sioux were the only remaining tribes in the SE US

D. Members of the Cherokee Nation were forced to move to W US +

Which of the following best describes indentured servants during the American colonia period?

A. They obtained their freedom once their contract was complete +

B. They consisted primarily of young women and children

C. The majority served in wealthy homes in northern colonies

D. They paid higher taxes to offset their cost of their trip to the Americas

Which of the following countries is known as the breadbasket of Europe?

A. Ukraine +

B. France

C. Ireland

D. Poland

Which of the following rights did Thomas Jefferson believe John Adams had violated when he signed
the Alien and Sedition Acts into law?

A. The right to bear arms

B. The freedom of the press +

C. The right to assemble peacefully

D. Unreasonable searches and seizures

Which of the following reasons explains why Russia withdrew from WW1?

A. Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated

B. The Bolshevik Revolution started +

C. Nicolas 2 was crowned czar

D. Warsaw was captured by Germany

Which of the following is a key component in determining the economic growth of a country?

A. The landmass of a country

B. The per capita national output +

C. The amount of natural resources

D. The size of the country’s population

Which of the following are the most common geological threats to Mexico?

A. Hurricanes and tsunamis

B. Tornadoes and blizzards

C. Volcanoes and earthquakes +

D. Tsunamis and landslides

Which of the following is a responsibility of the executive branch?

A. Ratifying proposed amendments to the Constitution

B. Declaring war on countries that threaten national security

C. Signing proposed bills into law +

D. Declaring laws that infringe on personal freedoms unconstitutional

Which of the following demonstrates one way the government can promote competition?

A. Implementing a tariff on foreign products

B. Enacting and enforcing antitrust legislation +

C. Providing tax breaks for consumers

D. Creating a national minimum wage

Which of the following best explains why the expansion of the American colonies was limited under
British Rule?

A. The Spanish held the territory west of the App. Mountains

B. Bad weather and poor soil prevented crops from growing south of the colonies

C. Most of the American colonists were fishermen and lived along the eastern shoreline

D. The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from migrating west +

Which of the following countries have territorial claims in Kashmir?

A. India, Pakistan, and China +

B. Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran

C. Iran, Iraq, and Russia

D. Russia, China, and India

Which of the following colonies was led by John Winthrop, and founded by people who escaped
religious persecution in England?

A. Georgia

B. Virginia

C. Massachusetts +
D. Pennsylvania

Which of the following regions is Islamic predominant?

A. Northern Africa +

B. Western Europe

C. Northern South America

D. Eastern Asia

Which of the following elements is contained in the US Constitution but not in the AOC?

A. Process to propose and approve amendments

B. The power of congress to declare war

C. The establishment of an executive branch +

D. A unicameral legislative structure

Which of the following is correct based on the law of supply?

A. A decrease in the demand for a product will result in an increase in supply

B. An increase in the demand for one product will lead to a fall in demand for another

C. A decrease in the value of a currency will cause the value of another currency to decline

D. An increase in the price of a product will result in an increase in supply +

Which of the following accurately compares 2 ancient civilizations?

A. The Egyptians and Aztecs both practiced monotheistic religions

B. The Sumerian civilization used cuneiform, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphics +

C. The Phoenicians traded mostly by the land routes, and the Chinese traded mostly by sea routes

D. The Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations lacked reliable sources of water

Which colony was known for having many English Catholic residents?
A. Rhode Island

B. Massachusetts

C. Maryland +

D. Virgina
Which of the following is the greatest impact of Alexander the Great's military conquests?
a. the establishes contact with eastern civilizations
b. the intermarrying of Greek soldiers with natives throughout his empire
c. the spread of Hellenistic culture across the known world +
d. the unification of military technologies

What gives the constitution its federalist structure?

A. The preamble

B. 10th +

C. 14th

D. 9th

What is the name of policy used by Germany in WW1?

A. Trench warfare +

B. Guerilla tactics

C. Shoot-and-Shoot

D. Unrestricted submarine warfare

A market where a few firms compete against each other is known as:

A. An oligopoly +

B. Monopolistic competition

C. Perfect competition

D. A monopoly

Which of the following best describes the cause of the decline of the roman empire?

A. the growth of Christianity led to religious turmoil throughout the empire

B. the prominence of landowners dictating military and economic policy

C. The increase of political instability and use of non-roman soldiers in the military +

D. Overpopulation of urban centers

What percentage of seats in the US Senate are up for re-election every 2 years?

A. 50%

B. 66%

C. 100%

D. 33% +

Who is believed to have invented terrace farming?

A. Aztecs

B. Mayans

C. Incas +

D. Mesopotamians

Which war was America’s bloodiest conflict?

A. Vietnam

B. WW1

C. Civil War +

D. War of 1812

Who surrendered at the Battle of Yorktown during the Revolutionary War?

A. John Burgoyne

B. Cornwallis +

C. King George 3rd

D. Marquis de Lafayette

Which of the following world regions is polytheistic?

A. Islam

B. Hinduism +

C. Christianity

D. Judaism
Which event is remembered as “a day that shall live in infamy”?

A. D-Day

B. Pearl Harbor +

C. Signing of Declaration of Independence

D. battle of Lexington and Concord

Which of the following deserts is the largest in the world?

A. Antarctica +

B. Eurasia

C. Africa

D. Sahara

During the debates leading to the ratification of the Constitution of 1788 many Americans were
concerned the constitution did not explicitly protect individual’s rights to liberties. To address these
fears and encourage the ratification of the constitution, which of the following was ratified?

