LESSON 1: Fundamental of Games and Sports

Introduction

We need to learn Fundamental movement skills before they learn fundamental sport skills. If they are
introduced to sport skills before movement skills, they often struggle to learn the sport skills and can risk
injury. Sometimes they get discouraged and quit!

Fundamental movement skills are basic movements such as throwing, kicking, running, jumping,
hopping and catching. Fundamental sport skills are these movement skills applied to a sport situation: for
example, kicking a soccer ball, running a sprint, jumping up for a basketball rebound, catching a baseball.

By mastering fundamental skills, we will find it easier to learn fundamental sport and game skills.
The combination of these two types of skills forms the basis of physical literacy and opens the door to new
sports and physical activities and helps build a better, more confident athlete and person.

“Games and Sports” are activities providing entertainment or amusement; pastime: party game; word
games. It is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individuals or teams compete under
set of rules. It includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games which, through casual or
organized participation, at least in part aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while
providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators.

Classification of Games and Sports

1. Games
▪ Indoor Games - are typically any game which must be played inside, away from the
possibility of interference due to weather (rain, wind, etc.)
▪ Outdoor Games - are typically any game which must be played outside, or otherwise
requires a large play area.
2. Sports
▪ Individual Sports - is a sport in which participants compete as individuals.
▪ Dual Sports - are played by two people opposing each other.
▪ Team Sports - involve organized groups of people competing against each other.

Benefits and Values of Games and Sports

Sports and games are not mere bodily activities alone. They play a more significant role in making people
confident, flexible, alert, and happy but in the majority of our schools, the games interval is for comfort. It
is for breaking the humdrum of academic lessons.

Below are the benefits and values of Games and Sports:

1. Games and sports give physical education for the future.

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2. Games and sports make growing boys and girls honest and hard-working. They learn self-control,
determination and strength.

3. Sports and games are important for every one as it helps us to be fit and healthy.

4. Your heart is a muscle and requires frequent exercise to help it keep healthy and fit. A wholesome heart
can pump blood efficiently around your entire body. Your heart may improve in functionality when it's
regularly contested with exercise. Stronger hearts may enhance general wellness of the body.

5. Sport brings together a mixture of individuals from various communities, backgrounds, religions and
beliefs. Sport can provide a brand-new way to meet other people you may not interact with day to day. As
a result, you are able to make new friends.

6. Routine sport causes more oxygen to be drawn into the body with carbon monoxide and waste gases
expelled. This raises the lung capacity during sport, improving lung function and efficiency.

7. By training frequently and working towards seasonal goals you may build your confidence and skills.
This is particularly noticeable through tournaments and matches at which you and your team put your
abilities to the evaluation. Small, incremental accomplishments throughout the entire year can construct
personal confidence over time, providing you the ability to take on new jobs and duties at work with your
new-found confidence.

Part of Filipino culture is to search for entertainment and enjoyment. One source is through games. The
games that Filipino plays are as old as our ancestors are. From the games Filipino play, we can trace that
we are fond of competition, because of the pressure games gave. There are different contests that are
bound by rules, which capture Filipinos' hearts. In his psychology book, Virgilio Enriquez (1997) said that
one way of Filipinos mode of interaction is through joining games, which they enjoy much.

Games are grouped into five:

1. Invasion games, are team games in which the purpose is to invade the opponents'

territory while trying to score points and keeping the opposing team' s points to a minimum, and all within
a defined time period.

2. Striking/Fielding games, are activities in which players score points by striking an object and
running to designated playing areas or prevent opponents from scoring by retrieving the object and
returning it to stop the play.

3. Target games, are activities in which players send an object toward a target while avoiding any
obstacles. By playing these games, participants will learn the key skills and strategies for games.

4. Net games, is a sport where a net is a standard part of the game, especially where the net separates
the opponents. The object of these games is to hit the ball or bird over the net back to the opponent.
Players then score points whenever the opponent fails to return the ball/bird back over the net.

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 5. E-games, a generic term for any amusement or recreation using a stand-alone video game, desktop
computer or the internet with one or more players.

The first four involve physical games. Each type uses strategies in that calls for players' fundamental
skills. The last types of games are simulated games that make the players feel the naturalness of the game
being played.

LESSON 2: Indigenous Games

Introduction

Have you heard of the traditional games from your grandfathers and grandmothers played when
they were young? These games are part of your cultural heritage so they should be handed down to you
by your elders.

