​ .

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as kidney

1
damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less
than:
A) 90 mL/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more
B) 75 mL/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more
C) 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more
D) 45 mL/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more
E) 30 mL/min/1.73 m² for 3 months or more

2. Kidney damage in CKD can be ascertained by the

presence of albuminuria, defined as an albumin-to-
creatinine ratio greater than:
A) 15 mg/g
B) 20 mg/g
C) 25 mg/g
D) 30 mg/g
E) 35 mg/g

3. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
A) Diabetic kidney disease
B) Hypertension
C) Renal artery stenosis
D) Minimal change disease
E) Acute appendicitis
4. In the KDIGO 2012 classification, a GFR of 45-59
mL/min/1.73 m² corresponds to which CKD stage?
A) G1
B) G2
C) G3a
D) G3b
E) G4

5. A patient with CKD has a severely increased

albumin-to-creatinine ratio. According to the KDIGO
2012 classification, this is categorized as:
A) A1
B) A2
C) A3
D) A4
E) A5

6. Patients with CKD stages 1-3 are frequently:

A) Symptomatic with edema
B) Symptomatic with polyuria
C) Asymptomatic
D) Symptomatic with hematuria
E) Always requiring renal replacement therapy

7. Which of the following is a common

hematologic/cardiovascular symptom of CKD?
A) Polyuria
B) Pruritus
C) Anemia
D) Diarrhea
E) Rash

8. Which of the following is a common

gastrointestinal/genitourinary symptom of CKD?
A) Chest pain
B) Nausea
C) Lethargy
D) Muscle twitching
E) Dry skin

9. Anemia in CKD primarily develops as a result of

decreased renal synthesis of:
A) Vitamin D
B) Erythropoietin
C) Albumin
D) Creatinine
E) Parathyroid hormone

10. Which of the following is NOT typically used in the

diagnosis of CKD?
A) Complete blood count (CBC)
B) Urinalysis
C) Serum electrolytes
D) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
E) Renal ultrasonography

11. Which laboratory finding may indicate

hypoalbuminemia in CKD patients?
A) Elevated serum creatinine
B) Decreased serum albumin levels
C) Elevated serum calcium
D) Decreased serum phosphate
E) Elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D

12. Which test is used to screen for systemic lupus

erythematosus in the evaluation of CKD?
A) Serum complement levels
B) Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM)
antibodies
C) Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
D) Cytoplasmic and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA and P-ANCA) levels
E) Serum and urine protein electrophoresis and free
light chains

13. Positive findings of which antibody levels are

helpful in the diagnosis of granulomatosis with
polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis)?
A) Anti-GBM
B) ANA
C) C-ANCA
D) P-ANCA
E) dsDNA

14. The presence of anti-glomerular basement

membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies is highly suggestive
of:
A) Systemic lupus erythematosus
B) Goodpasture syndrome
C) Microscopic polyangiitis
D) Multiple myeloma
E) Hepatitis C

15. Which imaging study is the most sensitive for

identifying renal stones?
A) Renal ultrasonography
B) Computed tomography (CT) scanning
C) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D) Renal radionuclide scan
E) X-ray

16. Which imaging study is useful in patients with CKD

who cannot receive intravenous contrast?
A) Renal ultrasonography
B) CT scan
C) MRI
D) Renal radionuclide scan
E) X-ray
17. Percutaneous renal biopsy is generally indicated in
CKD when:
A) GFR is > 60 mL/min/1.73 m²
B) Only microalbuminuria is present
C) Renal impairment and/or proteinuria approaching
the nephrotic range are present and the diagnosis is
unclear
D) The patient is asymptomatic
E) There is a known history of hypertension

18. Which of the following is NOT a primary goal in

the management of CKD?
A) Delaying or halting the progression of CKD
B) Diagnosing and treating the pathologic
manifestations of CKD
C) Timely planning for long-term renal replacement
therapy
D) Curing CKD completely
E) Treatment of the underlying condition, if possible

19. Which of the following is a key strategy for

delaying the progression of CKD?
A) Liberal fluid intake
B) Aggressive blood pressure control
C) High sodium diet
D) Discontinuing all medications
E) Ignoring hyperglycemia

20. In patients with proteinuria, which class of

medications is recommended to delay the progression
of CKD?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Calcium channel blockers
C) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
D) Diuretics
E) Anti-arrhythmics

21. When is erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)

therapy typically initiated in CKD patients?
A) When the hemoglobin level is above 12 g/dL
B) When the hemoglobin level is below 10 g/dL
C) Regardless of hemoglobin level
D) Only in stage 1 CKD
E) Only in patients with hypertension

22. Which of the following is used to treat

hyperphosphatemia in CKD?
A) Calcium supplements
B) Phosphate binders
C) Calcitriol
D) Vitamin D analogues
E) Loop diuretics
23. Which of the following is used to treat
hypocalcemia in CKD?
A) Phosphate binders
B) Loop diuretics
C) Calcium supplements
D) Oral alkali supplementation
E) Hemodialysis

24. Volume overload in CKD is typically treated with:

A) Calcium supplements
B) Phosphate binders
C) Oral alkali supplementation
D) Loop diuretics
E) Calcitriol

25. Metabolic acidosis in CKD can be treated with:

A) Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
B) Phosphate binders
C) Oral alkali supplementation
D) Vitamin D analogues
E) Calcitriol

26. Which of the following is NOT an indication for

renal replacement therapy (RRT) in CKD?
A) Severe metabolic acidosis
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Pericarditis
D) Controlled hypertension
E) Intractable volume overload

27. In asymptomatic adult patients, renal replacement

therapy is generally considered when the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) falls below:
A) 30 mL/min/1.73 m²
B) 20-29 mL/min/1.73 m²
C) 15-19 mL/min/1.73 m²
D) 10-14 mL/min/1.73 m²
E) 5-9 mL/min/1.73 m²

28. Which of the following is a form of renal

replacement therapy?
A) Plasmapheresis
B) Hemodialysis
C) Ventilation
D) Chemotherapy
E) Radiation therapy

29. Which of the following is NOT a type of renal

transplantation?
A) Living related
B) Living unrelated
C) Cadaveric
D) Xenotransplantation
E) Deceased donor
30. Which of the following Lupus Nephritis classes is
characterized by Mesangial hypercellularity of any
degree or mesangial matrix expansion with Immune
deposits detectable by light microscopy?
A) Class I
B) Class II
C) Class III
D) Class IV
E) Class V
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#Answer Key
1. C
2. D
3. E
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. C
18. D
19. B
20. C
21. B
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. C
26. D
27. E
28. B
29. D
30. B