Chapter 1

Introduction

Background
Botanical Eye systems play a pivotal role in modern agriculture by providing early
and accurate identification of diseases that threaten crops. These systems are crucial
because plant diseases can cause significant losses in agricultural productivity, impact
food security, and lead to economic downturns. Historically, disease detection has been
primarily reliant on manual methods, where farmers or agronomists inspect crops
visually. While this method can work on a small scale, it is often time-consuming, prone
to human error, and may result in delayed identification of disease symptoms. As a
result, diseases can spread undetected, leading to widespread damage before effective
control measures can be implemented.
One of the key challenges with traditional methods is the difficulty in distinguishing
between different diseases, as many of them share similar visible symptoms. For
instance, fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases often present with leaf spots,
discoloration, or wilting, making it hard to identify the specific cause based on visual
cues alone. Moreover, by the time symptoms appear, the disease may already have
progressed, making treatment less effective and often requiring more extensive use of
pesticides, which can negatively affect the environment.
To address these limitations, modern Botanical Eye systems integrate advanced
technologies such as machine learning (ML), remote sensing, and sensor-based
networks. Machine learning algorithms are trained on vast datasets of plant images,
enabling them to detect subtle symptoms that may not be visible to the naked eye. These
systems can analyze data from infected plants, identify patterns in symptoms, and
classify diseases more accurately. This allows for early-stage detection

Objectives
The objective of Botanical Eye is to identify the presence of infections, but certain
unique leaf images present challenges to the human eye and are not easily
distinguishable without assistance
.The objective of Botanical Eye is to identify the presence of infections, but certain
unique leaf images present challenges to the human eye and are not easily
distinguishable without assistance. In our study, we addressed this issue by utilizing
GreenViT to visually compare its performance on various datasets. The included figure
displays a series of sample leaf images from different datasets. The first row consists
of images from the PV, the second row showcases images from the DRLI and the third
row represents images from the PC dataset. The second last row contains ground truth
(GT) labels, where healthy samples are highlighted in blue text, while infected samples
are indicated in red text. Through this visual comparison, we evaluated the
effectiveness of Green ViT in detecting plant diseases across different datasets.

1) To design such system that can detect crop disease and pest accurately.
2) Create database of insecticides for respective pest and
3) To provide remedy for the disease that is detected.
 Purpose, scope , Applicability
Purpose
The primary purpose of Botanical Eye is to identify and diagnose plant diseases early,
allowing for timely interventions that prevent the spread of disease and minimize crop
damage. This is crucial for maintaining high agricultural productivity, ensuring food
security, and reducing economic losses. Early detection enables farmers to apply
targeted treatments, reducing the need for widespread use of chemicals, which in
turn promotes sustainable farming practices by lowering pesticide use and
environmental impact.
Additionally, by detecting diseases at early stages, Botanical Eye systems help improve
crop quality and yield, ensuring that fewer plants are lost to disease outbreaks. It also
allows for more efficient farm management, as farmers can make data-driven
decisions about irrigation, pest control, and crop rotation based on real-time disease
information. Overall, the purpose of Botanical Eye is to improve agricultural resilience,
safeguard food supplies, and reduce the environmental footprint of farming
operations.

Scope

The scope of a Botanical Eye project involves the development of a comprehensive

system capable of accurately identifying and diagnosing plant diseases in real time.
This includes the collection of diverse data, such as high-quality images of plants (both
healthy and diseased) and environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, which play a role in disease development. The system will use advanced
techniques, including machine learning models, to analyze plant images and detect
diseases based on visual symptoms. Additionally, remote sensing technologies, such
as drones or satellite imagery, will be integrated to monitor large agricultural fields
and detect disease outbreaks on a broader scale. IoT-based sensor networks will
provide continuous environmental data to support predictive disease modeling,
offering farmers real-time insights.
The system will cover various types of plant diseases, such as fungal, bacterial, viral,
and parasitic infections, and provide an estimate of the disease severity to prioritize
intervention. A user-friendly interface, available on mobile and web platforms, will
allow farmers to upload images and receive disease diagnoses along with treatment
recommendations. The system will also provide automated alerts for early detection
and suggest control measures to minimize crop damage.
Performance evaluation will focus on ensuring the system’s high accuracy, scalability
for both small and large farms, and real-time monitoring capabilities. The system will
also integrate with other farming technologies, such as precision agriculture tools and
irrigation systems, for a holistic approach to farm management. With its focus on
reducing pesticide use through targeted treatments, the system will promote
sustainability and long-term agricultural resilience. The project will offer a powerful
solution to the growing challenge of plant diseases, helping to protect crops, improve
yields, and reduce environmental impact.
Applicability
The applicability of Botanical Eye systems spans various sectors of agriculture, offering
significant advantages to farmers, researchers, policymakers, and agribusinesses. In
precision agriculture, these systems enable farmers to monitor plant health closely,
facilitating early disease detection and allowing for targeted treatments, thereby
reducing pesticide use and increasing crop yield. Large-scale farming operations,
where manual inspection of crops is inefficient, benefit from remote sensing
technologies like drones and satellites, which can monitor vast fields and detect
disease outbreaks early, preventing widespread crop loss.
Smallholder farmers can also leverage these systems through mobile-based
platforms, allowing them to capture images of affected plants and receive rapid
diagnoses and treatment recommendations. Agricultural researchers utilize Botanical
Eye systems to study disease patterns, improve identification techniques, and develop
resistant crop varieties, using data to better understand how environmental factors
affect disease prevalence. Furthermore, these systems are crucial for environmental
monitoring, tracking how changes in climate and weather conditions influence disease
outbreaks.
Policymakers and governmental bodies can use Botanical Eye systems to monitor crop
health at regional or national levels, aiding in resource allocation and ensuring food
security by preventing large-scale crop failures. For agribusinesses, the systems offer
insights into disease trends, helping them optimize their supply chains and tailor
products to meet market demands. Additionally, these systems serve as valuable
educational tools for training farmers and students, enhancing disease management
practices. Overall, Botanical Eye systems are highly versatile, contributing to improved
agricultural productivity, sustainability, and food security.

