Prep 07’ Practice Test #1 Reading Comprehension (18 Essays, 61 Questions)

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! Question #1. 019–01 (21247-!-
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Essay #1. 019 (21201-!-item-!-188;#058&00019–00)

During the nineteenth century, occupational information

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about women that was provided by the United States

census—a population count conducted each decade—
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The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) explain and critique the methods used by early

became more detailed and precise in response to social statisticians
changes. Through 1840, simple enumeration by household (B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-
mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and day one
hierarchical social order: the head of the household (C) describe and explain a historical change
(presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas (D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution
other household members were only indicated by the total
number of persons counted in various categories, including
occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were
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(E) trace the origin of a contemporary controversy

Question #2. 019–02 (21293-!-

family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as
an attribute of the entire household, rather than of !
item-!-188;#058&000019–02)

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individuals. Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United
The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and
women's rights movements, initiated the collection of specific
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States censuses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the

(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed

information about each individual in a household. Not until by gender
1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the (B) year in which specific information began to be collected
census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed on individuals in addition to the head of the household
outside the home in "gainful and reputable occupations." In (C) year in which overlap between women employed outside
addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman the home and women keeping house was first calculated
"keeping house." Overlap between the two groups was not (D) way in which the 1890 census measured women's
calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the income levels and educational backgrounds
paid labor force and social issues arising from (E) way in which household members were counted in the
industrialization were causing women's advocates and
women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate
accounting of women's occupations and wages.
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1840 census

Question #3. 019–04 (21339-!-

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The passage suggests which of the following about the

"women's advocates and women statisticians" mentioned in

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the highlighted text?

(A) They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for

women who worked in the home.
(B) They believed that previous census information was
inadequate and did not reflect certain economic changes in
the United States.
(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking
methods as part of their participation in the antislavery
movement.
(D) They thought that census statistics about women would
be more accurate if more women were employed as census
officials.
(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed
the official statistics provided by previous United States

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censuses.

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 Question #4. 066–02 (21392-!-
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Essay #2. 066 (21346-!-item-!-188;#058&00066–00)

The general density dependence model can be applied to

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According to the passage, which of the following may

explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to account for the inconsistency between the general density
serve a narrow target market). According to this model, dependence model and the evidence provided by certain
specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between
legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are
functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular
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studies of foundings?

(A) Such studies have overemphasized the impact of

specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of preexisting firms on the establishment of new firms.
firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed (B) Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the
as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each role of competition among newly established firms operating
founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry at the city and state levels.
and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs (C) Such studies fail to differentiate among specialist firms
because the resources that firms seek—customers, with regard to the degree to which they deviate from familiar
suppliers, and employees—are limited, but as long as forms of organization.
density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of (D) Such studies have not taken into account the fact that
another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of many industries are internationally integrated.
competition. At high density levels, however, competitive (E) Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that
effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings.
The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the
competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for
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attempt to serve only a narrow target market.

Question #5. 066–04 (21438-!-

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new firms to enter the field.

While several studies have found a significant

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In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned

correspondence between the density dependence model and
actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found
patterns not consistent with the model. A possible
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with

(A) noting various exceptions to a certain general finding

explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and (B) examining the impact of one type of industry on another
competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while (C) proposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency
studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. (D) providing specific examples of a particular phenomenon
Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true
legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of
foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated.
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(E) defending the validity of a particular study's conclusions

Question #6. 066–06 (21484-!-

Many industries are or are becoming international, and since
media and information easily cross national borders, so
should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings.
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item-!-188;#058&000066–06)

The passage suggests that when a population of specialist

For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is
United States, that information transcends borders, reduces
uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other
countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found
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likely to occur?

(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has

more support for the density dependence model when they occurred in these industries.
employ broader geographic units of analysis—for example, (B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to
finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the broaden their target market.
state and national levels than at city levels. (C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and
!! thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms
as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to

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gain a competitive advantage.

Question #7. 066–08 (21530-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000066–08)

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The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) question the validity of an economic model

(B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic model
(C) outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it
(D) describe an economic model and provide specific
examples to illustrate its use
(E) explain why an economic model remains valid despite
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inconsistent research results
 Question #8. 075–03 (21581-!-
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Essay #3. 075 (21535-!-item-!-188;#058&00075–00)

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock,

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According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871

the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three
Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands
to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study
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had which of the following effects?

(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as

of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the legislation that had to be passed by both houses of
Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress.
Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) (B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between
over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the the federal government and Native American tribes
decision's more far-reaching impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, decreased.
the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and (C) The procedures for congressional approval and
execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as implementation of federal Indian policy were made more
a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. precise.
Many commentators believe that this change had already (D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise
occurred in 1871 when—following a dispute between the unilateral authority over Native American affairs.
House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy (E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with
primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making of
treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality the federal
government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements
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sovereign nations was eventually undermined.

Question #9. 075–06 (21627-!-

past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as
treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the
Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses
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item-!-188;#058&000075–06)

According to the passage, which of the following resulted

of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of
formal negotiation and finally did away with what had
increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal
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from the Lone Wolf decision?

(A) The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native

consent. American affairs.
!! (B) Native American tribes lost their legal standing as
sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal
government, but their ownership of tribal lands was
confirmed.
(C) The federal government no longer needed to conclude a
formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to
carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.
(D) The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands
for distribution to non-Indian settlers.
(E) Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge

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congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

Question #10. 075–07 (21673-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000075–07)

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The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying similarities in two different theories

(B) evaluating a work of scholarship
(C) analyzing the significance of a historical event
(D) debunking a revisionist interpretation

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(E) exploring the relationship between law and social reality

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 Question #11. 094–01 (21726-!-
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Essay #4. 094 (21680-!-item-!-188;#058&00094–00)

Some historians contend that conditions in the United States

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The "unions' dilemma" mentioned in the highlighted text can

during the Second World War gave rise to a dynamic
wartime alliance between trade unions and the African
American community, an alliance that advanced the cause of
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best be described as the question of whether or not to

(A) pressure management to create more skilled and high-

civil rights. They conclude that the postwar demise of this paying positions
vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights (B) fight for greater union participation in management
movement that followed the war. Other scholars, however, decisions
have portrayed organized labor as defending all along the (C) include minority workers in their membership
relatively privileged position of White workers relative to (D) extend full rights and benefits to all their members
African American workers. Clearly, these two perspectives (E) emphasize the recruitment of new members over serving
are not easily reconcilable, but the historical reality is not

