PATHOLOGY

PAPER 1 Page no
Cellular injury & adaptation 4
Inflammation & healing 6
Hemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism & 8
Shock
Immunopathology, AIDS & Amyloidosis 10
Neoplasia 12
Genetic & pediatric diseases 14
Hematology (RBC, WBC, Spleen & lymph nodes, 16
platelets, blood banking)
Infectious diseases 22
Environmental & nutritional diseases 24

1|Page
PATHOLOGY
 PAPER II Page No
Cardiovascular disorders (Disorders of blood vessels 26
& heart)
Respiratory disorders & disorders of oral cavities 30
Disorders of GIT 33
Hepatobiliary & pancreatic disorders 36
Kidney & urinary tract disorders 38
Female genital tract disorders 41
Male genital tract disorders 43
Breast disorders 44
Endocrine disorders 46
Bones, joints & soft tissue tumors 48
Skin disorders 50
Disorders of CNS & eye 51

2|Page
PATHOLOGY
 Paper 1

3|Page
PATHOLOGY
 Cellular injury &
adaptation

I. ESSAY

1.Define Necrosis. Name its types. Discuss in detail with examples the
Different types of necrosis. Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.
(Feb 2011)
2.Define necrosis. Discuss in detail about the morphology of necrotic cell.
Discuss Various patterns of tissue necrosis. (Feb 2022)
3.Define Apoptosis. What are the causes, biochemical features and
Mechanisms of Apoptosis? Add a note on dysregulated apoptosis.
(Feb 2016)
4.Classify Cell injury. Discuss the causes, mechanisms, macroscopic and
Microscopic features of Cell injury.
5.Mention the types of Degeneration. Discuss the pathology of organs
Affected by Fatty changes. Write about Fat stains.

4|Page
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Causes of Cell injury and brief about Hyperplasia with suitable examples
(Aug 2017)
2.Metaplasia (Feb 2010)
3.Free radical cell injury (Aug 2010)
4.Free radicals (Aug 2008, Feb 2012)
5.Morphological patterns of Tissue necrosis (Feb 2014, Feb 2017)
6.Caseous necrosis (Aug 2013)
7.Gangrene (Aug 2016)
8.Apoptosis and its morphological changes (Aug 2010, Feb 2014)
9.Mechanism of Apoptosis (Feb 2019)
10.Intracellular accumulations
11.Fat stains
12.Fatty changes in Liver
13.Classify Pigments. Write about Lipofuscin
14.Pathological calcification (Feb 2013, Nov 2020, Mar 2022)
15.Differences between Dystrophic and Metastatic calcification (Aug 2017)
16.Cellular adaptations
17.Mechanisms of Cell injury
18.Autophagy
19.Cellular swelling
20.Cellular aging
21.Necroptosis (Sept 2021)

5|Page
PATHOLOGY
 Inflammation &
healing

I. ESSAY

1.Define Inflammation. Describe the causes and major events of Acute

Inflammation. Write a note on defective Leukocyte function. (Aug 2010)
2.Define inflammation. Describe the major events of acute inflammation
with a note on its outcome. (Feb 2019)
3.Define Inflammation. Enumerate the signs of inflammation. Discuss in
Detail about chemical mediators of inflammation.
4.Define Inflammation. Write in detail about the vascular and cellular
Changes in inflammation. (Aug 2011)
5.Mention the various steps in Tissue repair. Explain wound healing and
the Factors affecting it in detail.
6.Define Inflammation. Enumerate the cellular events in acute
inflammation. Discuss in detail the mechanism of Chemotaxis and
Phagocytosis. Enlist the Common defects in Leukocyte functions.
(Nov 2020)

6|Page
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation (Feb 2009, Aug 2009)

2.Role of Arachidonic Metabolites in Inflammation (Feb 2011)
3.Chemotaxis
4.Phagocytosis (Feb 2014)
5.Chemokines (Feb 2014)
6. Defects in Leukocyte Function (Feb 2012)
7. Outcomes of Acute Inflammation (Aug 2011, Aug 2014)
8. Granulomatous Inflammation (Feb 2013)
9. Different Types of Giant Cells with Morphology and Examples (Feb
2018)
10.Factors Affecting Wound Healing (Aug 2010, Aug 2018)
11.Fracture Healing (Aug 2012, Aug 2013, Feb 2019)
12.Vascular Events in Acute Inflammation (Feb 2014)
13.Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor And IL-1 In Inflammation. (Sept 2021)
14.Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation. (Feb 2022)