Achievements
The implementation of Botanical Eye systems has achieved numerous milestones in
transforming modern agriculture. One of the most notable accomplishments is the
early detection of plant diseases, enabling farmers to take timely action to prevent
the spread of infections and reduce crop losses. This has directly contributed to higher
yields and healthier plants. Additionally, by enabling targeted interventions, these
systems have significantly reduced the blanket use of pesticides, lowering both costs
for farmers and environmental impacts such as soil and water contamination.
Incorporating these systems into precision agriculture has enhanced farm
management by optimizing the use of resources like water and fertilizers. The real-
time data provided by remote sensing technologies and sensor networks has led to
increased efficiency and productivity on farms of all sizes. Furthermore, the reduction
in crop losses and input costs has directly improved farm profitability, allowing
farmers to secure better market prices for healthier produce.
Another significant achievement is the support for more sustainable farming
practices. By minimizing pesticide usage and enhancing resource efficiency, these
systems contribute to eco-friendly agricultural operations. Additionally, the
integration of predictive models helps farmers adapt to changing climate conditions,
fostering resilience against environmental challenges. The shift to data-driven
decision-making has revolutionized farming by providing insights and analytics that
make disease prevention and treatment more precise and effective.
Botanical Eye systems have also empowered smallholder farmers, particularly
through mobile-based applications that provide accessible tools for disease diagnosis
and crop management. This empowerment has improved the livelihoods of small-
scale farmers by reducing losses and enhancing crop quality. Moreover, by minimizing
disease-related crop failures, these systems have contributed to global food security,
ensuring a more stable and reliable food supply to meet the growing demand.
Lastly, these systems have had a strong educational impact, providing valuable
resources for farmers, agronomists, and students to learn about disease management
and modern agricultural practices. Overall, the introduction of Botanical Eye systems
has marked a significant advancement in sustainable farming, improving productivity,
profitability, and food security.

1.5 Organization of Report

Chapter 2: Survey of Technologies: Provides a comprehensive review of current

technologies and methodologies relevant to Botanical Eye. It explores existing
solutions and identifies technological advancements, such as image processing,
machine learning, and deep learning techniques, that have influenced the
development of the project. The chapter also includes a discussion on advancements
in drone technology, sensor networks, and IoT applications in precision agriculture,
providing context for the relevance of these technologies in Botanical Eye.

Chapter 3: Requirements and Analysis: This chapter delves into the detailed
requirements of the Botanical Eye system. It begins by defining the problem and
outlining the core issues the project aims to address, such as real-time disease
detection, minimizing crop losses, and reducing the overuse of pesticides. The chapter
specifies the functional and non-functional requirements, including accuracy, real-
time performance, and scalability. It also addresses project planning, scheduling, and
the hardware and software requirements necessary to complete the project
successfully.

Chapter 4: System Design: Focuses on the architecture and design of the Botanical
Eye system. The chapter breaks down the system into modules, such as data
collection, image preprocessing, feature extraction, and disease classification. It
provides detailed data design with schema structures, algorithm design using
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and procedural design through system flow
diagrams. The chapter also includes UI/UX design to ensure user-friendliness for
farmers and other stakeholders, along with data security considerations for protecting
sensitive agricultural data. Finally, test cases are outlined to verify system
functionality and reliability.
 Chapter 2
System Analysis

Web Technologies

• Accessibility is enhanced by making Botanical Eye tools available on any

device with an internet connection.
• No update hassle means users always benefit from the latest features
and fixes without manually updating the software.
• No system requirement concerns make the tools available to a wide
range of users, regardless of their hardware capabilities.
• Cost efficiency is achieved by reducing upfront costs, lowering
maintenance expenses, and offering scalable pricing models.

