Chapter 3 Forces and energy
3.1 Density
Hollow: a space filled with air inside them.
Iron nails feel very heavy because they have a high mass and a small
volume.
Solid can be used as the opposite of hollow.
Solid means that (example) each nail has no space with air inside.
How to calculate irregular shape density? ( volume of the shape )
- Placed an irregular shape into a measuring cylinder of water containing
40cm^3 water. The water will rise to the 56cm^3 mark. So, the volume of
the rock is (56-40=16cm^3)
Calculating density: density = mass/volume
Gases have lower densities because particles in a gas are far apart.
Solid have highest density because the particles packed close together.
Gases are easy to compress because their particles are far apart.
Solid and liquid are difficult to compress because their particles are
already in contact.
Material with the highest densities are all solids.
Less dense substance will float.
More dense substance will sink.
- the less dense liquid will float on
the more dense liquids.
3.2 Heat and temperature.
Thermal energy can be transferred between objects.
Thermal energy can be stored in an object, but the thermal energy that
is stored will eventually dissipate into the surroundings.
Thermal energy measured in Joules [ J ] (Heat measure of the energy in
the particles.)
The thermal energy of an object increases the particles in the object
start to vibrate faster. The energy of the particles increases.
Heat: total thermal energy of the vibrating particles in an object.
Thermal energy is greater when has a high temperature (particles
moving faster)
Larger volume water will have more particles.
- more particles, total thermal energy of these particles is greater than
with fewer particles.
- larger volume of water has greater total thermal energy than the
smaller volume, even when their temperatures are the same.
Temperature: - direction that thermal energy will be transferred.
- average energy of particles.
Heat: - total energy of the particles.
3.3 Conservation of energy
Conserved: Total quantity of energy stays the save
- happens when energy is stored, changed, transferred, or dissipated.
Sankey Diagram:
Based on this diagram the light energy is useful, the thermal energy is
wasted.
Electrical energy is called energy input, and light and thermal energy
together are called energy output.
Total energy output can never be greater than the total energy input in
any type of system because energy cannot be created. Created means to
make something, or to bring something into existence.
Dissipated means energy spreads out into the surroundings and
becomes less useful.
When the energy is dissipated, it is not destroyed. Destroyed means to
damage something or to end its existence.
Law of conservation of energy:
- energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed, or transferred.
Temperature in °C
Conclusion:
- energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- energy can change from one form to the other form.
3.4 Moving from hot to cold
Thermal energy always moves from hotter places to colder places.
When thermal energy is removed from a hot object, thermal
energy has dissipated.
Cold means less thermal energy. When you hold the ice, thermal
energy transfers away from your hand and into the ice. You feel
cold because the thermal energy has been transferred away from
your hands.
REMEMBER: energy is always conserved, so the thermal energy
has not disappeared or been destroyed, it has just spread out and
moved to a colder place.
3.5 Ways of transferring thermal energy
(REFLECT/FLASBACK)
Solid:
- particles move by vibrating around fixed positions, this
vibration gets faster when the solid is heated.
- particles vibrate more vigorously, they take up more space.
- Vigorously means with more energy, more speed, and more
force.
-Solids expand (increase in size) when heated.
Liquid:
- Particles also vibrate, but not in fixed positions.
- When liquid is heated, particles vibrate faster and move
around faster.
-particles vibrate more vigorously, they take up more space.
-liquid expand when heated.
Gas:
- Particles are far apart and move in straight line until they
collide with another particle or the wall of the container.
- When gas is heated, particles move faster and collide with
more force and more frequently.
-Particles will take up more space in a heated gas, so gases
also expand when heated.
Conduction:
- When particles are vibrating, they will push against the particles
beside them.
- The faster and more vigorous the vibration of the particles, the
greater the push.
- This will cause the particles beside to vibrate more vigorously as
well.
- Conduction of thermal energy works best in solids where the
particles are close together and can only move by vibrating.
- Metals are the best conductors of heat because of the way the
particles are arranged.
- Electrons that are free to move in a metal help to pass along the
vibrations.
- Wood, plastics, and fabrics, such as wool and cotton are poor
conductors.
- Poor conductors of thermal energy are good thermal insulator.
-Conduction does not well in liquid because the particles move
around more when heated rather just vibrating.
-Conduction also does not work well in gases because the particles
are far apart and the collisions are not very frequent.
- Conduction cannot happen in a vacuum because there are no
particles to vibrate in a vacuum.
Convection:
- Fluid (liquid or gas)
- When liquid and gases are heated, the particles move faster and
take up more space (volume increase)
- Convection id s method where move vigorously vibrating
particles cause expansion and decrease in density in a liquid or gas.
- Colder, more dense part of the liquid and gas then sink down to
occupy the space.
- Movement around the heated liquid or gas is called a convection
current. Convection current causes all the liquid or gas to eventually
become heated.
- Convection happens in liquid and gases because the particles are
free to move.
- Convection cannot happen in solid because the particles are not free
to move. Particles in solid can only vibrate about fixed positions.
- Convection cannot happen in a vacuum as there are no particles to
move.
Radiation:
- A vacuum between the Sun and the Earth, so conduction or
convection would not transfer thermal energy from the Sun to Earth.
- Radiation is a type of wave we cannot see.
- All objects give out thermal energy through radiation. The hotter the
object, the more radiation it will emit (give out radiation or energy)
- Cooler objects absorb thermal energy by radiation from hotter ones.
- Radiation can pass through a vacuum because radiation does not
need particles.
- Radiation also can pass through transparent solid, liquids and gases.
- Best emitters and absorbers of radiation: dull, black, have a large
surface area.
- Worst emitters and absorbers of radiation: shiny, white, or silver,
have a small surface area. (These will reflect radiation away.)
Vacuum Flask:
- Vacuum Flask used to store hot liquids.
- is to slow the transfer of thermal energy by reducing conduction and
radiation.
- The silver surface of the bottle reflects thermal energy in the form of
radiation back into the hot drink.
3.6 Cooling by evaporation
Evaporation: change of state from liquid to gas.
Highest energy particles can escape from the liquid.
Medium energy particles can escape but some get pulled back.
Lowest energy particles remain in the liquid.
When your skin loses thermal energy, this causes cooling.
When we are too hot, our skin produces sweat. When the sweat
evaporates, its temperature drops. Thermal energy from the skin is
then transferred to the cooler swear and the process continues to
lower the skin temperature.
