National Law University Odisha

Cuttack, Odisha (India)Course

Outline

Of

The Transfer of Property Act, 1882

and
The Indian Easement Act, 1882

For
B.A., LL.B./ B.B.A. LL.B./LLB-3yrs.

Session: July – December, 2025

Faculty:
Prof. (Dr.) Dolly Jabbal
Professor of Law
E-mail: dollyjabbal@nluo.ac.in

Dr. Rujitha T R Shenoy

Assistant Professor of Law
E-mail rujitha@nluo.ac.in

Dr. Tanwi Shams

Assistant Professor of Law
Email: tanwi@nluo.ac.in

Ms. Shivangi Tiwari

Assistant Professor of Law
Email: shivangi@nluo.ac.in
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
Objectives of the course
1.0 03

2.0 Proposed teaching schedule 03

3.0 Detailed course-outline 04

4.0 Prescribed/Recommended readings 10

5.0 Teaching methodology 11

6.0 Evaluation pattern 11

Tentative dates for test/submission of project/GD,

7.0 11
etc

8.0 Important instructions to students 11

9.0 Project Themes 12

10.0 Contact hours 12

COURSE OBJECTIVES

From time immemorial, the human quest for ownership and control over property has been
a cornerstone of social and legal development. Every legal system incorporates laws
governing the acquisition, transfer, and protection of property rights to ensure peaceful
enjoyment and orderly transactions. In India, the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, plays a
pivotal role in regulating property-related transactions, including sales, mortgages, leases,
gifts, and exchanges.

This course is designed to equip students with a sound understanding of property law, its
practical implications, and its interface with allied legal frameworks.

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

1. Comprehend the Concept and Nature of Property Rights:
o Understand the legal definition and classifications of property.
o Analyze the evolution and scope of property rights in the Indian legal context.

2. Apply the General Principles Governing Transfer of Property:

o Interpret key provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
o Examine the role and relevance of related legislations such as the Registration
Act, Stamp Act, Easement Act, Indian Contract Act, and the Civil Procedure
Code in property transactions.

3. Understand the Law Governing Specific Types of Transfers:

o Study the substantive legal framework for transactions such as sale, mortgage,
lease, exchange, gift, and transfer of actionable claims.
o Evaluate the rights and obligations of parties involved in such transactions.

4. Develop Analytical and Professional Skills:

o Critically analyze landmark judgments and statutory provisions.
o Apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios involving drafting, litigation,
and advisory roles in property law.
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOME

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

1. Apply Legal Theory to Practice

Demonstrate the ability to apply theoretical knowledge while drafting or dealing

with property-related legal documents, including sale deeds, lease deeds, gift deeds,
and other instruments of property transfer.

2. Develop Analytical and Interpretative Skills

Acquire the skills to analyse, interpret, and apply relevant case laws in the context
of property transactions, particularly while drafting property deeds and advising
clients.

3. Critically Evaluate Legal Materials

Synthesise information from a diverse range of statutory provisions, case law, and
academic resources to form well-reasoned legal arguments and solutions in property
law matters.
4. Understand the Socio-Legal Context of Property Law

Identify and critically analyse the cultural, theoretical, and social factors that
influence the evolution and application of property law in India.

5. Integrate Interdisciplinary Legal Frameworks

Develop a comprehensive understanding of how the Transfer of Property Act
interfaces with other legislations such as the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), Indian
Contract Act, Registration Act, Stamp Act, and Easement Act, especially in the
context of legal practice involving property transfers.

COURSE PEDAGOGY:

The course instructor aims to explain various concepts through Classroom lectures,
discussions & presentations with special emphasis on cases and problems, as well as live
case studies to offer a hands-on learning experience.
PROPOSED TEACHING SCHEDULE