Front -End Technologies

Technologies Used:
1. HTML: Provides the structure of the web app, organizing content like
forms and results display.
2. CSS: Styles the app for a visually appealing interface, ensuring it is user-
friendly and responsive across devices.
3. JavaScript: Enables dynamic interactions, allowing for real-time feedback
without page reloads, enhancing user engagement.
4. Bootstrap: Utilizes a front-end framework to create responsive layouts
and pre-designed components, simplifying the design process.
5. Python: The back-end language that manages server-side logic, including
image processing and model predictions.

Uses:
A web application for Botanical Eye serves various essential functions,
significantly enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. It
allows users to upload images for early disease detection, facilitating
timely interventions and reducing crop losses. The app is user-friendly,
enabling farmers and researchers to monitor plant health remotely and
access educational resources on disease management. Additionally, it
collects and analyses data, offers customized recommendations, and
fosters community engagement, all while promoting cost-effective and
sustainable farming practices. Ultimately, this technology empowers
 users to make informed decisions, contributing to food security and
environmental sustainability in modern agriculture. Use as desktop and
use on mobile and personal computer

Back-End Technologies
1. Programming Languages
• Python: Popular for back-end development and machine learning, using
frameworks like Flask and Django for APIs and server logic.
• Node.js: JavaScript runtime for building scalable applications that handle
multiple connections efficiently.
2. Web Frameworks
• Flask: Lightweight framework ideal for simple API development.
• Django: Comprehensive framework with built-in features for larger
applications.
• Express.js: Flexible framework for building APIs in Node.js.
3. Database Management Systems
• Relational Databases:
o PostgreSQL: Robust and flexible, supports complex queries.
o MySQL: Fast and reliable for transactional applications.
• NoSQL Databases:
o MongoDB: Document-based, suitable for unstructured data.
o Firebase Realtime Database: Syncs data in real-time, ideal for
interactive applications.
4. Machine Learning Frameworks
• TensorFlow: Open-source library for building and training disease
detection models.
• Keras: High-level API that simplifies deep learning model creation.
5. APIs for Integration
• RESTful APIs: Facilitate front-end and back-end communication for image
uploads and predictions.
• GraphQL: Enables efficient data querying, allowing clients to request
specific data.
6. Data Processing and Storage
• Data Storage: Use cloud services like AWS S3 or Google Cloud Storage for
image storage.
• Data Processing: Libraries like Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation
and analysis.
7. Deployment and Hosting
• Heroku: User-friendly platform for app deployment.
• AWS: Comprehensive cloud services for hosting and machine learning.
• Google Cloud Platform: Similar to AWS, with tools for ML integration.
Chosen Technologies

1. HTML:
o The standard markup language used to create the structure of the web application. It
defines elements like headings, paragraphs, forms, and images, enabling the display
of content in a structured manner.
2. CSS:
o Cascading Style Sheets are used to style the HTML elements, enhancing the visual
appeal and layout of the application. CSS ensures that the application is responsive
and user-friendly across various devices.
3. JavaScript:
o A programming language that enables dynamic interactions within the web
application. It is used for client-side scripting, allowing real-time updates and user
engagement without needing to refresh the page.
4. Python:
o A versatile programming language that serves as the backbone of the application’s
back-end. It is widely used for data manipulation, server-side logic, and machine
learning model integration.
5. Bootstrap:
o A popular front-end framework that provides pre-designed components and
responsive grid layouts, making it easier to develop visually appealing and mobile-
friendly web applications.
6. Flask:
o A lightweight web framework for Python that simplifies the development of web
applications and APIs. Flask is known for its simplicity and flexibility, making it suitable
for building scalable applications.
7. Keras:
o A high-level neural networks API written in Python, Keras runs on top of TensorFlow.
It simplifies the process of building and training deep learning models for Botanical
Eye.
8. TensorFlow:
o An open-source machine learning library used to develop and train complex models
for image recognition and disease detection. TensorFlow provides robust tools for
handling large datasets and deploying machine learning models.
9. MySQL:
o A widely used relational database management system that stores structured data.
MySQL is known for its reliability and performance, making it suitable for managing
user data, images, and model predictions.
Comparative Study

The development of a Botanical Eye web application combines front-end and back-
end technologies to deliver a seamless user experience. Front-end technologies like
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap create an engaging user interface, enabling
users to upload images and receive predictions. In contrast, back-end technologies
such as Python, Flask, MySQL, TensorFlow, and Keras manage server-side logic, data
processing, and machine learning integration for accurate disease detection. While
front-end development focuses on user interaction and responsive design, the back
end handles data storage and complex processing. Together, these technologies
ensure efficient performance, scalability, and effective data management, creating a
comprehensive solution for Botanical Eye.
 Chapter3
Requirement and Analysis

Problem Definition
Plant diseases pose a major threat to agricultural productivity, leading to
significant crop losses. Early and accurate detection is critical but
challenging with traditional methods that are labor-intensive and prone to
error. The objective of this project is to develop an automated system using
image processing and machine learning to detect and classify plant
diseases from leaf images. The system will focus on early-stage detection,
accurate disease classification, scalability for large-scale operations, and a
user-friendly interface that provides actionable insights for disease
management. Key performance metrics include accuracy, speed, and user
satisfaction.