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reducible to one or the other. !
the needs of current members

Question #12. 094–02 (21772-!-

Unions faced a choice between either maintaining the prewar
status quo or promoting a more inclusive approach that
sought for all members the right to participate in the internal
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item-!-188;#058&000094–02)

According to the passage, the historians mentioned in the

affairs of unions, access to skilled and high-paying positions first highlighted portion of text and the scholars mentioned in
within the occupational hierarchy, and protection against
management's arbitrary authority in the workplace. While
union representatives often voiced this inclusive ideal, in
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the second highlighted portion disagree about the

(A) contribution made by organized labor to the war effort

practice unions far more often favored entrenched interests. during the Second World War
The accelerating development of the civil rights movement (B) issues that union members considered most important
following the Second World War exacerbated the unions' during the Second World War
dilemma, forcing trade unionists to confront contradictions in (C) relationship between unions and African Americans
their own practices. during the Second World War
!! (D) effect of the Second World War on the influence of
unions in the workplace
(E) extent to which African Americans benefited from social

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and political changes following the Second World War

Question #13. 094–06 (21818-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000094–06)

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The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) providing a context within which to evaluate opposing

viewpoints about a historical phenomenon
(B) identifying a flawed assumption underlying one
interpretation of a historical phenomenon
(C) assessing the merits and weaknesses of a controversial
theory about a historical phenomenon
(D) discussing the historical importance of the development
of a wartime alliance
(E) evaluating evidence used to support a particular

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interpretation of a historical phenomenon

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 Question #14. 118–03 (21871-!-
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Essay #5. 118 (21825-!-item-!-188;#058&00118–00)

Historians have identified two dominant currents in the

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The passage suggests that socialists within the Russian

Russian women's movement of the late tsarist period. women's movement and most bourgeois feminists believed
"Bourgeois" feminism, so called by its more radical
opponents, emphasized "individualist" feminist goals such as
access to education, career opportunities, and legal equality.
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that in Russia

(A) women would not achieve economic equality until they

"Socialist" feminists, by contrast, emphasized class, rather had political representation within the government
than gender, as the principal source of women's inequality (B) the achievement of larger political aims should take
and oppression, and socialist revolution, not legal reform, as precedence over the achievement of women's rights
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the only road to emancipation and equality.

However, despite antagonism between bourgeois feminists

(C) the emancipation of women would ultimately bring about
the liberation of the entire Russian population from political
oppression
and socialist feminists, the two movements shared certain (D) women's oppression was more rooted in economic
underlying beliefs. Both regarded paid labor as the principal inequality than was the case in other countries
means by which women might attain emancipation: (E) the women's movement was more ideologically divided
participation in the workplace and economic self-sufficiency,
they believed, would make women socially useful and
therefore deserving of equality with men. Both groups also
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than were women's movements in other countries

Question #15. 118–05 (21917-!-

recognized the enormous difficulties women faced when they
combined paid labor with motherhood. In fact, at the First
All-Russian Women's Congress in 1908, most participants
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advocated maternity insurance and paid maternity leave,

although the intense hostility between some socialists and
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The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying points of agreement between two groups

bourgeois feminists at the Congress made it difficult for them (B) advocating one approach to social reform over another
to recognize these areas of agreement. Finally, socialist (C) contrasting two approaches to solving a political problem
feminists and most bourgeois feminists concurred in (D) arguing that the views espoused by one political group
subordinating women's emancipation to what they were more radical than those espoused by another group
considered the more important goal of liberating the entire (E) criticizing historians for overlooking similarities between
Russian population from political oppression, economic
backwardness, and social injustice. !
the views espoused by two superficially dissimilar groups

!! Question #16. 118–06 (21963-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000118–06)

According to the passage, Russian socialists within the

women's movement and most bourgeois feminists disagreed

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about which of the following?

(A) Whether legal reform was central to the achievement of

feminist goals
(B) Whether paid employment was important for the
achievement of equality
(C) Whether maternity insurance was desirable for working
mothers
(D) Whether working mothers faced obstacles
(E) Whether women's emancipation should be subordinated

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to the liberation of the Russian population

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 Question #17. 145–03 (22018-!-
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Essay #6. 145 (21972-!-item-!-188;#058&00145–00)

Colonial historian David Allen's intensive study of five

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According to the passage, which of the following was true of

communities in seventeenth-century Massachusetts is a
model of meticulous scholarship on the detailed microcosmic
level, and is convincing up to a point. Allen suggests that
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most villages in seventeenth-century England?

(A) The resident squire had significant authority.

much more coherence and direct continuity existed between (B) Church members were selected on the basis of their
English and colonial agricultural practices and administrative social status within the community.
organization than other historians have suggested. (C) Low population density restricted agricultural and
However, he overstates his case with the declaration that he economic growth.
has proved "the remarkable extent to which diversity in New (D) There was little diversity in local institutions from one
England local institutions was directly imitative of regional region to another.
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differences in the mother country." (E) National events had little impact on local customs and
Such an assertion ignores critical differences between
seventeenth-century England and New England. First,
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administrative organization.

Question #18. 145–05 (22064-!-

England was overcrowded and land-hungry; New England
was sparsely populated and labor-hungry. Second, England
suffered the normal European rate of mortality; New
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item-!-188;#058&000145–05)

The passage suggests that Professor Clive Holmes would

England, especially in the first generation of English
colonists, was virtually free from infectious diseases. Third,
England had an all-embracing state church; in New England
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most likely agree with which of the following statements?

(A) An understanding of seventeenth-century English local

membership in a church was restricted to the elect. Fourth, institutions requires a consideration of national issues.
a high proportion of English villagers lived under paternalistic (B) The "country community" school of seventeenth-century
resident squires; no such class existed in New England. By English history distorts historical evidence in order to
narrowing his focus to village institutions and ignoring these establish continuity between old and new institutions.
critical differences, which studies by Greven, Demos, and (C) Most historians distort reality by focusing on national
Lockridge have shown to be so important, Allen has created concerns to the exclusion of local concerns.
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a somewhat distorted picture of reality.

Allen's work is a rather extreme example of the "country

(D) National issues are best understood from the perspective
of those at the local level.
(E) Local histories of seventeenth-century English villages
community" school of seventeenth-century English history
whose intemperate excesses in removing all national issues
from the history of that period have been exposed by
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have contributed little to the understanding of village life.

