Second year question bank

Dr.Nerve SYSTEMIC SQUAD

 preface
❖ This Question bank is designed based on the TamilNadu Dr.MGR
Medical University syllabus for the 2nd year M.B.B.S.
students.(CBME)
❖ This question bank contains all the important (Must know) & other
possible questions from all the three subjects.
❖ Students are expected to prepare answers for all the questions with
corresponding labelled diagrams and flow charts wherever
necessary.
❖ Case based questions have been included in Microbiology and
Pathology sections for practice.
❖ Our team made an intense effort in analyzing the important
questions asked in university exams from the year 2008 – 2021.

“ Start by doing what’s necessary,

then do what’s possible and
Suddenly you are doing the IMPOSSIBLE “
- Saint Francis of Assisi

Dr.Nerve SYSTEMIC SQUAD

 PATHOLOGY
PAPER 1 Page no
Cellular injury & adaptation 4
Inflammation & healing 6
Hemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism & 8
Shock
Immunopathology, AIDS & Amyloidosis 10
Neoplasia 12
Genetic & pediatric diseases 14
Hematology (RBC, WBC, Spleen & lymph nodes, 16
platelets, blood banking)
Infectious diseases 22
Environmental & nutritional diseases 24

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PATHOLOGY
 PAPER II Page No
Cardiovascular disorders (Disorders of blood vessels 26
& heart)
Respiratory disorders & disorders of oral cavities 30
Disorders of GIT 33
Hepatobiliary & pancreatic disorders 36
Kidney & urinary tract disorders 38
Female genital tract disorders 41
Male genital tract disorders 43
Breast disorders 44
Endocrine disorders 46
Bones, joints & soft tissue tumors 48
Skin disorders 50
Disorders of CNS & eye 51

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PATHOLOGY
 Paper 1

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PATHOLOGY
 Cellular injury &
adaptation

I. ESSAY

1.Define Necrosis. Name its types. Discuss in detail with examples the
Different types of necrosis. Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.
(Feb 2011)
2.Define necrosis. Discuss in detail about the morphology of necrotic cell.
Discuss Various patterns of tissue necrosis. (Feb 2022)
3.Define Apoptosis. What are the causes, biochemical features and
Mechanisms of Apoptosis? Add a note on dysregulated apoptosis.
(Feb 2016)
4.Classify Cell injury. Discuss the causes, mechanisms, macroscopic and
Microscopic features of Cell injury.
5.Mention the types of Degeneration. Discuss the pathology of organs
Affected by Fatty changes. Write about Fat stains.

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PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Causes of Cell injury and brief about Hyperplasia with suitable examples
(Aug 2017)
2.Metaplasia (Feb 2010)
3.Free radical cell injury (Aug 2010)
4.Free radicals (Aug 2008, Feb 2012)
5.Morphological patterns of Tissue necrosis (Feb 2014, Feb 2017)
6.Caseous necrosis (Aug 2013)
7.Gangrene (Aug 2016)
8.Apoptosis and its morphological changes (Aug 2010, Feb 2014)
9.Mechanism of Apoptosis (Feb 2019)
10.Intracellular accumulations
11.Fat stains
12.Fatty changes in Liver
13.Classify Pigments. Write about Lipofuscin
14.Pathological calcification (Feb 2013, Nov 2020, Mar 2022)
15.Differences between Dystrophic and Metastatic calcification (Aug 2017)
16.Cellular adaptations
17.Mechanisms of Cell injury
18.Autophagy
19.Cellular swelling
20.Cellular aging
21.Necroptosis (Sept 2021)

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 Inflammation &
healing

I. ESSAY

1.Define Inflammation. Describe the causes and major events of Acute

Inflammation. Write a note on defective Leukocyte function. (Aug 2010)
2.Define inflammation. Describe the major events of acute inflammation
with a note on its outcome. (Feb 2019)
3.Define Inflammation. Enumerate the signs of inflammation. Discuss in
Detail about chemical mediators of inflammation.
4.Define Inflammation. Write in detail about the vascular and cellular
Changes in inflammation. (Aug 2011)
5.Mention the various steps in Tissue repair. Explain wound healing and
the Factors affecting it in detail.
6.Define Inflammation. Enumerate the cellular events in acute
inflammation. Discuss in detail the mechanism of Chemotaxis and
Phagocytosis. Enlist the Common defects in Leukocyte functions.
(Nov 2020)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation (Feb 2009, Aug 2009)

2.Role of Arachidonic Metabolites in Inflammation (Feb 2011)
3.Chemotaxis
4.Phagocytosis (Feb 2014)
5.Chemokines (Feb 2014)
6. Defects in Leukocyte Function (Feb 2012)
7. Outcomes of Acute Inflammation (Aug 2011, Aug 2014)
8. Granulomatous Inflammation (Feb 2013)
9. Different Types of Giant Cells with Morphology and Examples (Feb
2018)
10.Factors Affecting Wound Healing (Aug 2010, Aug 2018)
11.Fracture Healing (Aug 2012, Aug 2013, Feb 2019)
12.Vascular Events in Acute Inflammation (Feb 2014)
13.Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor And IL-1 In Inflammation. (Sept 2021)
14.Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation. (Feb 2022)

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 Hemodynamic disorders,
thromboembolism &
shock
I. ESSAY

1.Define and classify edema? Discuss etiopathogenesis & pathology of

various types of edema with examples (Feb 2009,2013)
2.Define shock. Enumerate types of shock & discuss pathogenesis &
morphology changes in shock (Aug 2009, Feb 2020)
3.Define Edema. Discuss pathophysiology of edema. Add a note on
pulmonary edema (Feb 2010, Aug 2016)
4.Define shock. Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. Describe the
morphology of kidney& lungs affected by shock (Feb 2012)
5.Define thrombosis. Write in detail about pathogenesis, causes,
morphology& fate of thrombus (Feb 2014)
6.40 yr old male presented with H/O fever, vomiting& diarrhoea. Patient
had temperature of 103 degrees F. Weak rapid pulse, hypotension,
tachypnoea, cold, clammy, cyanotic skin. Blood culture shows positive for
gram negative bacterial infection.
a) What is your diagnosis? b) Explain the pathogenesis & morphology
(Feb 2014)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Thromboembolism (Feb 2009)

2.Types of embolism. Write a note on Caisson disease (Aug 2009)
3.Septic shock (Aug 2010)
4.Cardiac edema (Aug 2010)
5.Pathogenesis of septic shock (Feb 2011,Nov 2020)
6.Air embolism (Aug 2012)
7.Embolism (Feb 2013,2016)
8.Morphology of thrombi (Aug 2013)
9.Pathogenesis of Disseminated intravascular coagulation
(Feb 2013, Aug 2016)
10.Morphology of infarct (Feb 2014)
11.Virchow’s triad (Aug 2014)
12.Amniotic fluid embolism (Aug 2014,Feb 2018)
13.Pathogenesis of shock (Aug 2015)
14.Describe normal hemostasis & coagulation cascade (Mar 2022)

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 Immunopathology, AIDS &
Amyloidosis

I. ESSAY

1.A 23 year old male presented with oral ulcers, malar rash,
photosensitivity & non erosive arthritis involving both knees. Lab
investigations show persistent proteinuria & leukopenia. What is your
diagnosis? Discuss the pathogenesis & morphology of kidney affected by
the above disorder (Aug 2012)
2.Classify Amyloidosis & discuss in detail (Feb 2009, Nov 2017)
3.Define hypersensitivity. Write the different types of Hypersensitivity
reactions. Describe in detail about Type II & Type III hypersensitivity
reactions (Aug 2010)

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II. SHORT NOTES
1.Natural killer cells (Feb 2009)
2.T lymphocytes (Aug 2010)
3.Major histocompatibility complex (Aug 2008,2015, Feb 2016)
4.Cytokines (Feb 2012)
5.Type I hypersensitivity reaction (Aug 2015,2018)
6. Anaphylactic reaction (Feb 2011)
7.Antibody mediated Type II Hypersensitivity reaction (Mar 2020,2022)
8.Type III hypersensitivity reaction (Aug 2015, Nov 2017)
9.Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (Nov 2016)
10.Renal changes in SLE (Aug 2010)
11.Antinuclear antibodies (Feb 2017)
12.Mechanism of autoimmune diseases (Nov 2015)
13.DiGeorge syndrome (Aug 2008,2010)
14.Sjogren syndrome (Nov 2014)
15.Scleroderma (Feb 2009)
16.Graft vs host disease (Aug 2010,2012, Feb 2015,2018,2020)
17.Transplant rejection (Aug 2012)
18.Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus (Feb 2009)
19.Pathogenesis of AIDS (Nov 2013)
20.Oppurtunistic infections in AIDS (Nov 2014)
21.Amyloidosis (Aug 2019)
22.Amyloid stains (Feb 2019)
23.Innate immunity (Aug 2020)

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 Neoplasia
I. ESSAY

1.What is Metastasis? What are the different pathways of spread? Write in

Detail about the pathways. (Aug 2008)
2. Define Neoplasia. Write about the molecular basis of cancer. Add a note
on oncogenes and their mode of activation. (Aug 2015)
3.Write about carcinogenesis – physical, chemical, biological and also the
Molecular basis of carcinogenesis. (Aug 2012)
4.Enumerate various Carcinogenic agents. Classify Chemical carcinogens.
Describe the steps involved in Chemical carcinogenesis. (Aug 2010)
5.Define Neoplasia. Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis and
Pathophysiology of Radiation oncogenesis. (Aug 2018)
6.Mention the Oncogenic viruses. Describe oncogenesis by Human
Papilloma virus.(Aug 2009)
7.Define neoplasm. Enumerate the features of anaplasia. Discuss in detail
about Invasion and metastasis of neoplasm. (Sept 2021)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Differentiation and Anaplasia (Feb 2012)

2.Pre-cancerous lesions
3.Carcinoma in situ
4.Differences between Benign and Malignant tumours
5.Tumour metastasis (Feb 2011, Aug 2019)
6.Tumour antigen
7.Molecular basis of cancer (Aug 2011)
8.Grading and staging of tumour (Feb 2009)
9.Tumour suppressor genes (Feb 2010)
10.p53 (Aug 2014)
11.Retinoblastoma gene
12.Growth factors
13.Chemical carcinogenesis (Feb 2018, Nov 2020)
14.Microbial carcinogenesis
15.Oncogenic viruses (Aug 2008, Feb 2013)
16.Oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (Aug 2013, Aug 2014)
17.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) (Aug 2008)
18.Lab diagnosis of cancer (Feb 2009, Feb 2019)
19.Paraneoplastic syndromes (Feb 2014)
20.Automated tissue processor (Feb 2009 )
21.Tumour markers (Aug 2009, Feb 2017, Aug 2018)
22.Burkitts lymphoma (Feb 2020)

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 Genetic & paediatric
diseases

I. SHORT NOTES

1.Familial hypercholesterolaemia (Feb 2013,Aug 2013,Feb 2022)

2.Glycogen storage disorders (Feb 2018)
3.Lysososmal storage disorders (Feb 2009)
4.Ehler’s Danlos syndrome (Aug 2010)
5. Fragile X syndrome (Feb 2010)
6.Prader-Willi syndrome & Angelman syndrome (Nov 2013)
7.Gaucher’s disease (Feb 2011,2014)
8.Klinefelter syndrome (Aug 2010,2012,Feb 2017)
9.Turner syndrome (Feb 2012)
10.Trisomy 21 & its clinical features (Down’s syndrome)
(Feb 2009,2010,Aug 2016,2019)
11.Neimann pick syndrome (Aug 2015)
12.Mitochondrial inheritance (Aug 2014)
13.Hemolytic diseases of new born (Nov 2012)
14.Kernicterus (Aug 2016)

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15.Inborn errors of metabolism (Feb 2010)
16.Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Feb 2013)
17.Cystic fibrosis (Aug 2018)
18.Wilms tumor (Aug 2008,2010,Feb 2013,Aug 2014,Nov 2020)

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 Hematology
I. ESSAY

1.Define anemia. Discuss etiopathogenesis with blood and bone morrow

picture in iron deficiency anemia. (Aug 2008)

2. 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E
pallor, marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%, TC
215000/CMM. Platelets 4 lakhs/cu.mm. Answer the following:
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) What is common genetic abnormality?
c) Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis?
d) Prognosis of the condition? (Feb 2009)

3.Define and classify Leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone morrow
findings in chronic myeloid leukaemia. (Feb 2010)

4.A 70 year old women admitted with worsening anemia and pathological
fracture of the Humerus had an ESR of 120mm in 1 hour. Her peripheral
smear showed increased rouleaux formation. X-ray of skull showed
multiple punched out osteolytic lesions.
a. What is the most probable diagnosis? Write briefly on the
etiopathogenesis of this disease.

