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13 views14 pages

CSC 205

Uploaded by

ajuwanate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

• Structured Programming is a technique devised to improve the


reliability and clarity of programs.

• Structured Programming makes use of three constructs;


i. SEQUENCE
ii. SELECTION
iii. ITERATION
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• A program is a finite set of sequenced instructions or commands given
to a computer to carry out a particular task.
• The same way, humans communicate using natural language, we use
Programming Language.
• Programming is a process of writing a set of instructions in a sequential
manner .(Using programming language to control the activity of a
computer system).
• A computer programming language is an artificial language which is
used in writing a set of formal instructions to control the activities of a
computer system
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• The two types of programming languages are low-level language and
high-level language.
• Low level Language are machine language that makes fast and
efficient computer use.
• Low-level languages are machine-dependent.
• High level Languages are machine-independent. They are easy to
learn and write.
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE
• Low level language are similar to natural Language.
• The two major low level language are machine language and
assembly language.
• Machine Language is the only language the computer understands
and are coded using strings of 0’s and 1’s.
• One of the advantages of machine language is that it require no
translator to translate the code since it is easily understood by the
computer.
DISADVANTAGE OF MACHINE LEARNING
• It is bulky
• It consumes much time for reading and writing.
• It is error prone.
• It is machine dependent.
• It is difficult.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• Assembly Language is a low-level language that uses MNEMONICS
(symbols) to represent data and instruction.
• The computer cannot execute a program directly written in assembly
language; it requires a translator called assembler.
• Assembler is a special program designed to translate a program
written in assembly language to a machine language equivalent.
ADVANTAGE OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

1.It as it requires less memory


2. It allows complex jobs to run in a simpler way.
3. It is faster in speed, as its execution time is less.
4. It requires less instruction to get the result
5. It requires less instruction to get the result
DISADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• 1. It is machine-dependent

• 2.It is costly to develop

• 3. It consumes time
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
• High-level language (HLL) is a programming language that enables a
programmer to write a program that is more or less dependent on a
particular type of computer such as PERL, or FORTRAN .

• High-Level Language is a problem-oriented Language.

• The source Programs are written in English instead of mere symbols.

• It can be said that a high-level language is a convenient and simple means of


describing the information structures and sequences of actions required to
perform a particular task.
ADVANTAGES OF HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
1. No knowledge of the computer in which the program will be run is required
2. The programs are portable
3. Very easy to learn and write
DISADVANTAGES OF HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
1. It takes additional translation time to translate the source to machine code.

2. High-level programs are comparatively slower than low-level programs.

3.Compared to low-level programs, they are generally less memory-efficient

4. Cannot communicate directly with the hardware


FEATURES OF HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
1. Machine dependent
2. Problem Oriented
3. Ability to reflect the structure in which it is written.
4. Readability
5. Programs are portable

Examples of High-level Languages are PERL, FORTRAN, COBOL, QBASIC, VISUAL


BASIC, JAVA, PASCAL etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PROGRAM
1. Portability

2. Reliability

3. Efficiency/Cost Saving

4. Clarity and Simplicity

5. Readability

6. Flexibility/Adaptability/Maintainability
PHASES OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
1. Program Definition or analysis
2. Selection or development of an algorithm
3. Designing the program
4. Coding the Program statement
5. Compilation stage
6. Testing and debugging the program
7. Documentation
8. 8. Maintenance

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