Question #19. 145–07 (22110-!-

Professor Clive Holmes. What conclusion can be drawn, for
example, from Allen's discovery that Puritan clergy who had
come to the colonies from East Anglia were one-third to one-
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item-!-188;#058&000145–07)

It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the

half as likely to return to England by 1660 as were Puritan passage considers Allen's "discovery" (see highlighted text)
ministers from western and northern England? We are not
told in what way, if at all, this discovery illuminates historical
understanding. Studies of local history have enormously
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to be

(A) already known to earlier historians

expanded our horizons, but it is a mistake for their authors to (B) based on a logical fallacy
conclude that village institutions are all that mattered, simply (C) improbable but nevertheless convincing
because their functions are all that the records of village (D) an unexplained, isolated fact
institutions reveal.
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(E) a new, insightful observation

Question #20. 145–08 (22156-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000145–08)

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The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) substantiating a claim about a historical event

(B) reconciling two opposing ideas about a historical era
(C) disputing evidence a scholar uses to substantiate a claim
about a historical event
(D) analyzing two approaches to scholarly research and
evaluating their methodologies
(E) criticizing a particular study and the approach to historical

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scholarship it represents

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 Question #21. 146–01 (22211-!-
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Essay #7. 146 (22165-!-item-!-188;#058&00146–00)

The United States government has a long-standing policy of

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item-!-188;#058&000146–01)

using federal funds to keep small business viable. The Small

Business Act of 1953 authorized the Small Business
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The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss historical changes in a government policy

Administration (SBA) to enter into contracts with government (B) describe the role of Congress in regulating the work of
agencies having procurement powers and to arrange for the SBA
fulfillment of these contracts by awarding subcontracts to (C) contrast types of funding sources used by minority
small businesses. In the mid-1960's, during the war on businesses
poverty years, Congress hoped to encourage minority (D) correct a misconception about minority entrepreneurship
entrepreneurs by directing such funding to minority (E) advocate an alternative approach to funding minority
businesses. At first this funding was directed toward minority
entrepreneurs with very low incomes. A 1967 amendment to
the Economic Opportunity Act directed the SBA to pay
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entrepreneurs

Question #22. 146–05 (22257-!-

special attention to minority-owned businesses located in
urban or rural areas characterized by high proportions of
unemployed or low-income individuals. Since then, the
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item-!-188;#058&000146–05)

It can be inferred that the "ownership gap" (see highlighted

answer given to the fundamental question of who the text) would be narrowed if which of the following were to
recipients should be—the most economically disadvantaged
or those with the best prospects for business success—has
changed, and the social goals of the programs have shifted,
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occur?

(A) Minority entrepreneurs received a percentage of

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resulting in policy changes.

The first shift occurred during the early 1970's. While the
government contracts equal to that received by nonminority
entrepreneurs.
(B) Middle- and high-income minority entrepreneurs gave
goal of assisting the economically disadvantaged more assistance to their low-income counterparts in the
entrepreneur remained, a new goal emerged: to remedy the business community.
effects of past discrimination. In fact, in 1970 the SBA (C) Minority entrepreneurs hired a percentage of minority
explicitly stated that their main goal was to increase the employees equal to the percentage of minority residents in
number of minority-owned businesses. At the time, their own communities.
minorities constituted seventeen percent of the nation's (D) The percentage of self-employed minority persons rose
population, but only four percent of the nation's self- to more than ten percent of all self-employed persons.
employed. This ownership gap was held to be the result of (E) Seventeen percent of all persons employed in small
past discrimination. Increasing the number of minority-
owned firms was seen as a way to remedy this problem. In
that context, providing funding to minority entrepreneurs in
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businesses were self-employed.

Question #23. 146–06 (22303-!-

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middle- and high-income brackets seemed justified.

In the late 1970's, the goals of minority-business funding

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According to the passage, in 1970 funding to minority

programs shifted again. At the Minority Business
Development Agency, for example, the goal of increasing
numbers of minority-owned firms was supplanted by the goal
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entrepreneurs focused primarily on which of the following?

(A) Alleviating chronic unemployment in urban areas

of creating and assisting more minority-owned substantive (B) Narrowing the ownership gap
firms with future growth potential. Assisting manufacturers or (C) Assisting minority-owned businesses with growth
wholesalers became far more important than assisting small potential
service businesses. Minority-business funding programs (D) Awarding subcontracts to businesses that encouraged
were now justified as instruments for economic development, community development
particularly for creating jobs in minority communities of high (E) Targeting the most economically disadvantaged minority-
unemployment.
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owned businesses

Question #24. 146–09 (22349-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000146–09)

Which of the following best describes the function of the

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second paragraph in the passage as a whole?

(A) It narrows the scope of the topic introduced in the first

paragraph.
(B) It presents an example of the type of change discussed
in the first paragraph.
(C) It cites the most striking instance of historical change in a
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particular government policy.
! (D) It explains the rationale for the creation of the
government agency whose operations are discussed in the
first paragraph.
(E) It presents the results of policies adopted by the federal

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government.

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 Question #25. 147–01 (22404-!-
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Essay #8. 147 (22358-!-item-!-188;#058&00147–00)

In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands

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The passage provides information in support of which of the

on the cardiovascular systems of animals. Gravitational
pressure can cause blood to pool in the lower regions of the
body, making it difficult to circulate blood to critical organs
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following assertions?

(A) The disadvantages of an adaptation to a particular

such as the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit feature of an environment often outweigh the advantages of
adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the force of such an adaptation.
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gravity.

The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated

(B) An organism's reaction to being placed in an environment
to which it is not well adapted can sometimes illustrate the
problems that have been solved by the adaptations of
by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their organisms indigenous to that environment.
supportive medium. Because the vertical pressure gradients (C) The effectiveness of an organism's adaptation to a
within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure particular feature of its environment can only be evaluated by
gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood examining the effectiveness with which organisms of other
throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same species have adapted to a similar feature of a different
regardless of their orientation in space, provided they remain environment.
in the ocean. When removed from the water and tilted at (D) Organisms of the same species that inhabit strikingly
various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at different environments will often adapt in remarkably similar
their midpoint drops significantly, and at brain level falls to ways to the few features of those environments that are
zero. That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial common.
orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure (E) Different species of organisms living in the same
suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate environment will seldom adapt to features of that
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blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.

One such adaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial

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environment in the same way.