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b. Describe the Bone Marrow Changes in this disease.
c. Enumerate the common laboratory investigations for this disease.
d. Enlist the complications of this disease. (Feb 2011)

5.40 yrs female came with c/o loss of weight, huge splenomegaly with
peripheral blood white blood cell count of more than 1 lakh cells/cc
a. What is the probable diagnosis?
b. What are the characteristic peripheral smear findings?
c. What is the course of the disease?
d. What is the chromosomal abnormality involved? (Aug 2011)
6. 60 yrs male presented with normocytic normochromic anaemia,
pathological fracture femur and proteinuria. X ray skull revealed punched
out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral smear studies show rouleaux
formation.
a) What is your probable diagnosis.
b) Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis, morphology and clinical
features of above said disorder. (Feb 2012)

7. Chronic myeloid leukaemia – clinical features peripheral smear and

bone marrow findings and clinical outcome. (Aug 2012)

8.Define and classify anaemia. Discuss etiopathogenesis, peripheral smear

and bone marrow picture in iron deficiency anaemia. (Feb 2013)

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9.Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis and morphology of Hodgkin
lymphoma. (Aug 2013)

10. Define Thrombocytopenia? Classify causes of Thrombocytopenia?

Discuss various tests in evaluating bleeding disorders? (Aug 2014)

11.Classify Hemolytic Anemias. Write in detail about the pathogenesis,

blood picture and clinical features of beta Thalassemia major. (Feb 2015)

12.List the causes of megaloblastic anemia. Discuss about the

pathogenesis, morphology and bone marrow picture of megaloblastic
anemia. (Feb 2017)

13.Define anaemia. Classify haemolytic anaemia. Write in detail about the

pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia.
(Feb 2018)

14.Define and classify leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone marrow
findings in acute myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2019)

15. 50 / male vegetarian, presented with pallor, paraesthesia of

extremities O/E he had beefy tongue what is your diagnosis? How will you
investigate this patient further and establish the diagnosis. Classify RBC
disorders according to etiology.
(Mar 2022)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Leukemoid reaction. (Aug 2008) (Aug 2012)

2.Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (Aug 2008)
3.Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (Aug 2008)
4.Von-Willebrand’s disease. (Feb 2009) (Feb 2016) (Aug 2018)
5.Haemolytic disease of new born. (Feb 2009)
6.Blood and bone marrow picture in B12 deficiency anaemia. (Aug 2009)
7.Evidences of haemolytic anaemia. (Aug 2009)
8.F A B classification of leukaemia. (Aug 2009)
9.Sickle cell. (Feb 2010) (Aug 2012)
10.Hematocrit. (Feb 2010)
11.Eosinophil. (Feb 2010)
12.Anemia of Chronic Disease. (Feb 2011)
13. FAB classification of Acute Leukaemia. (Feb 2011)
14.Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura. (Feb 2011)
15.Transfusion Reaction. (Feb 2011)
16.Hematocrit. (Feb 2011)
17.Primary myelofibrosis. (Aug 2011)
18.Hemophilia A. (Aug 2011) (Aug 2014)
19.Peripheral smear and Bone marrow findings in Multiple Myeloma. (Aug
2011)
20.Morphology of primary myelo fibrosis. (Feb 2012)
21.Pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. (Feb 2012)

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22.Chronic immune thrombocytopaenic purpura. (Feb 2012)
23.Defects in leucocyte function. (Feb 2012)
24.Poycythemia vera. (Aug 2012)
25.Christmas disease. (Aug 2012)
26.Fanconi’s Anemia. (Aug 2012)
27.Von Willebrand’s Disease. (Feb 2013)
28.Etiology and morphology of bone marrow in Aplastic anaemia. (Aug
2013)
29.Morphology of multiple myeloma. (Aug 2013)
30.Molecular pathogenesis of Acute myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2013)
31.Pathogenesis of disseminated intra vascular coagulation. (Aug 2013)
32.Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase. (Aug 2014)
33.Hodgkin Lymphoma. (Feb 2015)
34.Megaloblastic Anemia. (Aug 2015)
35.Myelofibrosis. (Aug 2015)
36.Myelodysplastic syndrome. (Feb 2016)
37.Blood picture of chronic myeloid leukaemia. (Aug 2016)
38.Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. (Aug 2016)
39.Haemophilia. (Feb 2017)
40.Write briefly about idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura –
pathophysiology, morphology and investigatory findings. (Aug 2017)
41.Blood and bone marrow picture in multiple myeloma. (Feb 2019)
42.Sideroblastic anemia. (Aug 2019)
43.Classification of acute leukaemia (Feb 2020)

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44. Laboratory Investigations done for diagnosis of Autoimmune
Haemolytic Anaemia. (Nov 2020)
45. Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow appearance in
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia with suitable diagrams. (Nov 2020)
46. Morphology of various types of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. (Sep 2021)
47. Hereditary spherocytosis. (Feb 2022)
48. Morphology of multiple myeloma. (Feb 2022)
49. 18 years male your friend was diagnosed as Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
How will you empathise with him and his family members & support
them? (Mar 2022)
50. Classify transfusion reactions. How will you investigate a case of
transfusion reactions? (Mar 2022)
51. 40 years male with splenomegaly on investigations had total count of
1,20,000 cells / mm3 And peripheral smear showed predominance of
myeloid precursors. What is your diagnosis? Draw diagram of peripheral
smear. What is the common genetic event in this condition? (Mar 2022)

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 Infectious diseases

I ESSAY
1.Discuss the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of
Tuberculosis (aug 2016)

II SHORT NOTES
1.Morphology of Primary Tuberculosis (aug 2012)
2.Ghon’s complex (Feb 2013)
3.Miliary Tuberculosis (Aug 2016)
4.Morphology of Leprosy ( feb 2012)
5. Histopathological differences between Lepromatous leprosy and
Tuberculoid leprosy (Feb 2010)
6. Immunology of Leprosy ( aug 2011)
7. Primary atypical pneumonia (Aug 2018)
8. Tertiary syphilis ( aug 2010)
9. Gas gangrene (Feb 2017)
10.Rickettsiae(Aug 2011)
11.Actinomycosis(Aug 2014)
12.Mycetoma ( feb 2010)
13.Viral hemorrhagic fever (feb 2012, aug 2019)
14.Leprosy (aug 2009)

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 BASIC DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY

I. SHORT NOTES
1.Exfoliate Cytology (Feb 2009 paper 2)
2.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (Aug 2008 paper 1, Aug 2009 paper 1)
3.Liquid base Cytology (Feb 2019 paper 2)

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 Environmental &
nutritional diseases
I. ESSAY

1.A 12 year old boy weighing 70 kg, does not play outdoor games and is
Always infront of his play station with lots of snacks beside him. What is
He having? What are the methods to assess it? Discuss the
Etiopathogenesis and its complications. (Aug 2014)

II. SHORT NOTES

1.Silicosis (Aug 2009)
2.Asbestosis (Feb 2020)
3.Protein energy malnutrition ( PEM ) (Feb 2018)
4.Kwashiorkor (Aug 2018)
5.Vitamin-D deficiency (Aug 2018, Feb 2020)
6.Rickets (Aug 2008, Aug 2010)
7.Vitamin-A deficiency (Feb 2013)
8.Obesity (March 2022)

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 Paper 2

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 Cardiovascular
disorders
I. ESSAY

1.Define Atherosclerosis. Discuss in detail the risk factors, pathogenesis,

Morphology and complications of Atherosclerosis. (Aug 2019)
2.Enumerate the risk factors for Atherosclerosis. Discuss briefly the
Pathogenesis and morphology of Atheroma. (Feb 2014)
3.Discuss the etiopathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, laboratory
Diagnosis and complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease. (Aug 2012)
4.Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of Infective
Endocarditis. Write a note on non-infected vegetations. (Aug 2016)
5.A 50-year-old man collapses suddenly while climbing the stairs with
Severe chest pain and profuse sweating. What is the diagnosis? Discuss
The etiopathogenesis of the condition. Write the complications that may
Follow. (Feb 2010)
6.A 75-year-old male presented with dyspnoea and sweating of sudden
Onset. He is a known diabetic and hypertensive for 15 years. On
Examination, he has weak pulse. What is the diagnosis? Write about the
Pathogenesis. Write in detail about the morphological changes that occur.
(Feb 2017)
7.A 50-year-old male admitted in emergency care with chest pain, profuse
Sweating and rapid pulse. A) What is your diagnosis?

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b).Describe the etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications Of the
above mentioned disease. (Aug 2015)
8.A 50 year old man complains of severe chest pain and sweating.
a)What is the most possible diagnosis for this patient?
b)Enlist the risk factors and discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis And
complications of this disease.
c)Enlist the biochemical tests and their role in diagnosis of this Disease.
(Feb 2011)
9.A 47 year old male presented with acute onset of dyspnoea, profuse
Sweating and chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. Lab investigations
Revealed elevated Troponin -T. What is your diagnosis? Write the
Pathogenesis and morphology of the condition. (Aug 2013)
10.A 56 years male experienced a prolonged chest pain-stabbing in nature,
radiating To the jaw and left arm and associated with profuse sweating.
a.What is your diagnosis?
b.Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis
c.Add a note on morphology of involved organ. (Feb 2022)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Atherosclerosis (Aug 2018)

2.Atherosclerotic plague (Feb 2016)
3.Morphology of Atheromatous plaque (Sept 2021)
4.Consequences of Atherosclerosis (Aug 2011)
5.Aneurysm (Aug 2010, Aug 2017, Feb 2019)
6.Infective Endocarditis (Feb 2018)
7.Rheumatic cardiac lesions (Feb 2009)
8.Cardiac lesions in RHD (Aug 2015)
9.Rheumatic fever (Aug 2016)
10.Vegetations of heart (Feb 2012)
11.Lab diagnosis of Acute MI (Feb 2012)
12.Enzymes in MI (Aug 2011,2015)
13.Complications of Myocardial Infarction (Aug 2012,Feb 2015,2019)
14.Hypertensive heart disease (Feb 2010)
15.Fallot’s tetralogy (Aug 2009,2015,Feb 2012,2016)
16.Cardiomyopathy (Aug 2009, Nov 2020)
17. Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension (Feb 2015)

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EXPECTED SHORT NOTES

1.Dilated cardiomyopathy
2.Cardiac failure
3.Congenital Heart disease
4.Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
5.Myocarditis
6.Tumours of Heart
7.Pericarditis
8.Dissecting aneurysm
9.Buerger disease
11.Hypertensive vascular disease
12.Non-infectious vasculitis
13.Differentiate arterial, venous and neural claudication
14.Vascular tumours
15.Pathology of Vascular intervention

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 Respiratory disorders &
disorders of oral
cavities

I. ESSAY

1)Define and classify bronchogenic carcinoma. Discuss the

etiopathogenesis and morphology of various sub types? (Feb 2010)
2)A 50 year old male presents with cough, dyspnoea, and intermittent
haemoptysis for two months along with loss of weight and appetite. He is
a chronic smoker for the past 3 decades. CT chest revealed mass lesion in
the right lobe of lung. ? (Aug 2018)
a) What is your probable diagnosis? b) Discuss in detail the
classification, morphological features and the Paraneoplastic syndromes
associated with it.