This lesson speaks of the fun and enjoyment Filipinos get from their traditional games commonly known
as “LARO”. These indigenous games are usually played during wakes, festivals and town fiestas.
Awareness and knowledge of these “Mga Laro ng Lahi” helps every Filipino develop a sense of nationalism
and the recognition of national identity as a Philippine culture.

You will have time to play the games and enjoy them even by yourself. You need to follow the directions
carefully.

Indigenous Games
“LARO” is the Pilipino generic term for all forms of recreational play. Filipinos say “Laro tayo” meaning
“Let's play whether they wish to play for fun without concern for consequence or engage in a highly
competitive contest.

Indigenous games widely known as “Laro ng Lahi” are Hispanic in origin. These local games have existed
as part of the Filipino culture and It is not only played by youngsters but also by anybody who love childish
humor. While these games are recreational in nature, they are also used to test an individual or group's
strength, endurance and dexterity. Laro ng Lahi can be categorized as single or individual games, dual
games, and group games.

Individual games are those played by a single player while dual games are games played by two players.
All games are started by a procedure undertaken by the players themselves. The procedures may differ but
all of them are called “manuhan”. “Manuhan” may be done in different ways. Here are some of them:

1. Tihaya o Taob – (top or bottom side up) wherein a clam shell, wooden shoe, leaf or coin is used.
2. Bunotan ng Patpat – (Drawing Sticks) the one who draws the short one becomes the first
to play. The one who draws the longest one is the last player or becomes the “It” (Taya).

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3. Gansal o Pares – One player picks up in one hand as many tokens (seeds, shells, pebbles) he can hold.
He then asks his opponent to guess whether the total number is odd or even. If the opponent guesses
correctly, he wins and has the right to play first.
4. Toe-line – Each player throws his “pamato” from a certain point agreed upon at the
beginning of the game towards the toe-line. Whoever is the nearest to the toe-line plays first.

5. Luksong Tinik and luksong lubid - involves leaping over hands and fingers or ropes
6. Luksong baka - involves leap-frogging over someone who is in varying positions, from a prone fetal
position to a standing bent over position, with the object of the game as going over that person.

Indigenous games are played either indoor or outdoor. In an unopposed game, the contender only
aims to hit the target while in an opposed game, the player uses offensive or defensive strategies to goal.

Here are examples of single and dual indigenous games. Study the instructions carefully before you attempt
to play the game.

“PIKO”
Piko is a popular game played in yards or alleys. A
geometric figure is drawn on the ground and provided with
divisions or compartments. Piko is unbelievably old.
When ancient Roman cities were dug up, drawings of
hopscotch lines were found on the stone floors.
Everywhere, it is played for one aim to win a pIace to caII
one's own. In the PhiIippines the game is aIso known as
“kipkip”, “pikuba”, “Iaban” and “segking”.

Preparations

Draw the playing court on the ground with a sharp stick. Five rectangles arranged vertically with rectangles
3 and 5 divided equally (3a and 3b) and (5a and 5b) and {a half-moon for no. 6) A horizontal line is also
drawn on the 4th rectangle to be used for manuhan purposes.

A piece of chalk, charcoal or a roll of masking tape may be used if the court will be drawn on a stone or
cemented floor.

Make available
flat pieces of
stones which may
be used

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How to play the game?

1. Stand in front of rectangle

2. Take turns in tossing your “pamato” to the dividing line in rectangle no. 4. The player who
tosses his pamato closest to this line, plays first. This is called “manohan”.

3. If you are the first player, toss your pamato to rectangle no. 1. Neither the player nor the pamato must
touch the line otherwise you lose your turn.

4. Start hopping or skipping through the compartments. Avoid stepping on the part where your
“pamato” is. Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games 6 5a 5b 4 3a 3b 2 1 6

5. Land on both feet when you reach compartment no. 6. Landing in both feet is only allowed in this
compartment and in other areas which you may earn after successfully finishing the game. These
areas will be called your home or “bahay”. No other player can step on this area.

6. Pick your “pamato” on your way home starting from rectangle no. 5.

7. After you have played in the entire rectangle, toss your pamato strong enough from compartment no.
6 to pass over rectangle no. 1. Hop again passing no. 5 to no. 1 them jump
over your “pamato”.