Question #26. 147–02 (22450-!-

snake's heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to
the brain, regardless of the snake's orientation in space. The
heart of sea snakes can be located near the middle of the
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According to the passage, one reason that the distribution of

body, a position that minimizes the work entailed in blood in the sea snake changes little while the creature
circulating blood to both extremities. In arboreal snakes,
however, which dwell in trees and often assume a vertical
posture, the average distance from the heart to the head can
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remains in the ocean is that

(A) the heart of the sea snake tends to be located near the
be as little as 15 percent of overall body length. Such a center of its body
location requires that blood circulated to the tail of the snake (B) pressure gradients in the water surrounding the sea
travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved snake counter the effects of vertical pressure gradients
by another adaptation. When climbing, arboreal snakes within its blood vessels
often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing (C) the sea snake assumes a vertical posture less frequently
waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower than do the terrestrial and the arboreal snake
torso to head. By compressing the veins and forcing blood (D) the sea snake often relies on waves of muscle
forward, these contractions apparently improve the flow of contractions to help move blood from the torso to the head
venous blood returning to the heart. (E) the force of pressure gradients in the water surrounding
! the sea snake exceeds that of vertical pressure gradients

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within its circulatory system

Question #27. 147–07 (22496-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000147–07)

The author suggests that which of the following is a

disadvantage that results from the location of a snake's heart

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in close proximity to its head?

(A) A decrease in the efficiency with which the snake

regulates the flow of blood to the brain
(B) A decrease in the number of orientations in space that a
snake can assume without loss of blood flow to the brain
(C) A decrease in blood pressure at the snake's midpoint
when it is tilted at various angles with its head up
(D) An increase in the tendency of blood to pool at the
snake's head when the snake is tilted at various angles with
its head down
(E) An increase in the amount of effort required to distribute
blood to and from the snake's tail
!! Question #28. 147–09 (22542-!-

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item-!-188;#058&000147–09)

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing

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which of the following?

(A) Explaining adaptations that enable the terrestrial snake to

cope with the effects of gravitational pressure on its
circulatory system
(B) Comparing the circulatory system of the sea snake with
that of the terrestrial snake
(C) Explaining why the circulatory system of the terrestrial
snake is different from that of the sea snake
(D) Pointing out features of the terrestrial snake's
cardiovascular system that make it superior to that of the sea
snake
(E) Explaining how the sea snake is able to neutralize the

!!
effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system

!
 Question #29. 148–01 (22595-!-
!
Essay #9. 148 (22549-!-item-!-188;#058&00148–00)

In a new book about the antiparty feeling of the early political

!
item-!-188;#058&000148–01)

leaders of the United States, Ralph Ketcham argues that the

first six Presidents differed decisively from later Presidents
!
The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) describing and comparing two theories about the early

because the first six held values inherited from the classical history of the United States
humanist tradition of eighteenth-century England. In this (B) describing and analyzing an argument about the early
view, government was designed not to satisfy the private history of the United States
desires of the people but to make them better citizens; this (C) discussing new evidence that qualifies a theory about the
tradition stressed the disinterested devotion of political early history of the United States
leaders to the public good. Justice, wisdom, and courage (D) refuting a theory about political leadership in the United
were more important qualities in a leader than the ability to States
organize voters and win elections. Indeed, leaders were (E) resolving an ambiguity in an argument about political
supposed to be called to office rather than to run for office.
And if they took up the burdens of public office with a sense
of duty, leaders also believed that such offices were naturally
!
leadership in the United States

Question #30. 148–02 (22641-!-

their due because of their social preeminence or their
contributions to the country. Given this classical conception
of leadership, it is not surprising that the first six Presidents
!
item-!-188;#058&000148–02)

According to the passage, the author and Ketcham agree on

condemned political parties. Parties were partial by
definition, self-interested, and therefore serving something !
which of the following points?

!
other than the transcendent public good.

Even during the first presidency (Washington's), however,

(A) The first six Presidents held the same ideas about
political parties as did later Presidents in the United States.
(B) Classical ideals supported the growth of commercial
the classical conception of virtuous leadership was being forces in the United States.
undermined by commercial forces that had been gathering (C) The first political parties in the United States were formed
since at least the beginning of the eighteenth century. during Van Buren's term in office.
Commerce—its profit-making, its self-interestedness, its (D) The first six Presidents placed great emphasis on
individualism—became the enemy of these classical ideals. individualism and civil rights.
Although Ketcham does not picture the struggle in quite this (E) Widespread acceptance of political parties occurred
way, he does rightly see Jackson's tenure (the seventh
presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party,
commerce, and individualism. For the Jacksonians,
!
during Andrew Jackson's presidency.

Question #31. 148–03 (22687-!-

nonpartisanship lost its relevance, and under the direction of
Van Buren, party gained a new legitimacy. The classical
ideals of the first six Presidents became identified with a
!
item-!-188;#058&000148–03)

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be

privileged aristocracy, an aristocracy that had to be most likely to agree that modern views of the freedoms of
overcome in order to allow competition between opposing
political interests. Ketcham is so strongly committed to
justifying the classical ideals, however, that he
!
speech and press are

(A) values closely associated with the beliefs of the

underestimates the advantages of their decline. For aristocracy of the early United States
example, the classical conception of leadership was (B) political rights less compatible with democracy and
incompatible with our modern notion of the freedoms of individualism than with classical ideals
speech and press, freedoms intimately associated with the (C) political rights uninfluenced by the formation of opposing
legitimacy of opposing political parties. political parties
!! (D) values not inherent in the classical humanist tradition of
eighteenth-century England
(E) values whose interpretation would have been agreed on

!
by all United States Presidents

Question #32. 148–04 (22733-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000148–04)

Which of the following, if true, provides the LEAST support

for the author's argument about commerce and political

!
parties during Jackson's presidency?

(A) Many supporters of Jackson resisted the

commercialization that could result from participation in a
national economy.
(B) Protest against the corrupt and partisan nature of political
parties in the United States subsided during Jackson's
presidency.
! (C) During Jackson's presidency the use of money became
more common than bartering of goods and services.
(D) More northerners than southerners supported Jackson
because southerners were opposed to the development of a
commercial economy.
(E) Andrew Jackson did not feel as strongly committed to the

!!
classical ideals of leadership as George Washington had felt.

!
 Question #33. 154–01 (22788-!-
!
Essay #10. 154 (22742-!-item-!-188;#058&00154–00)

Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits in the United

!
item-!-188;#058&000154–01)

Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of

States budget cause interest rates to rise. Two main
arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as
the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to
!
the passage?