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II. SHORT NOTES

1)Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma? (Aug 2008)

2)Pneumoconiosis? (Feb 2009,Aug 2016,Aug 2017)
3)Ghon’s complex.? (Feb 2010,Feb 2020)
4) Viral pneumonia.? (Aug 2010)
5)Paragangliomas? (Feb 2012,Feb 2022)
6)Primary Pulmonary TB. ? (Aug 2012,Aug 2019)
7)Oat cell Carcinoma of lung.? (Aug 2012)
8)Lobar pneumonia – Pathology. ? (Feb 2013,Aug 2017)
9)Morphology of bronchiectasis. ? (Aug 2013)
10)Thyroglossal duct cyst ? (Aug 2014)
11) Emphysema and it’s types ? (Aug 2009,Feb 2011,Aug 2013,Feb
2014,Aug 2020)
12)Bronchiectasis? (Feb 2016,Feb2018)
13)Pathogenesis and morphology of silicosis. ? (Feb 2017)
14)List four etiological factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma of
oral cavity? (Aug 2017)
15)Sarcoidosis? (Feb 2019)
16)Asbestosis? (Feb 2019)
17)Pleomorphic adenoma. ? (Feb 2020)
18) Acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. ? (Feb 2022)
19)50 years male smoker C/o dyspnea his PET revealed FEV1 / FVC ratio
of 0.5. He had barrel shaped chest. What is your diagnosis? What is the
etiology and pathogenesis for this disease? (March 2022)

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OTHER SHORT NOTES (Can be asked as sub questions in
essay)

1)What are the different stages of Pneumonia? (Aug 2008)

2. Emphysema and it’s types ? (Aug 2009,Feb 2011,Aug 2013,Feb
2014,Aug 2020)
3)Pan acinar emphysema. ? (Aug 2010)
4)Ferruginous bodies. ? (Feb 2012)
5) ghons foci? (Aug 2012)
6)2 Malignant tumors of salivary gland. (Aug 2012)
7)Blue Nevus.? (Feb 2013)
8)Byssinosis? (Feb 2013)
9)Reid’s index (Aug 2013,Feb2019)
10)Stages of consolidation lung? (Aug 2014)
11) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ? (Aug 2014)
12)Good pasture syndrome? (Feb 2015)
13)Causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis? (Feb 2016)

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 Disorders of GIT

I. ESSAY

1.Classify inflammatory bowel diseases. Discuss briefly the

etiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic morphology of Crohns Disease.
Enlist the complications of Crohns Disease. Enumerate the differences
between Crohns disease and Ulcerative colitis. (Feb 2011)
2)a) 65/M presented with bleeding PR. Colonoscopy revealed a hard mass
in rectosigmoid. What is your diagnosis?
b) Discuss the various neoplasms arising in rectosigmoid, in detail about
morphological types and staging system. ? ( Aug 2014)

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II. SHORT NOTES

1)Barrett esophagus. ( Aug 2008)

2)Gross and Microscopic picture of amoebic dysentery colon. (Feb 2009)
3)Crohn’s disease. ( Aug 2009, Feb 2013,Aug 2018,Feb 2022)
4) Hamartomas (Feb 2009)
5) Morphology of chronic gastric ulcer. (Feb 2010)
6)Gross and microscopy of colorectal carcinoma (Aug 2010)
7)Pathogenesis and morphology of gastric carcinoma (Aug 2011)
8)ulcerative colitis. (Feb 2012, Aug 2012, Aug 2013)
9). H.Pylori gastritis. (Aug 2015,Feb 2019,Feb 2021)
10)Peptic ulcer disease (Aug 2019)
11) 55 years male C/o weight loss and dyspepsia, endoscopy revealed an
ulcerative lesion antrum. What is your diagnosis? Describe the
morphologic classification and microscopic findings? (Mar 2022)

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III. OTHER SHORT NOTES (May be asked as sub question in
essays or may also can be asked in MCQ )

1)Two differences between Chrons disease and Ulcerative colitis. (Aug

2009)
2)Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ( Aug 2009)
3)Morphology of two types of hiatus hernia. (Feb 2010)
4)Morphologic hall mark of Whipple disease.( Feb 2012,Feb 2020)
5)Barrett esophagus. ( Aug 2012,Aug 2018)
6). Sites of peptic ulcer disease( Feb 2014)
7)Chronic gastritis (Aug 2014)
8)Zollinger Ellison syndrome. ( Aug 2015,Aug 2018)
9)Menetrier’s disease ( Aug 2016)
10) Difference between benign and malignant gastric ulcer. ( Feb 2022)

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 Hepatobiliary &
pancreatic disorders

I. ESSAY

1.Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Describe the morphological features

of most common type cirrhosis of liver. (Aug 2010)
2.Tumors of liver – classification, Etiopathogenesis and prognosis. (Feb
2013)
3.Discuss the etiopathogenesis of viral hepatitis and in detail about
serological evaluation. (Aug 2014).
4.50 years male alcoholic presented with jaundice. How will you
investigate this patient? What is the effect of alcohol on liver Morphology
and clinical features and complications of alcoholic liver disease. (Mar
2022).

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PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis.(Feb 2009)

2.Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.(Aug 2009)
3.Hemochromatosis.(Feb 2009)
4.Cirrhosis of the liver.(Feb 2010)
5.Cholelithiasis.(Aug 2008,Aug 2010,Feb 2012,Feb 2016,Feb 2019,Sep
2021)
6.Metabolic cirrhosis.(Feb 2011)
7. Write about benign neoplasms of liver. (Aug 2011)
8.Morphology of Acute Pancreatitis. (Feb 2012)
9.Chronic active Viral hepatitis.(Aug 2012)
10.Cholelithiasis – Different types. (Feb 2013)
11.Lannec’s cirrhosis – Morphology. (Feb 2013)
12.Risk factors for gallstones. (Aug 2013)
13.Alcoholic liver disease. (Feb 2014,Aug 2018)
14.Carcinoma.(Aug 2015)
15.Biliary Cirrhosis. (Feb 2015)
16.Gall Stones. (Feb 2015)
17.Chronic pancreatitis.(Aug 2019)
18.Pathology of Alcoholic Cirrhosis.(Nov 2020)
19.Aetiology and Pathology of Acute Pancreatitis.(Nov 2020)

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 Kidney and urinary
tract infections

I. ESSAY

1.Chronic Pyelonephritis.(Aug 2009,Feb 2010)

2.What is nephritic syndrome. Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis
and morphology in MPGN.(Feb 2019)
3.A 12 years old boy presented with fever, oliguria and high coloured
urine. He had sore throat 3 weeks back.
a)What is your probable diagnosis?
b) Describe the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
c)What are the relevant investigations? (Aug 2010)
4.Thirteen years old female child had massive edema with puffiness of
face with decreased urine output.
A)What is the most probable diagnosis?
b)What can be the most probable renal pathology in this child?
c)Write in detail about minimal change disease.(Aug 2011)
5.Nephrotic Syndrome(2017)

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PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Pheochromocytoma(Feb 2010,Feb 2009,Aug 2011,Aug 2013,Aug 2018)

2.Hemolytic uremic syndrome(Feb 2009)
3.Medulloblastoma (Feb 2011)
4.Cystic lesions of kidney(Aug 2016)
5.Chronic pyelonephritis(Feb 2010)
6.Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis(Aug 2014)
7.Cresentric glomerulonephritis(Aug 2015)
8.Renal cell carcinoma(Aug 2008)
9.Minimal change nephropathy(Aug 2011)
10.Adult polycystic kidney disease(Aug 2018)
11.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(Feb 2022)
12.Nephrosclerosis(Feb 2018)
13.Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis(Aug 2013)
14.Clear cell Carcinoma Kidney(Feb 2012)
15.Diabetic Nephropathy (Aug 2011,Feb 2014)
16.Nephrotic Syndrome(Aug 2017)
17.Retinoblastoma(Aug 2008)
18.Microscopic feature of Pyelonephritis(2017)
19.Nephrosclerosis(2018)
20.Lupus nephritis(2019)
21.Physical examination findings in urine. What are the clinical conditions
you can diagnose with physical examination of urine?(March 2022)

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22.Wilms tumour(2019,Nov 2020)
23.Acute pyelonephritis(2021)
24.Polycystic kidney disease(2018,Feb 2015)
25.Renal Stones(2017)

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 Male and female
genital tract
infections
I. ESSAY

1.A 60 year old post-menopausal, anorexic, cachectic woman has an

Ulcerated and friable cervix that bleeds on touch. These features were
Accompanied by foul smelling vaginal discharge.
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and morphological features
of your diagnosis.
c. Enlist the investigations that will enable diagnosis (Feb 2020 )
2. A 40 year old female presents with post coital bleeding and foul
smelling
Discharge per vagina. She lost 15% weight in 2 months, with loss of
Appetite. (Aug 2008 )
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition?
c. What are the morphological features?
3. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Add a note on Germ cell tumours. ( Aug
2013)

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4. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail about Surface epithelial
Tumours. (Aug 2017 ) .
5. Classify Ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis
And morphology of Serous tumours. (Feb 2012 )

II. SHORT NOTES

1. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) (Feb 2018 , Feb 2010)

2. Etiopathogenesis of Carcinoma cervix (Aug 2009 , Feb 2011)
3. Liquid based cytology (Feb 2019 )
4. Mention the malignant tumours of Endometrium. Write a note on
Malignant mixed mullerian tumour (Aug 2011)
5. Endometriosis ( Aug 2011 )
6. Dysgerminoma ( Aug 2011 , Feb 2010)
7. Hydatidiform mole (Feb 2022, Feb 2010 , Feb 2014 )
8. Mucinous cystadenoma of ovary ( Aug 2010)
9. Surface epithelial tumours of ovary ( Aug 2010 )
10.Brenner tumour ( Aug 2014)
11.Krukenberg’s tumour ( Feb 2013 )
12.Granulosa cell tumour ( Aug 2014 )
13.Sex cord stromal tumours of ovary ( Aug 2015 )

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 MALE GENITAL TRACT DISORDERS

I.SHORT NOTES

1.Bowens disease of skin (Aug 2012, Feb 2013)

2. Cryptorchidism(Feb 2010, Feb 2020)
3. Seminoma testis (Aug 2020)
4. Gross and microscopic picture of seminoma testis. (Feb 2009)
5.BPH (Aug 2008)

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 Breast disorders
I. ESSAY

1.A 44 year old nulliparous woman presented with hard, fixed non tender
Mass of about 6x4x4 cm in the upper outer quadrant of right breast with
Axillary lymphadenopathy.
a.What is your probable diagnosis?
b.Discuss in detail the prognostic and predictive factors of your Diagnosis.
(Feb 2012 )
2.A 55 year old post menopausal woman presented with hard lump of
about 6x6 cm in upper outer quadrant of left breast. FNAC revealed cluster
of Pleomorphic cells.
a.What is your clinical diagnosis?
b.Discuss the etiopathogenesis, molecular
mechanism of Carcinogenesis of the disease.
c.Discuss about prognostic and predictive factors of the disease. (Feb
2018)
3. 55 years female presented with a hard lump in the right breast. Enlist
the risk factors. Describe the molecular classification, pathogenesis and
morphology of the above condition. Add a note on prognostic factors.(
March 2022 )

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II. SHORT NOTES

1.Mention the stromal tumours of breast. Write about Phyllodes tumour

(Aug 2011)
2.Prognostic and predictive factors of carcinoma breast (Aug 2013)
3.Fibroadenoma of breast ( Aug 2013 )
4.Risk factors and types of carcinoma breast ( Feb 2017)
5.Comedo carcinoma breast
6.Paget disease of nipple
7.Phyllodes tumour ( Cystosarcoma Phyllodes ) ( Aug 2009, Aug 2012, Aug
2019)
8.Gynaecomastia (Aug 2008)

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 Endocrine disorders
I. ESSAY

1.Classify neoplasms of Thyroid. Write in detail about Papillary carcinoma

Of Thyroid. (Aug 2011, Sep 2021)
2.Define Diabetes Mellitus. What are the types? Describe the
Pathophysiology, morphology and complications of Diabetes mellitus. (Feb
2015)
3.Describe the etiopathogenesis of Diabetes. What are the complications?
(Aug 2008)

