Hebrew Beyond comparison the most important word

inancient hebrew is the hebrew bible (Tanakh) the

• Hebrew comes from the middle english word
mishna is the primary rabbinic codification of laws as
"Ebren" which come from the old french derived
derived from the torah, it was written in the Mishnais
from the latin word “Hebracus"
Hebrew
• Hebrews were ancestors of Samaritan and Jews
• Jews were the descendant of Hebrews Medieval Hebrew literature
• Hebrews claim to be the descendant of Biblical
During the medieval period, the majority of Jewish and
Patriach Abraham
Hebrew literature was composed in Islamic North
• They live in the ancient middle east 1400 BC they Africa, Spain, Palestine, and the Middle East.
settle in Canaan (formerly known Israel) the
country of the eastern coast Mediteranian Sea the Many works of medieval philosophical literature such
territory of modern Isael, Jordan, Lebanon and as Maimonedes Guide to the Perplexed and The Kuzarı,
Syria; as well as many works of fiction, were written in Judeo-
• They live in the tent wealthier people live in the Arabic.
house. Works of rabbinic literature were more often written in
• Hebrew is a member of the Canaanite group of Hebrew, including: Torah commentaries by Abraham
Semitic languages. It was the language of the early ibn Ezra, Rashi and others codifications of Jewish law,
Jews, but from 586 BC it started to be replaced by such as Maimonides' Mishnch Torah, the Arba'ah
Aramaic. Turim, and the Shulchan Aruch; and works of Musar
Aramaic literature. (didactic ethical literature) such as Bahya ibn
Paquda's Chovet ha-Levavot (The Duties of the Heart).
Arāmāyā, Syriac is a family of languages or dialects
belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic Much medieval Jewish poetry was written in Hebrew,
language family. More specifically, it is part of the including liturgical piyyutim in Palestine in the seventh
Northwest Semitic group, which also includes the and eighth centuries by Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and
Canaanite languages such as Hebrew and Phoenician. Eleazar Kalir. These poems were added to the Hebrew-
language liturgy. This liturgy was compiled in book form
• The church of Hebrew was called Jerusalem Temple as "the siddur" by rabbis including Amram Gaon and
(the first temple was built by King Solomon) Saadia Gaon.
covered with gold.
• Hebrew food was similar to the food of other Later Spanish, Provençal, and Italian poets wrote both
Mediterranean people. religious and secular poems, particularly prominent
• The popular drink was wine. poets were Solomon ibn Gabirol, Yehuda Halevi, and
Yehuda al-Harizi. Most were also active in translating
Hebrew Literature Jewish rabbinic and secular literature from Arabic into
Hebrew.
Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and
modern writings in the Hebrew language. It is one of Modern Hebrew Literature
the primary forms of Jewish literature, though there
have been cases of literature written in Hebrew by non- In addition to writing traditional rabbinic literature in
Jews. Hebrew literature was produced in many Hebrew, modern Jews developed new forms of fiction,
different parts of the world throughout the medieval poetry, and essay-writing, which are typically called
and modern eras, while contemporary Hebrew "Modern Hebrew Literature."
literature is largely Israeli literature. Eighteenth Century
Ancient Hebrew literature By the early eighteenth century, Jewish literature was
Literature in Hebrew begins with oral literature of the still dominated by Sephardic authors, often writing in
Leshon Hakodesh on the Holy Language since very Judeo-Arabic. Moses Hayyim Luzzatto's allegorical
ancient times and with teaching of Abraham, the first drama "La-Yesharim Tehillah" (1743) may be regarded
of the Biblical Patriarch of Israel. as the first product of modern Hebrew literature.
It has been referred to as "a poem that in its classic It is probably the most widely reproduced text of the
perfection of style is second only to the Bible. Hebrew Bible in history, with many dozens of
"Luzzatto's pupil in Amsterdam, David Franco Mendes authorized reprints and many more pirated and
(1713-92), in his imitations of Jean Racine ("Gemul unacknowledged ones. This revised edition became
'Atalyah") and of Metastasio ("Yehudit"), continued his very popular, and was widely reprinted in both Jewish
master's work, though his works are not as respected circles (often accompanied by a translation on facing
as were Luzzatto's. Later in the eighteenth century, the pages) and in Christian circles (with the addition of the
Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment) movement worked to New Testament)
achieve political emancipation for Jews in Europe, and
Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (1790-1867)
European Jews gradually began to produce more
literature in the mould of earlier Middle Eastern Jewish After various experiences in business, Rapoport
authors. Moses Mendelssohn's translation of the became rabbi of Tarnopol (1837) and of Prague (1840).
Hebrew Bible into German inspired interest in the He was one of the founders of the new Wissenschaft
Hebrew language that led to the founding of a des Judentums movement. His chief work was the first
quarterly review written in Hebrew. Other periodicals part of an unfinished encyclopaedia (Erekh Millin,
followed. Poetry by Naphtali Hirz Wessely such as 1852). Equally 1 notable were his biographies of Saadia
"Shire Tiferet," or "Mosiade," made Wessely, so to Gaon, Nathan (author of the Arukh), Hai Gaon, Eleazar