Problems
1. Visual Similarity Between Diseases: Many plant diseases exhibit similar
symptoms, such as spots or discoloration, making it difficult to
differentiate between them manually or even through automated systems
without advanced analysis.
2. Early Detection Challenges: Symptoms in the early stages of plant
diseases can be subtle or not visible to the naked eye, making early
detection challenging. Delayed detection leads to widespread damage.
3. Environmental Factors: Variability in environmental conditions (lighting,
background, weather) can affect the appearance of symptoms,
complicating the accuracy of image-based detection systems.
4. Scalability: Monitoring large-scale farms requires processing vast
amounts of data in real time, which is a challenge for both manual and
automated detection systems.
5. Generalization Across Plant Species: Many detection systems struggle to
generalize across different plant species or varieties, requiring retraining
or reconfiguration for each new crop.
6. High Costs of Manual Monitoring: Traditional Botanical Eye involves
time-consuming manual inspections by experts, which can be costly,
inefficient, and prone to human error.
7. Lack of Quality Data: Building effective models requires large, labeled
datasets of diseased plant images, which are often scarce or unbalanced in
terms of the variety of diseases and species represented.

Solution for problems

1. Visual Similarity Between Diseases: Many plant diseases exhibit similar
symptoms, such as spots or discoloration, making it difficult to
 differentiate between them manually or even through automated systems
without advanced analysis.
2. Early Detection Challenges: Symptoms in the early stages of plant
diseases can be subtle or not visible to the naked eye, making early
detection challenging. Delayed detection leads to widespread damage.
3. Environmental Factors: Variability in environmental conditions (lighting,
background, weather) can affect the appearance of symptoms,
complicating the accuracy of image-based detection systems.
4. Scalability: Monitoring large-scale farms requires processing vast
amounts of data in real time, which is a challenge for both manual and
automated detection systems.
5. Generalization Across Plant Species: Many detection systems struggle to
generalize across different plant species or varieties, requiring retraining
or reconfiguration for each new crop.
6. High Costs of Manual Monitoring: Traditional Botanical Eye involves
time-consuming manual inspections by experts, which can be costly,
inefficient, and prone to human error.
7. Lack of Quality Data: Building effective models requires large, labeled
datasets of diseased plant images, which are often scarce or unbalanced in
terms of the variety of diseases and species represented.

Requirement Analysis
The Botanical Eye System aims to provide an automated solution for detecting
and classifying plant diseases using image processing and machine learning
techniques. The system allows users to upload or capture plant images, which are
then analysed for disease identification. It features a simple user interface for
farmers, agronomists, and researchers, offering real-time disease detection,
classification, and actionable recommendations. The system will be scalable,
accurate (90% or higher), and provide fast results within 10 seconds. It includes a
cloud-based processing infrastructure, secure data management, and supports
both mobile and web platforms.

Problem overview

Plant diseases significantly threaten agricultural productivity, leading to reduced

crop yields and economic losses. Traditional methods of detection, which rely on
manual inspection by experts, are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and
prone to human error. Furthermore, early-stage symptoms can be subtle and
difficult to detect, increasing the risk of widespread damage. Environmental
factors, such as lighting and background variations, complicate the detection
process, while the lack of quality data and the challenge of generalizing across
different plant species further hinder effective disease management. Therefore,
there is an urgent need for an automated, accurate, and scalable system for early
Botanical Eye to support farmers and enhance food security.
The current methods for managing and Analysis give some risks and issues
Issues:-
1. Visual Similarity Between Diseases: Many diseases exhibit similar
symptoms, making it challenging to differentiate between them
accurately.
2. Early Detection Challenges: Early-stage symptoms can be subtle or
invisible, complicating the identification of diseases before they spread.
3. Environmental Variability: Changing environmental conditions
(lighting, background, etc.) can affect the appearance of symptoms,
hindering accurate detection.
4. Scalability: Monitoring large-scale agricultural operations requires
efficient processing of vast amounts of data in real time, which is often
challenging for existing systems.
5. Generalization Across Species: Many detection systems struggle to
generalize across different plant species, requiring tailored models for
each crop.
6. High Costs of Manual Monitoring: Traditional inspection methods are
labor-intensive and costly, making them impractical for large farms.
7. Lack of Quality Data: Effective machine learning models require large,
high-quality, and well-labeled datasets, which are often scarce.