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PATHOLOGY
II. SHORT NOTES

1.Cretinism (Aug 2008)

2.Thyroiditis (Aug 2011)
3.Hashimoto thyroiditis(Aug 2009, Aug 2012,Aug 2017)
4.Graves disease (Feb 2016, Feb 2018)
5.Papillary carcinoma thyroid (Feb 2010, Aug 2010, Feb 2020)
6.Medullary carcinoma of thyroid (Aug 2010)
7.Pathogenesis and complications of Diabetes mellitus (Feb 2017)
8.Renal changes in Diabetes mellitus (Feb 2011)
9.Diabetic Nephropathy (Aug 2011, Feb 2014)
10.Diabetic Microangiopathy (Aug 2015)
11.Carcinoid syndrome (Aug 2014, Feb 2010)
12.Cushing syndrome (Feb 2019)
13.Pheochromocytoma (Aug 2009, Aug 2013)
14.APUD cell tumours (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) (
Feb 2009)
15. 30 year female presented with diarrhoea, weight loss, protruding
eyeball, thyromegaly. What is the pathogenesis and morphology of the
above condition? (Mar 2022)
16.Hyperparathyroidism. (Aug 2016, Feb 2017)

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 Bones, joints
and soft tissue tumours
I. ESSAY

1.classify tumors of bone. Discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and

pathology of osteogenic sarcoma. Add a note on radiological findings.
(Nov 2020)

II. SHORT NOTES

1.Fracture healing (Aug 2019)

2.Paget disease of bone (Feb 2011)
3.Osteomyelitis (Aug 2011)
4.Pyogenic osteomyelitis (Aug 2010)
5.Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumour). (Aug 2008, Aug 2012)
6.Osteochondroma (Feb 2013)
7.Cartilage forming tumours (Aug 2009)
8.Ewing sarcoma (Feb 2014, Feb 2022)
9.Gout (Aug 2009, Feb 2019)
10.Aneurysmal bone cyst (Aug 2018)
11.Osteogenic sarcoma (Aug 2009, Feb 2020)

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12.Liposarcoma (Feb 2011)
13.Rhabdomyosarcoma (Aug 2014, Feb 2022)
14.Rheumatoid arthritis (Feb 2022)
15.Sequestrum (2021)

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 Skin disorders

I. SHORT NOTES

1. Malignant melanoma (Aug 2009)

2. Precancerous lesion of malignant melanoma (2020)
3. Basal cell carcinoma (Aug 2008 ,2013, Feb 2018)
4. Squamous cell carcinoma (2020)
5.Bowen’s disease of skin (Aug 2012, Feb 2013)
6.Granular cell tumor(Aug 2014)
7. Precancerous lesion of skin (Feb 2015)
8. Intradermal naevus (Aug 2010)
9. Exfoliative cytology (Feb 2016)
10. Kaposi sarcoma (Aug 2015)

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 Cns &eye DISORDERS
I ESSAY

1.Classify tumor CNS,details about glioma(Aug 2010)

II SHORT NOTES

1.Meningioma (Aug 2017,Mar 2022)

2.Pyogenic meningitis (Feb 2016)
3.Astrocytoma (Aug 2014)
4.Glioblastoma multiforme(Aug 2015)
5.Retinoblastoma(Feb 2015)
6.Examination of CSF(Feb 2017)

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 MICROBIOLOGY
INDEX

PAPER 1 Page no
General microbiology & Hospital infection control 3
Immunology 6
Skin, soft tissues & musculoskeletal system 9
infections
Miscellaneous infective syndromes 11

PAPER 2 Page no
Bloodstream & CVS infections 13
Gastrointestinal infections 17
Hepatobiliary system infections 20
Respiratory tract infections 23
CNS infections 25
Urogenital tract infections 27

1|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
 Paper 1

2|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
 General microbiology
& Hospital infection control

I ESSAY

1.Describe the morphology of Bacterial cell with the help of a neat

diagram & mention the uses of various appendages (Feb 2009,2017)
2.Write in detail about Physiology of Bacteria (Feb 2013,2018)
3.Define Sterilization & Disinfection. Write in detail about Chemical
Methods of Sterilization (Aug 2008,2009,2014,2017, Feb 2011, Mar 2022)
4.Define & Discuss the properties of an Ideal Disinfectant. Enumerate the
Various disinfecting agents & their applications (Aug 2012,2018)
5.Enumerate the methods of Gene transfer & discuss the mechanisms of
Drug resistance in bacteria. (Feb 2018, Nov 2018)
6.Classify Culture media with examples. What are the basic constituents of
culture media? Add a note on Culture method (Nov 2020)

3|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
II SHORT NOTES

1.Louis Pasteur (Feb 2009,2015, Aug 2019)

2.Bacterial capsule (Aug 2008,2009,2010, Feb 2010,2012)
3.Flagella (Aug 2009,2015, Sep 2021, Feb 2012)
4.Bacterial growth curve (Feb 2010,2012, Aug 2012,2014,2018, Mar 2022)
5.Fimbriae (Feb 2010,2011)
6.Negative staining – Principle & uses (Feb 2011, Aug 2013)
7.Difference between cell wall of Gram positive & Gram-negative Bacteria
(Aug 2011, Feb 2016)
8.Fluorescence microscopy (Aug 2015,2017, Feb 2016)
9.Gaseous Sterilization (Feb 2018, Feb 2019)
10.Gaseous Disinfectants (Feb 2016,2022)
11.Heat Sterilization (Aug 2015,2018, Feb 2019)
12.Moist Heat Sterilization (Aug 2013,2015)
13.Pasteurization (Aug 2019)
14.High level disinfection in hospitals (Aug 2017)
15.Hot air oven (Feb 2009,2010)
16.Autoclave (Aug 2009,2017)
17.Sterilization by filtration methods (Aug 2015, Feb 2016)
18.Chemical disinfectants (Aug 2010)
19.High level disinfection in hospital (Feb 2011,2017)
20.Chocolate agar (Aug 2017,2022)

4|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
21.Anaerobic culture methods (Feb 2010,2012, Aug 2011,2014,Nov
2020,Sep 2021)
22.Transport media (Feb 2010,2012)
23.Identification of Bacteria (Nov 2019)
24.PCR (Aug 2009, Feb 2015)
25.Nucleic acid probes (Feb 2007,2009,2017)
26.Plasmids (Feb 2008,2013, Aug 2009, Aug 2014)
27.Extrachromosomal genetic elements (Aug 2008,2012, Feb 2011,2017)
28.Mutations (Aug 2010,2012,2018)
29.Transduction – mechanism & types (Feb 2013, Aug 2013)
30.Conjugation (Aug 2009,2015)
31.Transposable genetic elements (Jumping genes) (Aug 2011,Feb 2009)
32.Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (Aug 2012,2016)
33.Antibiogram (Antimicrobial susceptibility testing) (Feb 2007,2009,2015)
34.Virulence determinants of Bacteria (Aug 2012,2016)
35.Bacterial virulence (Aug 2008, Aug 2011)
36.Exotoxins (Aug 2008, Feb 2010,2013,2018)
37.Sources of human infection (Aug 2007,2014)
38.Normal microbial flora (Feb 2009,2016)
39.Role of vectors in transmission of infectious agents (Feb 2010)
40.Enriched media (Aug 2008,2011,2014, Feb 2010,2016,2020)

5|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
 Immunology
I ESSAY

1.Antigen antibody reactions. Discuss agglutination tests with clinical

examples. (Aug 2010)
2.Define complement. Write about alternative C pathway and add a note
on biological effects of complement and genetic deficiencies of
complement components. (Feb 2016)
3.Define and classify hypersensitivity reactions. Describe type I
hypersensitivity. (Feb 2010)
4.Enumerate Hypersensitivity reactions and discuss in detail about Type 4
Hyper sensitivity reaction and add a note on Schwartzman reaction. (Aug
2011)
5.Define and classify hypersensitivity. Discuss the mechanisms of
anaphylaxis (Feb 2012)
6.Define anaphylaxis. Describe the mediators and pathogenesis of
anaphylaxis. (Feb 2014)
7.Define Hypersensitivity. What are the types of hypersensitivity? Write in
detail about Type I Hypersensitivity (Sept 2021)

6|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
II SHORT NOTES

1. Nosocomial Infection. (Aug 2010)

2. Innate Immunity (Aug 2012)
3. Active Immunity (Feb 2009, Aug 2009, Aug 2014)
4. Passive Immunity (Feb 2009, Aug 2017)
5. Adjuvants (Feb 2010, March 2022)
6. Ig G (Aug 2008, Nov 2020)
7. Ig M (Aug 2012, Feb 2019, Aug 2019, Feb 2022)
8. Ig E (Feb 2010)
9. B-Lymphocyte (Aug 2016)
10. T-Lymphocyte (Aug 2012)
11. Passive Agglutination (Feb 2013)
12. Coombs Test (Aug 2014)
13. Elisa (Feb 2020)
14. Principles Of Monoclonal Antibody Production, Monoclonal
Antibodies,Principle,Techniques And Uses. (Aug 2013)
15. Biological Function of Complement (Aug 2008)
16. Complement Deficiency Diseases. (Aug 2018)
17. HLA (Feb 2011)
18. MHC (Aug 2011)
19. Abnormal Immunoglobulin (Aug 2011)
20. Agglutination Reaction (Aug 2014)
21. Ig M Detection in Infectious Disease (Feb 2017)
22. T4+Cd8 (Feb 2017)
23. Monoclonal Antibodies (Aug 2009,Feb 2013,Feb 2022)
24. T Cells and B Cells (Aug 2010)
25. Immunofluorescence Methods (Feb 2011)
26. Distinguishing Factors of T and B Lymphocytes. (Feb 2011)
27. HLA Typing (Aug 2018)

7|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
28. Enumerate the Different Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions. Write
in Detail About Principle, Procedure and Applications of Elisa. (March
2022)
29. Type III Hypersensitivity. (Aug 2008, Aug 2013)
30. Graft Versus Host Reactions (Feb 2009)
31. Mechanism of Autoimmunity. (Aug 2010)
32. Type IV Hypersensitivity. (Aug 2010, Aug 2016 )
33. Immunological Tolerance. (Aug 2011)
34. Hemolytic Disease of The New Born. (Aug 2011)
35. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. (Aug 2012)
36. Erythroblastosis Fetalis. (Aug 2012)
37. Tumour Antigens. (Feb 2013, Aug 2015, Sept 2021)
38. Herd Immunity. (Feb 2013)
39. Immunosurveillance – Possible Mechanisms. (Aug 2013)
40. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (Feb 2014)
41. Theories of Immune Response. (Feb 2014)
42. Allograft Rejection (Aug 2014)
43. Mechanisms of Autoimmunity (Aug 2014)
44. Recombinant DNA Technology in Vaccine Production. (Feb 2018)
45. Auto Immunity. (Feb 2018)
46. Complement Deficiency Diseases. (Aug 2018)
47. HLA Typing. (Aug 2018)
48. Classify Autoimmune Diseases? Write in Detail About The
Mechanism Of Autoimmunity? (March 2022)

8|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
 Skin, soft tissues
&musculoskeletal system
infections

I ESSAY

1. B.antharacis (Feb 2020)

2. Biological weapons, organism used as biological Weapon, details about
B.anthracis
3.Classify clostridia , write in detail about clostridium tetani
4. Discuss the medical importance of Clostridium, write in detail about gas
Gangrene. (Aug 2019)
5.Mycotic mycetoma (Aug 2009)
6.Life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis (Aug 2013)
7.Name the DNA viruses, discuss in detail about Herpes group of Viruses
(Aug 2004)
8.Classify herpes viruses, write in detail about Varicella Zoster Virus (Aug
2014)
9..Discuss briefly on laboratory diagnosis of Leishmaniasis (Feb 2011,2013)
10. Classify Herpes viruses. Discuss the Laboratory diagnosis of chicken pox.
(Aug 2004)
11. Classify Herpes Viruses. Describe the morphology, pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of acute Herpes Simplex virus. (Aug 2008, Aug 2014)