Module No. Lecture No. Topic

Module 1 1 Concept of Property
2 Rule of Interpretation Applicable to the Act
3 Basic Concepts: Definitions (Section 3) – Part I
4 Basic Concepts: Definitions (Section 3) – Part II
5 Doctrine of Eminent Domain
6 Right to Property under the Indian Constitution
Module 2 7 Transferability of Property
8 Competence to Transfer
9 Mode of Transfer
10 What May Be Transferred?
11 Oral Transfer & Transfer by Authorised Person
12 Condition Restraining Alienation
13 Transfer to Unborn Person
14 Rule Against Perpetuity
15 Vested and Contingent Interests – Part I
16 Vested and Contingent Interests – Part II
17 Conditional Transfer
18 Doctrine of Election
Module 3 19 Circumstantial Restrictions on Transfers
20 Ostensible Owner vis-à-vis Benami Transactions
21 Transfer by Persons with Power to Revoke
22 Transfer by Unauthorized Person Later
Acquiring Interest
23 Transfer by Co-owner
24 Joint Transfers
25 Transfer with Distinct Interest and Consideration
26 Transfer of Common Property
27 Priority of Rights
28 Bona Fide Holder under Defective Title
29 Transfer by Estoppel
30 Doctrine of Lis Pendens
 31 Fraudulent Transfer
32 Principle of Part Performance
Module 4 33 Definition of Sale
34 Sale Deed
35 Agreement to Sell
36 Rights and Obligations of Buyer and Seller
37 Discharge of Encumbrances
38 Marshalling
Module 5 39 Definition and Essentials of Exchange
40 Rights and Duties of Parties
41 Difference between Exchange and Other Modes
Module 6 42 Definition and Essentials of Gift
43 Rights and Duties of Donor and Donee
44 Gift vs Trust; Gift vs Actionable Claim
Module 7 45 Concept and Definition of Actionable Claim
46 Rights and Duties of Transferee
47 Transfer of Securities
48 Transfer of Debts
Module 8 49 Definition and Types of Mortgage – Part I
50 Types of Mortgage – Part II
51 Priority Determination
52 Marshalling and Contribution
53 Redemption and Subrogation
Module 9 54 Meaning and Essentials of Charge
55 Types of Charges
56 Rights and Duties under a Charge
Module 10 57 Definition and Essentials of Lease
58 Differences from Other Security Interests
59 Rights and Duties of Lessor and Lessee
60 Determination, Waiver, and Forfeiture
Module 11 61 Nature and Creation of Easements
62 Extinction of Easements & Riparian Rights
63 License and Use Rights by Prescription
Module 12 64 Transfer & Acquisition by NRIs under FEMA
Tutorial Classes 11
Total No. of Classes 75
 DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE

The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 and The Indian Easement Act, 1882

Part – A

Module –1- Introduction

• Concept of property
• Rule of interpretation applicable to the Act.
• Basic concepts: Definitions( S.3)
• Doctrine of Eminent Domain.
• Right to Property under Indian Constitution.

Cases:

o Aswini kumar gosh v. Arbinda bose air 1952 sc 369

o Nanda prakash vhora v. State of himachal pradesh air 2000 h&p 65
o Mrs. Umadevi nambiar vs. Thamarasseri roman catholic diocese sc 2022(sec 3 of tp act –
constructive notice)
o State of orissa v. Titaghur paper mills co. Ltd( s.3 immovable/movable)
o Shanthabai v state of bombay 1952sc( s.3 immovable/movable)
o Ananda behera and anr. V. The state of orissa and anr ( s.3 immovable/movable)
o Lloyd bank v pe guzder & co(section 3-gross negligence)
o Mrs. Umadevi Nambiar v. Thamarasseri Roman Catholic Diocese, represented by its Procurator
Devssia & Son Rev. Father Joseph Kappil, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 284 | Judgment Date: 1 April
2022 | Civil Appeal No. 2592 of 2022

Module 2: Transfer of Property, whether moveable or immoveable [Sec. 5– 37]

• Transferability of Property.
• Competence.
• Mode of Transfer.
• What may be transferred?
• Oral Transfer Authorised person.
• Condition of Transfer restraining alienation.
• Transfer to unborn persons.
• Rule against Perpetuity.
• Vested and Contingent Interest.
 • Conditional Transfer.
• Doctrine of Election

Cases
o Shehammal v. Hasan Khani Rawther( Section 6)
o Canbank Financial Services V. Custodian Air 2004 Sc 5123
o K. Balakrishnan v Kamalam (Sec 6(D) & 10)
o Mataprasad v Nageshwar Sahai 1925 Pc 272 (Section 10)
o Laxmannamma v St Of Karnataka (S.10)
o Mahammed Raza v Abbas Mohri Bibi(S.10)
o Tagore v. Tagore (1872) Section 15,6)
o Ap Industrial Infrastructure Corpn v Sn Raj Kumar (Section 11)
o Sridhar v Revanna (Section 13)
o Javeri v Labilal(Section 16)
o Girija Dutt v Data Din-(Section 13 14)
o Rajesh Kanta Roy v Shanti Devi(Section 19 & 21)
o Kokilambal v Raman 2005(Sec 21)
o Shehammal v Hasan Khani Rawther
o Canbank Financial Services v Custodian Air 2004 Sc 5123(S. 6 & 10)
o T. Subrmrlallian Nadar v. T. Varadharajan Air 2003 Mad.364( Sec 13 And 14)
o V. Achiv V. N. Chettiar Air 1967 Sc 1153

