Simple Machines (Lever) - Meaning and Parts of Lever | The Uses of Levers Primary 6 (Basic 6) Term 3
Week 2 Basic Technology - ClassRoomNotes
TOPIC: SIMPLE MACHINE (LEVER)
LEARNING AREA
1. Introduction
2. Meaning and Types of Lever
3. Examples of Lever
4. Parts of Lever
5. Uses of Lever
6. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. explain the meaning simple machine with appropriate examples.
2. describe the concept of lever.
3. state the types and parts of lever.
4. draw and label different types of lever.
5. discuss the uses of lever.
ENTRY BEHAVIOURS
The pupils can identify some of the simple machines.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:
1. Bottle opener
2. Can opener
3. Scissors; Pliers
4. Chart/diagram of some common levers/li>
5. Nucracker
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse
pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Scheme of Work
9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
Course Book
All Relevant Material
Online Information
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION
A machine is a simple object which makes our work easier to do.
Many objects in the school and at home such as a pair of scissors, bottle opener and cutlass, are
examples of simple machines.
In science, anything that makes us to use less energy to do much work or overcome a large force is
called a machine.
Examples of simplest machines are the levers and pulleys.
MEANING OF LEVER
A lever is a simple machine that has the point of motion where effort can be made to carry a load.
EXAMPLES OF LEVER
The following are examples of lever,
1. Seesaw
2. Scissor
3. Crowbar
4. Hammer
5. Nut cracker
7. Pliers
8. Hockey stick
9. Wheel barrow
10. Door handle
11. Dolly
12. Hole puncher
LESSON TWO – PARTS OF LEVER
There are three parts of lever,
1. Fulcrum
2. Load
3. effort
1. FULCRUM
Fulcrum is the first class lever.
It is is at the middle of the effort and the load.
2. LOAD
Load is known as second class lever.
It is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort.
3. EFFORT
Effort is the third class lever.
It is at the middle, between the fulcrum and the load.
USES OF LEVER
The uses of lever are as:
1. Seesaw is used to have fun with a friend;
2. Scissor is used for cutting;
3. Crowbar used for split something apart or take out nails;
4. Hockey stick used to play hockey;
5. Wheel barrow is used move dirt or anything else;
6. Door handle is used to get through a door;
7. Dolly it is used to move heavy boxes and freight;
8. Hole puncher it is you for making hole on belt; etc.
LESSON 3 – REVISION AND WEEKLY ASSESSMENT (TEST)
PRESENTATION
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils
some questions;
2. Teacher organizes pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class.
3. Teacher displays samples of simple machines for the groups or pairs to identify and state their uses.
Pupil’s Activities – Identify and state their uses.
4. Teacher listen to the pupils and uses their responses to introduce the lesson and leads a discussion on
the meaning and parts of lever using appropriate examples.
Pupil’s Activities – Pay attention to the lesson introduction to understand the concept of the lesson and
participate actively in the discussion on the meaning and parts of lever using appropriate examples.
5. Teacher guides pupils to identify different parts of level using the displayed simple machines.
Pupil’s Activities – Describe and identify each part of the lever.
6. Teacher uses the pupil’s responses in activity 3 to discuss the uses of lever.
Pupil’s Activities – Analyze the importance of lever in their communities.
7. Teacher asks pupils to drawing and label two or more parts of lever as displayed.
Pupil’s Activities – Drawing and label correctly, any two or more simple machine (lever).
8. Teacher summarizes each of the lesson on the board with appropriate lesson introduction.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the summary of the lesson by responding correctly to the
questions and write as instructed.
CONCLUSION
To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following
week’s lesson.
LESSON EVALUATION
Teacher asks pupils to,
1. Name five common levers and machines in their homes;
2. Locate the pivot (fulcrum) load and effort arms in common lever machines;
3. State five common uses of levers.
Simple Machine (Pulleys) - Meaning and Types of Pulley | Applications of Pulleys Primary 6 (Basic 6)
Term 3 Week 3 Basic Technology - ClassRoomNotes
TOPIC – SIMPLE MACHINE (PULLEY)
LEARNING AREA
1. Introduction
2. Meaning and Types of Pulleys
3. Examples and Applications of Pulleys
4. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. recognize and identify simple pulley machines;
2. identify and describe the different uses of pulley machines in everyday life;
3. distinguish between fixed and movable pulleys;
4. make and use pulley machines to do work.
