BSKC-110

BSKC-110

bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;

ekufodh fo|kihB
çks- jes'k dqekj ik.Ms; çks- vkUkUn dqekj JhokLro
Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=h v/;{k laLÑr foHkkx
jk"Vªh; laL—r fo|kihB] uà fnYyh cukjl Çgnw foÜofo|ky;] okjk.klh
M‚ jatu dqekj f=ikBh M‚ nsos'k dqekj feJ
Lkg vkpk;Z] laL—r foHkkx lgk;d vkpk;Z] laL—r foHkkx
fnYyh foÜofo|ky;] fnYyh mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
çks- lR;dke çks- jekdkUr ik.Ms;
ekufodh fo|kihB funs”kd ]eqDr Lok/;k; ihB
bXuw eSnkux<+h] uà fnYyh jk"Vªh; laL—r lLaFkku] uà fnYyh

MkW- iq’ik
lg vkpk;Z] laL—r ladk;] ekufodh fo|kihB
bafnjk xka¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;] eSnkux<+h] uà fnYyh

M‚ eksguh vk;Z 2]3]4]6]7]8]9

Lkg vkpk;Z] laL—r foHkkx
fnYyh foÜofo|ky;] fnYyh

MkW-ns'kjkt 05]10]11]12]13]14]15]16]17
lgk;d vkpk;Z] laLÑr foHkkx]
dkfyanh egkfo|ky;
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

MkW- iq’ik 01
lg vkpk;Z ] laL—r ladk; ]ekufodh fo|kihB
bafnjk xka¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqä foÜofo|ky;] eSnkux<+h]
uà fnYyh
lqJh vjÇon pkoyk] ,- Mh- ,- xzkfQDl ]uà fnYyh

Jh fryd jkt
lgk;d dqylfpo
lk- fu- ,oa fo- ç-]bXuw] uà fnYyh
twu] 2023
bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] 2023
ISBN-
lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr] bl dk;Z dk dksbZ Hkh va'k bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eDqr fo'ofo|ky; dh fyf[kr
vuqefr fy, fcuk fefe;ksxzkQ vFkok fdlh vU; lk/ku ls iqu% izLrrq djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
ekufodh fo|kihB ,oa bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Øeksa ds ckjs esa
fo'ofo|ky; dk;kZy; eSnku x<h+ ubZ fnYyh ls vf/kd tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
bafnjk xk/akh jk"Vhª; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh vksj ls dqylfpo] lkexhz fuekZ.k ,oa forj.k izHkkx]
bXuw }kjk eqfnzr ,oa izdkf'kr
ystj Vkbi lsfVax % Vslk ehfM;k ,.M daI;Vwj] C-206, A.F.Enclave-II, ubZ fnYyh
eqnzd %
Lukrd dyk mikfèk laL—r (v‚ulZ) dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr prqFkZ lsesLVj esa vki
laL—r lkfgR; vkSj foÜo lkfgR; BSKC-110 ikB~;Øe dk vè;;u djus tk jgs
gSaA bl ikB~;Øe ds vè;;u ds fy, dqy 17 bdkb;ka¡ fuèkkZfjr dh xà gSaA ;g
ikB~;Øe 06 ØsfMV dk gSA ch-,-laL—r v‚ulZ ds bl ikB~;Øe esa vkidks pkj
[k.Mksa esa foHkä 17 bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u djuk gSA lEiw.kZ ikB~;Øe ds 04 [k.Mksa
ds vUrxZr 17 bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr ikB~;oLrq esa vki fuEufyf[kr fo"k; oLrq dk
vè;;u djsax& s
[k.M 1 foÜo esa laL—r lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k uked çFke [k.M esa dqy 4 bdkb;ka¡
gSaA fTklesa vki oSfnd laL—fr vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡a uked bdkbZ esa oSfnd laL—fr dk
foLrkjiwoZd v/;;u djsaxsA blh [k.M dh vxyh bdkbZ esa iwoZ vkSj if'pe ns'kksa
ij oSfnd laL—fr ds çHkko dks tku ldsaxsA blh [k.M dh bdkà 3 esa foÜo dh
Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr rFkk bl [k.M dh vfUre bdkà esa iwoÊ vkSj
if'peh ns'kksa ds lkfgR; esa ykSfdd laL—r lkfgR; ds losZ{k.k dk v/;;u djsaxsA
[k.M 2 mifu"kn~ vkSj xhrk uked nwljk [k.M 5 bdkb;ksa esa foHkä gSA ;g lEiw.kZ
[k.M mifu"kn~ vkSj JhenHkxorxhrk ij vk/kfjr gS A blesa loZizFke vki mifu"kn~
vkSj JhenHkxorxhrk dk ifjp;] nkjkf'kdksg }kjk mifu"knksa dk Qkjlh Hkk’kk esa
fd;s x;s vuqokn ds fo’k; esa tkusaxs rRi”pkr~ vxyh bdkbZ esa mifu"kn~ vkSj xhrk
ls çHkkfor if'peh lH;rk] xhrk dk ;wjksfi;Uk Hkk"kk esa vuqokn vkSj bl [k.M dh
vfUre bdkbZ esa vkidks xhrk dh nsu ds :Ik esa èkkÆed vkSj nk'kZfud fopkjksa dks
tkuus dk volj miyC/k gksxkA
[k.M 3 fo'o esa laL—r lkfgR; dk çlkj uked rhljk [k.M 5 bdkb;ksa esa foHkä
gSA bl [k.M dh fofo/k bdkb;ksa ds ek/;e ls foÜo iVy ij dkSu ls laL—r
lkfgR; dk dgk¡&dgk¡ çlkj gqvk gS] bldk v/;;u djsaxsA i¥~prU= dh
dFkkvksa dk çpyu] *jkedFkk dk izpyu nf{k.k iwohZ ns'kksa esa* Hkkjr esa izpfyr
jkek;.k ;k fofHkUu jkedFkkvksa dk vkSj nf{k.k iwohZ ns'kksa dEckst] FkkbyS.M] ykvksl]
E;kekaj] ckyh ,oa Tkkok esa izpfyr jkedFkk dk çpyu vkSj ^egkHkkjr dk nf{k.k
iwoZ ,f'k;k esa izpyu* ds vUrxZr egkHkkjr dh fo"k;oLrq ,oa mldk nf{k.k iwoZ
,f'k;k esa izpyu fo'ks"k :Ik ls dEckst] pEik ¼fo;ruke½] b.Mksusf'k;k esa izkIr gq,
egkHkkjr ds foLrkfjr Kku dk v/;;u djsaxsA ^dkfynkl dh jpukvksa dk vuqokn*
¼vaxzsth vkSj teZu½ ds vUrZxr dkfynkl ,oa mudh jpukvksa dh fo"k;oLrq rFkk
dkfynkl dh jpukvksa ^vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~*] ^ekyfodkfXufe=e~*]^foØeksoZ'kh;e*]
^j?kqo'a k*] ^dqekjlaHkoe~*] ^es?knwre~* ,oa ^_rqlagkj* dk vaxzsth ,oa teZu esa vuqokfnr
jpukvksa ds fo’k; esa Kku izkIr djsaxsA bl [k.M dh vfUre bdkbZ ^egkdfo
dkfynkl dk izHkko if'peh lkfgR; ,oa jaxeaPk* ds vUrxZr egkdfo dkfynkl ds
lkfgR; dk if'peh jaxeap ij izHkko dks tku ik;saxsA rduhfd vkSj dfBu 'kCnksa
dks Li"V djus ds fy, izR;sd bdkbZ esa vko';d 'kCnkoyh nh xbZ gSA lkFk gh
v/;;u esa lgk;d mi;ksxh iqLrdksa dh lwph izR;sd bdkbZ ds vUr esa nh xbZ gSA
ftuds lg;ksx ls vki lEcfU/kr fo"k; dk vkSj Hkh xgu v/;;u dj ldrs gSaA
[k.M 4 fo'o esa laL—r dk v/;;u& çLrqr ikB~;Øe ds vafre [k.M dk 'kh"kZd
foÜo esa laL—r dk v/;;u djsaxs tSlk [k.M ds uke ls gh Li’V gS fd fo”o esa
laL—r v/;;u dsUnzksa dks fpfàr dj ldsaxAs ftlls fo”o es laL—r v/;;u dh
efgek Lor% gh fl) gksrh gSA bl ikB~;Øe ds vfUre [k.M dh bdkb;ksa ds
ek/;e ls vki Hkkjr ds vfrfjDr fons”kksa esa laL—r v/;;u dsUnz&,f'k;k] ;wjksi]
vkSj vesfjdk ds fo’k; esa v/;;u djsaxAs
vk'kk gS fd Lukrd dyk mikfèk laL—r dk;ZØe ds bl ikBîØe dk vè;;u
djus ds i'pkr~ vkidks lEiw.kZ fo”o esa laL—rlkfgR; ds foLrkj {ks= ds fo’k; esa
Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kkr gksxkA fo”oiVy ij laL—r lkfgR; dh mi;ksxhrk dk Kku gksxkA
lkFk gh lkFk laL—r lkfgR; ds fo”o dh fofHkUu Hkk’kkvksa esa vuqokn dh Hkh
tkudkjh feysxhA ge ,slh vk”kk djrsa gSa fd oSf”od Lrj ij laL—r Hkk’kk o
lkfgR; ds izpkj vkSj izlkj lEcfU/kr Kku vkidks vo”; gh gksxk QyLo:Ik
laL—r Hkk’kk o lkfgR; ds v/;;u ds izfr ikBd@vf/kxedÙkkZ :fp rFkk mRlkg
dk foLrkj fu%lUnsg gh gksxkA
[k.M 1 fo'o esa laL—r lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k 7
bdkà 1 oSfnd laL—fr vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡a 9
bdkà 2 oSfnd laL—fr dk çHkko & iwoZ vkSj if'pe ns'kksa ij 22
bdkà 3 fo'o dh Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr 39
bdkà 4 iwoÊ vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ds lkfgR; esa ykSfdd laL—r 59
lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k
[k.M 2 mifu"kn~ vkSj xhrk 75
bdkà 5 mifu"kn~ vkSj JhenHkxorxhrk dk ifjp; 77
bdkà 6 nkjkf'kdksg dk Qkjlh esa mifu"knksa dk vuqokn 90
bdkà 7 mifu"knksa vkSj xhrk ls çHkkfor if'peh lH;rk 103
bdkà 8 xhrk dk ;wjksfi;Uk Hkk"kk esa vuqokn ¼if'peh èkkÆed 125
vkSj nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk ij çHkko½
bdkà 9 xhrk dh nsu ¼èkkÆed vkSj nk'kZfud fopkj½ 139
[k.M 3 fo'o esa laL—r lkfgR; dk çlkj 165
bdkà 10 i¥~prU= dh dFkkvksa dk iwoZ vkSj if'peh Hkk"kkvksa esa 167
vuqokn
bdkà 11 jkedFkk dk çpyu ¼nf{k.k iwoÊ ns'kksa esa½ 178
bdkà 12 egkHkkjr dk nf{k.k iwoÊ ,f'k;k esa çpyu 190
bdkà 13 dkfynkl dh jpukvksa dk vuqokn ¼vaxzsth vkSj teZu½ 203
bdkà 14 egkdfo dkfynkl dk çHkko ¼if'peh lkfgR; vkSj 215
jaxeap ij½
[k.M 4 fo'o esa laL—r dk v/;;u 231
bdkà 15 laL—r v/;;u dsUæ& ,f'k;k 233
bdkà 16 laL—r v/;;u dsUæ& ;wjksi 243
bdkà 17 laL—r v/;;u dsUæ &vesfjdk 254
1-0 mís”;
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 oSfnd lkfgR;
1-3 oSfnd laL—fr dh fo'ks"krk,¡a
1-4 lkjka”k
1-5 “kCnkoyh
1-6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1-7 cks/k@vH;kl iz”uksa ds mÙkj

çLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ek/;e ls vki %

• oSfnd laL—fr ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gksaxsA
• osndkyhu vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd] nk'kZfud] fo'ks"krk,¡ bR;kfn
dks Hkyh&Hkka¡fr tku ldsaxsA
• rRdkyhu laL—fr ds vk/kkjHkwr ?kVdksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;ä dj ldus esa
leFkZ gksaxsA
• l`tukRed ]rqyukRed ]foospukRed] xos"k.kkRed 'kSyh dks fodflr djus esa
leFkZ gksaxsA
• osndkyhu laL—fr ds vk/kkjHkwr rRoksa dks vkRelkr dj ldsaxsA

osn fo'o ds leLr laçnk;ksa ]laL—fr;ksa rFkk ekU;rkvksa dks O;ofLFkr o rkfdZd
:i ls le>us dk ljy ,oa çfl) lk/ku gSA ;g rks loZfofnr gS fd osn pkj gSa
vkSj 6 osnk³x gSa buesa O;kIr laL—fr gh oSfnd laL—fr gSA oSfnd dky dks
v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh –f"V ls nks Hkkxksa esa cka¡Vk tkrk gS&
¼1½ _XoSfnd ;k iwoZ oSfnd dky rFkk ¼2½mÙkj oSfnd dky
çk—frd inkFkksaZ rRoksa vkSj 'kfä;ksa dk mi;ksx dj euq"; us cgqr gh {ks= esa tks
mUufr dh gS og lH;rk dgykrh gSA lkalkfjd euq"; ds rhu HkkSfrd y{; çeq[k
gSa& Hkkstu] oL= vkSj ?kjA ekuo thou dh bu rhuksa vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh
iwfrZ ljyrk] lgtrk] lekurk ds vk/kkj ij gks lds oSfnd vk;ksaZ dk lnSo ;gh
çFke /;s; jgk gSA oSfnd vk;ksaZ us bldh çkfIr ds fy, fofHkUu nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr
Hkh dh gSA lH;rk euq"; dh HkkSfrd mUufr rFkk vk/;kfRed mUufr laL—fr
dgykrh gSA
9
 O;fä tks O;kogkfjd lk/ku jgu&lgu vkpkj fopkj vuqla/kku vfo"dkj djrk gS
vkSj vius thou Lrj dks mUur cukrk gS og lH;rk dk vax gS lH;rk ls euq";
HkkSfrd :i ls mUufr'khy gksrk gS vkSj laL—fr ds }kjk vk/;kfRed :i ls çxfr
djrk gS D;ksafd euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ls gh larq"V ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd
HkkSfrd çxfr ds lkFk&lkFk mls vkfRed vkSj ekufld larqf"V Hkh pkfg, A budh
r`fIr ds fy, ekuo us tks viuk lnSo fodkl fd;k gS ogh laL—fr dgykrh gS A
;g euq"; dh ftKklk gh mls /keZ vkSj n'kZu dh vksj [khap ys xbZA

osn Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh çkphure /kjksgj gSA osn dks vk/kkj cukdj gh Hkkjr us
/keZ] n'kZu ]foKku] v/;kRe] lkfgR;] dyk bR;kfn ds {ks= esa vfoLej.kh; [;kfr
çkIr dh gSA
osn lEiw.kZ fo'o esa miyC/k lkfgR; ds çkphure xzUFk gSA osnksa esa leLr
thouksi;ksxh ekuo dY;k.kdkjh fo/kk,a çfrikfnr gSa] tks euq"; dks vuojr :i ls
míhIr çsj.kk nsrh vk jgh gSa ijUrq vkt ge viuh xkSjoe;h laL—fr ds Lo:i dks
Hkqykdj rks fparkvksa ds nkl cu jgs gSa ];g fparuh; fo"k; gS blfy, oSfnd fo"k;ksa
dk vuqla/kku dj çkphu Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh iqu% çfr"Bk djkuk gh osn ds
v/;srkvksa dk eq[; ç;kstu gSA

pkjksa osnksa esa loZçFke osn _Xosn gSA _Xosn fo'o lkfgR; dk lcls çkphure
xzUFk gSA _Xosn dk foHkktu nks çdkj ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS& v"Vd Øe vkSj
e.My Øe

v"Vd Øe esa laiw.kZ _Xosn dks 64 v/;k; esa cka¡Vk x;k gS blesa ls vkB& vkB
v/;k;ksa dk ,d&,d v"Vd Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj laiw.kZ _Xosn esa 8
v"Vd ekus x, gSaAA v"Vdksa dk foHkktu oxksaZ esa vkSj çR;sd oxZ esa 1 ls ysdj 9
rd eU= gSaA ;g foHkktu v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh –f"V ls fd;k x;k gSA