Additionally: 1959 SCR 265, AIR 1971 SC 1201, 1990 4SCC 406, AIR
1969 SC 313, AIR 1989 AP 33, AIR 1957 SC 255, AIR 1954 HYD 185, AIR 1936 PC
24, AIR 1970 3SCC 779, AIR 1990 3SCC 291. AIR 1967 SC 1153, AIR 1965 SC 241,
AIR 1981 SC 1881, AIR 1996 SC 2260, AIR 1962 SC 847

Module 3: Transfer of Immovable Property [Section 37 - Section 53A]

• Transfer Circumstances and restrictions.

• Transfer by the Ostensible owner vis a vis Benami transaction.
• Transfer by persons having authority to Revoke former transfer.
• Transfer by an Unauthorised person subsequently having interest.
• Transfer by co-owner.
• Joint Transfer.
• With distinct interest and having the consideration.
• Common Property.
• Priority of right.
• Bona fide holder on defective title
• Transfer by estoppel
• Doctrine of Lis Pendens
• Fraudulent Transfer
• Principle of Part Performance
 Cases

o Shehammal Vs. Hasan Khani Rawther ( section 6(a)

o Canbank Financial Services V. Custodian AIR 2004 SC 5123 (benami Transaction)
o Sona Bala Bura V, Jyotinridra Bhatachargee 205 (4) SCC 501
o T. Subrmrlallian Nadar V. T. Varadharajan AIR 2003 Mad.364
o Santi Prasad Devi V. Shankar Mahato 2005 (5) SCC 543
o V. Achiv V. N. Chettiar AIR 1967 SC 1153 section 35 election)
o Ram Coomar vs Mc Queen (section 41)
o TULK V MOHXAY(section 40)
o C. Yemuna V. P. Manhohara AIR 2004 AP. 317(section 43 and 6a)
o Narayan Chandra Saha V. Depali Mukharjee AIR 2002 Cal 229(section 43)
o N. C. Bharatia V. Gandevi Peoples Co. Op. Bank Ltd. AIR 2002 Guj. 209.(sec 52 and 53)
o Giriyappa & Anr. v. Kamalamma & Ors., 2024 SCC Online SC 45
o Dayabhai Chimanlal V. Ambalal Himatlal AIR 1981 SC. 156.
o Kamalammal V. Senthil AIR 2003 Mad. 337.( section 52)
o S.S. Suryavanshi V. P.B. Smyavashi AIR 2002 SC 960 (section 53A)
o Govindammal vs Rangasamy Gounder on 13 February, 2019 (s.52 lis pendens)
o Madhukar Nivrutti Jagtap & ors. vs Smt. Pramilabai Chandulal Parandekar & ors”2019
SC
o Santaram Dewangan v. Shivprasad 2022 SC s 53A
o Joginder Tuli vs. State NCT of Delhi & Ors. [W.P.(CRL)
1006/2020] on 17.01.2022.(53A)
o Ameer Minhaj Vs. Dierdre Elizabeth (Wright) Issar,2018SC 53A
o Miaan Pir Baksh vs Saddar Mohammad (PC case, sec 53-A TP act)
o Ligi Paul v Manikutty 2022 KLT s.53A
o Dharmaji vs Jagannath
o Llyod Bank vs P.E. Guzdar & Co. AIR 1930 Cal 22, 121 Ind Cas 625) sec 3
o (Raman Chetty vs Steel Brothers and Co. Ltd : (1911) 13 BOMLR 542,

Additionally: 1990 3 SCC 291, AIR 1984 Delhi 155, AIR 1973 SC 814,
AIR 1973 MP 222, AIR 1991 P&H 291, AIR 1963 SC 1917, AIR 1996 SC 2773, AIR
1971 SC 1201, AIR 2000 SC 2921, 1926 I.A 58, AIR 1992 SC 1200, AIR 1986 SC 1748,
1981 2 SCC 675. AIR 2002 SC 960, 1996 SC 1088, AIR 1976 SC 656, AIR 1956 SC 593, AIR 1970 SC
1717.
 PART –B
SPECIFIC MODE OF ABSOLUTE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY

Module 4: Sale and discharge of encumbrance [Sec 54- 57]

• Sale: Definition
• Sale Deed
• Agreement to Sale
• Rights and Obligations
• Discharge of Encumbrances
• Marshalling
Cases
o Devendra Singh V. State of Rajasthan AIR 2002 Raj. 66
o DDA V. Skipper Construction Co. (P) Ltd. AIR 2000 SC 573
o Sujan Singh V. Lal Saheb 1993 JL 532

Additionally: 1964 2 SCR 324, AIR 1991 ALL 343, 1931 IA 323, AIR 1985 MAD 222.