ENTRY BEHAVIOR
The pupils can identify and state the uses of crane.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:
1. Strings
2. Metal/wooden/plastic rollers
3. Nails
4. Wood
5. Charts showing uses of simple pulleys
6. Simple pulleys
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse
pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
1. Scheme of Work
2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
3. Course Book
4. All Relevant Material
5. Online Information
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION
A pulley is a wheel that has a smooth groove in its rim, with a rope passing through the groove. At times,
there are loads that are too heavy to lift.
A pulley is a simple machine that is used to lift heavy objects.
A simple machine for overcoming this difficulty is the pulley.
EXAMPLES OF PULLEY MACHINES
The examples of pulley machines are as follows:
1. Flag pole
2. A sewing machine
3. Photocopy machine
4. Spring balance
5. A grinder machine
6. A modern elevator
7. A crane
LESSON 2 – TYPES OF PULLEYS
Basically, there are two (2) types of pulleys:
1. Single fixed pulley
2. Movable pulley
3. Compound pulley
1. SINGLE FIXED PULLEY
A fixed pulley’s wheel and axle stay in one place.
A good example of a fixed pulley is a flag pole.
When you pull down on the rope, the direction of force is redirected by the pulley, and you raise the flag
pole.
2. MOVABLE PULLEY
A movable pulley is a pulley that is free to move up and down, and is attached to a ceiling or other
object by two lengths of the same rope.
Examples of movable pulleys include construction cranes, modern elevators, and some types of weight
lifting machines at the gym.
3. COMPOUND PULLEY
A compound pulley is a combination of fixed and movable pulleys. The third type of pulley is the
compound pulley, which consists of combinations of fixed and movable pulleys.
The more complex the pulley, the more the effort needed to move the object decreases.
LESSON 3 – COMMON APPLICATIONS (USES) OF PULLEY
The common applications of pulley are as follows:
1. It is used for lifting heavy objects.
2. It is used in grinder and sowing machines.
3. It is used in an elevator.
4. It is used in raising a flag.
5. It is used for loading and off loading cargos.
6. It used for drawing curtains.
7. It is used ladder extensions.
8. It is used for climbing rock or mountain.
SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION OF FIXED AND MOVABLE PULLEYS (25 MINUTES)
The teacher organizes the pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class to construct simple
fixed and movable pulley using wooden materials.
PRESENTATION
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils
some questions.
2. Teacher organizes the pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class.
3. Teacher displays chart showing different simple machines.
4. Teacher lets pupils name and state the uses of each simple machine (pulley).
5. Teacher uses the chart and pupil’s responses to introduce the lesson and leads a discussion on the
meaning and types of pulley.
6. Teacher uses the chart in activity 3 and pupil’s responses in activity 4 to guide pupils to state the uses
of pulley machine.
7. Teacher provides soft wood for each of the group or pair, guides them to construct and demonstrate
the uses of fixed and movable pulley machines.
8. Teacher takes the class on visits to places where they can observe the application of pulleys. Note,
safety first.
9. Teacher summarizes each of the lesson on the board with appropriate lesson introduction.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the summary of the lesson by responding correctly to the
questions and write as instructed.
CONCLUSION
To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following
week’s lesson (Simple Machines – Inclined plane).
LESSON EVALUATION
Teacher asks pupils to,
1. give 5 examples of simple pulleys;
2. state 5 applications of pulley machines;
3. differentiate between fixed and movable pulleys;
4. construct and demonstrate the uses of pulleys.
Simple Machine (Inclined Plane) - Meaning and Advantages of Inclined Plane Primary 6 (Basic 6) Term 3
Week 4 Basic Science - ClassRoomNotes
TOPIC: SIMPLE MACHINE (INCLINED PLANE)
LEARNING AREA
1. Introduction
2. Meaning of and Examples of Inclined Plane
2. Construction of Inclined Planes
3. Advantages of Inclined plane
4. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. explain the meaning of inclined plane.