7|Page
PATHOLOGY
 Hemodynamic disorders,
thromboembolism &
shock
I. ESSAY

1.Define and classify edema? Discuss etiopathogenesis & pathology of

various types of edema with examples (Feb 2009,2013)
2.Define shock. Enumerate types of shock & discuss pathogenesis &
morphology changes in shock (Aug 2009, Feb 2020)
3.Define Edema. Discuss pathophysiology of edema. Add a note on
pulmonary edema (Feb 2010, Aug 2016)
4.Define shock. Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. Describe the
morphology of kidney& lungs affected by shock (Feb 2012)
5.Define thrombosis. Write in detail about pathogenesis, causes,
morphology& fate of thrombus (Feb 2014)
6.40 yr old male presented with H/O fever, vomiting& diarrhoea. Patient
had temperature of 103 degrees F. Weak rapid pulse, hypotension,
tachypnoea, cold, clammy, cyanotic skin. Blood culture shows positive for
gram negative bacterial infection.
a) What is your diagnosis? b) Explain the pathogenesis & morphology
(Feb 2014)

8|Page
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Thromboembolism (Feb 2009)

2.Types of embolism. Write a note on Caisson disease (Aug 2009)
3.Septic shock (Aug 2010)
4.Cardiac edema (Aug 2010)
5.Pathogenesis of septic shock (Feb 2011,Nov 2020)
6.Air embolism (Aug 2012)
7.Embolism (Feb 2013,2016)
8.Morphology of thrombi (Aug 2013)
9.Pathogenesis of Disseminated intravascular coagulation
(Feb 2013, Aug 2016)
10.Morphology of infarct (Feb 2014)
11.Virchow’s triad (Aug 2014)
12.Amniotic fluid embolism (Aug 2014,Feb 2018)
13.Pathogenesis of shock (Aug 2015)
14.Describe normal hemostasis & coagulation cascade (Mar 2022)

9|Page
PATHOLOGY
 Immunopathology, AIDS &
Amyloidosis

I. ESSAY

1.A 23 year old male presented with oral ulcers, malar rash,
photosensitivity & non erosive arthritis involving both knees. Lab
investigations show persistent proteinuria & leukopenia. What is your
diagnosis? Discuss the pathogenesis & morphology of kidney affected by
the above disorder (Aug 2012)
2.Classify Amyloidosis & discuss in detail (Feb 2009, Nov 2017)
3.Define hypersensitivity. Write the different types of Hypersensitivity
reactions. Describe in detail about Type II & Type III hypersensitivity
reactions (Aug 2010)

10 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES
1.Natural killer cells (Feb 2009)
2.T lymphocytes (Aug 2010)
3.Major histocompatibility complex (Aug 2008,2015, Feb 2016)
4.Cytokines (Feb 2012)
5.Type I hypersensitivity reaction (Aug 2015,2018)
6. Anaphylactic reaction (Feb 2011)
7.Antibody mediated Type II Hypersensitivity reaction (Mar 2020,2022)
8.Type III hypersensitivity reaction (Aug 2015, Nov 2017)
9.Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (Nov 2016)
10.Renal changes in SLE (Aug 2010)
11.Antinuclear antibodies (Feb 2017)
12.Mechanism of autoimmune diseases (Nov 2015)
13.DiGeorge syndrome (Aug 2008,2010)
14.Sjogren syndrome (Nov 2014)
15.Scleroderma (Feb 2009)
16.Graft vs host disease (Aug 2010,2012, Feb 2015,2018,2020)
17.Transplant rejection (Aug 2012)
18.Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus (Feb 2009)
19.Pathogenesis of AIDS (Nov 2013)
20.Oppurtunistic infections in AIDS (Nov 2014)
21.Amyloidosis (Aug 2019)
22.Amyloid stains (Feb 2019)
23.Innate immunity (Aug 2020)

11 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Neoplasia
I. ESSAY

1.What is Metastasis? What are the different pathways of spread? Write in

Detail about the pathways. (Aug 2008)
2. Define Neoplasia. Write about the molecular basis of cancer. Add a note
on oncogenes and their mode of activation. (Aug 2015)
3.Write about carcinogenesis – physical, chemical, biological and also the
Molecular basis of carcinogenesis. (Aug 2012)
4.Enumerate various Carcinogenic agents. Classify Chemical carcinogens.
Describe the steps involved in Chemical carcinogenesis. (Aug 2010)
5.Define Neoplasia. Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis and
Pathophysiology of Radiation oncogenesis. (Aug 2018)
6.Mention the Oncogenic viruses. Describe oncogenesis by Human
Papilloma virus.(Aug 2009)
7.Define neoplasm. Enumerate the features of anaplasia. Discuss in detail
about Invasion and metastasis of neoplasm. (Sept 2021)

12 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Differentiation and Anaplasia (Feb 2012)

2.Pre-cancerous lesions
3.Carcinoma in situ
4.Differences between Benign and Malignant tumours
5.Tumour metastasis (Feb 2011, Aug 2019)
6.Tumour antigen
7.Molecular basis of cancer (Aug 2011)
8.Grading and staging of tumour (Feb 2009)
9.Tumour suppressor genes (Feb 2010)
10.p53 (Aug 2014)
11.Retinoblastoma gene
12.Growth factors
13.Chemical carcinogenesis (Feb 2018, Nov 2020)
14.Microbial carcinogenesis
15.Oncogenic viruses (Aug 2008, Feb 2013)
16.Oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (Aug 2013, Aug 2014)
17.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) (Aug 2008)
18.Lab diagnosis of cancer (Feb 2009, Feb 2019)
19.Paraneoplastic syndromes (Feb 2014)
20.Automated tissue processor (Feb 2009 )
21.Tumour markers (Aug 2009, Feb 2017, Aug 2018)
22.Burkitts lymphoma (Feb 2020)

