Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas)
Numbers
A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making calculations
TYPES OF NUMBERS
Natural Numbers
Natural numbers are a part of the number system which includes all the positive integers from 1 till infinity.
They are denoted by N.
For example N= {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
All natural numbers are positive
Zero is not natural number
1 (one) is the smallest natural number
Whole number
The whole numbers are the part of the number system in which it includes all the positive integers from 0 to
infinity. They are denoted by W.
For example W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…..}
Whole numbers are also known as non-negative integers
Zero (0) is the smallest natural number
Integers
Integers include all whole numbers and their negative counterpart. They are denoted by I.
For example I= {…-4,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…..}
Two types of Integers are
Positive Integers- Natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I+. For example
I+= {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
Negative Integers- Negative of natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I-. For
example I- = {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
Zero (0) is neither positive integers nor negative integer.
Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC CGL
Real Numbers
Any number such as positive integers, negative integers, fractional numbers or decimal numbers without
imaginary numbers are called the real numbers. Real numbers are denoted by R
For example √ 2, √ 3,8/5,6/2,-0.65, π, 8
Real numbers include both rational and irrational numbers
Rational Numbers
A number that can be expressed as p/q is called a rational numbers. where p and q are integers and q ≠
0 (Note: The denominator cannot be 0, but the numerator can be)
For example 1/2, 3/4, 7/2,3/5,7
All the perfect squares are rational numbers. Example: √ 4, √ 9, √ 49
All the terminating decimals are rational numbers. Example: 1.25, 2.34 and 6.94
All the repeating decimals are the rational numbers. Example: 0.33333333, 0.222222 and 0.555555
Zero(0) is a rational number
Every integer is a rational number. Example:3,5,8
All rational numbers are real numbers
Irrational Numbers
The numbers that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q are called irrational numbers. where p and q are
integers and q ≠ 0
For example √2, π, √3, √99, √11
Non-periodic infinite decimal fractions are called as irrational numbers
Example: 0.0435523, 0.3425452
All irrational number are real number.
Prime Number
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by itself and 1
Example: 2, 3, 5,7,11…
The number 2 is the only even prime number
Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC CGL
Composite numbers
Composite numbers are the numbers which have factors other than 1 and the number itself
Example: 4, 6, 8,9,10, etc.
Composite numbers are non-prime natural numbers
The number 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
Composite numbers can be both odd and even numbers
Co-prime numbers
Two numbers that have only one common factor are known as Co-prime numbers. All the prime numbers are
Co-prime numbers
Example: (35, 39), (25, 9), (7, 9)
Co-prime numbers may or may not be prime
Twin Prime Numbers
A twin prime is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than another prime number
Example: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31)
Even number
A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number
Example: 2, 4, 8, 12, 18….
Odd Number
Odd numbers are the numbers that cannot be divided by two
Example: 3, 5, 7, 13, 17….
PLACE VALUE AND FACE VALUE
Face Value
In numeral, the face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself irrespective of its place in the numeral
Example: Number = 581276
Face value of 6 is 6
Face value of 7 is 7
Face value of 8 is 8
Face value of 2 is 2
Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC CGL
Place Value
Place value can be defined as the value represented by a digit in a number on the basis of its position in the
number.
Place Value of a digit in a number is the digit multiplied by thousand or hundred or whatever place it is
situated
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility by 1
Every number is divisible by 1. Divisibility rule for 1 doesn’t have any particular condition
Divisibility by 2
When the last digit of a number is either zero even number, then the number is divisible by 2
Example: 2, 12,20,36,48,64,1000, etc. are divisible by 2.
Divisibility by 3
If the sum of the digits of the number is a multiple of 3, then the number is divisible by 3.
Example: (i) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3
(ii) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3
Divisibility by 4
If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4.
Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC CGL
The number having two or more zeroes at the end, is also divisible by 4
Example: 47200, 4300
Divisibility by 5
Number having 0 or 5 at the end are divisible by 5.
Example: 250, 1555, 2650
Divisibility by 6
When a number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then that particular number is divisible by 6 also
Example: 18, 42, 90
Divisibility by 7
A number is divisible by 7 when the difference between twice the digit at ones place and the number formed
by the other digits is either zero or a multiple of 7
Example: (i) 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67-4=63, and 63÷7=9), i.e 672 is divisible by 7
(ii) 105 (Double 5 is 10, 10-10=0), i.e 105 is divisible by 7
Divisibility by 8
When the number made by last three digits of a number is divisible by 8, then the number is also divisible by
8
Example: Let the number: 5584 consider the last three digits i.e. 584. As 584 is divisible by 8, the original
number 5584 is also divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9
If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible by 9.
Example: 30555 3+0+5+5+5=18 which is divisible by 9, Therefore 30555 also divisible by 3
Divisibility by 10
If a number has 0 in the one’s place then it is divisible by 10.
Example: Let the number:500 (500/10=50)
Divisibility by 11
If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11 then that number is divisible by
11
Example:217382
Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC CGL
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Sum of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)/2
Sum of square of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)(2n+1)/6
Sum of square of first n natural numbers=(n (n+1)/2)2
Sum of first n even numbers=n (n+1)
Sum of first n odd numbers=n2
The formula for finding the n-th term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP) is: an=a+(n−1)d
Sum of n terms in Arithmetic Progression (AP)= n/2[2a + (n − 1) × d]