2. give examples of inclined plane.
3. construct and use inclined plane to lift loads
3. state the advantages of inclined plane.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR
The pupils can identify and describe the uses of inclined plane.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:
1. Wooden plank.
2. Charts showing inclined plane and staircases.
3. Cement blocks
4. Drums
5. Nails
6. Saw
7. Hammer.
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse
pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
1. Scheme of Work
2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
3. Course Book
4. All Relevant Material
5. Online Information
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION
An inclined plane is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object.
MEANING INCLINED PLANE
An inclined plane is a simple machine used to raise a load to places higher than the floor level.
EXAMPLES OF INCLINED PLANE
1. An axe
2. Wedge
3. Automatic screwdriver
4. Screw jack
5. Office chair
6. Sliding board on children playground
7. Staircase
8. Ladder
LESSON 2 – ADVANTAGES OF INCLINED PLANE
The advantages of inclined plane are as follows:
1. An axe is used to slide wood.
2. Wedge is used to cut wood.
3. Automatic screwdriver is used to screw a nut.
4. Screw jack is used to lift up a car.
5. Office chair is used for balance and position.
6. Sliding board is used by children on playground.
7. Staircase is used to move from one floor to another.
8. Ladder is used to access a point on top.
SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION OF INCLINED PLANE (25 MINUTES)
The teacher organizes the pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class to construct simple
inclined planes and demonstrate their uses.
LESSON 3 – REVISION AND WEEKLY ASSESSMENTS
As stated in performance objectives or lesson evaluation.
PRESENTATION
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils
some questions;
2. Teacher organizes the pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class.
3. Teacher displays chart showing different inclined planes and lets pupils to identify each inclined plane
and where it can be found within and the school compound.
Pupil’s Activities – Identify and discuss the uses of different inclined plans within around the school
premises.
4. Teacher uses the available inclined planes in the school or around to introduce the lesson and lead a
discussion on the meaning and advantages of inclined planes.
Pupil’s Activities – Pay attention to the lesson introduction to understand the concept of the lesson and
participate actively in the class discussion.
5. Teacher arranges a visit to the nearest construction site to observe the uses of different inclined
planes.
Pupil’s Activities – Observe the use of inclined plane at construction sites. Use planks to make inclined
plane.
6. Teacher leads a construction activities of simple inclined planes.
Pupil’s Activities – Construct and demonstrate the uses of inclined planes.
7. Teacher summarizes each of the lesson on the board with appropriate lesson introduction.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the summary of the lesson by responding correctly to the
questions and write as instructed.
CONCLUSION
To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following
week’s lesson.
LESSON EVALUATION
Teacher asks pupils to,
1. mention 4 examples of inclined plane.
2. construct and use inclined plane to move objects.
3. state 5 advantages of inclined plane.
Meaning and Types of Force | The Effects of Force on Materials Primary 6 (Basic 6) Term 3 Week 5 Basic
Science - ClassRoomNotes
BASIC SCIENCE
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SMASE – ASEI PDSI METHOD
THIRD TERM
WEEK 5
PRIMARY 6
THEME – LEARNING ABOUT OUR ENVIRONMENT
TOPIC: FORCE
LEARNING AREA
1. Introduction
2. Meaning and Types of Force
3. Effects of Force on Materials
4. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. explain the meaning of force.
2. differentiate between push and pull forces with appropriate examples.
3. give examples of forces – gravity, friction, magnetic, etc.
5. demonstrate the effect of force on objects.
ENTRY BEHAVIOR
The pupils can the effects of force on objects.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of Nails; Stones and pebbles; Rough surfaces, e.g. wood;
Smooth surfaces, e.g. glass; Magnets; Batteries; Pieces of foam; Springs; Rubber bands; etc.
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse
pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
1. Scheme of Work
2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
3. Course Book
4. All Relevant Material
5. Online Information
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION
In the school and at home, we see many moving things.