13 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Genetic & paediatric
diseases

I. SHORT NOTES

1.Familial hypercholesterolaemia (Feb 2013,Aug 2013,Feb 2022)

2.Glycogen storage disorders (Feb 2018)
3.Lysososmal storage disorders (Feb 2009)
4.Ehler’s Danlos syndrome (Aug 2010)
5. Fragile X syndrome (Feb 2010)
6.Prader-Willi syndrome & Angelman syndrome (Nov 2013)
7.Gaucher’s disease (Feb 2011,2014)
8.Klinefelter syndrome (Aug 2010,2012,Feb 2017)
9.Turner syndrome (Feb 2012)
10.Trisomy 21 & its clinical features (Down’s syndrome)
(Feb 2009,2010,Aug 2016,2019)
11.Neimann pick syndrome (Aug 2015)
12.Mitochondrial inheritance (Aug 2014)
13.Hemolytic diseases of new born (Nov 2012)
14.Kernicterus (Aug 2016)

14 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
15.Inborn errors of metabolism (Feb 2010)
16.Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Feb 2013)
17.Cystic fibrosis (Aug 2018)
18.Wilms tumor (Aug 2008,2010,Feb 2013,Aug 2014,Nov 2020)

15 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Hematology
I. ESSAY

1.Define anemia. Discuss etiopathogenesis with blood and bone morrow

picture in iron deficiency anemia. (Aug 2008)

2. 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E
pallor, marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%, TC
215000/CMM. Platelets 4 lakhs/cu.mm. Answer the following:
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) What is common genetic abnormality?
c) Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis?
d) Prognosis of the condition? (Feb 2009)

3.Define and classify Leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone morrow
findings in chronic myeloid leukaemia. (Feb 2010)

4.A 70 year old women admitted with worsening anemia and pathological
fracture of the Humerus had an ESR of 120mm in 1 hour. Her peripheral
smear showed increased rouleaux formation. X-ray of skull showed
multiple punched out osteolytic lesions.
a. What is the most probable diagnosis? Write briefly on the
etiopathogenesis of this disease.

16 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
b. Describe the Bone Marrow Changes in this disease.
c. Enumerate the common laboratory investigations for this disease.
d. Enlist the complications of this disease. (Feb 2011)

5.40 yrs female came with c/o loss of weight, huge splenomegaly with
peripheral blood white blood cell count of more than 1 lakh cells/cc
a. What is the probable diagnosis?
b. What are the characteristic peripheral smear findings?
c. What is the course of the disease?
d. What is the chromosomal abnormality involved? (Aug 2011)
6. 60 yrs male presented with normocytic normochromic anaemia,
pathological fracture femur and proteinuria. X ray skull revealed punched
out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral smear studies show rouleaux
formation.
a) What is your probable diagnosis.
b) Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis, morphology and clinical
features of above said disorder. (Feb 2012)

7. Chronic myeloid leukaemia – clinical features peripheral smear and

bone marrow findings and clinical outcome. (Aug 2012)

8.Define and classify anaemia. Discuss etiopathogenesis, peripheral smear

and bone marrow picture in iron deficiency anaemia. (Feb 2013)

17 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
9.Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis and morphology of Hodgkin
lymphoma. (Aug 2013)

10. Define Thrombocytopenia? Classify causes of Thrombocytopenia?

Discuss various tests in evaluating bleeding disorders? (Aug 2014)

11.Classify Hemolytic Anemias. Write in detail about the pathogenesis,

blood picture and clinical features of beta Thalassemia major. (Feb 2015)

12.List the causes of megaloblastic anemia. Discuss about the

pathogenesis, morphology and bone marrow picture of megaloblastic
anemia. (Feb 2017)

13.Define anaemia. Classify haemolytic anaemia. Write in detail about the

pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia.
(Feb 2018)

14.Define and classify leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone marrow
findings in acute myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2019)

15. 50 / male vegetarian, presented with pallor, paraesthesia of

extremities O/E he had beefy tongue what is your diagnosis? How will you
investigate this patient further and establish the diagnosis. Classify RBC
disorders according to etiology.
(Mar 2022)

18 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Leukemoid reaction. (Aug 2008) (Aug 2012)