_Xosn dk vU; foHkktu e.My Øe ds :i esa gSA _Xosn dk e.Myksa esa foHkktu
lokZf/kd çpfyr vkSj çfrf"Br gSA bl foHkktu esa lEiw.kZ _Xosn dks 10 e.Myksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA çR;sd e.My esa vuqokd] vuqokd esa lwä] lwä esa fofo/k
çdkj ds ea= gSaA dkR;k;u lokZuqØe.kh ds vuqlkj _Xosn esa dqy 85 vuqokd]
vuqokdksa esa 1028 lwä vkSj lwäksa esa 10528 eU= gSA

osnksa dks gtkjksa o"kksaZ rd okfpd ijaijk esa gh laxzghr vkSj lqjf{kr fd;k x;kA
vfHkçk; gS fd ;gh eU= ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd Jqfr ijaijk ls gh Lej.k
djrs jgus ds dkj.k osnksa dks Jqfr Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ckn esa fyfi dk vkfo"dkj gks
10
tkus ij bUgsa fyfic) fd;k x;kA nl gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd eU= dqN gtkj o"kksaZ
rd dsoy ekSf[kd :i esa Lej.k ds vk/kkj ij gh lqjf{kr j[ks x,A okfpd ijaijk
esa eU=ksa dks ;Fkkor Lej.k vkSj ih<+h nj ih<+h lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ikB dh
fof'k"V fof/k;ka¡ viukbZ xbZ] ftUgsa v"V fo—fr;k¡a dgk tkrk gSA

_f"k;ksa }kjk lk{kkRdkj fd, x, ea= çkjaHk esa lewg :i esa Fks dkykarj esa O;kl us
mUgsa fo"k; Hksn dh –f"V ls vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;kA osnksa dks
foHkkftr djus ds dkj.k ls og osnO;kl dgyk,&osna foO;kl rkr~ ^osnO;kl^ bfr
Le`r%

_d~ lafgrk pkjksa gh lafgrkvksa esa loZçFke lafgrk gSA fo'o dh leLr fo|kvksa dk
ladyu _Xosn esa fo|eku gSA o`rc) eU=ksa dk ladyu gh _d~ gS A _Xosn esa
vk/;kfRed] vkf/knSfod] vkf/kHkkSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkaL—frd nk'kZfud] jktuhfrd]
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks crkus okys eU= fo|eku gSaA bZ'oj ds :i esa
LoxZ& udZ ]iki& iq.;] eks{k& iqutZUe] vkfLrd& ukfLrd] /keZ ,oa v/keZ dk Hkh
o.kZu gesa miyC/k gksrk gSA _Xosn dh fo"k;oLrq vR;Ur O;kid g]S ftlesa
/keZ&n'kZu] deZdk.M ]fofHkUu vykSfdd fo"k;ksa dk o.kZu fofo/krk ls çkIr gksrk gSA
bu lwäksa dks fo"k; oLrq dh –f"V ls fuEufyf[kr oxksaZ esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa
;Fkk Lrqfrijd lwä] nk'kZfud lwä],sfgd vFkok ykSfdd lwä]nkuLrqfr;k¡ vkSj
laokn lwä vkkfn A blhfy, dgk x;k gS &osnks vf[kyks /keZewye~

;tqoZns dk eq[; fo"k; deZdk.M vFkok ;kfKd fØ;kdykiksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA

;tqoZns ds ea=ksa dks v/o;qZ ds }kjk ;K esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;tqoZns nks :iksa esa
çkIr gS &'kqDy ;tqosZn vkSj —".k ;tqosZnA
'kqDy ;tqoZns dh 02 'kk[kk,¡a gSa& ek/;kfUnu vkSj dk.o lafgrk
—".k ;tqosZn dh 4 'kk[kk,a¡ fo|eku gSa &rSfÙkjh;] eS=k;.kh]dB vkSj dfi"By
lafgrkA pj.kO;wg ds vuqlkj —".k ;tqosZn dh 85 'kk[kk,¡a Fkh ijUrq orZeku esa ;g
4 'kk[kk,a¡ gh miyC/k gksrh gSaA ;tqosZn dh bu lafgrkvksa esa n'kZiw.kZekl ]pkrqekZl
vfXugks=] lkse;kx ]oktis;] jktlw; ]iq#"kes/k] v'oes/k loZes/k bR;kfn ;Kksa dk
foLr`r foospu çkIr gksrk gSA

lkeosn esa _Xosn ds eU= gSa A lke dk vFkZ gS fxurh A bu ea=ksa dk xk;u gksrk
Fkk vkSj xk;u dh –f"V ls bu ea=ksa esa LojNUn yxkdj tks ea= ladfyr fd, x,
]og lkeosn dgyk;kAlke xk;u dh i)fr dks Hkh _Xosn ds leku gh xkSjoe;
LFkku çkIr gSA xhrk esa Hkxoku Jh—".k us Lo;a dks lkeosn dgk gS&

_Xosn ds ea=ksa dks fof'k"V :i ls xkuk gh lke i)fr gSA orZeku esa lkeosn dh
11
 3 'kk[kk,a¡ miyC/k gSa dkSFkqeh;] jk.kk;uh; rFkk tSfeuh; gSA bu rhuksa esa dkSFkqeh;
'kk[kk lokZf/kd yksdfç; Fkh A lkeosn ds nks Hkkx gSa vkfpZd rFkk xku A vkfpZd
dk vfHkçk; gS _d lewg A ;K dh vko';drk ds vfrfjä Hkkjrh; laxhr'kkL=
dk vkfn Lo:i lke xk;u ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA lkeosn fofu;ksxkRed] dykRed
,oa vk/;kfRed –f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA lkeosn esa lkse dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA
vk/;kfRed –f"V ls ;g lkse czã ;k f'ko rRo ds :i esa Lohdk;Z gS] laxhr o
Hkfä ds ek/;e ls lkeosn f'ko rRo dh çkfIr dk ekxZ fn[kkrk gSA

tgka¡ _Xosn vkfn esa LoxZ yksd çkfIr :i ikjykSfdd fo"k;ksa dk eq[; :Ik ls
çfriknu fd;k gS] ogh vFkoZosn esa bl thou dks fdl çdkj ls lq[ke; vkSj n%q[k
jfgr cuk;k tk, ,sls ea=ksa dk laxzg çkIr gksrk gSA vFkoZosn dk lEcU/k lkekU;
tuthou ls gSA vFkoZosn ykSfdd rFkk ikjykSfdd fo"k;ksa dks çfrikfnr djus gsrq
oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA vFkoZosn prqosZn gS Kku vkSj
fparu dh –f"V ls vFkoZosn dks vR;Ur çkekf.kd dgk tk ldrk gSA vr% çkphu
dky ls bldh laKk czãosn Hkh jgh gSA vFkoZosn dk ewy uke vFkokZ vafxjkl FkkA
czãKku dh ppkZ gksus ls bls czãosn] {kf=;ksa ds drZO;ksa dk mins'k gksus ls bls
{k=osn] vk;qosZn vkSj fpfdRlk dk Kku gksus ds dkj.k HkS"kT;osn rFkk i`Foh lwä
tSls egku lwä blesa of.kZr gSaA bl vk/kkj ij bls eghosn rFkk NUnksosn vkfn
uke Hkh fn, tkras gSaA
iratfy us vFkoZosn dh 9 'kk[kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS &iSIiykn ]rkSn] ekSn]
'kkSudh;]tkty]tyn] czãosn] nson'kZ vkSj pkj.koS| A orZeku esa 'kkSudh; 'kk[kk
lcls T;knk çpfyr gSA vFkoZosn esa ykSfdd fo"k;ksa ] rRdkyhu le; esa fo|eku
tutkfr;ksa ds vkpkjksa dk lekos'k ]vkS"kf/k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ]vfHkpkj]vk;qosZn esa xgu
fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dk foospu] lkSeuL;] fo'o 'kkafr] jk"VªHkfä] ikfjokfjd ln~Hkko
lkSgknZ] dkyrRo dh efgek] ekr`Hkwfe ds çfr çxk<+ Hkfä] thou ewY;ksa dh ekfeZd
vfHkO;fä] olq/kSo dqVqEcde tSls vkn'kZ ekrk Hkwfe% iq=ks vga i`fFkO;k bR;kfn dh
Hkkouk ls vksrçksr lwäksa dk leUo; vFkoZons esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSaA

czkã.k xzaFk x|e; gSa] buesa lafgrkvksa dh O;k[;k çkIr gksrh gSA lk;.k us dgk gS
tks ijEijk ls eU= ugha gS] og czkã.k gSa rFkk tks czkã.k ugha gSa og eU= gSaA
vkIVs us czkã.k in dk vFkZ fy[kk gS& osnksa dk og Hkkx tks fofo/k oSfnd ;Kksa ds
fy, osn eU=ksa ds ç;ksx ds fu;eksa] mudh mRifÙk ,oa fooj.k iw.kZ O;k[;k dk dFku
djrk gS rFkk ftlesa le;&le; ij lqO;ofLFkr –"VkUrksa ds :i esa ijaijkxr
dFkkvksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa dk lekos'k jgrk gS] czkã.k dgykrk gSA çR;sd osn ds fy,
czkã.k vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA
czkã.k xzaFkksa esa fof/k vkSj vFkZokn ds ek/;e ls ;K dk foospu fd;k x;k gS A ;K
,oa mlds vax& mikaxksa ds vuq"Bku dk mins'k gh fof/k gS rFkk Qy dk funsZ'k
vFkZokn ds ek/;e ls crk;k x;k gSA czkã.k xzaFkksa dk ç/kku fo"k; vkf/knSfod rRoksa
dk o.kZu djuk gh gS ijUrq blesa vk/;kfRed rRo Hkh lekfgr gSaA blds vfrfjä
czkã.k xzaFkksa esa vkRek dk vfLrRo ]iqutZUe] çtkifr] iq#"k] czã foospu] l`f"V
12
o.kZu] fookg] vusd vk[;ku]mik[;ku rFkk iqjk dFkk,¡ bR;kfn of.kZr gSA ,srjs;]
'kka[kk;u]'kriFk czkã.k] rSfÙkjh; czkã.k] rk.M;] tSfeuh;]xksiFk czkã.k eq[; czkã.k
gSa A

vkj.;d czkã.k xzaFkksa ds ifjf'k"V xzaFk gSa lk;.k ds vuqlkj vj.; esa i<+s tkus ds
dkj.k vkj.;d dgyk, tkrs gSAa rkRi;Z gS fd bu xzaFkksa ds euu dk LFkku taxy
dk ,dkar 'kkar okrkoj.k gh mi;qä gS blfy, bUgsa vkj.;d uke ls lafKr fd;k
tkrk gSA vkj.;dksa dk eq[; çfrik| fo"k; ;K esa fo|eku nk'kZfud i{kksa dks
Li"V djuk gS vk/;kfRed rF;ksa dk foospu djuk gSA eq[; vkj.;d ,rjs;]
c`gnkj.;d ] rSfÙkjh; bR;kfn gSaA

osnksa dk vafre Hkkx gksus ds dkj.k rFkk lkjHkwr fl)kUrksa ds çfriknd gksus ds
dkj.k bUgsa osnkUr dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh vk/kkjf'kyk mifu"knksa ij
vk/kkfjr gSA bZ'k ]dsu] dB] ç'u] eq.Md ]ek.MwD;] ,srjs;] rSfÙkjh;] NkUnksX; vkSj
c`gnkj.;d mifu"kn~ ij 'kkadj Hkk"; çkIr gksrk gSA

osnkM-x osn ds vFkZ dks iwjh rjg Li"V djus esa deZdk.M ds :i dks laf{kIr :i
ls fuc) djus esa tks mi;ksxh 'kkL= gS]a og osnkM-x dgykrs gSa A vax in dk
rkRi;Z gS ftuds }kjk fdlh oLrq ds Lo:i dks Kkr djus esa lgk;rk çkIr gksrh
gSA osn dh ;FkkFkZ Kku dks foLr`r :i ls tkuus ds fy, osnkM-x vR;ar gh
mi;ksxh fl) gksras gSaA og 6 osnkM-x fuEufyf[kr gS& f'k{kk ]dYi] O;kdj.k
]fu#ä T;ksfr"k vkSj NUnA fuEu rkfydk }kjk vkidksa lHkh osnksa ds czkã.k]
vkj.;d vkSj mifu"kn~ dh ljyre :Ik esa tkudkjh gksxhA

_Xosn |qyksd LFkkuh; ,srjs; ,srjs; ,srjs; mifu"kn~ gksrk

nsork& o#.k] dkS"khrdh vkj.;d dkS"khrdhmifu"kn~ vkokgu
fe=]m"kl~ lw;Z vkfn 'kka[kk;u djus
vUrfj{k LFkkuh; vkj.;d okyk
nsork& bUæ] :æ
vkfn
i`Foh LFkkuh; nsork
&vfXu] lkse]i`Foh
vkfn
;tqoZns 85 'kk[kk,a¡ “kqDy;tqosZn& c`gnkj.;d 'kqDy ;tqosZn v/o;qZ
dgha&dgha 100 'kriFk czkã.k 'kqDy c`gnkj.;d
vFkok 101'kk[kk ;tqoZns Ã'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ ;K dk
“kqDy —".k;tqosZn —".k lEiknu
;tqoZns &oktlus;h] rSfÙkjh; ;tqoZns —".k;tqosZn djus
ek/;kfUnu]dk.o czkã.k rSfÙkjh; dBksifu"kn~ okyk
13
 ”kk[kk vkj.;d eS=k;.kh mifu"kn~
—".k;tqosZn& eS=k;.kh ÜosrkÜorjksifu"kn
rSfÙkjh;] vkj.;d rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~
eS=k;.kh]dBvkSj
dfi"By
lkeosn dkSFkqeh; iapfo'ka roydkj dsuksifu"kn~ mnxkrk
jk.kk;uh; "kMÇo'k vkj.;d NkUnksX;ksifu’kn~ mPp Loj
tSfeuh;& ;g vn~Hkqr NkUnksX; ls xku
'kk[kk gh miyCèk tSfeuh; vkj.;d djus
gSaA okyk

vFkoZosn vFkoZosn 9 'kk[kk,a¡ xksiFkczkã.k miyCèk eq.Mdksifu"kn~ czãk

& vkj.;d ç'uksaifu"kn ;K dk
fiIykn dksà ugÈ ek.MwD;ksifu"kn~ lE;d
eksn fujh{k.k
Lrksn djus
'kkSudh; okyk

tyn
tkty
czãosn
nson'kZ rFkk
pkj.koS|

oSfnd laL—fr vn~Hkqr laL—fr Fkh ftls 'kCnksa esa fuc) djuk vR;ar gh nq"dj
dk;Z gS ijUrq fQj Hkh dqN fo'ks"krk,a¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa &
;K dk egRo &
oSfnd laLd`fr ;K iz/kku laLd`fr Fkh ftlesa izR;sd volj ij ;Kksa dks djus dk
izpyu Fkk ftlls okrkoj.k Hkh 'kq) gksrk FkkA vkt ds i;kZoj.k vkSj iznw"k.k dh
izkphu vo/kkj.kk,¡] vk/kqfud /kkj.kk ls ,dne fHkUu ugha FkhA osndkyhu laL—fr esa
;K dk vrqyuh; egRo FkkA ykSfdd vkSj ikjykSfdd leLr fØ;kvksa ds laiknu
gsrq ;K dks djus dk fo/kku FkkA oSfnd lafgrk esa ftl ;K dk fu:i.k gesa
feyrk gS og dsoy vuq"Bku ;k fQj dsoy deZdk.M rd gh lhfer ugha gS og
vius vki dks bZ'oje; cukus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA bl çfØ;k esa euq"; vius
lhfer vgadkj dh vkgqfr nsdj ml ije rRo ls ,dkdkj gks tkrk gSA ;K
vkgqfr gekjs fy, R;kx djus vkSj lef"V ds lkFk rkyesy cukus dk çrhd gSA
;Kksa ds }kjk ;KdrkZ leLr fo'o dks pyk,eku djus okyh lEiw.kZ 'kfä;ksa ds
lkFk feydj ÅtkZ Hkh çkIr djrk gSA