8. Pick up your pamato and with your back turned against the rectangle play area, toss your pamato
towards the direction of the play area. The compartment where the pamato lands becomes your home
or “bahay”. You may write your name on your “bahay”.

9. Start the game all over again without passing through the homes won by players. The owner
of the home or “bahay” is the only privileged player to land on his home or “bahay”.

10. Play the game all over again until all compartments have been won as homes. The player with the
most number of homes, wins.

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 “TATSING”

“Tatsing” is a game enjoyed by youngsters in the

backyard. “Tatsing” comes from the English word
touching. The objective of the game is to hit the bottle
caps out of the square with one’s stone or “pamato”
from the tow line. The player, who hits the most
number of bottle caps out of the square, wins. The
bottle caps may be substituted with marbles, rubber
bands and coins.

TEAM GAMES
Filipinos are festive people. They love doing things with friends, relatives and neighbors in a joyful mood.
This is the reason why Philippine traditional games are enjoyed not only by young people but also by adults.

This lesson discusses the most common team games played by Filipinos from among the regions in the
Philippines. The title of the game may differ from one region to another but the same mechanics are used.

“CULLIOT”

This game is similar to tug of war in principle. It is

sometimes called “Hatakang Lubid”. The purpose of a
team is to pull the other team over the borderline.

Preparation

▪ Look for safe place where the players can play

▪ Draw a centerline and two borderlines which should be one meter away from the centerline.
▪ Make available a 15-meter-long rope with a diameter of 3.81 centimeters.

How to Play the Game

▪ Have equal number of players for each team. The head player is the team's captain.
▪ Separate the two teams who should be facing each other about five meters apart with the
centerline in the middle of both teams.
▪ Let each member of each team hold on the rope. The end of the rope should be tied on the waist
of the last player.
▪ Tie a piece of ribbon or handkerchiefs on the center of the rope which should fall on the
centerline.
▪ On signal, each team pulls each other until one's team captain crosses the middle line.
▪ The team that pulls the other over the borderline is declared as the winner.

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 “PATINTERO”

Patintero or “Harang Taga” is the most

popular among the Philippine games. It is
played everywhere, anytime of the day
most especially at night during full moon.

A team is composed of five (5) players and a coach. The officials of the game are the referee, scorer,
timekeeper and five (5) linesmen. Two teams compete (the offensive and the defensive teams) to accumulate
as many points by passing the lines without being tagged. The defensive team is called the line guards while
the offensive team is called the “passers”. The objective of a team is to accumulate as many points by
passing the lines without being tagged.

Preparation
Draw a patintero court with a length of 13.5 and a width of 7 meters. Divide the court into six courts by
dividing the length into three and the width into two.

How to play the game Start the game by tossing a coin.

Whoever wins becomes the passer. A time limit of two
minutes is given to each team to score.

Originally, the game was started thru “jack en poy” Each

team was represented by a leader and the winner in the
“jack en poy” becomes the offensive team.

There was no time limit. At the whistle of the referee, all offensive players enter the court and advance to
the next line of the court until they reach home without being tagged. On the other hand, the defensive
players guard their lines so that nobody can cross their lines going to the next box. Tagging was legal then
even if one foot only had contact with the line on the ground. Any player of the offensive team, who reaches
home without being tagged, scored a point.

If the offensive team continues to earn a score for some time, the defensive team is shouted at “bagoong”
by the offensive players. The game continues until a turnover is called.

How to Play the Game

▪ The game is started with a toss of a coin. Whoever wins, becomes the offensive team.
▪ A time limit of two minutes is given to each team to score. A turnover is called if the time lapses. ·
▪ At the whistle of the referee, players enter the court with a risk of being tagged.
▪ Passers cross the lines from the starting point and back.

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 ▪ Line guards who are positioned on the vertical lines keep their feet on the line while trying to tag
the passers. The guard on the horizontal line (patotot) does the same.
▪ If any of the passers is tagged, a turnover is called even if the 2 minute limit has not elapsed. The
line guards assume the position of passers while the passers become line guards.
▪ Tagging is legal only when both feet of the line guards have contact with the ground. No tag is
allowed when the players have already passed a preceding box. The horizontal line guard (patotot
guard) is the only guard privileged to tag anywhere.
▪ A run is scored every time a player enters a new box. The equivalent point for each run is shown
below. Any player who reaches home scores 20 points for his team.
▪ The game is played in three innings ·
▪ The team with the highest score after the third inning wins the game.