2.Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (Aug 2008)
3.Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (Aug 2008)
4.Von-Willebrand’s disease. (Feb 2009) (Feb 2016) (Aug 2018)
5.Haemolytic disease of new born. (Feb 2009)
6.Blood and bone marrow picture in B12 deficiency anaemia. (Aug 2009)
7.Evidences of haemolytic anaemia. (Aug 2009)
8.F A B classification of leukaemia. (Aug 2009)
9.Sickle cell. (Feb 2010) (Aug 2012)
10.Hematocrit. (Feb 2010)
11.Eosinophil. (Feb 2010)
12.Anemia of Chronic Disease. (Feb 2011)
13. FAB classification of Acute Leukaemia. (Feb 2011)
14.Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura. (Feb 2011)
15.Transfusion Reaction. (Feb 2011)
16.Hematocrit. (Feb 2011)
17.Primary myelofibrosis. (Aug 2011)
18.Hemophilia A. (Aug 2011) (Aug 2014)
19.Peripheral smear and Bone marrow findings in Multiple Myeloma. (Aug
2011)
20.Morphology of primary myelo fibrosis. (Feb 2012)
21.Pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. (Feb 2012)

19 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
22.Chronic immune thrombocytopaenic purpura. (Feb 2012)
23.Defects in leucocyte function. (Feb 2012)
24.Poycythemia vera. (Aug 2012)
25.Christmas disease. (Aug 2012)
26.Fanconi’s Anemia. (Aug 2012)
27.Von Willebrand’s Disease. (Feb 2013)
28.Etiology and morphology of bone marrow in Aplastic anaemia. (Aug
2013)
29.Morphology of multiple myeloma. (Aug 2013)
30.Molecular pathogenesis of Acute myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2013)
31.Pathogenesis of disseminated intra vascular coagulation. (Aug 2013)
32.Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase. (Aug 2014)
33.Hodgkin Lymphoma. (Feb 2015)
34.Megaloblastic Anemia. (Aug 2015)
35.Myelofibrosis. (Aug 2015)
36.Myelodysplastic syndrome. (Feb 2016)
37.Blood picture of chronic myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2016)
38.Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. (Aug 2016)
39.Haemophilia. (Feb 2017)
40.Write briefly about idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura –
pathophysiology, morphology and investigatory findings. (Aug 2017)
41.Blood and bone marrow picture in multiple myeloma. (Feb 2019)
42.Sideroblastic anemia. (Aug 2019)
43.Classification of acute leukaemia (Feb 2020)

20 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
44. Laboratory Investigations done for diagnosis of Autoimmune
Haemolytic Anaemia. (Nov 2020)
45. Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow appearance in
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia with suitable diagrams. (Nov 2020)
46. Morphology of various types of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. (Sep 2021)
47. Hereditary spherocytosis. (Feb 2022)
48. Morphology of multiple myeloma. (Feb 2022)
49. 18 years male your friend was diagnosed as Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
How will you empathise with him and his family members & support
them? (Mar 2022)
50. Classify transfusion reactions. How will you investigate a case of
transfusion reactions? (Mar 2022)
51. 40 years male with splenomegaly on investigations had total count of
1,20,000 cells / mm3 And peripheral smear showed predominance of
myeloid precursors. What is your diagnosis? Draw diagram of peripheral
smear. What is the common genetic event in this condition? (Mar 2022)

21 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Infectious diseases

I ESSAY
1.Discuss the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of
Tuberculosis (aug 2016)

II SHORT NOTES
1.Morphology of Primary Tuberculosis (aug 2012)
2.Ghon’s complex (Feb 2013)
3.Miliary Tuberculosis (Aug 2016)
4.Morphology of Leprosy ( feb 2012)
5. Histopathological differences between Lepromatous leprosy and
Tuberculoid leprosy (Feb 2010)
6. Immunology of Leprosy ( aug 2011)
7. Primary atypical pneumonia (Aug 2018)
8. Tertiary syphilis ( aug 2010)
9. Gas gangrene (Feb 2017)
10.Rickettsiae(Aug 2011)
11.Actinomycosis(Aug 2014)
12.Mycetoma ( feb 2010)
13.Viral hemorrhagic fever (feb 2012, aug 2019)
14.Leprosy (aug 2009)

22 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 BASIC DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY

I. SHORT NOTES
1.Exfoliate Cytology (Feb 2009 paper 2)
2.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (Aug 2008 paper 1, Aug 2009 paper 1)
3.Liquid base Cytology (Feb 2019 paper 2)

23 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Environmental &
nutritional diseases
I. ESSAY

1.A 12 year old boy weighing 70 kg, does not play outdoor games and is
Always infront of his play station with lots of snacks beside him. What is
He having? What are the methods to assess it? Discuss the
Etiopathogenesis and its complications. (Aug 2014)

II. SHORT NOTES

1.Silicosis (Aug 2009)
2.Asbestosis (Feb 2020)
3.Protein energy malnutrition ( PEM ) (Feb 2018)
4.Kwashiorkor (Aug 2018)
5.Vitamin-D deficiency (Aug 2018, Feb 2020)
6.Rickets (Aug 2008, Aug 2010)
7.Vitamin-A deficiency (Feb 2013)
8.Obesity (March 2022)

24 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Paper 2

25 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Cardiovascular
disorders
I. ESSAY