14
 vksme~ rstksvfl rstks ef; /ksfgA
oh;Zefl oh;aZ ef; nsfgA
cyefl cya ef; nsfgAlgks vfl lgks ef; /ksfgA
'kqDy ;tqoZns okt-l-19@9
osn dky esa ;K vuq"Bku djuk çR;sd vk;Z dk drZO; FkkA oSfnd lafgrkvksa ds
eq[;r% Kkudk.M vkSj deZdk.M gSaA ;K vuq"Bku ds fcuk] mikluk Kku dk.M ds
vkHkko esa iwjh ugha ekuh tkrh FkhA ;K dks gh loZJs"B deZ dgk x;k gSA
dkR;k;u us ;K dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgk gS æO;e nsork R;kx vk/kkfjr nsork dks
y{; djds vfXu esa ?kh vkfn inkFkksaZ dks vkgqfr Lo:i Mkyk tkrk gS] ogh ;K gSA
nSfud ;K esa iap egk;K egRoiw.kZ gksras FksA blds vfrfjä ikf{kd] ekfld]
=Sekfld]‘kMekfld] okf"kZd] oktis;h ] v'oes/k] jkTklw; bR;kfn ;K Hkh çpyu esa
FksA ;K dk vR;Ur gh oSKkfud egRo Hkh Fkk A ;K ds ek/;e ls okrkoj.k Hkh
çnwf"kr gksus ls cprk gSA vkt ds çnw"k.k Hkjs ;qx esa ;K dh egrh vko';drk gSA
yksdeaxy vkSj lejlrk dk Hkko&
lEiw.kZ oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa leLr lekt ds fy, dY;k.k dh dkeuk ds Hkko –
f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa vkSj lEiw.kZ l`f"V esa lejlrk dk gh fnXn'kZu djkrs gSaA
bles euq"; &euq"; esa Hksn cqf) dks nwj djus dk lans'k fn;k gS vFkkZr~
euq";&euq"; esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk Hksn ugha gSA _Xosn ds laKku lwä esa _f"k
lekt ds lc euq"; ds fy, dgrs gSa fd rqe lc ,d lkFk feydj pyks ],d
lkFk feydj cksyks] rqEgkjs eu ,d tSls gks ]rqEgkjs fopkj ,d tSls gks ]rqEgkjs deZ
,d tSls gks euq"; esa euq";rk] ekuo esa ekuork vkSj lekurk dk fopkj bl lwä
dk vR;ar gh x`g.kh; rRo gSA euq"; dk ç—fr ds lkFk ?kfu"B lEcU/k oSfnd
lafgrkvksa esa –f"Vxkspj gksrk gS tSls xk; ds fo"k; esa dfo Hkj}kt dgrs gSa &gs
xk;ksa ! rqe —'k dks eksVk cuk nsrh gks ]:ijfgr O;fä dks lqUnj cuk nsrh gks A gs
lqHkkf"k.kh xk; gekjs ?kj dks eaxye; cukvksA lHkkvksa esa rqEgkjh ç'kalk gksrh gSA
_Xosn 6-28-6] vFkoZosn 4-21-6] rSfÙkjh; czkã.k -2-8-8-12
vFkoZosn ds eU= esa i`Foh esjh ekrk gS vkSj eSa bldk iq= gw¡ A blh çdkj &
tua fcHkzrh cgq/kk fookpla ukuk /kekZ.k i`fFkoh ;FkkSdlEk~
vFkoZosn 12-1-45
bl çdkj dk ?kfu"B laca/k vU;= fdlh Hkh lkfgR; esa ns[kus dks nqyZHk gSA
,dRo vFkok ,ds'ojokn&
;kLdW ds vuqlkj nsorkvksa esa dqN i`Foh LFkkuh; nsork] dqN varfj{k LFkkuh; nsork
vkSj dfri; |q LFkkuh; nsork gSa A vfXu i`Foh LFkkuh; nsork gS] baæ vkfn
vUrfj{k LFkkuh; rFkk lw;Z vkfn |q LFkkuh; nsork gS A ;K drkZ ds }kjk vfXu
dq.M esa vkgqfr;ka¡ Mkyus ij ftl Hkh nsork ds fy, og vkgqfr;ka¡ vkgwr dh tkrh
gSa og nsork vius& vius Hkkx dks fcuk fdlh oSj o bZ";k ds xzg.k djrs gSaA
;teku dh dkeukvksa dks iwjk djrs gSa fofo/k çdkj ds nsork tSls 'kriFk czkã.k
ds vuqlkj 8 olq] 11 #æ ]12 vkfnR;] bUæ vkSj çtkifr feydj 33 nsork gksrs
15
 gSaA vfXu ]i`Foh] ok;q] varfj{k ] vkfnR;] pUæek rFkk u{k= ;g olq gSA iq#"k ds
Hkhrj fufgr 10 çdkj ds çk.k vkSj vkRek feydj 11 #æ gksrs gSaA 12 ekg rFkk
laoRlj vkfnR; gSaA bl çdkj fofo/k nsork gksrs gq, Hkh buesa ,dRo dk Hkko gSA
osndkyhu laL—fr esa vusdrk esa ,drk dk Hkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
deZ vk/kfjr o.kZ O;oLFkk&
osn dkyhu lekt fir`lÙkkRed lekt FkkA firk gh ?kj dk Lokeh] usrk vFkok
eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA ifjokj ds vU; lHkh lnL; ml ds lkfu/; esa viuk thou
lq[kiwoZd O;rhr djrs FksA firk viuh larku ds lokaZxh.k fodkl dh vksj iwjk
/;ku nsrk FkkA iq=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk iqf=;ksa dh Hkh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksrh FkhA_Xosn
esa o.kZ O;oLFkk ds dfri; ladsr feyrs gSaA iq#"k lwä ds ,d eU= ds vuqlkj
ijerRo :ih iq:"k ds 'kjhj ls pkj rRo mRiUu gq, &czkã.k] {kf=; ]oS'; rFkk
'kwnzA ;g ØeiwoZd pkj O;oLFkkvksa ds çrhd ekus tkrs gSa] mUgsa gh o.kZ crk;k x;k
gS A _Xosn dky esa ;g o.kZ O;oLFkk deZ ij vk/kkfjr FkhA O;olk; vFkok deZ
dh ç—fr ij gh o.kZ dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk Fkk tSls v/;;u& v/;kiu] ;K vkfn ls
lEcfU/kr o.kZ czkã.k dgykrk FkkA ;q)] 'kklu O;oLFkk esa la;qä o.kZ {kf=;] —f"k
O;kikj vkfn ls lEcaf/kr o.kZ oS'; vkSj lsok djus esa fuiq.k o.kZ 'kwnz dgykrk FkkA
bl çdkj ds lekt esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh tfVyrk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh gSA deZ
ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh o.kZ esa O;fä vU; o.kZ esa tk ldrk FkkA
ekuo dY;k.k ds oSf'od n`f"Vdks.k dk fopkj izkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr
esa lnSo o lokZf/kd jgk gSA ^^olq/kSo dqVqEcde** vkSj ^^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%** tSlh
ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjkvksa dk izknqHkkZo lcls igys Hkkjr esa gh gqvk tks fd
vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr dk dsUnz gSA bUgha thou ewY;ksa ds laj{k.k o lao/kZu gsrq 24
vDVwcj] 1945 dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k vfLrRo esa vk;k rFkk la;qDr jk"Vª la?k
egklHkk }kjk 10 fnlEcj 1948 dks lkoZHkkSfed ekuokf/kdkj ?kks"k.kk i= dks
viuk;k x;k rc ls ysdj vkt rd izR;sd o"kZ 10 fnlEcj ds fnu dks vUrjkZ"Vªh;
ekuokf/kdkj fnol euk;k tkrk gSA ¼Human rights News letter Vol. 15 1 Jan.
2008 Published by National Human rights commission) ekuo vf/kdkj dks
dHkh&dHkh ewy vf/kdkj vUrfuZfgr ;k tUetkr vf/kdkj ;k uSlfxZd vf/kdkj Hkh
dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ekuo dks izd`fr }kjk gh dqN vf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gSaA ewy
vf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gS tks fdlh ukxfjd ds ckSf)d] uSfrd] vk/;kfRed fodkl
ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA bu vf/kdkjksa ds vHkko esa O;fDr dk fodkl vo:) gks
tk;sxk vkSj mldh vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;k¡ vfodflr jg tk;saxhA ewy vf/kdkjksa dh
vxyh J`a[kyk esa lekfgr gS ekuokf/kdkjA
i;kZoj.k psruk
iapegkHkwrksa ls fufeZr lEiw.kZ l`f"V esa lUrqyu gh thoupØ dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
osndkyhu lekt esa bldh vko';drk ,oa egÙkk dks fo}ku Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs Fks
rHkh mUgksaus izkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa dks nsork rqY; ekuk vkSj mUgsa J)s; ekurs gq, mUgsa
lgstdj j[kk o iz;ksx fd;kA rRdkyhu lekt esa izkd`frd lalk/ku izpqj ek=k esa
miyC/k Fks] rc thou esa lknxh FkhA vr% lq[kksiHkksx dh ykylk rhoz ugha FkhA
i`Foh ij thou ds vfLrRo dks lokZf/kd Hk; i;kZoj.k ds vlarqyu ls gh gSA osnksa
esa gesa i;kZij.k ds izfr psruk ds iq"V izek.k feyrsa gSaA
16
rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d 1-26-7 esa dgk gS fd ty esa eyew= R;kx ugha djuk pkfg,A
^^ukIlq ew=iqjh"ka dq;kZr~A
ty vkS"kf/k rqY; gSA ty jksx ds dhVk.kqvksa dk uk'k djus okyk gSA ty lcdk
fgr djus okyk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ty }kjk izkd`frd fpfdRlk dh tkrh gSA
osnksa esa izfrikfnr ty ds fpfdRlh; xq.k ds }kjk vusd jksxksa dk mipkj osnksa esa
izfrikfnr gSA vFkoZosn ds VI.24 lwDr esa ty fpfdRlk dk Li"V o.kZu gSA
fgeky; tSls cQZ okys igkM+ksa ls cgus okyk ty dks vFkoZosn esas fuEu :i esa
fpf=r fd;k gSA
;Fkk & fgeor% izlofUr flU/kkS leg laxe%
vkiks g eã rn~ nsohnZnu~Z â|ks;ksrHks"kte~A
;Ues v{;ksjkfn|ksr~ ik".k;ksZ izinks'p ;r~
vkiLrr~ loZa fu"dju~ fHk"ktka lqfHk"kDrek%AA
¼vFkoZosn VI. 24- 1&2½
vFkkZr~ ty/kkjk,¡ fgeky; ls cgrh gSA ;s efgek ds lkFk cgus okyksa dk laxe
leqnz esa gksrk gSA og fnO; ty/kkjk,¡ g~n; dh tyu dks vkS"k/kh nsrh gSA tks
esjh nksuksa vk¡[kksa] ,fM;kas vkSj ik¡Woksa esa ihMk gksrh gS mu lc nq%[kksa dks oS|ksa ls Hkh
mŸke oS| :ih ty gVkrk gSA
osnksa esa ok;q izk.k 'kfDr :i esa Lohd`r gSA ok;q esa fo|eku ve`r rRo dh vksj
lpsr djrs gq, dgk gS fd & gs ok;qA rsjs esa ve`r dh fuf/k j[kh gqbZ gS] mlesa ls
dqN va'k gesa Hkh iznku dj] ftlls ge nh?kZ thoh cusA
çkphure laL—fr &
osnksa esa fo|eku laL—fr fo'o dh çkphu laL—fr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA oSfnd laL—fr
vR;ar iqjkru gksrs gq, Hkh vkt Hkh gtkjksa o"kksaZ ds i'pkr gekjs lEeq[k vkn'kZ
çfreku LFkkfir dj gesa lgh ekxZ dh vksj vxzlj djrh gSA lalkj dk dkSu lk
,slk fo"k; gS tks osnksa esa çfrikfnr uk gks /keZ ]n'kZu ]O;kdj.k ] fofo/k çdkj ds
foKku] fofo/k çdkj dh dyk,a¡] vk/;kfRedrk] Kku ds lkoZdkfyd vkSj lkoZHkkSfed
Lkzks= gSaA rHkh rks dgk Hkh x;k gS& osnksa vf[kyks /keZewye le;kuqlkj osnksa esa cht
:i esa miyC/k fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dk fujarj iYyou gksrk x;kA
deZokn vkSj Je dh çfr"Bk
Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa deZ dk fo'ks"k egRo çfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA HkkX; ds
lkFk&lkFk deZ dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo gSA gekjs deZ tSls gksaxs gesa mlh çdkj mudk
Qy bl tUe esa vFkok vxys tUe esa çkIr gksrk gSA çR;sd ltho çk.kh fcuk deZ
ds ,d {k.k Hkh ugha jg ldrk A vr% ekuo tSls lpsru çk.kh dks çfr{k.k deZ
djrs jguk pkfg,A deZokn ds ek/;e ls fujk'kk ds LFkku ij vk'kk dk lans'k
oSfnd laL—fr esa gesa –f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA oSfnd vk;Z dBksj ifjJeh FksA —f"k vkSj
i'kqikyu mudh thfodk dk eq[; vk/kkj Fkk Avr% fujarj deZ djrs jguk mudk
y{; jgk 'kriFk czkã.k esa Hkh dgk x;k gS&
u _rs JkUrL; l[;k; nsok%
17
 vfHkçk; gS fd nsork Hkh mlh dh lgk;rk djrs gSa tks O;fä deZ djrs gq, Fkd
tk,A mifu"knksa esa Hkh deZ djus dh çsj.kk nh xbZ gSA euq"; dks fujarj dk;Z djrs
jgus pkfg, Fkddj deZ ls foeq[k ugha gksuk pkfg, tSls lw;Z gesa lnSo pyus dh
çsj.kk nsrk gSA dHkh Hkh Fkdrk ugha gS A blh çdkj pjSofs r &pjSosfr ;g mifu"kn~
dk ea= gSA oSfnd dkO; –"Vk euhf"k;ksa dk gh ugha gS vfirq Jethfo;ksa dk Hkh
dkO; gS A osndk _f"k dfo dgrk gS ^^dk:jga rrks fHk"kxqiyçf{k.kh uuk^^ ¼_Xosn
9-112-3½ vFkkZr~ eSa dfo vkSj c<bZ Hkh gwa A esjs firk oS| gSa ]esjh eka pDdh pykrh
gS ;g dfo vk/;kfRed Lrj ij eU= –"Vk rFkk _f"k gSa ]ogha vkfnHkkSfrd Lrj ij
—"kd vFkok Jfed Hkh gSa A og nsorkvksa ls vkokgu Hkh djrk gS vkSj [ksr
[kfy;ku esa fopj.k Hkh djrk gS A vkfnHkkSfrd ] vk/;kfRed vkSj vkfnnSfod dk
lg;ksx gh jk"Vª ds mUu;u dh vk/kkjf'kyk gS A —f"V ;k —f"k ij lkjs thou vkSj
thou ewY;ksa dh çfr"Bk djus okys lekt esa gh ,slk laHko Fkk ,slh fLFkfr esa
foaVjfuRl ]jketh mik/;k; tSls vkykspdksa us _Xosn ds dqN lwäks dks Jfed ds
xhr dgk gSA
_Xosn dk vj.;kuh lwä esa ydM+gkjs ds Je dh ç'kalk dh gSA vj.;kuh lwä
taxy ds lkjs okrkoj.k ogka ydM+gkjs dk ydM+h dkVuk] fpfM+;ksa rFkk vU; i'kqvksa
ds }kjk mRiUu dh tkus okyh /ofu;ksa ds lkFk vj.;kuh dks nSoh; gh ugha
vykSfdd Lo:i esa çLrqr dj nsrk gSA