Scoring

1. Each width line will have corresponding points as follows:

Going up back to home ground

1st – 1 pt 4th – 2 pts.
2nd – 2 pts. 3rd – 3 pts.
3rd – 2 pts. 2nd – 3 pts.
4th – 2 pts. Home ground – 5 pts.

“SANGKAYAW”

Sangkayaw is popularly known as coconut shell race. It is

commonly played in the Tagalog and Central Luzon
provinces. This game makes use of a coconut shell tied to
a string under each foot. The string is placed between the
toe and the next one. The loose end of the string is being
held by the hands

Preparation

▪ Draw a starting line and finish line with a distance of twenty (20) meters.
▪ Make available a pair of cadang in front of each team. A team may be composed of ten (10) to
twelve (12) players.
▪ On signal, the first player of each team walks with his coconut shell (hush) towards his goal line.
▪ Upon reaching the goal line, be turns around with his stilt and returns to the starting line.
▪ The next player gets the pair of cadang and does the same.
▪ The third, fourth, up to the last player repeat the procedure.
▪ The first team to finish the race, wins.
▪ A team whose player walks for more than two (2) steps after a fall will be disqualified.

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 “TIYAKAD”

This is a Philippine game with the use of bamboo

stilts. Two bamboo poles of equal length are
used with a foot size tongue in each pole to serve
as platform for the player's feet. The principle of
the game is to walk on stilt from a starting line
to the finish line. The length to be traveled is 100
meters.

Preparation

▪ Draw two (2) parallel lines with a

distance of 100 meters apart to serve as
starting line and finish line.
▪ Mark every 25th meter

How to Play the Game

▪ Have four players in each team.

▪ Arrange the players in such a way that the first player stands behind the starting line, the second
player behind the 25th mark, the third player behind the 50th mark and the fourth and last player
behind the 75th mark.
▪ On the signal “GO” the first player mounts on his stilts and starts walking to the 25th mark. He
gets off from the stilts, hand then down to the second player who does the same while going to
the 50th mark.
▪ The third and fourth players repeat the pattern until all players have experienced the bamboo stilt
race.
▪ The first team that reaches the finish line without getting off the stilts, wins.
▪ A team will be disqualified if:
a. a player falls twice from the bamboo stilts.
b. a player walks for more than two steps after a fall

Variation

Each player walks on stilt from the starting line to the finish line. The length to be traveled is one hundred
(100) meters. The first player that reaches the finish line
without getting off the stilts, wins.

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“TUMBANG PRESO” (Knock the Can Down)

This is a very common game played in the backyard or even in streets with less vehicular traffic. It started
during the Spanish regime in the Tagalog region. It was handed down in the different parts of the country
and was given different names. The equipment needed are empty milk can, slipper or a piece of flat stone
used as “pamato”.

Any number of players may participate although it is

recommended that players should
not be more than nine (9).

The object of the game is to hit and knock

down the milk can with the pamato and for the “It” to put back
the can inside a small circle, a few m eters away from the toe-
line. When a player is tag while recovering his pamato, he
becomes the new “It”.

Preparations
▪ Make available an empty milk can, some slippers or pieces of flat stones which may be
▪ used as “pamato”.
▪ Draw a starting line or a toe-line about five (5) meters away from a small circle where the empty
milk can will be placed to be guarded by the “It”

How to Play the Game

▪ Select an “It”. From the small circle where the empty milk can is standing, throw your “pamato” to
the starting line. Whoever has the farthest pamato from the toe-line becomes the “It”.
▪ Let the “It” guard the empty milk can in the small circle · Line up at the back of the starting line.
When the “It” shouts “Game”, each of you should hit the can trying to
topple it down.
▪ The toe-line serves as your home base. You are safe once you stay in the home base
with your slippers or stones with you. If the can topples down, you can retrieve your pamato and
run immediately to your home base. The “It” will try to return the can to an upright position inside
the circle. He then runs after the players who try to retrieve their stones. Any player tagged becomes
the next “It”. · If the can is hit and goes off the circle but remains standing, the “It” has the right to
tag the hitter once the hitter leaves the toe-line. In this case, you may kick or knock down the can
to save other players who have not retrieved their stones.

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