Functional and Behavioural Description

The Botanical Eye System will include the following core functionalities:
1. Image Capture/Upload: Users can capture or upload images of plant
leaves.
2. Image Preprocessing: The system enhances image quality through noise
reduction and background removal.
3. Disease Detection and Classification: Machine learning algorithms
analyze images to detect and classify plant diseases, providing details on
the specific disease and its severity.
4. Recommendations: Users receive tailored management
recommendations based on detected diseases, including treatments and
preventive measures.
5. Database Management: The system maintains a database of disease data
and user history for future reference.
6. User Notifications: Alerts regarding detected diseases and recommended
actions are sent to users.
7. User Interface: A user-friendly interface enables easy navigation and
access to results and recommendations.
The behavior of the system includes:
 1. User Interaction: Users initiate image capture or upload, guided by clear
instructions.
2. Processing Workflow: The system preprocesses the image and analyzes
it for disease detection in real time, returning results within 10 seconds.
3. Results Presentation: Detected disease information and severity levels
are presented to the user.
4. Recommendations Delivery: Tailored disease management
recommendations are provided alongside detection results.
5. User Feedback: Users can provide feedback on accuracy, aiding system
improvement.
6. Data Storage and Retrieval: User interactions and disease data are
securely stored for future access.
7. Alerts and Notifications: Proactive alerts on disease severity and follow-
up actions are sent to users to ensure timely management.
This streamlined approach ensures efficient and accurate plant
disease management for users in agriculture.
4o mini

Performance Requirements
1. Accuracy: Achieve at least 90% accuracy in detecting and classifying plant
diseases.
2. Response Time: Process images and return results within 10 seconds.
3. Throughput: Handle a minimum of 100 images per minute.
4. Scalability: Support increasing numbers of users and image uploads
without performance loss.
5. Data Storage and Retrieval: Retrieve historical data in under 2 seconds.
6. System Availability: Maintain an uptime of at least 99%.
7. User Load: Support 1,000 concurrent users without significant
performance degradation.
8. Network Requirements: Optimize data transfer to minimize bandwidth
usage.
9. Error Handling: Provide robust error management and meaningful
feedback to users.
10. Maintenance and Updates: Allow seamless updates with no downtime.
These performance requirements ensure the system operates efficiently and
reliably for users in agricultural contexts.

Design Constraints
 1. Hardware Limitations: Must run on standard mobile devices and web
browsers, compatible with low-end hardware.
2. Software Dependencies: Should work across common operating systems
(Android, iOS, Windows, macOS) with minimal installation requirements.
3. Network Connectivity: Needs to function effectively over standard
internet connections, accommodating users with limited access.
4. Data Privacy and Security: Must comply with data protection regulations
(e.g., GDPR, CCPA) and implement encryption for data security.
5. Image Quality: Should handle variations in image quality and use
preprocessing techniques to enhance clarity.
6. Machine Learning Model Size: Must optimize the model for size and
performance to ensure fast inference on low-power devices.
7. User Experience: The interface should be intuitive and accessible to users
with varying technical skills.
8. Regulatory Compliance: Must adhere to agricultural regulations relevant
to deployment regions.
9. Scalability: Designed for easy horizontal scaling to manage increased user
load and data volume.
10. Budget Constraints: Development and operational costs must stay within
a predetermined budget.
These constraints ensure the Botanical Eye System is practical, secure, and user-
friendly while remaining within budget.

Validation Criteria for the Botanical Eye System

1. Accuracy Testing: Achieve at least 90% accuracy in disease detection and
classification.
2. Response Time Evaluation: Process images and return results within 10
seconds in 95% of cases.
3. Throughput Measurement: Handle a minimum of 100 images per
minute without performance degradation.
4. User Load Stress Testing: Support at least 1,000 concurrent users
without significant slowdowns.
5. Data Retrieval Efficiency: Retrieve historical data in under 2 seconds
consistently.
6. Scalability Assessment: Maintain performance under increasing user
loads and image uploads.
7. Error Handling Capability: Provide meaningful error messages and
recover gracefully from unexpected inputs.
8. User Experience Feedback: Achieve an 80% satisfaction rating in user
testing for interface usability.
 9. Security Compliance Check: Adhere to data protection regulations (e.g.,
GDPR, CCPA) and implement data encryption.
10. Regulatory Compliance Confirmation: Meet all relevant agricultural
regulations in deployment regions.
These criteria ensure the system is accurate, efficient, user-friendly, and
compliant with necessary standards.

Planning and Scheduling

Projrect Planning:
1. Project Objectives
• Develop an automated system for detecting and classifying
plant diseases using image processing and machine learning.
• Ensure user-friendly access for farmers, agronomists, and
researchers through mobile and web platforms.
2. Project Phases and Timeline

3. Resource Allocation
• Team Members:
o Project Manager
o Business Analyst
o UI/UX Designer
o Data Scientist/Machine Learning Engineer
o Software Developers (Frontend and Backend)
o Quality Assurance Tester
o Technical Support Staff
 • Tools and Technologies:
o Development: Python, TensorFlow/PyTorch for ML, OpenCV for
image processing, React/Flutter for frontend.
o Database: PostgreSQL or MongoDB for data management.
o Deployment: AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud for cloud hosting.
o Version Control: Git for code management.
4. Budget Estimation
• Personnel Costs: Salaries for team members.
• Software Licenses: Costs for any third-party software or libraries.
• Cloud Services: Hosting and data storage expenses.
• Hardware: Costs for development and testing devices, if necessary.
• Miscellaneous: Training materials and user documentation.
5. Risk Management
• Technical Risks: Challenges in achieving desired accuracy or processing
speed. Mitigation: Regular testing and iterative improvements.
• User Adoption Risks: Users may find the system complex. Mitigation:
Focus on user-friendly design and provide adequate training.
• Data Privacy Risks: Potential data breaches. Mitigation: Implement
robust security measures and comply with regulations.
6. Milestones
• Completion of requirement analysis and SRS.
• Approval of system design and architecture.
• Completion of the development phase.
• Successful testing and bug fixes.
• Deployment and go-live of the system.
• First round of user feedback and training completed.
This project plan outlines the essential steps for successfully developing the
Botanical Eye System, ensuring all aspects are considered to achieve project
objectives effectively.