m"kk nsoh dk xq.kxku Hkh blfy, fd;k x;k fd og gesa deZ esa yxkrh gS A
vkdk'k esa mlds vorfjr gksus ij nks iSjksa okys yksx ¼euq";½dke ds fy, ?kj ls
fudy iM+rs gSa] lkxj esa eYykg ukosa frjk nsrs gSa vkSj lkjk txr uhan ls tkx
tkrk gSA blh çdkj bUæ oSfnd okM~-e; esa Je ds nsork ekus tkrs gSa og Je
djus okyksa ds fe= gSa o`=klqj Qly dk uk'kd gS ]vlqj gS] og Qly u"V djus
ds fy, lw[kk curk gSA baæ o`=klqj uked vlqj dk o/k djds i`Foh dks mlds nks"k
ls eqä djrs gSaA
blh çdkj {ks=ifr xzkeh.k lekt esa iwtk tkus okyk LFkkuh; nso gSA {ks=ifr ds
lkFk gh bUæ vkSj lhrk Hkh —f"k ç/kku lekt ds gh nsork gSa A lhrk gYk dh QWky
gS {ks=ifr lwä esa [ksr dh j[kokyh djus ds fy, nsork ls çkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd
og [ksr esa e/kqe; vUu mitk;as vkSj xk;ksa dks çpqj nw/k nsus okyh cuk,a] tyehBk
o lqLoknq gks A Hkkjr ,d —f"k ç/kku ns'k gS ftlesa —f"k ,d xkSjoe; fØ;k gS A
fdro lwä esa tqvkjh vius thou ds vUr esa blh fu"d"kZ ij igqaprk gS fd&
v{kSekZ nhO;% —f"kfeR—"kLo vFkkZr~ tqvk er [ksyks] —f"k deZ djksA
vFkkZr~ cqjkb;ksa ls nwj j[kdj lRdeZ dh vksj ço`Ùk djus dk lans'k ;g lwä gesa
nsras gSaA
ekuoh; ewY;&
lekt dh O;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i ls cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkSE;] 'kkUr] mnosx o
Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k dh O;oLFkk lekt esa gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk
lekt ds lkFk&lkFk O;fäxr uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls gh laHko gSA Hkkjrh;
laL—fr us bl O;oLFkk ij lokZf/kd cy fn;k gSA lekt ds vkfRed cy dks
etcwrh çnku djus ds fy, O;fäxr thou esa la;e o /kS;Z ds lkFk &lkFk lR;]
18 vfgalk] ijksidkj] bekunkjh] lkSgknZ] vgadkj 'kwU;rk] jk"Vªçse] cM+ksa ds çfr vknj
dh Hkkouk dk fodkl] R;kx] leiZ.k bR;kfn Hkkoukvksa dk vR;ar gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gSA euq"; ds eu dks vgadkj] nqeZfr vkfn ls ifj"—r djds mldks 'kkar vkSj lkSE;
cukus ij oSfnd laL—fr cy nsrh gS A ;tqosZn esa eu dks 'kq) cukus dh çkFkZuk dh
xbZ gS&
rUesa eu% f'koladYieLrq
blh çdkj ekr` nsoks Hko] fir` nsoks Hko] vkpk;Z nsoks Hko] vfrfFk nsoks Hko dk
mn~?kks"k oSfnd laL—fr dh gh fo'ks"krk gSA blds vfrfjä o.kkZJe O;oLFkk] "kksM'k
laLdkj ]iap egk;K] nk'kZfudrk rFkk fo'o ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds
çk.kHkwr rRo gSaA HkkSfrd le`f) ls fodflr gksus ij Hkh vU; fodflr jk"Vª Hkh
uSfrd vkn'kksaZ rFkk ijyksd laca/kh 'kadkvksa ] vkReKku ds lanHkksaZ ds lek/kku gsrq
Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh vksj gh vk'kkfUor jgrs gSaA
fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr
osn dkyhu lekt esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr vR;ar gh mUur FkhA og iRuh nqfgrk]
ekrk] Hkfxuh vkfn ds :i esa lEekuuh; in ij fojkteku FkhA /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ esa
L=h dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk mlds fcuk fdlh Hkh çdkj dk /kkfeZd dk;Z laiUu ugha
gks ldrk FkkA ukjh ?kj dh Lokfeuh] ifr ij vf/kdkj j[kus okyh gksrh FkhA
lkekU;r% oSfnd lekt esa ,d iRuh çFkk gh Fkh fdarq {kf=; ,oa vU; vfHktkR;
oxZ esa cgq fookg dh çFkk Hkh çpfyr FkhA jktkvksa dh pkj ifRu;ksa dk mYys[k
oSfnd lkfgR; esa feyrk gS &efg"kh ¼iVjkuh½ ifjo`äk¼iq=ghu½] okokrk ¼fç;rek ½
rFkk ikykxyh ¼jktuSfrd laca/kksa ds vk/kkj ij Loh—r½ L=h dh laKk gksrh FkhA
f'k{kk O;oLFkk
osn dkyhu lekt esa f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk lqO;ofLFkr :i esa fo|eku FkhA czkã.k]
{kf=;] oS'; dh laKk miu;u laLdkj ds i'pkr f}t gksrh Fkh] tks miu;u
laLdkj ds i'pkr varsoklh cudj xq#dqy esa jgdj fof/kor f'k{kk x`g.k djus
ds vf/kdkjh gksrs FksA blls iwoZ mUgsa ?kj esa gh cM+ksa ds }kjk f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA
fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh vf/kdkjh gksrh Fkh ?kks"kk] yksikeqæk ]vikyk ]xkxhZ
bR;kfn bldk çek.k gSaA rRdkyhu fL=;ka¡ fof/kor :i ls ?kqM+lokjh] u`R;
]ikdfo|k ]xk;u bR;kfn dh f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh vf/kdkjh gksrh FkhAfdlh Hkh
lekt dh laiUurk ds Lrj dk vkdyu rRdkyhu lekt esa fo|eku uSfrdrk dk
Lrj] fL=;ksa dh n'kk ]f'k{kk dk Lrj bR;kfn vk/kkj ij gh lVhd rkSj ij fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl :i esa ;fn ns[kk tk, rks oSfnd laL—fr esa ;g lHkh çdkj dh
O;oLFkk,a vR;f/kd mUur voLFkk esa fo|eku Fkh vFkkZr~ osn dkyhu laL—fr ,d
le`) laL—fr dk lwpd gSA
cks/k@vH;kl ç'u &
cks/kç'u &d
fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, &
1- osn dkyhu lekt esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr vR;ar gh --------------------FkhA
2- ;tqoZns esa ------------------dks 'kq) cukus dh çkFkZuk dh xbZ gS
19
 3- oSfnd ---------------------ifjJeh FksA
4. ty ----------------rqY; gSA
5- m"kk nsoh dk xq.kxku Hkh blfy, fd;k x;k fd og gesa --------------yxkrh gS A
6- ty esa -----------------R;kx ugha djuk pkfg,A
7- rUesa ----------------f'koladYieLrq
8 -----------------nhO;% —f"kfeR—"kLo
9- tua fcHkzrh cgq/kk fookpla ukuk /kekZ.k-----------------;FkkSdlEk~
10- vkiLrr~ loZa fu"dju~ ------------------------------------
vH;kl ç'u &
1- oSfnd lkfgR; ij ys[k fyf[k, A
2- oSfnd laL—fr ij ys[k fyf[k, A