1.Define Atherosclerosis. Discuss in detail the risk factors, pathogenesis,

Morphology and complications of Atherosclerosis. (Aug 2019)
2.Enumerate the risk factors for Atherosclerosis. Discuss briefly the
Pathogenesis and morphology of Atheroma. (Feb 2014)
3.Discuss the etiopathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, laboratory
Diagnosis and complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease. (Aug 2012)
4.Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of Infective
Endocarditis. Write a note on non-infected vegetations. (Aug 2016)
5.A 50-year-old man collapses suddenly while climbing the stairs with
Severe chest pain and profuse sweating. What is the diagnosis? Discuss
The etiopathogenesis of the condition. Write the complications that may
Follow. (Feb 2010)
6.A 75-year-old male presented with dyspnoea and sweating of sudden
Onset. He is a known diabetic and hypertensive for 15 years. On
Examination, he has weak pulse. What is the diagnosis? Write about the
Pathogenesis. Write in detail about the morphological changes that occur.
(Feb 2017)
7.A 50-year-old male admitted in emergency care with chest pain, profuse
Sweating and rapid pulse. A) What is your diagnosis?

26 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
b).Describe the etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications Of the
above mentioned disease. (Aug 2015)
8.A 50 year old man complains of severe chest pain and sweating.
a)What is the most possible diagnosis for this patient?
b)Enlist the risk factors and discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis And
complications of this disease.
c)Enlist the biochemical tests and their role in diagnosis of this Disease.
(Feb 2011)
9.A 47 year old male presented with acute onset of dyspnoea, profuse
Sweating and chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. Lab investigations
Revealed elevated Troponin -T. What is your diagnosis? Write the
Pathogenesis and morphology of the condition. (Aug 2013)
10.A 56 years male experienced a prolonged chest pain-stabbing in nature,
radiating To the jaw and left arm and associated with profuse sweating.
a.What is your diagnosis?
b.Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis
c.Add a note on morphology of involved organ. (Feb 2022)

27 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Atherosclerosis (Aug 2018)

2.Atherosclerotic plague (Feb 2016)
3.Morphology of Atheromatous plaque (Sept 2021)
4.Consequences of Atherosclerosis (Aug 2011)
5.Aneurysm (Aug 2010, Aug 2017, Feb 2019)
6.Infective Endocarditis (Feb 2018)
7.Rheumatic cardiac lesions (Feb 2009)
8.Cardiac lesions in RHD (Aug 2015)
9.Rheumatic fever (Aug 2016)
10.Vegetations of heart (Feb 2012)
11.Lab diagnosis of Acute MI (Feb 2012)
12.Enzymes in MI (Aug 2011,2015)
13.Complications of Myocardial Infarction (Aug 2012,Feb 2015,2019)
14.Hypertensive heart disease (Feb 2010)
15.Fallot’s tetralogy (Aug 2009,2015,Feb 2012,2016)
16.Cardiomyopathy (Aug 2009, Nov 2020)
17. Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension (Feb 2015)

28 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
EXPECTED SHORT NOTES

1.Dilated cardiomyopathy
2.Cardiac failure
3.Congenital Heart disease
4.Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
5.Myocarditis
6.Tumours of Heart
7.Pericarditis
8.Dissecting aneurysm
9.Buerger disease
11.Hypertensive vascular disease
12.Non-infectious vasculitis
13.Differentiate arterial, venous and neural claudication
14.Vascular tumours
15.Pathology of Vascular intervention

29 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Respiratory disorders &
disorders of oral
cavities

I. ESSAY

1)Define and classify bronchogenic carcinoma. Discuss the

etiopathogenesis and morphology of various sub types? (Feb 2010)
2)A 50 year old male presents with cough, dyspnoea, and intermittent
haemoptysis for two months along with loss of weight and appetite. He is
a chronic smoker for the past 3 decades. CT chest revealed mass lesion in
the right lobe of lung. ? (Aug 2018)
a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Discuss in detail the
classification, morphological features and the Paraneoplastic syndromes
associated with it.

30 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1)Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma? (Aug 2008)

2)Pneumoconiosis? (Feb 2009,Aug 2016,Aug 2017)
3)Ghon’s complex.? (Feb 2010,Feb 2020)
4) Viral pneumonia.? (Aug 2010)
5)Paragangliomas? (Feb 2012,Feb 2022)
6)Primary Pulmonary TB. ? (Aug 2012,Aug 2019)
7)Oat cell Carcinoma of lung.? (Aug 2012)
8)Lobar pneumonia – Pathology. ? (Feb 2013,Aug 2017)
9)Morphology of bronchiectasis. ? (Aug 2013)
10)Thyroglossal duct cyst ? (Aug 2014)
11) Emphysema and it’s types ? (Aug 2009,Feb 2011,Aug 2013,Feb
2014,Aug 2020)
12)Bronchiectasis? (Feb 2016,Feb2018)
13)Pathogenesis and morphology of silicosis. ? (Feb 2017)
14)List four etiological factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma of
oral cavity? (Aug 2017)
15)Sarcoidosis? (Feb 2019)
16)Asbestosis? (Feb 2019)
17)Pleomorphic adenoma. ? (Feb 2020)
18) Acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. ? (Feb 2022)
19)50 years male smoker C/o dyspnea his PET revealed FEV1 / FVC ratio
of 0.5. He had barrel shaped chest. What is your diagnosis? What is the
etiology and pathogenesis for this disease? (March 2022)