Task Scheduling:
Here's a consolidated task scheduling table for the Botanical Eye System,
encompassing all phases, tasks, durations, and responsible team members.
This table summarizes the project tasks, providing a clear overview of
responsibilities and timelines for the Botanical Eye System development.

Demand and Production Planning

Objective: Align the development and deployment of the Botanical Eye System
with anticipated user demand while optimizing resources.
1.Demand Planning
Market Research
• Conduct surveys with potential users to assess interest and expected
usage.
User Projections
• Estimate a 20% growth in user base annually, targeting segments like
small farms and research institutions.
Feature Demand Analysis
• Identify and prioritize requested features for initial release based on user
feedback.
Forecasting
• Use market trends to create demand forecasts for the first three years,
considering seasonal variations.
2. Production Planning
Resource Allocation
• Assess and allocate resources (team, technology, budget) according to
the project schedule.
Production Schedule
• Develop a timeline for feature development and set milestones for
completion and testing.
Capacity Planning
• Ensure the team and infrastructure can handle projected user loads (e.g.,
1,000 concurrent users) with scalability options.
Quality Assurance
• Implement quality control processes throughout development, ensuring
features meet user needs.
Training and Support
• Prepare training materials for support staff and users before launch.
3. Monitoring and Adjustments
User Feedback Collection
• Establish a mechanism to collect user feedback post-launch for
continuous improvement.
Demand Reassessment
• Periodically review demand forecasts and adjust production plans based
on user adoption and market trends.
Continuous Improvement
• Use an agile approach to enable regular updates and feature releases
based on user feedback.

Scheduling Tools and Techniques

Effective scheduling is essential for managing timelines and resources. Here are
key tools and techniques:
1. Gantt Charts:
o Visual representation of project tasks, durations, and
dependencies.
o Tools: Microsoft Project, Smartsheet.
2. Critical Path Method (CPM):
o Identifies the longest sequence of dependent tasks to determine
minimum project duration.
o Tools: Microsoft Project, Lucidchart.
3. Project Management Software:
o Centralizes planning, scheduling, and resource allocation.
o Tools: Asana, Trello, Monday.com.
4. Kanban Boards:
o Visual boards that represent tasks and their statuses.
o Tools: Trello, Jira.
5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
o Hierarchical decomposition of the project into smaller tasks.
o Tools: Microsoft Project, XMind.
6. Time Tracking Software:
o Tracks time spent on tasks for better resource management.
o Tools: Toggl, Harvest.
7. Agile Methodologies:
o Techniques like Scrum for iterative development and flexibility.
o Tools: Jira, Trello.
8. Resource Allocation Matrix:
o Maps resources to tasks to ensure effective utilization.
o Tools: Excel or Google Sheets.
9. Milestone Charts:
o Outline key milestones and target dates for progress tracking.
o Tools: Microsoft Project, Excel.

Integration and Testing for the Botanical Eye System

Integration and testing are crucial for ensuring the Botanical Eye System
functions seamlessly and meets requirements.
1. Integration
• Integration Plan: Define the sequence for integrating components (front-
end, back-end, database, and machine learning models).
• Component Integration:
o Connect front-end to back-end and integrate the database for
data management.
o Link machine learning models for real-time disease detection.
• Continuous Integration (CI): Automate integration using tools like
Jenkins or GitHub Actions to ensure consistent code merging.
2. Testing
• Testing Strategy: Implement various testing types:
o Unit Testing: Validate individual components.
o Integration Testing: Test interactions between integrated
components.
o System Testing: Evaluate the entire system against requirements.
o User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Gather feedback from real users.
• Test Case Development: Create detailed test cases covering expected
functionality and edge cases.
• Performance Testing: Assess system performance under load (e.g.,
image processing in under 10 seconds).
• Security Testing: Identify vulnerabilities to protect user data and ensure
regulatory compliance.
• Bug Tracking: Use tools like JIRA or Trello for logging and managing
defects.
• Iterative Testing: Conduct continuous testing throughout development
for early issue detection.