(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase

make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill
is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available effects of increased borrowing by the government.
for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by (B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between
nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is large federal deficits and high interest rates will make
often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to
increase. That this is so is suggested by the basic economic deficits.
principle that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain (C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large
fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main
also increase. The second argument supposes that the arguments given to defend this claim are flawed.
government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the (D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit
money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless
enough room for economic growth to enable such an special conditions such as decreased consumer spending
increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued arise.
that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will (E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect
raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it
!
money they lend will be worth less when paid back.

Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to

!
should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.

Question #34. 154–03 (22834-!-

assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of
credit will remain relatively stable. Nongovernment
borrowing sometimes decreases. When it does, increased
!
item-!-188;#058&000154–03)

It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the

government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total second argument would most likely agree with which of the
demand for credit. Alternatively, when credit availability
increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the
United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both
!
following statements?

(A) The United States government does not usually care

!
private and government borrowing increase.

The second argument is also problematic. Financing the

whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know
very little about economics.
deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation (C) The United States government is sometimes careless in
only when there is not enough room for economic growth. formulating its economic policies.
Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause (D) The United States government sometimes relies too
inflation. However, since many financiers believe that much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be (E) The United States government increases the money
inclined to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support
inflation. This effect, however, is due to ignorance, not to the
deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers
on this issue.
!
the increase.

Question #35. 154–07 (22880-!-

!! !
item-!-188;#058&000154–07)

Which of the following claims concerning the United States

government's financing of the deficit does the author make in

!
discussing the second argument?

(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times

when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the
money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by
borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest
rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is
to increase the money supply without regard for whether
such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government
finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if
there is not enough room for economic growth to support the
increase.
!! Question #36. 154–08 (22926-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000154–08)

The author uses the term "admittedly" (see highlighted text)

!
in order to indicate that

(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for
the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point
out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates
to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking
that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's
criticisms of the second argument are worthy of

!!
consideration

!
 Question #37. 218–01 (22979-!-
!
Essay #11. 218 (22933-!-item-!-188;#058&00218–00)

Current feminist theory, in validating women's own stories of

!
item-!-188;#058&000218–01)

their experience, has encouraged scholars of women's

history to view the use of women's oral narratives as the
!
The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) contrasting the benefits of one methodology with the

methodology, next to the use of women's written benefits of another
autobiography, that brings historians closest to the "reality" of (B) describing the historical origins and inherent drawbacks
women's lives. Such narratives, unlike most standard of a particular methodology
histories, represent experience from the perspective of (C) discussing the appeal of a particular methodology and
women, affirm the importance of women's contributions, and some concerns about its use
furnish present-day women with historical continuity that is (D) showing that some historians' adoption of a particular
!
essential to their identity, individually and collectively.

Scholars of women's history should, however, be as cautious

methodology has led to criticism of recent historical
scholarship
(E) analyzing the influence of current feminist views on
about accepting oral narratives at face value as they already
are about written memories. Oral narratives are no more
likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested
!
women's interpretations of their experience

Question #38. 218–05 (23025-!-

commentary on events or people. Moreover, the stories
people tell to explain themselves are shaped by narrative
devices and storytelling conventions, as well as by other
!
item-!-188;#058&000218–05)

According to the passage, scholars of women's history

cultural and historical factors, in ways that the storytellers
may be unaware of. The political rhetoric of a particular era,
for example, may influence women's interpretations of the
!
should refrain from doing which of the following?

(A) Relying on traditional historical sources when women's

significance of their experience. Thus a woman who views oral narratives are unavailable
the Second World War as pivotal in increasing the social (B) Focusing on the influence of political rhetoric on women's
acceptance of women's paid work outside the home may perceptions to the exclusion of other equally important
reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of factors
wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women's (C) Attempting to discover the cultural and historical factors
participation in such work. that influence the stories women tell
!! (D) Assuming that the conventions of women's written
autobiographies are similar to the conventions of women's
oral narratives
(E) Accepting women's oral narratives less critically than they

!
accept women's written histories

Question #39. 218–07 (23071-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000218–07)

According to the passage, each of the following is a

difference between women's oral narratives and most

!
standard histories EXCEPT:

(A) Women's oral histories validate the significance of

women's achievements.
(B) Women's oral histories depict experience from the point
of view of women.
(C) Women's oral histories acknowledge the influence of
well-known women.
(D) Women's oral histories present today's women with a
sense of their historical relationship to women of the past.
(E) Women's oral histories are crucial to the collective

!!
identity of today's women.

!
 Question #40. 270–01 (23122-!-
!
Essay #12. 270 (23076-!-item-!-188;#058&00270–00)

The professionalization of the study of history in the second

!
item-!-188;#058&000270–01)

half of the nineteenth century, including history's

transformation from a literary genre to a scientific discipline,
!
The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) describing some effects of the professionalization of the

had important consequences not only for historians' study of history on the writing of women's history
perceptions of women but also for women as historians. The (B) explaining some reasons for the professionalization of
disappearance of women as objects of historical studies the writing of history
during this period has elements of irony to it. On the one (C) discussing the kinds of historical writing traditionally
hand, in writing about women, earlier historians had relied practiced by women
not on firsthand sources but rather on secondary sources; (D) contrasting the approach to the writing of history taken by
the shift to more rigorous research methods required that women with the approach taken by men
secondary sources be disregarded. On the other hand, the (E) criticizing certain changes that occurred in the writing of
development of archival research and the critical editing of
collections of documents began to reveal significant new
historical evidence concerning women, yet this evidence was
!
history during the second half of the nineteenth century

Question #41. 270–02 (23168-!-

perceived as substantially irrelevant: historians saw political
history as the general framework for historical writing.
Because women were seen as belonging to the private
!
item-!-188;#058&000270–02)

Which of the following best describes one of the "elements of

rather than to the public sphere, the discovery of documents
about them, or by them, did not, by itself, produce history
acknowledging the contributions of women. In addition,
!
irony" referred to in the highlighted text?

(A) Although the more scientific-minded historians of the

genres such as biography and memoir, those forms of second half of the nineteenth century considered women
"particular history" that women had traditionally authored, fell appropriate subjects for historical writing, earlier historians
into disrepute. The dividing line between "particular history" did not.
and general history was redefined in stronger terms, (B) Although archival research uncovered documentary
widening the gulf between amateur and professional evidence of women's role in history, historians continued to
practices of historical research. rely on secondary sources for information about women.
!! (C) Although historians were primarily concerned with writing
about the public sphere, they generally relegated women to
the private sphere.
(D) The scientific approach to history revealed more
information about women, but that information was ignored.
(E) The professionalization of history, while marginalizing
much of women's writing about history, enhanced the

!
importance of women as historical subjects.