speak, poet laureate of the period. Kalir, and others. After the fashion in rabbinic circles.
Rapoport was. known by the acronym "Shir", formed
Nineteenth Century
by the initial letters of his Hebrew name Shelomo
• In nineteenth-century Galicia, poets, scholars, and Yehuda Rapoport (Shir literally means "song" in
popular writers who contributed to the Hebrew)
dissemination of Hebrew and to the emancipation
Nachman Krochmal (1785-1840)
of the Jews of Galicia included:
• Joseph Perl (1773-1839), writer and educator who, A philosopher, theologian, and historian. He began the
in 1819, published Revealer of Secrets, the first study of the Talmud at an early age. At age fourteen he
Hebrew novel. was married, according to the custom of the time, to
• Nachman Krochmal (1785-1840), a philosopher, the daughter of the wealthy merchant Habermann. He
theologian, and historian. then went to live with his father-in-law at Zhovkva, near
• Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (1790-1867), a Lemberg. where he devoted himself entirely to his
rabbi, poet, and biographer studies, beginning with Maimonides' The Guide for the
• Isaac Erter (1792-1841), a satirical poet whose Perplexed, and studying other Hebrew philosophical
collection of essays, "Ha-Tzofeh le-Bet Yisrael," is writings.
one of the purest works of modern Hebrew Joseph Perl (1773–1839)
literature, attacking Hasidic superstitions and
prejudices in a vigorous and classical style. Revealer of Secrets, first published in 1819, is an
• Meir Halevy Letteris (1800-1871), a lyric poet also epistolary novel by Joseph Perl, a proponent of Jewish
known for his adaption of Goethe's Faust into emancipation and Haskalah. It is often considered the
Hebrew. first modern novel in Hebrew. The book purports to be
a collection of letters between various hasidic rabbis,
Meir Halevy Letteris (1800-1871) but is actually a satire of their teachings.
In 1852, during a period in which he faced financial It is an unusual book in that it satirizes the language and
difficulties, he agreed to edit an edition of the style of early hasidic rabbis writing in Hebrew, which
masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible. In 1866 he was not the vernacular of the Jews of its time. To make
produced a revised edition for a Christian missionary his work available and accessible to his
organization, the British and Foreign Bible Society. This contemporaries, Perl translated his own work into
revision was checked against old manuscripts and early Yiddish. It is currently in print only in an English
printed editions, and has a very legible typeface. translation, by Dov Taylor, published by Westview
Press.
Parable of the Good Samaritan Upon returning home, after a long absence, the master
asks his three servants for an accounting of the talents
The parable of the Good Samaritan is didactic story told
he entrusted to them. The first and the second servants
by Jesus in Luke 10:25-37. It is about a traveler who is
explain that they each put their talents to work, and
stripped of clothing, beaten, and left half dead
have doubled the value of the property with which they
alongside the road. First a priest and then a Levite
entrusted; each servant was rewarded.
comes by, but both avoid the man. Finally, a Samaritan
comes by. Samaritans and Jews generally despised each The Story of Joseph
other, but the Samaritan helps the injured man. Jesus
The story of Joseph is found in the Book of Genesis,
is described as telling the parable in response to the
from Genesis 37 through Genesis 50. Joseph's saga is
question from a lawyer, "And who is my neighbor?"
both expansive and integral to the overall narrative of
whom Leviticus Lev 19:18 says should be loved.
the Israelites' descent into Egypt. His progression from
The Story of Ruth dream-interpreting shepherd to minister of Egypt is
one of the more layered and elaborate stories in the
The book of Ruth is the Narrative of a love story, yet
Torah.
also has some important Genealogy. The timeline of
this book is intertwined during the period of the
Judges. It was written about 1046-1035 В.С. Key
personalities include Ruth, Naomi, and Boaz. Its
purpose was to demonstrate the kind of love, and
faithfulness that God desires for us. It shows the
difference between what happens when a nation does
not follow in obedience to the covenant of God
(Judges), and when God's people follow in faithfulness
within the covenant (Ruth).

The Parable of the Prodigal Son

In the story, a father has two sons. The younger son

asks for his inheritance and after wasting his fortune
(the word "prodigal" means "wastefully extravagant"),
becomes destitute. He returns home with the intention
of begging his father to be made one of his hired
servants, expecting his relationship with his father is
likely severed. The father welcomes him back and
celebrates his return. The older son refuses to
participate. The father reminds the older son that one
day he will inherit everything. But they should still
celebrate the return of the younger son because he was
lost and is now found.

The Parable of the Talents

The Parable of the Talents in Matthew 25:14-30 tells of

a master who was leaving his house to travel, and,
before leaving, entrusted his property to his servants.
According to the abilities of each man, one servant
received five talents, the second servant received two
talents, and the third servant received one talent. The
property entrusted to the three servants was worth 8
talents, where a talent was a significant amount of
money.