Gantt Chart

The Gantt chart provides a visual representation of the project timeline for the
Botanical Eye System. It outlines the key phases of the project, each with
specified durations and dependencies, enabling project managers and
stakeholders to track progress and manage resources effectively.
Key Components:
1. Tasks: The chart includes seven primary tasks:
o Problem Definition (3 days): Establishing the scope and
requirements of the project.
o Analysis (7 days): Conducting a detailed analysis of plant diseases
and data collection.
 o Planning and Designing (10 days): Developing a project plan and
designing the system architecture.
o Implementation (15 days): Actual coding and development of the
detection system.
o Testing (5 days): Testing the system for accuracy and reliability.
o Deployment (4 days): Rolling out the system for use in the field.
o Maintenance (20 days): Ongoing support and updates after
deployment.
2. Timeline: The durations are clearly marked, allowing for quick
visualization of how long each task will take and when it will occur in
relation to other tasks.
3. Dependencies: Arrows indicate the sequence of tasks, highlighting which
tasks must be completed before others can begin. For instance, Analysis
must be completed before moving on to Planning and Designing,
ensuring a logical workflow throughout the project.
This Gantt chart serves as a crucial tool for monitoring the project's progress,
identifying potential bottlenecks, and ensuring that the project remains on
schedule.

Software And Hardware Requirments

Software Requirements
1. Operating System:
o Windows, macOS, or Linux.
2. Programming Languages:
o Python, HTML/CSS/JavaScript.
3. Frameworks/Libraries:
o Machine Learning: TensorFlow or PyTorch, Scikit-learn.
o Web Development: Flask or Django.
o Data Visualization: Matplotlib, Seaborn.
o Image Processing: OpenCV or PIL.
o Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, or SQLite.
 4. Development Tools:
o IDE (PyCharm, Visual Studio Code), Git for version control.
Hardware Requirements
1. Server/Workstation:
o Processor: Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen 5.
o RAM: Minimum 8 GB (16 GB recommended).
o Storage: SSD (at least 256 GB).
2. GPU (optional):
o NVIDIA GPU with CUDA support for faster training.
3. Mobile Device (optional):
o Android or iOS device for testing.
4. Camera (optional):
o Digital camera or smartphone for capturing images.
Network Requirements
• Stable internet connection for updates and cloud services.
This setup facilitates the effective development and deployment of the Botanical
Eye System.

Preliminary Product Description

Product Name: Botanical Eye System
Overview:
The Botanical Eye System is an innovative solution designed to identify and
diagnose plant diseases using advanced image processing and machine learning
techniques. By leveraging computer vision technology, the system enables
farmers, agronomists, and agricultural researchers to quickly and accurately
detect diseases in plants, ultimately promoting healthier crops and increased
agricultural productivity.
Key Features:
1. Image Capture: Users can upload images of plants directly from their
devices or capture them in real-time using a mobile application.
2. Disease Identification: The system analyzes the images to identify
specific diseases based on trained machine learning models, providing
users with immediate feedback on plant health.
3. User-Friendly Interface: A simple and intuitive web or mobile interface
allows users to easily navigate the application, upload images, and view
results.
4. Disease Database: The system is backed by a comprehensive database of
plant diseases, including symptoms, treatment options, and preventive
measures.
5. Reporting: Users can generate reports detailing the identified diseases,
suggested remedies, and potential impacts on crop yield.
 6. Continuous Learning: The system is designed to improve over time as it
processes more images, allowing for more accurate diagnoses and
updated disease information.
Target Audience:
• Farmers and agricultural workers seeking efficient disease management
solutions.
• Agronomists and researchers focused on plant health and crop
production.
• Agricultural extension services providing support and advice to local
farmers.
Benefits:
• Increased Crop Yield: Early detection of plant diseases allows for timely
intervention, reducing crop loss.
• Cost Efficiency: Minimizes the need for expensive laboratory testing and
reduces reliance on agricultural consultants.
• Enhanced Knowledge: Provides users with educational resources about
plant diseases and best practices for prevention and treatment.

Conceptual Diagram:
Use Case Diagram: The Use Case Diagram visually represents the interactions
between users and the Plant Disease Detection System, illustrating how different
actors engage with the system's functionalities.
Key Components:
1. Actors:
o User: Represents farmers, agricultural workers, or researchers
who interact with the system to detect plant diseases and access
information.
o Admin: Represents the system administrator responsible for
maintaining the system, managing user accounts, and updating
the disease database.
2. Use Cases:
o Capture Image: Users can take a photo or upload an existing
image of a plant for analysis.
o Identify Disease: The system analyzes the uploaded image and
identifies any potential diseases affecting the plant.
o View Results: Users receive immediate feedback regarding the
identified disease and recommended treatment options.
o Access Disease Database: Users can browse and retrieve
information on various plant diseases stored in the system.
o Generate Report: Users can create reports summarizing the
identified diseases and suggested actions for treatment.
 o Update Database (Admin): The admin can add new disease
information or update existing records in the database.
o Manage Users (Admin): The admin can create, modify, or delete
user accounts to maintain system security and functionality.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

• Entities:
o User: Represents the farmer or agricultural worker using the
system.
o Admin: Represents the administrator managing the system.
• Processes:
o Plant Disease Detection System: The main system that analyzes
plant images and provides results.
• Data Stores:
 o Disease Database: Stores information about various plant
diseases.
o User Database: Stores information about user accounts.
Data Flow:
• The User uploads an image to the Plant Disease Detection System.
• The system queries the Disease Database to retrieve information on
plant diseases.
• Results are sent back to the User.
• The Admin updates the disease information and manages user accounts
in the respective databases.