A. The new deal

B. The AOC

C. The bill of rights +

D. Article 1 section 8

Which of the following is the best insulator of China from Russia?

A. Himalayas

B. Gobi Desert +

C. South China Sea

D. Plateau of Tibet

Why is Mecca important to the Islamic faith?

A. It is the headquarters of OPEC

B. It is the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad +

C. It is the largest city in the Muslim world

D. The faithful pray each day facing the Mecca

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of the 1st French explorers of N.A.?

A. Discover the western sea route to trade with Asia +

B. Convert American Indians to Christianity

C. Establish a vibrant fur trade

D. Establish a military outpost to combat Spanish dominance in North America

Who was New York founded by?

A. Dutch +

B. English

C. Swiss

D. French

Who developed the 1st Polio Vaccine?

A. Jonas Salk +

B. Albert Einstein

C. Marie Curie

D. George Washington

When was there a cure for Tuberculosis readily available?

A. 1930s

B. 1940s

C. 1950s +

D. 1960s

Which of the following aspects of the presidential elections between 1864-76 would be most
susceptible to fluctuation?

A. The likelihood of an incumbent being elected

B. The number of years between elections

C. The number of electoral votes in each election +

D. The number of candidates possible for election

Who signed the Declaration first, last?

A. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson

B. John Hancock, Thomas McKean +

C. John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin

D. Thomas Jefferson, Thomas McKean

The great compromise during the constitutional convention of 1787 resulted in which of the
following?

A. The president’s term of 4-year periods

B. The implementation of Judicial Review

C. The importation of African Slaves being illegal ten years after ratification of the Constitution

D. A bilateral legislative body +

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose for the 1st European settlers settling around
the San Fransico Bay area?

A. The bay was rich with gold deposits

B. The bay was far from gov. oversight so individuals could evade taxes on goods

C. The bay was a natural harbor that protected ships inside the bay from turbulent weather and
conditions +

D. The area was rich in oil and deposits

What is Turkey’s largest city

A. Ankara

B. Antalya

C. Istanbul +

D. Izmir

Which of the following is the primary result of European colonization of Africa?

A. In increase in violent conflicts based on ethnicity +

B. The dissemination of European language and beliefs throughout Africa

C. An influx of migration patterns of Europeans to Africa and Africans to Europe

D. An increase in the political rights of minority groups

Who is Dalai Lama?

A. A spiritual Leader in Buddhism

B. A spiritual leader of Egypt

C. A spiritual leader of Tibet +

D. A spiritual leader in Islam

The trail of tears forced Indians to move from east of the Mississippi River to where?

A. Nebraska

B. Kansas

C. California

D. Oklahoma +

Which piece of legislation repealed the Missouri Compromise in 1854?

A. Dred Scott Act

B. Kansas-Nebraska Act +

C. Slavery Act

D. Nebraska Act

Who declares war?

A. Supreme Court

B. Vice President

C. Congress +

D. President

Who led the only effective slave rebellion?

A. Daniel Shays

B. Nat Turner +

C. Harriet Tubman

D. Dred Scott

Which colony did not attend the 1st Continental Congress?

A. Maryland

B. Virginia

C. Rhode Island

D. Georgia +

Who wrote the Federalist papers about checks and balances?

A. Alexander Hamilton

B. James Madison +

C. John Adams

D. Thomas Jefferson

The Albany Plan happened right before which war?

A. WW1

B. War of 1812

C. French/Indian War +

D. Civil War

What was the 1st battle of the Civil War?

A. Battle of Gettysburg

B. Battle of Shiloh

C. Battle of Antietam

D. Battle of Bull Run +

Who was the 2nd President as well as the commander of the continental army?

A. Thomas Jefferson

B. Ben Franklin

C. John Smith

D. John Adams +

Which colony was last to be settled?

A. Virginia

B. Georgia +

C. Maryland

D. Pennsylvania

Which two of the following were NOT New England colonies?

A. Vermont +

B. Rhode Island

C. Maine +

D. Connecticut

Who said this quote, “drudgery, work, and slavery” (so English colonist could live) “like soldiers upon
the fruit of their labor”?

A. John Rolfe +

B. Christopher Colombus

C. King George

D. John Smith

Which colony was known as New Sweden?

A. Virginia

B. Massachusetts

C. Pennsylvania

D. Delaware +

Where are the Atlas Mountains?

A. South America

B. Asis

C. Europe

D. Africa +

What was the ruling of the Dred Scott Case?

A. Dred Scott was not a free man after having lived in a free territory and no African American was a
citizen of the US. Slaves have no legal right to sue for their freedom +

B. The 14th amendment was ruled unconstitutional

C. Allowed African American children to attend school with whites

D. Established separate but equal among blacks and whites

Where did the Kingdom of Kush live?

A. Mesopotamia

B. Egypt +

C. Madagascar

D. India

New York is a _____ colony.

A. New England

B. Middle +

C. Southern

Where do the strongest monsoons tend to occur?

A. Egypt

B. Japan

C. China

D. Bangladesh

Historical geography can trace its roots back to what ancient Greek philosopher?

Herodotus

“Government prevents civil wars from occurring daily. Without government we live in a state of nature
where everyone has a right, or license, to everything in the world.

Thomas Hobbes

Where did the Civil War end?

Appomattox Court House

Which battle marked the start of the Revolutionary War?

Lexington and Concord

The Ural Mountains are between?

Europe & Asia