9|Page
MICROBIOLOGY
II SHORT NOTES

1.Varicella zoster (Feb 2009, Feb 2012)

2.mycetoma (Aug 2009, Aug 2014, Feb 2020)
3.Dermatophytes (Aug 2009, Aug 2010, Feb 2012, Aug 2013, Feb 2017)
4.Measles virus (Aug 2011, Feb 2014, Aug 2016)
5.Trichinellosis (Aug 2012)
6.Lab diagnosis of Filariasis (Feb 2013, Feb 2022)
7.Herpes zoster (Aug 2013)
8.Tinea versicolor (Aug 2014)
9.Human Herpes Virus (Aug 2014)
10.Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis (Aug 2018)
11.Coagulase test (Aug 2009)
12.Lepromin test (Aug 2009)
13.Malignant pustule (Feb 2012, Sep 2021)
14.Lyme disease – clinical features & Lab diagnosis (Feb 2014)
15.Gas gangrene (Aug 2019)

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MICROBIOLOGY
 Miscellaneous infective
syndromes
I SHORT NOTES

1. Trichomonas Vaginalis. (Feb 2009)

2. Toxoplasma gondii. (Aug 2010, Aug 2014)
3. Diagram of Trichomonas – Vaginalis. (Aug 2010)
4. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection. (oncogenic potential) (Aug
2012)
5. Varicella zoster (Aug 2012, Aug 2013)
6. Hepatitis markers (oncogenic markers)? (Feb 2012)
7. Viral plaques. (Aug 2012)
8. Diagnosis of congenital HIV infection. (Aug 2012)
9. Malignancies associated with Epstein-Barr Virus. (Aug 2015)
10. List four viruses which can cause cancer in humans. (Feb 2016)
11. Name four parasitic zoonotic diseases. (Aug 2019)
12. Write the clinical feature and lab diagnosis of Plague. (March 2022)

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 Paper 2

12 | P a g e
MICROBIOLOGY
 Bloodstream & CVS
infections

I ESSAY

PARASITIC & FUNGAL INFECTIONS

1.Describe the life cycle, pathogenesis, complications and laboratory diagnosis of

plasmodium falciparum. Add a note on anti-malarial drugs. (Feb 2019)
2.Name the Haemoflagellates. Write the morphology, life cycle, clinical features and
lab diagnosis of kala azar. (Aug 2009)
3.Name the various haemoflagellates. Discuss the life cycle of Leishmania Donovani
and describe the laboratory diagnosis of Kala-azar. (Feb 2011)
4.Classify filarial worms. Write in detail about the life cycle, pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti. (Aug 2012)
5.Discuss briefly on laboratory diagnosis of Leishmaniasis. (Feb 2013)
6.List out the malarial parasites infecting man. Describe the complications and
Laboratory diagnosis of Malignant tertian Malaria. (Feb 2014)
7.Discuss the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Kala Azar. (Aug 2014)
8.List the common blood and tissue flagellates causing human disease. Describe the
pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Chaga’s disease.
(Aug 2016)
9.Classify streptococci. Describe in detail the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis
and management of rheumatic fever. (Feb 2022 ,2017)

13 | P a g e
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10.Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum. Morphological difference between different
plasmodia (Feb 2019)
11.Classify sporozoa. Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum. Laboratory diagnosis of
malignant tertian malaria. (Feb 2014)
12.Hemoflagellates and their morphology. Write a note on Leishmania donovani
(Feb 2011)

BACTERIAL & VIRAL INFECTIONS

1.Name the bacterial agents causing pyrexia of unknown origin. Write the
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of enteric fever. (Aug 2009)
2. Classify enterobacteriaceae. Write the pathogenesis, disease caused and the lab
diagnosis of salmonella typhi infections. (Aug 2012)
3. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever. (Feb 2014)
4.Classify leptospira. Write in detail about laboratory diagnosis and leptospirosis.
(Feb 2015)
5. Classify Rickettsiaceae. Write in detail about morphology, cultivation, antigenic
structure, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of typhus fever. (Aug 2016, Feb 2020)
6.Classify Arbo virus. Discuss briefly on pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of dengue
fever. (Feb 2013 Aug 2017)
7.Explain the pathogenesis, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of HIV
infection. (Feb 2016)
8. Describe the morphology of HIV. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory
diagnosis of HIV infection. Add a note on pre-exposure prophylaxis.
(Aug 2018 Feb 2020)

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II SHORT NOTES

PARASITIC & FUNGAL INFECTIONS

1.Microfilariasis (Aug 2008)

2.Candida albicans / candidiasis (Feb 2018, 2016, Aug 2009)
3.Laboratory diagnosis of malaria (Aug 2010, 2015, 2017, 2019)
4.Laboratory diagnosis and morphology of kala azar (Aug 2008)
5.Exoerythrocytic schizogony (Feb 2009)
6.Histoplasmosis (Feb 2020, Aug2016)
7.Histoplasma capsulatum (Aug 2019)
8.Erythrocytic stage of plasmodium vivax (Aug 2018)
9.Life cycle of plasmodium vivax (Aug 2018)
10.Complications of plasmodium falciparum (Feb 2010)
11.Plasmodium ovale (Nov 2020)
12.Complications of plasmodium falciparum (Feb 2018)
13.Microfilaria of W. bancrofti (2021)
14.Life cycle of W.bancrofti (Sep 2021)
15.Gram tube test (2019)
16.Laboratory diagnosis of blood stream infection (Feb 2020)
17.Benign tertian malaria (Aug 2014)

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MICROBIOLOGY
 BACTERIAL & VIRAL INFECTIONS

1.Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. (Aug 2017, Feb 2022, Aug 2012)

2.Bordetella pertussis (Feb 2018)
3.Write in detail about methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
(Mar 2022)
4.Widal test (Aug 2008, Feb 2010)
5.Weil felix test (Aug 2009, Feb 2014, Mar 2022)
6.Scrub typhus fever (Aug 2011)
7.Relapsing fever (Aug 2011)
8.Rickettsiae (Feb 2012)
9.Weils disease laboratory diagnosis (Aug 2013)
10.Lyme disease – clinical features and lab diagnosis (Feb 2014)
11.Methods of HIV transmission (Feb 2009)
12.Dengue fever (Aug 2010, Feb 2012, Feb 2016)
13.Laboratory diagnosis of HIV (Aug 2011, Sep2021)
14.Pyrexia of unknown origin (Aug 2018, Feb 2022)
15.Post exposure prophylaxis – HIV (Feb 2022)

16 | P a g e
MICROBIOLOGY
 Gastrointestinal
infections

I ESSAY

1.Describe pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis & prophylaxis of cholera

(Feb 2010)
2.Enumerate the bacteria causing diarrhoea. Describe the morphology,
cultural characteristics, pathogenesity & laboratory diagnosis of vibrio
cholera (Feb 2011)
3.Describe epidemiology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis & prevention of
cholera (Aug 2015)
4.Classify nematodes. Describe life cycle & laboratory diagnosis of
Ankylostoma duodenale (Feb 2009,Aug 2010,Feb 2022)
5.Describe the life cycle, pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of Ascaris
lumbricoides (Feb 2010,Aug 2011)
6.Classify nematodes. Describe the life cycle & lab diagnosis of hookworm
(Aug 2011)

17 | P a g e
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II SHORT NOTES

1.El-Tor vibrios (Feb 2009,Feb 2012)

2.Halophilic vibrio (Feb 2010)
3.Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (Feb 2011,Aug 2018,Mar 2022)
4.Toxins of Clostridium perferingens (Aug 2011)
5.Listeria monocytogens (Feb 2011)
6.Helicobacter pylori (Feb 2012)
7.Non agglutinating vibrios (Feb 2013)
8.Difference b/w classical & El Tor vibrios (Aug 2013)
9.Unique characteristics of Enterococcus (Feb 2014)
10.Bacillary dysentery (Aug 2014)
11.Types of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (Feb 2015)
12.Various mechanisms of Escherichia coli producing diarrhea (Feb 2016)
13.Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica (Aug 2010)
14.Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides (Aug 2010)
15.Examination of feces for parasitic infections (Feb 2011)
16.Classification of nematodes according to the habitat of adult worms
(Feb 2011)
17.Extraintestinal amoebiasis (Feb 2012,Feb 2013,Aug 2014)
18.Viral gastroenteritis (Feb 2013)
19.Ancyclostoma duodenale (Aug 2014)

18 | P a g e
MICROBIOLOGY
20.Lifecycle of hookworm (Feb 2016)
21.Virulence factors of Escherichia coli (Nov 2020)
22.Lab diagnosis of vibrio cholera (Sep 2021)
23.Lab diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis (Feb 2017)

19 | P a g e
MICROBIOLOGY
 Hepatobiliary system
infections
I ESSAY

1.Enumerate the viruses transmitted by Blood transfusion. Write in detail

About Hepatitis B virus and its prophylaxis. (Feb 2015)
2.Name the viruses infecting the liver ( Hepatotropic Viruses). Describe the
Morphology and genomic structure of Hepatitis B virus. Write in detail
Regarding epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of HBV infection. ( Aug
2009, Aug 2011, Aug 2012, Feb 2018, Aug 2019)
3.Describe the morphology, life cycle , pathogenesis, and lab diagnosis of
Echinococcus granulosus. (Aug 2008)
4.Blood transfusion transmitted infections. Explain the
Morphology, modes of transmission, clinical features, laboratory
Diagnosis and treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection.
5.Write the general characteristics of Trematodes. Describe the
Morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis of
Liver flukes. Write its treatment.
6. 12 year old boy presents with vomiting, loss of appetite & jaundice for
The past 2 months. Tenderness in the right hypochondrium, hepatomegaly
& gynaecomastia were noted on examination. He had a past history of
Blood transfusion. Laboratory reports show a positive HBsAg test. What Is
the diagnosis?

20 | P a g e
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7. 40 year old male presents with fever, jaundice & pain in the right
Hypochondrium. He complains of dysentery for the past 2 months. USG Of
the abdomen shows enlarged liver with peritonitis. Diagnostic Aspiration
from the liver reveals Anchovy sauce pus. What is your Probable
diagnosis?
8. 26 year old male presents with pain in the right hypochondrium &
Jaundice. Ultrasonography reveals ‘water lily’ sign. Surgery was done to
Remove the cyst. Histopathological examination of the cyst reveals three
Layers of cyst wall with brood capsules. What is the probable diagnosis ?