Activity Diagram
Key Activities:
1. Start: The process begins.
2. Capture/Upload Image: The user captures or uploads an image of the plant.

3. Analyze Image: The system analyzes the uploaded image for diseases.
4. Identify Disease: The system identifies any diseases present.
5. Display Results: The system presents the results to the user.
6. User Decision: The user decides to either view more details or go back.

7. Access Disease Database: If the user chooses to view more details, they can access
additional information about the disease.
8. End: The process concludes.
 1. The diagram starts with the Capture/Upload Image activity, where the
user provides an image of the plant.
2. The system then proceeds to Analyze Image and Identify Disease to
determine if any diseases are present.
3. After displaying the results, the user is prompted to decide whether to
access more information about the disease or go back.
4. If the user opts to view more details, they can access the Disease
Database for further information.
5. The process concludes at the End node.

Context Diagram:
Components of the Context Diagram
1. System:
o Plant Disease Detection System: The central system that analyzes
plant images to identify diseases.
2. External Entities:
o User:
▪ Actions: Uploads images, receives disease identification
results, and views disease information.
o Admin:
 ▪Actions: Updates disease information, manages user
accounts, and maintains the system.
o Disease Database:
▪ Purpose: Stores comprehensive data on various plant
diseases.
▪ Interactions: Queries for disease information.
o User Database:
▪ Purpose: Manages user profiles and authentication.
▪ Interactions: Accesses user information and
authentication details.

User Interactions:

• Uploads Plant Image: The user initiates the process by providing an image.

• Receives Disease Results: The system analyzes the image and returns the results.

• Requests More Info: The user can request further information about the identified disease.

• Displays Disease Info: The system presents additional details about the disease.

Admin Interactions:

• Update Disease Records: Admin can update the information in the disease database.

• Confirmation of Updates: The system confirms successful updates to the admin.

• Manage User Accounts: Admin can manage user profiles and accounts.

Database Interactions:

• Query Disease Info: The system queries the disease database to retrieve relevant data.
 • Return Disease Data: The disease database returns the requested information to the
system.

Class Diagram:
Components of the Class Diagram

1. Classes:

o User: Represents individuals using the system (farmers, agricultural workers).

o Admin: Represents the system administrator responsible for managing the system.

o PlantDisease: Represents information about specific plant diseases.

o Image: Represents images uploaded by users for analysis.

o DiseaseDatabase: Represents the database that stores plant disease information.

o UserDatabase: Represents the database that stores user information.

• User: Represents users of the system, with attributes for userId, username, and password.
Methods include uploading images and viewing disease results.

• Admin: Represents the administrator with similar attributes and methods for updating
disease information and managing user accounts.

• PlantDisease: Contains attributes for diseaseId, name, symptoms, and treatment,

representing disease details.

• Image: Represents the uploaded images with attributes like imageId, filePath, and
captureDate.
 • DiseaseDatabase: Represents the database for managing plant disease information, with
methods to add diseases and query information.

• UserDatabase: Represents the database for managing user information, with methods to
add and retrieve user data.

Relationships:

• User uploads Image and views PlantDisease.

• Admin can update PlantDisease.

• PlantDisease queries the DiseaseDatabase for information.

• User and Admin access and manage the UserDatabase.

ER Diagram:

This ER diagram represents a Plant Disease Detection System:

• User: Has attributes like user_id, email, password, and role. A user can show
symptoms in a detection record.

• Symptom: Has symptom_id and description. Linked to detection records.

• Plant: Identified by plant_id, plant name, and scientific name. A plant can have
diseases.

• Disease: Identified by disease_id. Diseases can affect plants and be treated by

treatments.

• Treatment: Has treatment_id and effectiveness. Treats diseases.

• Detection Record: Connects users, symptoms, and diseases.

The diagram shows how users detect symptoms, associate them with diseases in plants, and
record treatments.

Sequence Diagram:

This sequence diagram illustrates the process of diagnosing plant diseases and finding
treatments within a Plant Disease Detection System:
1. User Actions:
o The user opens the application and inputs symptoms of a plant.

2. System Processing:
o The system processes the user input and:
1. Requests plant information from the Plant Database.
2. Receives and returns the plant data.
3. Checks symptoms against data in the Disease Database.
4. Receives and returns a disease diagnosis.
5. Requests treatment information from the Treatment Database for the
diagnosed disease.

6. Receives treatment details.

3. Final Output:
o The system displays the diagnosis and appropriate treatment to the user.
This diagram captures the interaction between the user, system, and databases to provide a
diagnosis and treatment for a plant disease.