Question #42. 270–05 (23214-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000270–05)

According to the passage, the development of archival

research and the critical editing of collections of documents

!
had which of the following effects?

(A) Historians increasingly acknowledged women's

contributions to history.
(B) Historians began to debate whether secondary sources
could provide reliable information.
(C) Historians began to apply less rigorous scientific
research criteria to the study of women's history.
(D) More evidence concerning women became available to
historical researchers.

!!
(E) Women began to study history as professional historians.

!
 Question #43. 281–01 (23269-!-
!
Essay #13. 281 (23223-!-item-!-188;#058&00281–00)

Comparable worth, as a standard applied to eliminate

!
item-!-188;#058&000281–01)

Which of the following most accurately states the central

inequities in pay, insists that the values of certain tasks
performed in dissimilar jobs can be compared. In the last
decade, this approach has become a critical social policy
!
purpose of the passage?

(A) To criticize the implementation of a new procedure

issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries (B) To assess the significance of a change in policy
as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities (C) To illustrate how a new standard alters procedures
have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to (D) To explain how a new policy is applied in specific cases
!
consider doing so. (E) To summarize the changes made to date as a result of
This widespread institutional awareness of comparable worth
indicates increased public awareness that pay inequities—
!
social policy

Question #44. 281–03 (23315-!-

that is, situations in which pay is not "fair" because it does
not reflect the true value of a job—exist in the labor market.
However, the question still remains: have the gains already
!
item-!-188;#058&000281–03)

According to the passage, which of the following is true of

made in pay equity under comparable worth principles been
of a precedent-setting nature or are they mostly transitory, a
function of concessions made by employers to mislead
!
comparable worth as a policy?

(A) Comparable worth policy decisions in pay-inequity cases

female employees into believing that they have made long- have often failed to satisfy the complainants.
!
term pay equity gains?

Comparable worth pay adjustments are indeed precedent-

(B) Comparable worth policies have been applied to both
public-sector and private-sector employee pay schedules.
(C) Comparable worth as a policy has come to be widely
setting. Because of the principles driving them, other criticized in the past decade.
mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate (D) Many employers have considered comparable worth as a
unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have policy but very few have actually adopted it.
not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the (E) Early implementations of comparable worth policies
litigants in cases in which men and women hold different
jobs. But whenever comparable worth principles are applied
to pay schedules, perceived unjustified pay differences are
!
resulted in only transitory gains in pay equity.

Question #45. 281–07 (23364-!-

eliminated. In this sense, then, comparable worth is more
comprehensive than other mandates, such as the Equal Pay
Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
!
item-!-188;#058&000281–07)

It can be inferred from the passage that application of "other

Neither compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across mandates" (see highlighted text) would be unlikely to result in
occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or an outcome satisfactory to the female employees in which of
not what is necessary to perform these tasks—know-how,
problem-solving, and accountability—can be quantified in
terms of its dollar value to the employer. Comparable worth,
!
the following situations?

on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in

dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training,
!
<need to be fixed>

(A) I only
effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be (B) II only
carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon (C) III only
the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the (D) I and II only
employer.
!! !
(E) I and III only

Question #46. 281–09 (23410-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000281–09)

Which of the following best describes an application of the

principles of comparable worth as they are described in the

!
passage?

(A) The current pay, rates of increase, and rates of

promotion for female mechanics are compared with those of
male mechanics.
(B) The training, skills, and job experience of computer
programmers in one division of a corporation are compared
to those of programmers making more money in another
division.
(C) The number of women holding top executive positions in
a corporation is compared to the number of women available
for promotion to those positions, and both tallies are matched
to the tallies for men in the same corporation.
! (D) The skills, training, and job responsibilities of the clerks in
the township tax assessor's office are compared to those of
the much better-paid township engineers.
(E) The working conditions of female workers in a
hazardous-materials environment are reviewed and their pay
schedules compared to those of all workers in similar

!!
environments across the nation.

!
 Question #47. 323–01 (23463-!-
!
Essay #14. 323 (23417-!-item-!-188;#058&00323–00)

Many United States companies believe that the rising cost of

!
item-!-188;#058&000323–01)

employees' health care benefits has hurt the country's

competitive position in the global market by raising
!
The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) providing support for a traditional theory

production costs and thus increasing the prices of exported (B) comparing several explanations for a problem
and domestically sold goods. As a result, these companies (C) summarizing a well-known research study
have shifted health care costs to employees in the form of (D) recommending an alternative approach
wage deductions or high deductibles. This strategy,
however, has actually hindered companies' competitiveness.
For example, cost shifting threatens employees' health
!
(E) criticizing the work of a researcher

Question #48. 323–03 (23509-!-

because many do not seek preventive screening. Also, labor
relations have been damaged: the percentage of strikes in
which health benefits were a major issue rose from 18
!
item-!-188;#058&000323–03)

The author of the passage asserts which of the following

!
percent in 1986 to 78 percent in 1989.

Health care costs can be managed more effectively if

!
about managing health care costs in an effective manner?

(A) Educating employees to use health care wisely is the

companies intervene in the supply side of health care best way to reduce health care costs.
delivery just as they do with other key suppliers: strategies (B) Allowing employees to select health care programs is the
used to procure components necessary for production would most effective means of controlling health care costs.
work in procuring health care. For example, the make/buy (C) Companies should pass rising health care costs on to
decision—the decision whether to produce or purchase parts employees rather than to consumers of the companies'
used in making a product—can be applied to health care. At products.
one company, for example, employees receive health care at (D) Companies should use strategies in procuring health
an on-site clinic maintained by the company. The clinic care similar to those used in procuring components
fosters morale, resulting in a low rate of employees leaving necessary for production.
the company. Additionally, the company has constrained the (E) Companies should control health care costs by reducing
growth of health care costs while expanding medical the extent of medical coverage rather than by shifting costs
services.
!! !
to employees.

Question #49. 323–05 (23555-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000323–05)

Which of the following, if true, would provide the most

support for the author's view about intervening on the supply

!
side of health care?