Module 5: Exchange [Sec 118-121]

• Exchange
• Rights and duties
• Difference with other security interest
Cases:

o Satyawan V. Raghubir.AIR 2002 P&H 250

o AIR 1968 SC 200
Module 6: Gift [Sec 122-129]
ldff
• Gift
• Definition
• Rights and Duties
• Difference between Gift and Trust, Gift and Actionable claim
Cases
o Thiagarajan V. Saraswathy Kittu 1999 3 (CTC) 213
o N. Shaikoya V. M. Attakoya AIR 2003 Ker. 344 at 348
o Edward D’Cunha v. Mark Madhu Suvarna, 2020 SCC OnLine Bom 3083,
o AIR 1997 Ori 131,
o AIR 1967 SC 878,
o AIR 1991 Pat 183.

Module 7: Transfer of Actionable Claim [Sec: 130-137]

• Actionable Claim
• Definition
• Rights and duties
• Transfer of securities
• Transfer of debts

Cases
o Sdharama Ayyar V. Narayanswami Pillai AIR Mad. 1076
o AIR 1969 SC 313
o AIR 1997 pat 153
o AIR 1999 SC 296
o AIR 1959 cal 328
 PART – C
SPECIFIC AND LIMITED TRANSFER BY WAY OF
CREATING SECURITY INTEREST

Module 8: Mortgage [Sec 58-98]

• Mortgage
• Definition and Types of Mortgage
• Priority determination.
• Marshalling and Contribution
• Redemption and Subrogation
Cases
o Shyam Singh V. Daryao Singb AIR 2004 SC 348
o Gundu Jali V. Hari Har Sahoo (1983) I Civil LJ 372 (Orissa)
o Mohammad Sanoowar Ali V. Aamall Ali (1990) I Civil LJ 163 (Guj.)
o Lakshmi Vilash Bank V. M/s. Shree Chakra Enterprises AIR 2003 Mad I
o E.O. & M. AP I LC Ltd. V. Recovery Officer DRT AIR 2004 AP 198.
o K. Ranganadham V. Rangajah AIR 2004 AP 415.
o Kantilal M. Kalldia V. Sambhai Dayabhai Kadal AIR 2003 (Guj.) 205.
o Banarasi Das V. Juvan Ram AIR 1991 P & H 85.
o Vasantha V. Chandran AIR 2003 Mad. 2J4.
o BHIMRAO RAMCHANDRA KHALATE v NANA DINKAR YADAV TS. 2021 SC
Additionally: AIR 1960 SC 1030, AIR 1992 SC 1236, 1997 PAT 67

Module 9: Charge [Sec 100-104]

• Charge
• Types
• Rights and Duties

Cases
o AIR 1949 ALL 539,
o AIR 1998 SC 3118,
o AIR 1995 KANT 3118
 Module 10: Lease: Sec 105-117

• Lease: Definition
• Differences with other security interest
• Rights and Duties
• Determination, Waiver and Forfeiture

Cases

o Mohd. Ibrahim Khan V. Mebbob Khan 1991 (2) Mah. LR 527

o Anthony V. K. C. Ittoop & Sons AIR 2000 SC 3523.
o Delta International Ltd. V. Shyam Surdar Ganeriwalla (1991) 4 SCC 545
o Sunil Siddharthbhai V. Comm. of IT Ahmedabad Guj. AIR 1986 SC 368.
o Dadarao V. Ramrao 1999 AIR SCW 4318
o M.C. Chokalingam V. Manickavasagam AIR 1974 SC 104
o Subhash Chander Vs. M/s. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), 2022
o Sevoke Properties Ltd. v. West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company
o Sanjay Gupta v. Krishna Hospitality2018 SC
o Shyam Lal vs Deepa Dass Chela Ram Chela Garib on 27 February, 2015s.(117)
o Santi Prasad Devi V. Shankar Mahato 2005 (5) SCC 543(S116,106)
Additionally: AIR 1962 AC 496, AIR 1995 KER 99, 1991 2 SCC 180, AIR 1997 SC 1006,
AIR 1987 SC 2173
 PART D