21 | P a g e
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II SHORT NOTES

1. Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis B infection (Feb 2013, Mar 2022, Feb

2022)
2. Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis C (Aug 2013)
3. Hepatitis vaccines (Feb 2022)
4. Oncogenes (Feb 2017)
5. Hydatid disease ( Feb 2009, Feb 2020)
6. Ameobic liver abscess (Feb 2018)
7. Hydatid cyst (Aug 2016)
8. Hepatitis A virus
9. Hepatitis E virus
10. Oncogenic RNA viruses
11. Viral oncogenesis
12. Mechanism of oncogenesis by HPV and HBV
13.Delta Hepatitis Agent ( Delta virus ) (Aug 2008)
14.Hepatitis markers (Aug 2010, Feb 2012)
15.What is Dane particle? (Feb 2013)
16.Mention two Hepatitis viruses associated with cirrhosis ( Aug 2013)
17.Name two Hepatitis viruses producing chronic infection (Feb 2014)
18.Prevention of Hepatitis B virus infection (Feb 2016)

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 Respiratory tract
infections
I ESSAY

1.Write a note on Corynebacterium diptheriae & its prophylaxis (Feb 2018)

2.Classify Mycobacteria. Write in detail about Tuberculosis & its lab
diagnosis
3.Describe Etiology , pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis
(Aug 2011)
4.Explain the virulence factors, clinical features, lab diagnosis of
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, Write about its treatment &
prevention (Feb 2021)
5.Describe the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (Aug 2013)
6.Describe the morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Explain its
pathogenesis clinical features, lab diagnosis & treatment (Aug 2008,
2015,Mar 2022)
7.Describe the morphology, Pathogenesis, lab diagnosis of Influenza virus.
Write its prevention (Aug 2010)
8.Classify paramyxovirus. Describe the morphology,clinical
features,pathogenesis lab diagnosis & treatment of mumps (Aug 2011)

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Tests for toxin production of C. diptheriae (Aug 200, 2010)

2.Lab diagnosis of mycoplasma (Feb 2009)
3.Coagulase test (Aug 2009)
4.Lab diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (Aug 2010, 2019,Feb 2016)
5.Differences between alpha hemolytic Streptococci & Pneumococci
(Aug2010)
6.Biochemical tests to identify Mycobacterium (Feb 2011)
7.Prophylaxis of influenza (Aug 2014)
8.Bordetella pertusis (Feb 2018)
9.Toxins of Streptococcus pyogenes (Aug 2017,Feb 2019)
10.Non suppurative complications of Streptococcus pyogenes (Aug
2009,2012)
11.Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (Aug 2009,Feb 2014)
12.Diptheroids (Aug 2014)
13.Aspergillosis (Aug 2019)
14.Zygomycosis (Mar 2021)
15.Influenza virus – H1N1 infection, diagnosis & prophylaxis (Aug 2018)

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 CNS infections
I ESSAY

1.Classify Rhabdo virus.Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis

and phophylaxis of rabies virus(Feb 2009)
2.Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of
poliomyelitis(Feb 2010,Feb 2012)
3.Classify Arbo viruses.Discuss briefly on pathogenesis and laboratory
diagnosis of Dengue fever(Feb 2013,Aug 2017)
4.Classify picornaviruses. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical feature and
laboratory .Diagnosis of polioviruses. Add a note on prophylaxis against
poliomyelitis(Feb 2017)
5.Classify Entero viruses. Write in detail about the morphology
Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Polio virus.(Sep 2021)
6.Causes of meningitis and its pathogenesis,lab diagnosis of causative
agents in bacterial meningitis.
7.Bacteria causing meningitis.Details about acute pyogenic meningitis
caused by any one of them.
8.Organism causing meningitis,lab diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis.
9.Parasitic zoonotic diseases,Details about toxoplasmosis.
10.Classify clostridia,Details about clostridium tetani

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Coxsachie Viruses.(Aug 2008)

2.Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.(Aug 2008)
3.Cryptococcus neoformans.(Aug 2008,aug 2010)
4.Laboratory diagnosis of acute pyogenic meningitis.(Feb 2009)
5.Japanese ‘B’ encephalitis.(Feb 2009,Feb 2020)
6.Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Hydatid disease.(Feb 2009,Feb
2020)
7.Free living amoebae.(Aug 2009,Feb 2012,Feb 2013,Aug 2018,Feb 2020)
8.Life cycle of taenia solium.(Aug 2009)
9.Prions.(Feb 2013,Feb 2012)
10.Cysticercus Cellulosae.(Aug 2010)
11.Prophylaxis of rabies(Feb 2011,Feb 2017,Feb 2018,Sep 2021)
12.Primary anaerobic meningo encephalitis(Aug 2011)
13.Polio vaccine.(Aug 2012)
14.Toxoplasma gondii(Aug 2014)
15.Laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis.(Aug 2014)
16.Prophylaxis against Poliomyelitis(Aug 2015,Aug 2018)
17.Neurocysticercosis.(Feb 2016,Sept 2021)
18.Congenital toxoplasmosis.(Aug 2017)
20.Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(Feb 2019)
21.Short notes on Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis(Mar 2022)

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 Urogenital tract
infections

I ESSAY

1.A 45 years old female has attended the Gynaec op with c/o
Mucopurulent Vaginal discharge for the past one week. In gram’s staining
of cervical swab, Kidney shaped Gram-negative cocci are seen. Answer the
following questions
a.) Which organism causes this symptoms and list out the other possible
Organism that cause Sexually Transmitted Infection.
b) Explain the pathogenesis and clinical feature of the organism
c) What are the diagnostic methods and management (Mar 2022).
2.Organisms causing STDS, Details about diagnosis of syphilis.
3.Bacteria causing UTI,Details about lab diagnosis of UTI.

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Gonorrhoea(aug 200)
2.VDRL Test(aug 2009)
3.Tric agent(feb 2010)
4.Anaerobic vaginosis(feb 2013)
5.Unique characters of Enterococcus(feb 2014)
6.Clean catch mid-stream urine(feb 2019)
7.Life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis(Nov 2020)

EXPECTED QUESTIONS

8.UTI lab diagnosis

9.Non gonococcal urethritis
9.General characteristics of enterobacterium
10.Standards test for syphilis
11.Lab diagnosis of secondary syphilis
12.Non veneral tryponemes
13.Gardneralla vaginalis
14.Fries test
15.Inclusion conjuctivitis
16.Soft sour
17.Lymphogranuloma venerum
18.Significant Bacteriuria
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 PHARMACOLOGY
INDEX

PAPER 1 Page no

General pharmacology 1

Autonomic nervous system 2

Autocoids & related drugs 3

Respiratory system 5

Peripheral nervous system 12

Central nervous system 14

Cardiovascular system 19

Blood & diuretics 21

1|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
 PAPER 2 Page no

Gastrointestinal system 24

Hormones & related drugs 26

Antimicrobial chemotherapy 30

Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases 36

Miscellaneous topics 37

2|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
 Paper 1

3|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
 GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
I ESSAY

1.Biotransformation reaction. Explain Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions With

suitable examples. Discuss the importance of enzyme induction & Enzyme
inhibition. (Feb 2010, Aug2014)
2. Drug and dose. Discuss various factors modifying drug’s actions.
(Aug 2010, Aug 2015)

II SHORT NOTES

1. Route of drug administration (Aug 2019)

2.Local routes (Feb 2010)
3.Sublingual route of administration (Aug 2011)
4.Discuss in detail about the Phase 2 Biotransformation reactions with
Suitable examples (Feb 2020)
5.Microsomal enzyme inducers (Feb 2012)
6.First pass metabolism
7.Bioavailability (Feb 2020)
8. Half life (Feb 2017, Aug 2018)
9.Blood-Brain Barrier (Aug 2011)
10.Drug tolerance (Feb 2009)

4|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
11.Specialized active transport mechanisms across biological membrane
(Aug 2013)
12.Receptor antagonism of drugs (Aug 2011)
13.Drug Synergism & Antagonism (Feb 2011)
14.Fixed dose ratio combinations (Feb 2013)
15.Pharmacogenetics (Feb 2009, Aug 2015, Aug 2017)
16.Pharmacovigilance (Aug 2013, Feb 2016, Mar 2022)
17.Teratogenicity (Feb 2011, Feb 2019)
18.Newer drug delivery systems (Feb 2011, Feb 2013)
19.Discuss the clinical significance of plasma protein binding with example.
(Sep 2021)
20. Essential drugs (Feb 2012)
21. Prolongation of drug action (Feb 2011, 2014)

5|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
 Autonomic nervous
system

I ESSAY

1. Classify Sympathomimetic ( Adrenergic ) drugs. Write the mechanism of

action, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and
contraindications of Adrenaline. (Feb 2009)
2. Classify Antimuscarinic ( Anticholinergic ) drugs. Mention the
pharmacological actions of Atropine and its uses. Enumerate Atropine
derivatives and its uses.(Aug 2009)
3. Classify Anticholinesterases. Discuss the mechanism of action and
indications of reversible Anticholinesterases. Outline the management of
acute Organophosphorous poisoning. (Aug 2011)
4. Classify Beta blockers. Discuss the pharmacological actions,
pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and uses of Propranolol. Discuss the
role of beta blockers in Thyrotoxicosis. (Feb 2012)
5. Classify Beta blockers. Mention the advantages of selective over non-
selective beta blockers. Discuss the adverse effects of beta blockers. (Aug
2016)

6|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
6.Discuss the role of sympathomimetic in the management of Bronchial
Asthma (Aug 2012)
7. Discuss the drug therapy of anticholinesterases poisoning (Aug 2013)
8. A patient is brought to the emergency medicine dept with symptoms
suggestive of Organo Phosphorous Compound (OPC) poisoning. What is
the antidote for the above poisoning? Write in detail on receptor
antagonism with suitable diagram. Write briefly on cholinergic crisis in
myasthenia gravis? (Sep 2021)

II SHORT NOTES

1.Treatment of Organophosphorous poisoning (Aug 2008, 2010, Feb

2017,2019)
2. Discuss the drug therapy of Anticholinesterase poisoning (Aug 2013)
3. Therapeutic uses of Atropine and its substitutes (Feb 2011, 2013 ,2014)
4. Dicyclomine (Aug 2015)
5. Adrenaline (Aug 2017)
6. Classification and therapeutic uses of Alpha blockers (Feb 2009 , Aug
2010 , 2016)
7. Uroselective Alpha adrenergic blockers (Aug 2012)
8. Clonidine
9. Beta agonists
10.Metoprolol

7|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
11. Therapeutic uses ,Indications and contraindications of Beta blockers
(Aug 2008, Sep 2021)
12.Extracardiac uses of Beta blockers (Aug 2009)
13.Cardioselective Beta blockers
14.Therapeutic uses of Cholinergic and Adrenergic drugs
(Feb 2014 , Feb 2018, Mar 2022)
15.Treatment of Glaucoma (Feb 2010 , 2016)
16.Ocular hypotensives (Aug 2014)
17.Mydriatics (Aug 2011)
18.Nasal decongestants (Feb 2016)
19. Dopamine in cardiogenic shock (Aug 2009)
20. Alpha blockers (Aug 2018)

8|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
 Autocoids & related
drugs
I ESSAY

1.Classify NSAIDs. Write the mechanism of action, pharmacological

actions, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Salicylates (Aug 2008,Feb
2015)
2. Classify H1 receptor blockers. Discuss the pharmacology of Mast cell
stabilizers and its uses. Enumerate H2 receptor blockers and its uses. (Aug
2009)

II SHORT NOTES

1. Therapeutic uses of H1 antihistamines (Feb 2011)

2. Enumerate second generation H1 antagonists and their uses. Discuss
the differences between first & second generation Antihistamines (Feb
2020)
3. Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandins (Feb 2014,Aug 2011,aug 2010,aug
2008)
4. Pharmacotherapy of Migraine (Feb 2015,aug2010)
5. Drugs used in prophylaxis of migraine (Aug 2008,Mar 2022)
6. Selective 5 HT 1B/1D agonist (Aug 2012)

9|Page
PHARMACOLOGY
7. Mention the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of NSAIDs
(Aug 2019)
8. Effects of Aspirin on acid base & electrolyte balance (Aug 2013)
9.COX-2 inhibitors (Aug 2014)
10.Drug therapy of Chronic gout (Aug 2010)
11.Uricosuric agents (Aug 2011,Aug 2008)
12.Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Ketorolac (Feb 2017)
13.Mechanism of action & uses of Nimesulide (Aug 2012)

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 Respiratory system

I ESSAY
1.Discuss the role of sympathomimetics in management of bronchial
asthma (Aug 2012)
2.Drugs used in bronchial asthma

II SHORT NOTES
1.Management of status asthmaticus (Feb 2014)
2.Ipratropium bromide (Aug 2014)
3.Salbutamol (Aug 2015)
4.Enumerate & discuss the role of inhaled steroids in bronchial
asthma (Feb 2017)
5.Inhalational corticosteroids in bronchial asthma
(Aug 2018,Feb 2012,Aug 2017,Nov 2020)
6.Pharmacotherapy of Status asthmaticus (Aug 2019)
7.Antitussives (Sep 2021)
8.Role of Leukotrine antagonists used in bronchial asthma (Mar
2022)
9.Mast cell stabilizers (Aug 2018)
10.Drugs used in bronchial asthma & write the different
techniques of administration (Aug 2008)
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PHARMACOLOGY
 Peripheral
nervous system
I ESSAY

1.a).classify the drugs used as peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants

b).Discuss in detail the pharmacological action and toxicity produced by
d.Tubocurarine
c).Add a note on the rationale using Dantrolene sodium in the
management of malignant hypertension (Aug 2012)

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Write the difference between competitive and non competitive

neuromuscular blockers. Write their therapeutic uses and adverse effects
(Aug 2008)
2.Succinyl choline (Feb 2009)
3.Therapeutic use of lignocaine (Feb 2009,2012)
4.Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants (Feb 2011)
5.Complications of spinal anaesthesia (Feb 2011)
6.Local anaesthesia in the presence of inflammation (Aug 2013)
7.Discuss the mechanism of action ,uses and technique of local
anaesthetics (Feb 2020)
8.Depolarising neuromuscular blockers (Nov 2020)
9.Complication of spinal anaesthesia (Mar 2022)

13 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
 Central nervous
system

I ESSAY

1.a) Classify Anticonvulsant drugs.

b) Mechanism of action and pharmacological action of Benzodiazipines.
c) Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Benzodiazipines.
(Feb 2010).
2. i) Classify antiepileptic drugs with examples for each group.
ii) Describe mechanism of action, adverse effects and
therapeutic indications of Diphenyl hydantoin.
iii) Role of Topiramate in epileptic patients.(Aug 2010)
3. (i) Enumerate the various sedative and hypnotic drugs.
(ii) Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
benzodiazepines.
(iii) Briefly discuss the management of acute barbiturate poisoning.(Aug
2011).
4. a) Classify antiepileptic drugs.
b) Discuss in detail about the mechanism of action, kinetics, adverse
effects and uses of phenytoin.

