1.

Which of the following criteria is

used to define Acute Kidney Injury 6. What is the primary difference
(AKI) according to KDIGO guidelines? between Hemodialysis (HD) and
Continuous Renal Replacement
A. Serum creatinine increase ≥0.3 mg/dL within Therapy (CRRT)?
48 hours
B. GFR <60 mL/min for 3 months A. Duration of the treatment
C. Serum creatinine increase >4 mg/dL over one B. Mechanism of waste removal
week C. Use of nephrotoxic medications
D. Urine volume ≥1 mL/kg/hr for 24 hours D. Eligibility for transplant

2. What is the hallmark indicator of

Acute Kidney Injury?
7. Which of the following is an
A. Increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and indication for Renal Replacement
decreased urine output Therapy in AKI?
B. Reduced GFR and increased serum creatinine
C. Enlarged kidneys on ultrasound A. Serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L despite medical
D. Increased urinary protein levels therapy
B. Normal urine output with stable BUN levels
C. Metabolic alkalosis with pH >7.45
D. GFR of 60 mL/min
3. Which phase of AKI is characterized
by urine output less than 400 mL/day
and the presence of hyperkalemia?
8. What stage of Chronic Kidney
A. Onset phase Disease is characterized by an eGFR of
B. Oliguric phase 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m²?
C. Diuretic phase
D. Recovery phase A. Stage 3a
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 5
D. Stage 3b
4. Which of the following is NOT a
pre-renal cause of AKI?

A. Hypovolemia 9. Which lab finding differentiates

B. Sepsis pre-renal AKI from acute tubular
C. Renal vein thrombosis
necrosis (intrinsic AKI)?
D. Neurogenic shock
A. FENa <1% in pre-renal AKI
B. Urine osmolality <300 mOsm/kg in pre-renal
AKI
5. What is the recommended protein
C. BUN:Cr ratio of 10:1 in pre-renal AKI
intake for patients with AKI to control D. Urine sediment with granular casts in pre-renal
azotemia? AKI

A. 0.6–0.8 g/kg per day

B. 1.2–1.5 g/kg per day
C. 2.0–2.5 g/kg per day
D. 0.4–0.6 g/kg per day
10. In which AKI phase does daily urine
output exceed 400 mL/day, potentially
reaching up to 5 liters per day? 15. Which urinalysis finding is most
consistent with post-renal AKI?
A. Oliguric phase
B. Recovery phase A. Urine sodium <20 mEq/L
C. Diuretic phase B. Urine sediment with dark granular casts
D. Onset phase C. Oliguria with specific gravity 1.010
D. FENa >3%

11. What is the most common cause of

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? 16. In the RIFLE classification, what
does “F” stand for?
A. Polycystic kidney disease
B. Diabetes mellitus A. Functional recovery
C. Glomerulonephritis B. Failure
D. Urinary tract obstruction C. Fluid overload
D. FENa >3%

12. What characterizes Stage 1 CKD

according to KDOQI guidelines? 17. Which treatment is most
appropriate for a patient with AKI and
A. eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m² severe metabolic acidosis?
B. eGFR 90+ mL/min/1.73 m² with evidence of
kidney damage A. Sodium bicarbonate infusion
C. eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m² with symptoms B. Increased fluid resuscitation
D. eGFR 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m² C. Diuretics to increase urine output
D. Intermittent Hemodialysis (IHD)

13. Which electrolyte imbalance is

most commonly seen in the oliguric 18. Which phase of AKI indicates the
phase of AKI? beginning of recovery in kidney
function?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia A. Oliguric phase
C. Hypocalcemia B. Diuretic phase
D. Hypernatremia C. Onset phase
D. Recovery phase

14. What is the most accurate

laboratory parameter for estimating 19. What complication of CKD results
GFR? from the kidney’s inability to excrete
phosphorus?
A. Serum creatinine
B. Creatinine clearance A. Metabolic acidosis
C. BUN-to-creatinine ratio B. Hyperphosphatemia
D. Urine osmolality C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
 25. Which imaging study helps to rule
out kidney stones in AKI?
20. Which factor is NOT a risk for
developing CKD? A. CT scan without contrast
B. Renal ultrasound
A. Hypertension C. MRI with gadolinium
B. History of frequent urinary tract infections D. X-ray
C. Peripheral artery disease
D. Low dietary potassium

26. Which complication of CKD is

managed with
21. Which of the following is a erythropoietin-stimulating agents?
pre-renal cause of AKI?
A. Hyperkalemia
A. Renal artery stenosis B. Anemia
B. Nephrotoxic drugs C. Hypertension
C. Urinary obstruction D. Osteodystrophy
D. Diabetic nephropathy

27. What is the primary intervention for

22. What is the target energy intake for post-renal AKI caused by an
patients with AKI? obstruction?
A. 10–15 kcal/kg per day
A. Fluid restriction
B. 20–30 kcal/kg per day
B. Urinary catheterization
C. 30–40 kcal/kg per day
C. Administration of diuretics
D. 15–20 kcal/kg per day
D. Renal biopsy