31 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
OTHER SHORT NOTES (Can be asked as sub questions in
essay)

1)What are the different stages of Pneumonia? (Aug 2008)

2. Emphysema and it’s types ? (Aug 2009,Feb 2011,Aug 2013,Feb
2014,Aug 2020)
3)Pan acinar emphysema. ? (Aug 2010)
4)Ferruginous bodies. ? (Feb 2012)
5) ghons foci? (Aug 2012)
6)2 Malignant tumors of salivary gland. (Aug 2012)
7)Blue Nevus.? (Feb 2013)
8)Byssinosis? (Feb 2013)
9)Reid’s index (Aug 2013,Feb2019)
10)Stages of consolidation lung? (Aug 2014)
11) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ? (Aug 2014)
12)Good pasture syndrome? (Feb 2015)
13)Causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis? (Feb 2016)

32 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Disorders of GIT

I. ESSAY

1.Classify inflammatory bowel diseases. Discuss briefly the

etiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic morphology of Crohns Disease.
Enlist the complications of Crohns Disease. Enumerate the differences
between Crohns disease and Ulcerative colitis. (Feb 2011)
2)a) 65/M presented with bleeding PR. Colonoscopy revealed a hard mass
in rectosigmoid. What is your diagnosis?
b) Discuss the various neoplasms arising in rectosigmoid, in detail about
morphological types and staging system. ? ( Aug 2014)

33 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1)Barrett esophagus. ( Aug 2008)

2)Gross and Microscopic picture of amoebic dysentery colon. (Feb 2009)
3)Crohn’s disease. ( Aug 2009, Feb 2013,Aug 2018,Feb 2022)
4) Hamartomas (Feb 2009)
5) Morphology of chronic gastric ulcer. (Feb 2010)
6)Gross and microscopy of colorectal carcinoma (Aug 2010)
7)Pathogenesis and morphology of gastric carcinoma (Aug 2011)
8)ulcerative colitis. (Feb 2012, Aug 2012, Aug 2013)
9). H.Pylori gastritis. (Aug 2015,Feb 2019,Feb 2021)
10)Peptic ulcer disease (Aug 2019)
11) 55 years male C/o weight loss and dyspepsia, endoscopy revealed an
ulcerative lesion antrum. What is your diagnosis? Describe the
morphologic classification and microscopic findings? (Mar 2022)

34 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
III. OTHER SHORT NOTES (May be asked as sub question in
essays or may also can be asked in MCQ )

1)Two differences between Chrons disease and Ulcerative colitis. (Aug

2009)
2)Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ( Aug 2009)
3)Morphology of two types of hiatus hernia. (Feb 2010)
4)Morphologic hall mark of Whipple disease.( Feb 2012,Feb 2020)
5)Barrett esophagus. ( Aug 2012,Aug 2018)
6). Sites of peptic ulcer disease( Feb 2014)
7)Chronic gastritis (Aug 2014)
8)Zollinger Ellison syndrome. ( Aug 2015,Aug 2018)
9)Menetrier’s disease ( Aug 2016)
10) Difference between benign and malignant gastric ulcer. ( Feb 2022)

35 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Hepatobiliary &
pancreatic disorders

I. ESSAY

1.Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Describe the morphological features

of most common type cirrhosis of liver. (Aug 2010)
2.Tumors of liver – classification, Etiopathogenesis and prognosis. (Feb
2013)
3.Discuss the etiopathogenesis of viral hepatitis and in detail about
serological evaluation. (Aug 2014).
4.50 years male alcoholic presented with jaundice. How will you
investigate this patient? What is the effect of alcohol on liver Morphology
and clinical features and complications of alcoholic liver disease. (Mar
2022).

36 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis.(Feb 2009)

2.Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.(Aug 2009)
3.Hemochromatosis.(Feb 2009)
4.Cirrhosis of the liver.(Feb 2010)
5.Cholelithiasis.(Aug 2008,Aug 2010,Feb 2012,Feb 2016,Feb 2019,Sep
2021)
6.Metabolic cirrhosis.(Feb 2011)
7. Write about benign neoplasms of liver. (Aug 2011)
8.Morphology of Acute Pancreatitis. (Feb 2012)
9.Chronic active Viral hepatitis.(Aug 2012)
10.Cholelithiasis – Different types. (Feb 2013)
11.Lannec’s cirrhosis – Morphology. (Feb 2013)
12.Risk factors for gallstones. (Aug 2013)
13.Alcoholic liver disease. (Feb 2014,Aug 2018)
14.Carcinoma.(Aug 2015)
15.Biliary Cirrhosis. (Feb 2015)
16.Gall Stones. (Feb 2015)
17.Chronic pancreatitis.(Aug 2019)
18.Pathology of Alcoholic Cirrhosis.(Nov 2020)
19.Aetiology and Pathology of Acute Pancreatitis.(Nov 2020)