Module 11: Easement and Prescription

• Nature
• Creation
• Extinction
• Riparian Rights
• License
• Use Right by Prescription

Cases
o State of Bihar V Subash Gopal AIR 1968 SC 218
o Radika Narain V Chandra Devi AIR 1981 Del. 118
o Asha V. Wadhwani v. Arun Jethmalani, 2020 SCC OnLine Del 480,

Module 12: Transfer of Property and Foreign Exchange Management Act

• Acquisition of property by an Indian citizen residing outside India

• Transfer of property by an Indian citizen residing outside India
• Persons who are prohibited from acquiring or transferring immovable property in
India without prior permission of the RBI
• Acquisition of immovable property by a non-resident for carrying on a permitted
activity.

Relevant provisions of other legislation applicable to the Transfer of Property Act,1882:

o Civil Procedure Code- Order XXXI relates to a mortgage of property.

o The Registration Act (Sec. 13, 18, 14, 48, 49, 50)
o Cross reference should be made to the relevant provisions of the Indian Contract Act,
1872 the
o N.I. ACT 1881.The Sales of Goods Act, 1930; whenever necessary

Note: The above teaching plan is only for convenience and may change if so required. In
addition to the above-mentioned cases, any other case which is discussed in the class during
teaching will also be considered as a part of the course outline.
PRESCRIBED/RECOMMENDED READINGS

Prescribed Readings

Books:

1. G.C.V. Subbarao, Law of Transfer of Property ALT publication, Hyderabad.

2. Sanjiva Row, Transfer of Property Vol. I,ll, &III [J) P. S. Narayana Transfer ofProperty, Asia
Law House. . Property Law by Poonam Saxena ,Lexis Nexus
3. H. S. Gour -Vol-1 &11 Transfer of Property
4. Mulla -Transfer of Property, Lexis and Nexus, Butterworth.
5. N. Nandi, The Transfer of Property Act, 1882, Dwivedi Law Agency, Allahabad.
6. Vishwas Shridhar Sohani, The Transfer of Property Act, Premier Publishing Co,

Recommended Readings

Students Reference Books:

1. Dr. S.N. Shukla, Transfer of Property Act, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad.
2. Veepa P Sarathi, Law of Transfer of Property, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
3. Lahari, The Transfer of Property Act, India Law House, New Delhi.
4. Justice P.S. Narayana, Law of Easements and License, Asia Law House,Hyderabad.
5. Sanjiva Row, The Indian Easement Act, 1882 and Licenses, Delhi Law House, New Delhi.
6. Avtar Singh - Transfer of Property -Eastern Book Co.
7. Shukla - Transfer of Property,
8. Tripathi - Transfer of Property,
9. Dr. N. Maheshwara Swamy, Transfer of Property,Allahabad Law Agency,Hyderabad
10. Mulla on Transfer of property
11. Poonam Saxena Transfer of property
12. R.K.Sinha Transfer of property

Bare Acts:

13. The Transfer of Property Act, 1882

14. The Indian Easement Act, 1882
15. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)
TEACHING METHODOLOGY
• Lecture Method
• Case Analysis
• Classroom participation
• Presentation by students, if needed
• Group discussion whenever required
• Inviting the visiting faculty
• Using PowerPoint presentation

EVALUATION PATTERN
Evaluation: Marks

Continuous Evaluation (Project) ..................................................................... 15

Viva……………………………………………………………………………10

Tutorial………………………………………………………………………..15
End-Semester Examination… ......................................................................... 60

Total: 100

Continuous Evaluation: Continuous Evaluation shall be done through Project of 40 marksfor

written submission and 10 marks for viva.

TENTATIVE DATES FOR CONTINUOUS EVALUATION TESTS/ SUBMISSION

OF PROJECT/ GD, ETC
Project:

Topic Submission Date: As declared by the examination department. Project/Assignment Submission:

As per the Examination Department notification.

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. The given course-outline is tentative. The faculty-member may modify it while

preparing the reference material and engaging the classes.
2. The teaching methodology of the subject will not necessarily be bound by the
parameters shown here.
3. Both faculty-member and students may mould it according to needs as and when it
arises for better and progressive understanding of the subject in a flexible way.