(A) Most companies do not have enough employees to make

on-site clinics cost-effective.
(B) Many companies with on-site clinics offer their
employees the option of going outside the company's system
to obtain health care.
(C) The costs of establishing and running an on-site clinic
are demonstrably higher than the costs of paying for health
care from an outside provider.
(D) Companies with health care clinics find that employees
are unwilling to assist in controlling the costs of health care.
(E) Employees at companies with on-site clinics seek
preventive screening and are thus less likely to delay

!!
medical treatment.

!
 Question #50. 341–02 (23608-!-
!
Essay #15. 341 (23562-!-item-!-188;#058&00341–00)

Dendrochronology, the study of tree-ring records to glean

!
item-!-188;#058&000341–02)

The passage suggests which of the following about the ring

information about the past, is possible because each year a patterns of two trees that grew in the same area and that
tree adds a new layer of wood between the existing wood
and the bark. In temperate and subpolar climates, cells
added at the growing season's start are large and thin-
!
were of different, but overlapping, ages?

(A) The rings corresponding to the overlapping years would

walled, but later the new cells that develop are smaller and often exhibit similar patterns.
thick-walled; the growing season is followed by a period of (B) The rings corresponding to the years in which only one of
dormancy. When a tree trunk is viewed in cross section, a the trees was alive would not reliably indicate the climate
boundary line is normally visible between the small-celled conditions of those years.
wood added at the end of the growing season in the previous (C) The rings corresponding to the overlapping years would
year and the large-celled spring wood of the following year's exhibit similar patterns only if the trees were of the same
growing season. The annual growth pattern appears as a species.
series of larger and larger rings. In wet years rings are (D) The rings corresponding to the overlapping years could
broad; during drought years they are narrow, since the trees not be complacent rings.
grow less. Often, ring patterns of dead trees of different, but (E) The rings corresponding to the overlapping years would
overlapping, ages can be correlated to provide an extended provide a more reliable index of dry climate conditions than
!
index of past climate conditions.

However, trees that grew in areas with a steady supply of

!
of wet conditions.

Question #51. 341–03 (23654-!-

groundwater show little variation in ring width from year to
year; these "complacent" rings tell nothing about changes in
climate. And trees in extremely dry regions may go a year or
!
item-!-188;#058&000341–03)

two without adding any rings, thereby introducing

uncertainties into the count. Certain species sometimes add
!
In the highlighted text, "uncertainties" refers to

(A) dendrochronologists' failure to consider the prevalence of

more than one ring in a single year, when growth halts erratic weather patterns
temporarily and then starts again. (B) inconsistencies introduced because of changes in
!! methodology
(C) some tree species' tendency to deviate from the norm
(D) the lack of detectable variation in trees with complacent
rings
(E) the lack of perfect correlation between the number of a

!
tree's rings and its age

Question #52. 341–04 (23700-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000341–04)

!
The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) evaluating the effect of climate on the growth of trees of

different species
(B) questioning the validity of a method used to study tree-
ring records
(C) explaining how climatic conditions can be deduced from
tree-ring patterns
(D) outlining the relation between tree size and cell structure
within the tree
(E) tracing the development of a scientific method of

!!
analyzing tree-ring patterns

!
 Question #53. 351–01 (23751-!-
!
Essay #16. 351 (23705-!-item-!-188;#058&00351–00)

What kinds of property rights apply to Algonquian family

!
item-!-188;#058&000351–01)

hunting territories, and how did they come to be? The

dominant view in recent decades has been that family
!
The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) provide an explanation for an unexpected phenomenon

hunting territories, like other forms of private landownership, (B) suggest that a particular question has yet to be answered
were not found among Algonquians (a group of North (C) present a new perspective on an issue
American Indian tribes) before contact with Europeans but (D) defend a traditional view from attack
are the result of changes in Algonquian society brought
about by the European-Algonquian fur trade, in combination
with other factors such as ecological changes and
!
(E) reconcile opposing sides of an argument

Question #54. 351–04 (23797-!-

consequent shifts in wildlife harvesting patterns. Another
view claims that Algonquian family hunting territories predate
contact with Europeans and are forms of private
!
item-!-188;#058&000351–04)

It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the

landownership by individuals and families. More recent view mentioned in the first highlighted text believe which of
fieldwork, however, has shown that individual and family the following about the origin of Algonquian family hunting
rights to hunting territories form part of a larger land-use
system of multifamilial hunting groups, that rights to hunting
territories at this larger community level take precedence
!
territories?

(A) They evolved from multifamilial hunting territories.

over those at the individual or family level, and that this (B) They are an outgrowth of reciprocal land-use practices.
system reflects a concept of spiritual and social reciprocity (C) They are based on certain spiritual beliefs.
that conflicts with European concepts of private property. In (D) They developed as a result of contact with Europeans.
short, there are now strong reasons to think that it was (E) They developed as a result of trade with non-Algonquian
erroneous to claim that Algonquian family hunting territories
ever were, or were becoming, a kind of private property
system.
!
Indian tribes.

Question #55. 351–06 (23843-!-

!! !
item-!-188;#058&000351–06)

According to the passage, proponents of the view mentioned

in the first highlighted portion of text and proponents of the
view mentioned in the second highlighted portion of text both
believe which of the following about Algonquian family

!
hunting territories?

(A) They are a form of private landownership.

(B) They are a form of community, rather than individual,
landownership.
(C) They were a form of private landownership prior to
contact with Europeans.
(D) They became a form of private landownership due to
contact with Europeans.
(E) They have replaced reciprocal practices relating to land

!!
use in Algonquian society.

!
 Question #56. 549–01 (23894-!-
!
Essay #17. 549 (23848-!-item-!-188;#058&00549–00)

Many people believe that because wages are lower in

!
item-!-188;#058&000549–01)

developing countries than in developed countries,

competition from developing countries in goods traded
!
The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) identify the origin of a common misconception

internationally will soon eliminate large numbers of jobs in (B) discuss the implications of a generally accepted principle
developed countries. Currently, developed countries' (C) present information relevant in evaluating a commonly
advanced technology results in higher productivity, which held belief
accounts for their higher wages. Advanced technology is (D) defend a controversial assertion against a variety of
being transferred ever more speedily across borders, but counterarguments
even with the latest technology, productivity and wages in (E) explain under what circumstances a well-known
developing countries will remain lower than in developed
countries for many years because developed countries have
better infrastructure and better-educated workers. When
!
phenomenon occurs

Question #57. 549–06 (23940-!-

productivity in a developing country does catch up,
experience suggests that wages there will rise. Some
individual firms in developing countries have raised their
!
item-!-188;#058&000549–06)

The passage suggests that if the movement of capital in the

productivity but kept their wages (which are influenced by
average productivity in the country's economy) low.
However, in a developing country's economy as a whole,
!
world were restricted, which of the following would be likely?