37 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Kidney and urinary
tract infections

I. ESSAY

1.Chronic Pyelonephritis.(Aug 2009,Feb 2010)

2.What is nephritic syndrome. Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis
and morphology in MPGN.(Feb 2019)
3.A 12 years old boy presented with fever, oliguria and high coloured
urine. He had sore throat 3 weeks back.
a)What is your probable diagnosis?
b) Describe the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c)What are the relevant investigations? (Aug 2010)
4.Thirteen years old female child had massive edema with puffiness of
face with decreased urine output.
A)What is the most probable diagnosis?
b)What can be the most probable renal pathology in this child?
c)Write in detail about minimal change disease.(Aug 2011)
5.Nephrotic Syndrome(2017)

38 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Pheochromocytoma(Feb 2010,Feb 2009,Aug 2011,Aug 2013,Aug 2018)

2.Hemolytic uremic syndrome(Feb 2009)
3.Medulloblastoma (Feb 2011)
4.Cystic lesions of kidney(Aug 2016)
5.Chronic pyelonephritis(Feb 2010)
6.Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis(Aug 2014)
7.Cresentric glomerulonephritis(Aug 2015)
8.Renal cell carcinoma(Aug 2008)
9.Minimal change nephropathy(Aug 2011)
10.Adult polycystic kidney disease(Aug 2018)
11.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(Feb 2022)
12.Nephrosclerosis(Feb 2018)
13.Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis(Aug 2013)
14.Clear cell Carcinoma Kidney(Feb 2012)
15.Diabetic Nephropathy (Aug 2011,Feb 2014)
16.Nephrotic Syndrome(Aug 2017)
17.Retinoblastoma(Aug 2008)
18.Microscopic feature of Pyelonephritis(2017)
19.Nephrosclerosis(2018)
20.Lupus nephritis(2019)
21.Physical examination findings in urine. What are the clinical conditions
you can diagnose with physical examination of urine?(March 2022)

39 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
22.Wilms tumour(2019,Nov 2020)
23.Acute pyelonephritis(2021)
24.Polycystic kidney disease(2018,Feb 2015)
25.Renal Stones(2017)

40 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Male and female
genital tract
infections
I. ESSAY

1.A 60 year old post-menopausal, anorexic, cachectic woman has an

Ulcerated and friable cervix that bleeds on touch. These features were
Accompanied by foul smelling vaginal discharge.
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and morphological features
of your diagnosis.
c. Enlist the investigations that will enable diagnosis (Feb 2020 )
2. A 40 year old female presents with post coital bleeding and foul
smelling
Discharge per vagina. She lost 15% weight in 2 months, with loss of
Appetite. (Aug 2008 )
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition?
c. What are the morphological features?
3. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Add a note on Germ cell tumours. ( Aug
2013)

41 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
4. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail about Surface epithelial
Tumours. (Aug 2017 ) .
5. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis
And morphology of Serous tumours. (Feb 2012 )

II. SHORT NOTES

1. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) (Feb 2018 , Feb 2010)

2. Etiopathogenesis of Carcinoma cervix (Aug 2009 , Feb 2011)
3. Liquid based cytology (Feb 2019 )
4. Mention the malignant tumours of Endometrium. Write a note on
Malignant mixed mullerian tumour (Aug 2011)
5. Endometriosis ( Aug 2011 )
6. Dysgerminoma ( Aug 2011 , Feb 2010)
7. Hydatidiform mole (Feb 2022, Feb 2010 , Feb 2014 )
8. Mucinous cystadenoma of ovary ( Aug 2010)
9. Surface epithelial tumours of ovary ( Aug 2010 )
10.Brenner tumour ( Aug 2014)
11.Krukenberg’s tumour ( Feb 2013 )
12.Granulosa cell tumour ( Aug 2014 )
13.Sex cord stromal tumours of ovary ( Aug 2015 )

42 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 MALE GENITAL TRACT DISORDERS

I.SHORT NOTES

1.Bowens disease of skin (Aug 2012, Feb 2013)

2. Cryptorchidism(Feb 2010, Feb 2020)
3. Seminoma testis (Aug 2020)
4. Gross and microscopic picture of seminoma testis. (Feb 2009)
5.BPH (Aug 2008)

43 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Breast disorders
I. ESSAY