We move about on our legs, vehicles move on roads, trains on the rails, aeroplane fly in the sky and
ships sail on the seas.
Movement occurs when a force is applied on a thing or object.
That is, force causes things to move.
It can also prevent things from moving.
MEANING OF FORCE
A force is the power that makes an object to move by pushing or pull.
It opposed movement of an object or caused an object to move.
For example, car acceleration and break are good examples of push and pull forces.
TYPES/EXAMPLES/EVIDENCE OF FORCE
There are many types of forces, but only five are discussed below:
1. Muscular Force
2. Gravitational Force
3. Magnetic Force
4. Electrical Force
5. Frictional Force
1. MUSCULAR FORCE
Muscular force is the force applied to an object using the parts of body such as arms and legs.
For example – weight lifting (hands) and riding a bicycle (legs).
2. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
Gravitational force is force that pulls an object down to earth.
3. MAGNETIC FORCE
Magnetic force is the force that attracts all magnetic materials to itself or push them further away from
itself.
It is also pull or push force.
4. ELECTRICAL FORCE
Electrical force is the force that produces electric current.
5. FRICTIONAL FORCE
Frictional force is the force that opposed or slow movement.
6. BALANCE AND IMBALANCE FORCE
Balance force is the force that keep an object to rest while imbalance force is the force that makes an
object to move from one place to another.
7. CONTACT AND NON CONTACT FORCE
Contact force is the force that is applied directly to an object while non contact force is the force that
attracts objects from a distance.
LESSON 2 – EFFECTS OF FORCE
A force acting on an object may cause the object:
1. to change shape and size.
2. to start moving.
3. to stop moving.
4. to rotate.
5. to accelerate or decelerate.
APPLICATION OF FORCE ON OBJECTS (30 MINUTES)
Teacher organizes pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class to demonstrate the effects
of force on objects.
LESSON 3 – WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS
As stated in performance objectives or lesson evaluation.
PRESENTATION
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils
some questions;
2. Teacher organizes pupils into groups for a tug of war contest.
3. Teacher asks pupils to describe the different between the winner and runner up.
Pupil’s Activities – Take active part in the game and describe their strengths and weakness.
4. Teacher listens the group and uses their appropriate responses to introduce the lesson and leads a
discussion on the meaning and types of force.
Pupil’s Activities – Pay attention to the lesson introduction and participate actively in the class
discussion.
5. Teacher uses appropriate examples or illustrations to support each type of force.
Pupil’s Activities – State more examples to support each type of force.
6. Teacher provides springs, magnet, battery, wire and bulb, balloon, etc. to guide pupils to demonstrate
the effects of force on objects or materials.
Pupil’s Activities – Demonstrate the effects of force on objects.
7. Teacher summarizes each lesson on the board with appropriate lesson evaluation.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the summary of the lesson by responding correctly to the
questions and write as instructed.
CONCLUSION
To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following
week’s lesson (frictional force).
LESSON EVALUATION
Teacher asks pupils to,
1. explain the meaning of force with appropriate illustrations.
2. state 5 types of force.
3. mention 5 effects of force on objects.
4. demonstrate the effects of force on matter.
Meaning and Effects of Frictional Force | Advantages and Disadvantages of Fractional Force | Methods
of Reducing Frictional Force Primary 6 (Basic 6) Term 3 Week 6 Basic Science - ClassRoomNotes
TOPIC: FRICTIONAL FORCES
LEARNING AREA
1. Introduction
2. Meaning of Frictional Force
3. Effects of Frictional Force
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Frictional Force
5. Methods of Preventing Frictional Force
6. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. explain frictional force as the resistance between two surfaces in contact.
2. mention instances of the application of frictional force in daily activities.
3. state the advantages and disadvantages of friction.
4. discuss ways of preventing frictional force.
ENTRY BEHAVIOR
The pupils can state the uses of lubricant and grease.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of palms. Stones and pebbles, balls bearings, matched,
knife, floor, water, Vaseline, sand paper, glass, oil, soapy water.