(A) Advanced technology could move more quickly from

productivity improvements in goods traded internationally are developed countries to developing countries.
likely to cause an increase in wages. Furthermore, if wages (B) Developed countries could compete more effectively for
are not allowed to rise, the value of the country's currency jobs with developing countries.
will appreciate, which (from the developed countries' point of (C) A country's average wages could increase without
view) is the equivalent of increased wages in the developing significantly increasing the sophistication of its technology or
country. And although in the past a few countries have the value of its currency.
deliberately kept their currencies undervalued, that is now (D) A country's productivity could increase without
much harder to do in a world where capital moves more significantly increasing the value of its currency.
freely. (E) Workers could obtain higher wages by increasing their
!! !
productivity.

Question #58. 549–07 (23986-!-

!
item-!-188;#058&000549–07)

The passage suggests that which of the following would best

explain why, in a developing country, some firms that have

!
raised their productivity continue to pay low wages?

(A) Wages are influenced by the extent to which productivity

increases are based on the latest technology.
(B) Wages are influenced by the extent to which labor unions
have organized the country's workers.
(C) Wages are not determined by productivity improvements
in goods traded internationally.
(D) The average productivity of the workers in the country
has not risen.
(E) The education level of the workers in the country

!!
determines wages.

!
 Question #59. 560–01 (24039-!-
!
Essay #18. 560 (23993-!-item-!-188;#058&00560–00)

A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics

!
item-!-188;#058&000560–01)

in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the

number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with
!
The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact

tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 (B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate
years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea (C) argue in favor of a controversial theory
tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the (D) question the methodology used in a study
extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the

!
present-day species. !
(E) discuss the implications of a research finding

Question #60. 560–02 (24085-!-

In considering possible explanations for this finding, the
researchers dismissed demographic bias because older
individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples.
!
item-!-188;#058&000560–02)

The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene

They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La
breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the
fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They
ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from
!
Brea area

(A) included the same species, in approximately the same

other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The proportions
explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral (B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures
differences between extinct and present-day carnivores—in (C) populated the La Brea area more densely
particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and (D) consumed their prey more thoroughly
the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of
carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass
consumption implies to the researchers either that prey
!
(E) found it harder to obtain sufficient prey

Question #61. 560–07 (24131-!-

availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was
intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft
due to relatively high predator densities.
!
item-!-188;#058&000560–07)

The passage suggests that tooth fractures in Pleistocene

!! !
carnivores probably tended to occur less frequently

(A) during periods in which more prey were available

(B) at sites distant from the La Brea area
(C) in older individual carnivores
(D) in species that were not preserved as fossils
(E) in species that regularly stole carcasses from other

!
species

!
!
 Practice Test #1 Reading Comprehension Keys
!
1. C 21247-!-item-!-188;#058&000019–01
! 48. D 23509-!-item-!-188;#058&000323–03
2. D 21293-!-item-!-188;#058&000019–02

!
3. B 21339-!-item-!-188;#058&000019–04 !
49. E 23555-!-item-!-188;#058&000323–05

50. A 23608-!-item-!-188;#058&000341–02
4. D 21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066–02 51. E 23654-!-item-!-188;#058&000341–03
5. C
6. A
21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066–04
21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066–06 !
52. C 23700-!-item-!-188;#058&000341–04

!
7. E 21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066–08 53. C 23751-!-item-!-188;#058&000351–01
54. D 23797-!-item-!-188;#058&000351–04
8. A 21581-!-item-!-188;#058&000075–03
9. C 21627-!-item-!-188;#058&000075–06 !
55. A 23843-!-item-!-188;#058&000351–06

!
10. C 21673-!-item-!-188;#058&000075–07 56. C 23894-!-item-!-188;#058&000549–01
57. D 23940-!-item-!-188;#058&000549–06
11. D 21726-!-item-!-188;#058&000094–01
12. C 21772-!-item-!-188;#058&000094–02 !
58. D 23986-!-item-!-188;#058&000549–07

!
13. A 21818-!-item-!-188;#058&000094–06 59. E 24039-!-item-!-188;#058&000560–01
60. B 24085-!-item-!-188;#058&000560–02
14. B 21871-!-item-!-188;#058&000118–03
15. A 21917-!-item-!-188;#058&000118–05 !!
61. A 24131-!-item-!-188;#058&000560–07

!
16. A 21963-!-item-!-188;#058&000118–06

17. A 22018-!-item-!-188;#058&000145–03
!
18. A 22064-!-item-!-188;#058&000145–05
19. D 22110-!-item-!-188;#058&000145–07

!
20. E

21. A
22156-!-item-!-188;#058&000145–08

22211-!-item-!-188;#058&000146–01
22. D 22257-!-item-!-188;#058&000146–05
23. B 22303-!-item-!-188;#058&000146–06

!
24. B

25. B
22349-!-item-!-188;#058&000146–09

22404-!-item-!-188;#058&000147–01
26. B 22450-!-item-!-188;#058&000147–02
27. E 22496-!-item-!-188;#058&000147–07

!
28. A

29. B
22542-!-item-!-188;#058&000147–09

22595-!-item-!-188;#058&000148–01
30. E 22641-!-item-!-188;#058&000148–02
31. D 22687-!-item-!-188;#058&000148–03

!
32. A

33. C
22733-!-item-!-188;#058&000148–04

22788-!-item-!-188;#058&000154–01
34. C 22834-!-item-!-188;#058&000154–03
35. E 22880-!-item-!-188;#058&000154–07

!
36. A 22926-!-item-!-188;#058&000154–08

37. C 22979-!-item-!-188;#058&000218–01
38. E 23025-!-item-!-188;#058&000218–05

!
39. C 23071-!-item-!-188;#058&000218–07

40. A 23122-!-item-!-188;#058&000270–01
41. D 23168-!-item-!-188;#058&000270–02

!
42. D 23214-!-item-!-188;#058&000270–05

43. B 23269-!-item-!-188;#058&000281–01
44. B 23315-!-item-!-188;#058&000281–03
45. B 23364-!-item-!-188;#058&000281–07
!
46. D 23410-!-item-!-188;#058&000281–09
47. D 23463-!-item-!-188;#058&000323–01