1.A 44 year old nulliparous woman presented with hard, fixed non tender
Mass of about 6x4x4 cm in the upper outer quadrant of right breast with
Axillary lymphadenopathy.
a.What is your probable diagnosis?
b.Discuss in detail the prognostic and predictive factors of your Diagnosis.
(Feb 2012 )
2.A 55 year old post menopausal woman presented with hard lump of
about 6x6 cm in upper outer quadrant of left breast. FNAC revealed cluster
of Pleomorphic cells.
a.What is your clinical diagnosis?
b.Discuss the etiopathogenesis, molecular
mechanism of Carcinogenesis of the disease.
c.Discuss about prognostic and predictive factors of the disease. (Feb
2018)
3. 55 years female presented with a hard lump in the right breast. Enlist
the risk factors. Describe the molecular classification, pathogenesis and
morphology of the above condition. Add a note on prognostic factors.(
March 2022 )

44 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Mention the stromal tumours of breast. Write about Phyllodes tumour

(Aug 2011)
2.Prognostic and predictive factors of carcinoma breast (Aug 2013)
3.Fibroadenoma of breast ( Aug 2013 )
4.Risk factors and types of carcinoma breast ( Feb 2017)
5.Comedo carcinoma breast
6.Paget disease of nipple
7.Phyllodes tumour ( Cystosarcoma Phyllodes ) ( Aug 2009, Aug 2012, Aug
2019)
8.Gynaecomastia (Aug 2008)

45 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Endocrine disorders
I. ESSAY

1.Classify neoplasms of Thyroid. Write in detail about Papillary carcinoma

Of Thyroid. (Aug 2011, Sep 2021)
2.Define Diabetes Mellitus. What are the types? Describe the
Pathophysiology, morphology and complications of Diabetes mellitus. (Feb
2015)
3.Describe the etiopathogenesis of Diabetes. What are the complications?
(Aug 2008)

46 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Cretinism (Aug 2008)

2.Thyroiditis (Aug 2011)
3.Hashimoto thyroiditis(Aug 2009, Aug 2012,Aug 2017)
4.Graves disease (Feb 2016, Feb 2018)
5.Papillary carcinoma thyroid (Feb 2010, Aug 2010, Feb 2020)
6.Medullary carcinoma of thyroid (Aug 2010)
7.Pathogenesis and complications of Diabetes mellitus (Feb 2017)
8.Renal changes in Diabetes mellitus (Feb 2011)
9.Diabetic Nephropathy (Aug 2011, Feb 2014)
10.Diabetic Microangiopathy (Aug 2015)
11.Carcinoid syndrome (Aug 2014, Feb 2010)
12.Cushing syndrome (Feb 2019)
13.Pheochromocytoma (Aug 2009, Aug 2013)
14.APUD cell tumours (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) (
Feb 2009)
15. 30 year female presented with diarrhoea, weight loss, protruding
eyeball, thyromegaly. What is the pathogenesis and morphology of the
above condition? (Mar 2022)
16.Hyperparathyroidism. (Aug 2016, Feb 2017)

47 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Bones, joints
and soft tissue tumours
I. ESSAY

1.classify tumors of bone. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and

pathology of osteogenic sarcoma. Add a note on radiological findings.
(Nov 2020)

II. SHORT NOTES

1.Fracture healing (Aug 2019)

2.Paget disease of bone (Feb 2011)
3.Osteomyelitis (Aug 2011)
4.Pyogenic osteomyelitis (Aug 2010)
5.Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumour). (Aug 2008, Aug 2012)
6.Osteochondroma (Feb 2013)
7.Cartilage forming tumours (Aug 2009)
8.Ewing sarcoma (Feb 2014, Feb 2022)
9.Gout (Aug 2009, Feb 2019)
10.Aneurysmal bone cyst (Aug 2018)
11.Osteogenic sarcoma (Aug 2009, Feb 2020)

48 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
12.Liposarcoma (Feb 2011)
13.Rhabdomyosarcoma (Aug 2014, Feb 2022)
14.Rheumatoid arthritis (Feb 2022)
15.Sequestrum (2021)

49 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Skin disorders

I. SHORT NOTES

1. Malignant melanoma (Aug 2009)

2. Precancerous lesion of malignant melanoma (2020)
3. Basal cell carcinoma (Aug 2008 ,2013, Feb 2018)
4. Squamous cell carcinoma (2020)
5.Bowen’s disease of skin (Aug 2012, Feb 2013)
6.Granular cell tumor(Aug 2014)
7. Precancerous lesion of skin (Feb 2015)
8. Intradermal naevus (Aug 2010)
9. Exfoliative cytology (Feb 2016)
10. Kaposi sarcoma (Aug 2015)

50 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY
 Cns &eye DISORDERS
I ESSAY

1.Classify tumor CNS,details about glioma(Aug 2010)

II SHORT NOTES

1.Meningioma (Aug 2017,Mar 2022)

2.Pyogenic meningitis (Feb 2016)
3.Astrocytoma (Aug 2014)
4.Glioblastoma multiforme(Aug 2015)
5.Retinoblastoma(Feb 2015)
6.Examination of CSF(Feb 2017)

51 | P a g e
PATHOLOGY