14 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
c) How will you manage a known epileptic with three months of
enorrhoea.(Feb 2012)
5.a. Classify antiparkinsonian drugs.
b. Write about on Dopaminergic agonists.(Feb 2013).
6. a) Classify the drugs used for the treatment of Parkinsonism.
b) Discuss the Pharmacological actions, Adverse effects & Interactions of
Levodopa.(Aug 2013).
7. Enumerate antiepileptic drugs. Discuss the pharmacology of drugs
acting on GABA receptors.(Aug 2014).
8.Classify Sedative – Hypnotics. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and
adverse effects of Benzodiazepines. Write briefly on Flumazenil.(Feb
2016).
9.Classify drugs used in the treatment of parkinsonism. Explain the
mechanism of action and adverse effects of levodopa. What is the
rationale for use of carbidopa with levodopa? Write briefly on
selegiline.(Aug 2017).
10.Classify anti-epileptic drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse
effects and therapeutic uses of phenytoin. Briefly discuss the drug therapy
of status epilepticus.(Feb 2018).
11.Classify anti-depressants. Write in detail about mechanism of action,
clinical uses and adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors.(Feb 2019).
12.A 45 year old male patient is brought to the emergency with c/o seizure
episode associated with loss of consciousness. He is a known epileptic for
past 2 years with history of recurrent tonic clonic seizures.
a. Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of Epilepsy.

15 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
b. Discuss in detail the pharmacology of Valproic acid.
c. Write briefly on the management of Status Epilepticus.(Nov 2020).
13.A 65 years old male on antipsychotic medications came with the C/o
difficulty in walking, resting tremors and difficulty in swallowing.
a) What is the diagnosis.
b) How will you treat this patient.
c) Describe the mechanism of action, importance of combination therapy
and adverse effects of Levodopa.
d) Enumerate atypical antidepressants. Discuss their mechanism of action,
importance of combination therapy and adverse effects of
Levodopa.(March 2022).

16 | P a g e
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II SHORT NOTES
1. Intravenous general Anaesthetics.(Aug 2008)
2.Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.(Aug 2008)
3.Pharmacotherapy of parkinsonism.(Aug 2008)
4.Pentazocine.(Aug 2008) (Feb 2013).
5. Carbamazepine.(Feb 2009)
6.Atypical antipsychotics.(Feb 2009) (Aug 2015)(March 2022)
7.Tricyclic anti depressants.(Feb 2009)
8.Drug therapy of parkinsonism.(Aug 2009)
9.Neuroleptic – Analgesia.(Aug 2009)
10.Benzo diazepines.(Aug 2009)
11.Rationale of ethanol in methanol poisoning.(Aug 2009)
12.Pre-anaesthetic medication. (Feb 2010) (Feb 2012) (Feb 2014) (Feb
2018)
13.Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.(Feb 2010) (Feb 2013) (Aug
2014)
14. Phenytoin sodium.(Feb 2011).
15.Blood Brain Barrier. (Aug 2011)
16.Therapeutic uses of morphine.(Feb 2012)
17.Treatment of Alzheimers disease. (Feb 2012).
18.Propofol as an inducing agents.(Aug 2012)
19.Role of Ethyl alcohol in Methyl alcohol poisoning.(Aug 2012)
20.Management of Status Epilepticus.(Aug 2012)
21.Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome.(Aug 2012).

17 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
22.Topiramate.(Aug 2013).
23.Complications of General anaesthesia. (Feb 2014).
24.Sodium valproate.(Feb 2014).
25.Opiod receptors. (Aug 2014).
26.Bromocriptine.(Aug 2014).
27.Mechanism of action of Phenytoin.(Feb 2015)
28.Drug therapy of Parkinsonism. (Feb 2015)
29.Mechanism of action of Disulfiram.(Aug 2016)
30.Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of sodium
valproate.(Feb 2017).
31.Tramadol.(Aug 2008).
32.Dopaminergic agonist in parkinsonism. (Feb 2019).
33.Ketamine (Feb 2019) (Feb 2022)
34.Compare and contrast conventional and atypical antipsychotics.(Feb
2020).
35.Write Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses of newer antiepileptic
drugs. (sep 2021).
36.Enumerate atypical antidepressants. Discuss their mechanism of action
and clinical uses.(Feb 2022).
37.Nicotinic Acid. (Feb 2022).

18 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
 Cardiovascular system
I ESSAY

1.Classify antianginal drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and

adverse effects of nitrates. (Feb 2017)
2.Classify anti-arrhythmic drugs. Write in detail about mechanism of
action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of amiodarone.
(Aug 2018)
3. Classify anti-hypertensive drugs. Discuss the adverse effects and
therapeutic uses of beta blockers. Discuss the drug therapy of
hypertensive emergency. (Aug 2019)
4.Classify anti-hypertensive drugs. Discuss in detail about the management
of hypertensive emergency and urgency. Which anti-hypertensives are to
be avoided in pregnancy and Why? (Feb 2020)
5.A 49 years old male is brought to the emergency dept with symptoms
suggestive of classic angina. A. What are the various classes of drugs useful
to treat the above patient? B. Discuss in detail with suitable diagram on
the mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxant effect of nitrates and
its therapeutic uses. C. Add a note on Nicorandil. (Feb 2022)
6.Cardiotonic agent? Digoxin uses& mechanism*
7.Drugs in CCF- mechanism , pharmacological action,adverse effects,uses
of any three *
8.Anti hypertensive agents- mechanism,uses,adverse effects*

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Brief the drugs used in hypertensive emergencies. (Mar 2022)

2.Discuss the role of vasodilators in acute heart failure. (Feb 2020)
3.Potassium channel openers. (Feb2019)
4.Calcium channel blockers (Aug 2012)
5.Enalapril (Feb 2015)
6.Organic nitrates (Aug 2010)
7.Alpha blockers and therapeutic uses (Aug 2009)
8.Losartan (Feb 2014)
9.Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of digoxin (Aug 2019)
10.Amiodarone (Feb 2016)
11.Treatment of HT emergencies (Feb 2018)
12.Potassium channel openers. (Aug 2011)

20 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
 Blood & diuretics
I ESSAY

1.60 years old female, is a known HT and DM for the past 20 years has
been admitted with the C/o progressive swelling in the face, abdomen and
legs for the past 3 months a) What is your diagnosis. B) Classify diuretics.
C) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of high
ceiling diuretics. D) Justify the rationality in combining high ceiling
diuretics with ACE inhibitors. (Mar 2022)
2.Anticoagulants-pharmacological actions overdose,treatment of heparin
(Feb 2012)
3.Diuretics-mechanism,adverse effect (Aug 2009)
4.classify diuretics a) Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of
furosemide b)Therapeutic uses and advese effects of furosemide (Feb
2015)

21 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
II SHORT NOTES

1.Fibrinolytic agents. (Feb 2008)

2.Low molecular weight heparins. (Aug 2019,Feb 2015)
3.Erythropoetin. (Feb 2016)
4.Parenteral iron therapy. (Aug 2019)
5.Discuss the advantages and therapeutic uses of low molecular weight
heparin. (Aug 2019)
6.Therapeutic uses of fibrinolytic drugs. (Sep 2021)
7.Heparin versus warfarin. (Mar 2022)
8.Antiplatelet drugs (Feb 2015)
9.Iron preparations and uses (Aug 2012)
10.Streptokinase (Aug 2018)
11.Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist. (Feb 2018)
12.Thiazide diuretics. (Aug 2017)
13.Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of spironolactone. (Feb
2018)
14.Spironolactone. (Aug 2018)
15.Therapeutic uses and side effects of furosemide. (Aug 2019)
16.Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
spironolactone (Feb 2020)
17.Potassium sparing diuretics (Feb 2009)
18.Loop diuretics (Aug 2010)
19.Osmotic diuretics (Aug 2014)
20.High ceiling diuretics (Feb 2016)
22 | P a g e
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 PAPER 2

23 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
Gastrointestinal system
I ESSAY

1.Classify drugs used in Peptic ulcer disease. Discuss the mechanism of

Action, uses and adverse effects of Proton pump inhibitors. (Feb 2014,Feb
2017,Mar 2022)
2.Discuss the pharmacotherapy of Helicobacter pylori infection. (Aug
2012)
3.Classify Antiemetic drugs. How will you manage. (Aug 2018)
a)Motion sickness
b)Morning sickness
c)Drug induced postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV )
d)Anti-cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting ( CINV )
4.Classify Antidiarrhoeal drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action,
Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of non specific Antidiarrhoeal
drugs.*

II SHORT NOTES

1.Triple regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection (Aug 2008,Aug 2017)

2.Discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and adverse
Effects of H2 receptor blockers
3.Ranitidine (Aug 2011,Feb2018)
24 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
4.Proton pump inhibitors (Feb 2010)
5.Prostaglandin analogues used in treatment of peptic ulcer (Feb 2020)
6.Bisacodyl (Feb 2011)
7.Sucralfate (Aug 2009)
8. Mention the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
Ondansetron. Why is it advantageous over Metoclopramide? (Aug 2019)
9. Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Metoclopramide (Feb
2019)
10.Prokinetic drugs (Aug 2008,Aug 2016)
11.5HT3 Antagonists (Aug 2014)
12.Classify Antiemetic agents (Aug 2015)
13.Management of Functional constipation (Aug 2012)
14.Domperidone (Feb 2016)
15.Bulk purgatives (Aug 2016)
16.Antimotility drugs (Feb 2016,Feb 2018)
17.Aprepitant (NK1 receptor antagonist)
18.Management of Irritable Bowel syndrome*
19. Uses and Contraindications of Purgatives*
20. Choice and use of Purgatives*
21. Stool softener*
22.Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease*

25 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
 HORMONES & RELATED
DRUGS

I ESSAY

1.Drugs in DM- Mechanism of action, adverse effects or oral

hypoglycemics. Enumerate DNA recombinant derived insulins. (Aug 2009)
2.Glucocorticoids,Pharmalogical actions, uses ,precautions on long term
therapy(Feb 2011)
3.Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs .Discuss the MOA and adverse effects of
metformin. Why is it used as a first choice drug in Type 2 DM
patients?(Feb 2018).
4.Hormonal contraception- various methods, MOA and complications(Aug
2011)
5.A 35 year old male patient, known hyperthyroid is brought to emergency
with c/o palpitation, tremors and profuse sweating.O/E his pulse rate is
134/min and BP is 160/100mm hg. ECG shows sinus tachycardia and a
diagnosis of thyroid storm is made.
a)How will you manage the above condition.
b)Discuss in detail about the pharmacology of thioamides.
c)Write briefly on radioactive iodine.(Nov 2020)