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse
pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
1. Scheme of Work
2. 9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
3. Course Book
4. All Relevant Material
5. Online Information
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON ONE – INTRODUCTION
To stop a moving object, a force must act in the opposite direction to the direction of motion.
For instance, if you push your book across your desk, the book will move. The force of the push moves
the book.
As the book slides across the desk, it slows down and stops moving.
The force that opposes the motion of an object is called friction.
MEANING OF FRICTION
Friction is the force that opposes the motion of an object.
Friction can slow down or stops any moving objects.
Friction plays a vital role in our daily life.
Without friction we are handicap.
EFFECTS OF FRICTIONAL FORCE
The effects of the frictional force on objects are as follows:
1. It opposes the motion of all objects.
2. It slow down any moving objects.
3. It counteracts the acceleration of an object.
4. It prevents surfaces from sliding against each other.
5. It causes objects to accelerate.
LESSON 2 – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTIONAL FORCE
The advantages of friction are as follows:
1. It prevents slipping while walking.
2. It stops cars from moving.
3. We cannot fix nail in the wood or wall if there is no friction.
It is friction which holds the nail.
4. A horse cannot pull a cart unless friction furnishes him a secure Foothold.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
Despite the fact that the friction is very important in our daily life, it also has some disadvantages such
as,
1. The main disadvantage of friction is that it produces heat in various parts of machines.
In this way some useful energy is wasted as heat energy.
2. Due to Friction, we have to exert more power in machines.
3. It opposes the motion.
4. Due to friction, noise is also produced in machines.
5. Due to friction, engines of automobiles consume more fuel which is a money loss.
LESSON 3 – METHODS OF REDUCING FRICTION
There are a number of methods to reduce Friction,
1. The use of lubricants
2. The use of grease
3. The use of ball
4. The design modification
1. THE USE OF LUBRICANTS
The parts of machines which are moving over one another must be properly lubricated by using oils and
lubricants of suitable viscosity.
2. THE USE OF GREASE
Proper greasing between the sliding parts of machine reduces the friction.
3. THE USE OF BALL
Bearing In machines where possible, sliding friction can be replaced by rolling friction by using ball
bearings.
4. THE DESIGN MODIFICATION
Friction can be reduced by changing the design of fast moving objects. The front of vehicles and
airplanes made oblong to minimize friction.
PRESENTATION
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils
some questions;
2. Teacher organizes pupils in groups or pairs depending on the size of the class.
3. Teacher asks pupils to rub the palms their hands together very firmly. What do you feel?
4. Teacher lets pupils apply lubricant on their palms and rub them together again. What is the different?
5. Teacher listens the pupils and uses their appropriate responses to introduce the lesson.
6. Teacher lets pupils repeat the activities in activity 4 and 5 on smooth and rough surfaces with a tin.
Pupil’s Activities – Identify frictions.
7. Teacher uses the activities on smooth and rough surfaces to introduce and discuss on the meaning
and effects of frictional force.
Pupil’s Activities – Pay attention to the lesson introduction as teacher discuss the meaning and effects of
frictional force.
8. Teacher uses objects such as tyre, bicycle break, handle, etc. to lead discussion on the advantages of
frictional force.
9. Teacher asks pupils state the reasons why some of engines or machines make a lot of noise.
10. Teacher listens to the groups or pairs and uses their appropriate responses to lead a discussion on
the disadvantages of friction.
Pupil’s Activities – Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of friction in their communities.
11. Teacher uses lubricant and grease to discuss ways to prevent friction.
Pupil’s Activities – State other ways of reducing friction.
12. Teacher summarizes each lesson on the board with appropriate lesson evaluation.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the summary of the lesson by responding correctly to the
questions and write as instructed.
CONCLUSION
To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following
week’s lesson (magnetic force).
LESSON EVALUATION
Teacher asks pupils to,
1. explain the meaning of frictional force.
2. state 5 effects of friction.
3. mention 5 instance where friction is applicable in our daily activities;
4. list 4 advantages of friction.
5. state 4 disadvantages of friction.
6. mention 5 ways to reduce or prevent friction.