23. Which medication is a loop diuretic 28. Which condition is a common

commonly used in AKI? indication for initiating dialysis in AKI?
A. Spironolactone
A. Persistent oliguria for 12 hours
B. Furosemide
B. Serum potassium <3.5 mEq/L
C. Mannitol
C. Severe uremic symptoms
D. Acetazolamide
D. Blood pressure >140/90 mmHg

24. What is the key feature of the 29. What is the primary difference
diuretic phase of AKI? between AKI and CKD?
A. Polyuria with possible electrolyte depletion
A. Presence of hypertension
B. Oliguria with fluid overload
B. Duration and reversibility of kidney damage
C. Rising BUN and creatinine levels
C. Use of dialysis as treatment
D. Absence of urinary protein
D. Onset of symptoms
30. Which diagnostic test is considered C. Urinary tract obstruction
most helpful in determining the type of D. Chronic hypertension
AKI?

A. Urine microscopy
35. Which is an example of a
B. Serum electrolyte panel
C. Abdominal X-ray nephrotoxic drug that may cause AKI?
D. Complete blood count
A. Furosemide
B. NSAIDs
C. Aspirin
31. What is the primary nursing D. Acetaminophen
intervention to prevent infection in
patients with AKI?
36. How is urine sodium typically
A. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics routinely
affected in pre-renal AKI?
B. Evaluate catheter necessity and remove as
soon as possible
A. Increased (>30 mEq/L)
C. Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration
B. Decreased (<20 mEq/L)
D. Encourage protein-rich diets to enhance
C. Normal (20–40 mEq/L)
immunity
D. None of the above

32. Which phase of AKI has the 37. What is the typical treatment for
poorest prognosis when prolonged? metabolic acidosis in CKD?
A. Onset phase
A. Calcium gluconate
B. Diuretic phase
B. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation
C. Oliguric phase
C. Restricting protein intake
D. Recovery phase
D. Increasing potassium intake

33. What is a key goal in managing 38. Which symptom is least likely to
hyperkalemia in AKI? occur in CKD?
A. Increase serum sodium levels
A. Edema
B. Administer loop diuretics only
B. Polyuria
C. Stabilize cardiac membranes with calcium
C. Fatigue
gluconate
D. Nausea
D. Provide a high-potassium diet

39. What finding on renal ultrasound

34. Which of the following best
suggests chronic kidney disease?
describes the etiology of intrarenal
AKI? A. Normal kidney size with echogenic cortex
B. Decreased kidney size and increased
A. Decreased effective renal perfusion echogenicity
B. Direct damage to the kidney tissue C. Hydronephrosis
D. Kidney stones
 A. Pre-renal AKI
B. Intrinsic AKI
40. Which dialysis modality is better C. Post-renal AKI
suited for patients with hemodynamic D. Chronic AKI
instability?

A. Intermittent Hemodialysis (IHD)

B. Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
45. Which of the following findings is
C. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy characteristic of intrinsic AKI due to
(CRRT) acute tubular necrosis?
D. None of the above
A. FENa <1%
B. Urine osmolality >500 mOsm/kg
C. Presence of muddy brown granular casts in
41. Which electrolyte abnormality is urine
common in CKD and contributes to D. BUN:Cr ratio >20:1
bone disease?

A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
46. Which CKD management strategy
C. Hypernatremia helps delay disease progression?
D. Hypophosphatemia
A. Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs
B. Increasing dietary potassium intake
C. Promoting protein-rich diets
42. Which of the following describes D. Reducing fluid intake
Stage 5 CKD?

A. eGFR >90 mL/min

B. eGFR between 60–89 mL/min
47. Which renal replacement therapy
C. eGFR <15 mL/min or on dialysis involves introducing fluid into the
D. eGFR between 15–29 mL/min peritoneal cavity?

A. Hemodialysis
B. Peritoneal Dialysis
43. What is the mechanism of action of C. CRRT
loop diuretics like furosemide? D. Ultrafiltration

A. Block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules

B. Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the Loop of
Henle 48. Which urinalysis result suggests
C. Increase water reabsorption in the collecting post-renal AKI?
ducts
D. Inhibit sodium-potassium exchange in the A. FENa >2%
nephron B. Urine sediment with epithelial casts
C. Urine sodium <20 mEq/L
D. Normal urine sediment

44. Which type of AKI results from

prolonged hypotension?
49. What is the most common cause of
death in CKD patients?
A. Cardiovascular disease
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Anemia
D. Electrolyte imbalance

50. Which dietary recommendation is

important for CKD patients to control
azotemia?

A. High-protein intake of 2 g/kg/day

B. Low-protein intake of 0.6–0.8 g/kg/day
C. Increased calcium intake
D. Increased fluid intake