26 | P a g e
PHARMACOLOGY
6.48 years old obese male with sedentary life style, presents with
symptoms and blood sugar level suggestive of diabetes mellitus,fasting
blood sugar 120mg%,post prandial blood sugar 260mgs%.
a) What type of diabetes do you suspect with above clinicalpicture?
b) Enlist the oral hypoglycemia agents used in treatment of diabetes
mellitus.
c)Detail on the mechanism of action,uses and adverse effects of insulin
sensitizers(Sept 2021)
7.a) Classify antithyroid agents.
b)Mention the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of
carbimazole.
c)Add a note on radioactive iodide.(Aug 2010)
8.a) Classify anti-thyroid drugs.
b)Adverse effects and uses of propylthiouracil.
c) Treatment of thyroid storm.(Feb 2013)
9.a)Enumerate and discuss the pharmacology of new insulin analogues
b)Add a note on insulin resistance.(Aug 2013)
10.a)Classify the drugs used for DM.
b)Discuss the actions and the available preparations of insulin.(Feb 2014)

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II SHORT NOTES

1.Carbimazole (Feb 2010)

2.OCP(Aug 2009)
3.OCP- advantages and contraindication.(Feb 2011,Aug2012,Aug 2017)
4.Injectable contraceptives (Nov 2020)
5.Oxytocin (Aug 2016,Aug 2019)
6.Uses of glucocorticoids and its contraindications(Aug 2009)
7.Ovulation inducing agents (Feb 2009)
8.Antithyroid drug (Aug 2009)
9.Selective estrogen receptor modulators (Aug 2010 Aug 2018 March
2022)
10.Hormone replacement therapy(Feb 2010 Aug 2014)
11.Tocolytic agents(Aug 2008)
12.Insulin preparations (Aug 2010)
13.Oral hypoglycemia(Aug 2012)
14.Newer insulin(Aug 2018)
15.Mechanism of action sulfonylurea(Feb 2009)
16.Anabolic steroids (Feb 2009)
17.Human insulin (Aug 2014)
18.Diabetic ketoacidosis management(Aug 2010)

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19.Insulin resistance (Feb 2011 Aug 2011)
20.Raloxifene(Aug 2011)
21.Iodides –Uses and adverse effects (Aug 2012)
22.Emergency contraception(Aug 2013)
23.Superactive GnRh agonist and their uses(Aug 2013)
24.Metformin (Feb 2014,2019)
25.Gonadotropins uses and adverse effects(Feb 2014)
26.Sitagliptin (Feb 2014)
27.5-Alpha reductase inhibitors (Aug 2014)
28.Radioactive iodine-Advantages and disadvantages(Aug 2014 Feb 2019)
29.Clinical uses of somatostatin and octreotide (Aug 2015)
30.Insulin analogs-Indications and advantages (Feb 2017)
31.Bisphosphonates (Feb 2017 March 2022)
32.Propylthiouracil(Aug 2011 Feb 2018)
33.Discuss the status of oral hypoglycemic drugs in type 2 DM(Aug 2019)
34.Deflazacort(Feb 2020)
35.Drugs acting on glucagon like peptide receptors (Nov 2020)
36.Uses and precautions of corticosteroids in ocular conditions (Sept
2021)
37.Combined pill(Feb 2010)
38.Prednisolone(Aug 2011)

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 ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
I ESSAY

1.Classify macrolide antibiotics. Write the mechanism of action and

pharmacological action of erythromycin. Therapeutic uses and adverse
effects of erythromycin. (Aug 2008)
2.Classify penicillin group of antibiotics. Write the mechanism of action
and antibacterial actions of amino penicillins. therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of ampicillin (Feb 2009)
3.Classify anti amoebic drugs. Write the mechanism of action and anti-
protozoal actions of metronidazole. Therapeutic uses and adverse effects
of metronidazole. (Feb 2009)
4.Define amino glycoside antibiotics and enumerate them. Mechanism of
action and common adverse effects of amino glycosides. Write the
therapeutic uses of gentamicin. (Aug 2009)
5.Classify antitubercular drugs. Mechanism of action and bacterial
spectrum of action of rifampicin. Explain short course treatment of
tuberculosis. (Feb 2010)
6.Enumerate anti tubercular drugs. Write the mechanism of action and
adverse effects of any one standard drug. Write briefly on short course
chemotherapy. (Feb 2011)
7.Classify antiamoebic drugs. Discuss the adverse effects and indication of
nitro imidazole used in amoebiasis. Write briefly on nitazoxanide. (Aug
2011)

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8.Classify the drugs used for the treatment of fungal infections. Explain the
mechanism of action, interaction, adverse effects and uses of
ketoconazole. (Aug 2012)
9.Classify fluroquinolones. Explain the mechanism of action and uses of
second generation fluroquinolones. (Feb 2013)
10.Discuss the mechanism of action. Spectrum of activity and uses of
metronidazole. (Aug 2013)
11.Classify antimalarial drugs. Describe in detail about chloroquine
resistance malaria treatment. (Aug 2014)
12.Classify the drugs used for the treatment of fungal infections. Explain
the mechanism of action, drug interactions, adverse effects and
therapeutic uses of griseofulvin. (Feb 2015)
13.Classify cephalosporins. Discuss the mechanism of action,uses and
adverse effects of cephalosporins. Write briefly about post antibiotic
effect. (Aug 2015)
14.Classify beta lactam antibiotics. Mention the mechanism of action,
adverse effects and uses of penicillin. Write briefly about beta lactamase
inhibitor. (Feb 2016, Feb 2019)
15.Classify the drugs used for tuberculosis. Discuss the mechanism of
action, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of isoniazid. (Aug 2016)
16.Classify drugs used in the treatment of malaria. Outline the mechanism
of action and advantage of chloroquine. Write a note on prophylaxis of
malaria. (Aug 2017)
17.Classify antitubercular drugs according to clinical utility. How will you
treat. Newly diagnosed Pulmonary tuberculosis ,Previously treated
Pulmonary tuberculosis & Multi drug resistant TB

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18. Classify the drugs used for the treatment of fungal infections. Explain
the mechanism of action, interaction, adverse effects and uses of
fluconazole (Feb 2020)
19.Classify antimalarial drugs. Describe mechanism of action. Uses and
adverse effects of chloroquine write briefly on ACT. (march 2022).

II SHORT NOTES

1.Flouroquinolones and their uses (Aug 2008)

2.Clarithromycin (Feb 2009)
3.Primaquine (Feb 2009)
4.Ketoconazole(Feb 2009)
5.Rifampicin(Feb 2009)
6.Third generation cephalosporins(Aug 2009)
7.Extra malarial uses of chloroquine and its rationale(Aug 2009)
8.Repository preparations of penicillins(Aug 2009)
9.Doxycycline(Feb 2010)
10.Chloroquine(Feb 2010)
11.Fluconazole(Feb 2010)
12. INH(Aug 2010)
13.Management of malaria(Aug 2010)
14.Ketoconazole(Aug 2010)

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15.Adverse effects and uses of Metronidazole. (Feb 2011)
16.Clarithromycin(Feb 2011)
17.Ketoconazole(Feb 2011)
18.Pyrazinamide(Aug 2011)
19.Pyrimethamine(Aug 2011)
20.Diethylcarbamazine citrate(Aug 2011)
21.Gentamicin – PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) chain(Aug 2012)
22.Fusion inhibitors in HIV infection(Aug 2012)
23.Clofazimine in Leprosy(Aug 2012)
24.Management of multi drug resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (Aug 2012)
25.Newer Macrolides(Feb 2013)
26.Post Exposure prophylaxis of Rabies. (Feb 2013)
27.Gatifloxacin(Aug 2013)
28 Artemisinin based combination therapy (Feb 2014)
29.Rifampin(Feb 2014)
30.Albendazole(Feb 2014)
31.Fourth generation cephalosporins (Feb 2014)
32.Prophylaxis of HIV infection(Aug 2014)
33.Antipseudomonal penicillins(Aug 2014)
34.Short course chemotherapy in tuberculosis. (Aug 2014)
35.Cotrimoxazole(Aug 2015)
36.lepra reaction (Feb 2015)
37.sulfasalazine (Aug 2014)

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38.Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of metronidazole(Feb
2017)
39.Treatment of scabies(Aug 2017)
40.Discuss the mechanism of action, and adverse effects of
aminoglycosides(Feb 2018)
41.Discuss the principle and guidelines in the treatment of HIV(Aug 2018)
42.Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of metoclopramide. (Feb
2019)
43.Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment of HIV(Feb
2019)
44.Short course chemotherapy in the treatment of tuberculosis(Feb 2019)
45.Cyclosporine(Aug 2019)
46. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy(Aug 2019)
47.Anti-pseudomonal penicillins(Feb 2020)
48.Directly observed shortcourse treatment for TB(feb 2020)
49.Third generation Cephalosporins(aug 2020)
50.Chemoprophylaxis of Tuberculosis(Aug 2020)
51.Write in detail on mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
aminoglycoside antibiotics(Feb 2021)
52.Write in detail on retroviral protease inhibitors and combination
therapy(Feb 2021)
53.Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of metronidazole(Feb 2021)
54.Beta lactamase inhibitors and rationale of their combination with
penicillin. (Feb 2022)
55.Primaquine(feb 2022)
56.Betalactamase inhibitors.(march 2022)
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57.Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Cyclosporine(march
2022)
58.Multidrug resistant (MDR) TB(march 2022).

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 CHEMOTHERAPY OF
NEOPLASTIC DISEASES
I ESSAY

1.Enumerate the Antimetabolites used in neoplastic diseases. Write the

Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Methotrexate. Add a note on
Treatment of Methotrexate toxicity. (Aug 2010)

II SHORT NOTES

1.Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Methotrexate ( Feb

2017)
2.Paclitaxel (Aug 2012, Feb 2016)
3.Classification of Anticancer drugs (Feb 2014)
4.Cyclophosphamide (Aug 2018)
5.Discuss Alkylating agents used as Anticancer drugs ( Mar 2022)
6.Vinca alkaloids (Aug 2016, Feb 2010, Aug 2011, Sep 2021)
7.Cisplatin ( Aug 2011, Aug 2010,Mar 2022)
8.Anticancer antibiotics (Aug 2008, Feb 2009,Feb 2011)
9.General principles of Cancer chemotherapy (Aug 2015)
10.Toxicity amelioration of Cancer chemotherapy (Feb 2016)

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 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
I ESSAY

1.Classify Immunosuppressants. Describe the mechanism of action,

adverse Effects and therapeutic uses of Calcineurin inhibitors. (Aug 2014 )

II SHORT NOTES

1. Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Calcineurin inhibitors (

Feb 2019)
2. Mycophenolate mofetil (Feb 2013 )
3. Treatment of Scabies ( Aug 2017 )
4. Management of Psoriasis (Feb 2013 , Feb 2020 , Feb 2022 )
5. PUVA ( Psoralen UltraViolet A ) ( Aug 2013 )
6. Treatment of Acne vulgaris. ( Aug 2014 )
7. Chelating agents*
8. Penicillamine (Aug 2009)
9. British Anti-lewisite ( BAL ) (Aug 2010 , Feb 2013 )
10.Iron poisoning*
11.Discuss the mechanism of action and indications of Desferrioxamine
(Feb 2009, Aug 2018 )
12.Antioxidants (Feb 2022, Feb 2018 )

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13.Discuss in detail about pharmacokinetic drug interactions with suitable
Examples (Feb 2018 )
14.Therapeutic uses of oxygen (Feb 2011 )
15. Vitamin D (Aug 2010 )
16. Vitamin A (Feb 2013 )
17. Drugs for ocular disease (Sep 2021)

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 Systemic squad

Thrisha Supriya
Akshaya subiksha Suruthi
Arthika Swathy
Raghul Thahira
Sana Tahseen Uva Ranjith
Subasri Yamuna jeyalakshmi
Subhiksha Sobhana

Team impulse ( Editors )

Vishal D

Dr.NERVE Systemic Squad

You can find us at

dr.nerve

t.me/drnervekgmc

dr.nerve

dr.nerve

drnervekgmc@gmail.com

Dr.NERVE Systemic Squad

Dr.NERVE Systemic Squad