fç; Nk=ksa! çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vkius oSfnd laL—fr vkSj mldh fo'ks"krkvksa
dks vPNh rjg ls vkRelkr dj fy;k gksxkA bl bdkbZ esa vkius oSfnd laL—fr ds
egRoiw.kZ i{kksa dk Hkyh &Hkk¡fr v/;;u fd;k gksxk D;ksafd çLrqr ikBîØe dh
;g vk/kkj bdkbZ gSA vxyh bdkbZ esa vki oSfnd laL—fr dk çHkko iwoZ vkSj
if'pe ns'kksa ij uked bdkbZ dk v/;;u djsaxsA

1- laL—fr & laLdkj] ifjektZu ] 'kks/ku

2- ykSfdd &lkalkfjd
3- fof'k"V & vlk/kkj.k
4- mUur& mPp
5- fof/kor&mfpr :Ik ls] fu;ekuqlkj
6- lqpk:&lqO;ofLFkr
7- lokaZxh.k& lEiw.kZ
8- dfri;& dqN
9- vkRelkr&x`g.kh;
10- vM-x& Lkgk;d
11- ikdfo|k&Hkkstu idkus dh dyk

1- oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laL—fr] Mk- dfiynso f}osnh

2- laL—r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] cynso mik/;k;
3- _Xosn] egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh] n;kuUn laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh&05
20
4- vFkoZosn] Hkk"kkHkk";e~ & egf"kZ n;kuan ljLorh] n;kuan laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh la-
2031
5- _Xosn lafgrk] y{e.kLo:i] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] cukjl] 1955
6- osn ifjp;] izks- d`".kyky] fgUnhek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh
fo'ofo|ky;A
7- oSfnd laL—fr dk Ik;kZykspu ] izk-s “kkjnk prqoZns h ]Hkkjrh; fo|k laLFkku
8- oSfnd laL—fr] xksfoUn pUnz ik.Ms; ]yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku

cks/kç'uksa ds mÙkj&d
1- mUur
2- eu
3- dBksj ifjJeh
4- vkS"kf/k
5- deZ esa
6- eyew=
7- eu%
8- v{kSekZ
9- i`fFkoh
10- fHk"ktka lqfHk"kDrek%
vH;kl ç'uksa ds mÙkj
vH;kl ç'uksa ds mÙkj fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaxAs

21
 2-0 mís';
2-1 çLrkouk
2-2 Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk fons'k esa çlkj
2-3 oSfnd laL—fr ds çlkj dk dkj.k
2-4 fo'o esa çlkj
2-5 oSfnd laL—fr dk O;kid çHkko
2-6 vk/;kfRed igyw vkt Hkh vkd"kZd
2-7 osnksa dh egkurk
2-8 lkjka'k
2-9 'kCnkoyh
2-10 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
2-11 cks/k@vH;kl ç'uksa ds mŸkj

izLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki &

• iwoZ oSfnd dkyhu laL—fr ,oa mÙkj oSfnd dkyhu laL—fr ds fodkl ,oa
ifjorZu dks le> ldsxsaA
• ftu ek/;eksa ls oSfnd laL—fr nwljs ns'kksa esa QSyh mudks Li"V dj ldsaxs A
• ftu O;kikfjd ekxksaZ ls oSfnd O;kikjh nwljs ns'kksa esa x, vkSj Hkkjrh; laL—fr
ds çlkj ds igys lkaL—frd nwr cus mudks fpfàr dj ldsaxs A
• nwljs ns'kksa esa oSfnd laL—fr ds çpkj çlkj esa çkphu fo'ofo|ky; v/;kidksa
vkSj /keZçpkjdksa us tks Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] mldh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs A
• oSfnd laL—fr dSls iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa QSyh] bldh
O;k[;k dj ldsaxAs
• jkse lkezkT; ls Hkkjr ds O;kikfjd laca/kksa dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs A
• fofHkUu ns'kksa dh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; ij laL—r Hkk"kk ds çHkko dh leh{kk dj
ldsaxsA

22
vktdy yksx cgqr vf/kd ;k=k,¡ djrs gSaA ;s lM+d] ok;q] leqæ] jsy vFkok fdlh
Hkh vU; ekxZ ls tkrs gSaA ij D;k vki tkurs gSa fd yksx ml le; Hkh nwj&nwj
;k=k,¡ djrs Fks tc Hkkjr esa dksbZ Vªsu ugha gksrh Fkh] u dksbZ ok;q;kuA çk;% rhu
lglzkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds e/; ls Hkkjr cká fo'o ls O;kikfjd Lrj ij lEidZ esa jgk
gS tcfd Hkkjr rhu vksj ls leqæ ls f?kjk gS vkSj blds mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZrJs.kh
gSA ysfdu ;s fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ls Hkkjr ds utnhdh lEcU/k cukus esa dHkh ck/kd
ugha cusA Hkkjrh; yksxksa us lqnwj ns'kksa dh ;k=k,a dh vkSj os tgk¡ Hkh x,] ogk¡
mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh vfeV Nki NksM+hA blds lkFk ;s lqnjw ns'kksa ds fopkj]
çHkko] jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijkvksa dks Hkh lkFk ys vk;sA rFkkfi bl lUnHkZ esa lcls
cM+h foy{k.krk ;g Fkh fd blls Hkkjrh; laL—fr vkSj lH;rk dk çlkj fo'o ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa gqvk] fo'ks"k:i ls e/; ,f'k;k] nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k] phu] tkiku]
dksfj;k vkfn esa bl çlkj dh lokZf/kd foy{k.krk ;g gS fd bl çpkj dk mís';
fdlh lekt ;k O;fä dks thruk Fkk Mjkuk ugha cfYd Hkkjr ds vk/;kfRed rFkk
lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dks LosPNk ls Lohdkj djokuk FkkA ge bl ikB esa v/;;u djsaxs
fd Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk nwljs ns'kksa esa dSls çlkj gqvk vkSj mu ij D;k çHkko
gqvk\

laL—fr D;k gS\ laL—fr gekjs vkarfjd xq.kksa dk og lewg gS] ftlls ge lH;
lekt esa xfr'khy jgrs gS vkSj O;ä djrs gSaA og ,d ,slh çsjd 'kfä gS tks
gekjs lkekftd O;ogkjksa dks fuf'pr djrh gSA blds eq[;r% nks i{k gSa& çFke
jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj] laLdkj vkfnA nwljk i{k ijEijk ls lEcfU/kr gS vFkkZr~
ijEijk ls çkIr fo'okl] ekU;rk,¡] vkLFkk,¡] jhfr&fjokt ,oa fLFkfr] tyok;q ml
ns'k ds O;fä;ksa ds [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt ,oa jgu&lgu ij çHkko Mkyrh gSA
laL—fr dk mís'; euq"; ds eu] çk.k vkSj 'kjhj dh 'kfä;ksa dks fodflr djuk]
mldh fofHkUurkvksa esa leUo; djds lekt dks laxfBr djuk gSA
ik.Mqjx
a lnkf'ko us laL—fr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS ÞlaL—fr euq"; ds R;kx]
la;e] lsok] çse] Kku] foosd vkfn Hkkoksa dks txkrh gSA laL—fr dk vFkZ gS&
vU/kdkj ls çdk'k dh vksj] Hksn ls vHksn dh vksj tkuk] dhpM+ ls dey dh vksj]
vO;oLFkk ls O;oLFkk dh vksj tkuk] lkjs /keksaZ dk esy] lkjh tkfr;ksa dk esy]
Kku&foKku dk esy] ekuo tkfr ds csM+s dks eaxy dh vksj ys tkuk gh laL—fr gS
A euq"; ds ykSfdd&ikjykSfdd lokZH;qn; ds vuqdwy vkpkj&fopkj gh laL—fr
gSA ekuo thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa vkSj igyqvksa dk O;kid fp= Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa
miyC/k gSA og vR;Ur nqyZHk gSA ;g ,d O;kid vkSj fo'kky lkaL—frd /kkjk gS]
tks fofHkUu mi/kkjkvksa ls lEiUu ,oa iq"V gqbZ gSA _f"k&eqfu;ksa dh çkphu Hkkjrh;
euh"kk ds laLdkjksa ds lkFk 'kd] gw.k] iBku] ;ou] rqdZ] eqxy vkSj vjc laLdkjksa
ds lfEeyu us bls lkekfld laL—fr dk Lo:i fn;k gSA ;g 'krkfCn;ksa dh ;k=k
ls iq"V gqbZ gSAß blfy, lEiw.kZ lkekftd thou dk pj.k fodkl laL—fr esa gh
gksrk gSA fofHkUu ;qxksa esa fofHkUu lH;rkvksa dk mRd"kZ vkSj mudh çxfr dk
ekun.M laL—fr dks gh ekuk x;k gSA laL—fr euq"; dk oks lEiw.kZ lpsru vkSj
lkewfgd fØ;kdyki gS tks mls ç—fr dh vpsru O;oLFkk ds Åij lksís';
23
 fu;U=.k dk;e djus dh {kerk çnku djrk gSA ;g fØ;kdyki euq"; dks vU;
thoksa ls vyx djrs gq, lR;] lkSUn;Z vkSj LorU=rk dk fuekZ.k djus okys ,d
lkoZHkkSe çk.kh ds :i esa mldh igpku dk;e djrk gS vFkkZr~ laL—fr Je vkSj
l`tu ds tfj, ekuo tkfr ds fodkl dh çfØ;k gSA euq"; gksuk vkSj lkaL—frd
gksuk lekukFkhZ gSA mRiknu ds rkSj rjhdksa] n'kZu o foKku ds vkfo"dkj vkSj
fofo/k dykvksa ds ek/;e ls euq"; us viuh psruk vkSj lEcU/kksa dks fodflr fd;k
gSA vuqHkoksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;kidrk nh gSA vius ifjos'k dks vkSj Lo;a dks Hkh
vf/kdkf/kd ekuoh; vkSj lkekftd cuk;k gSA
l`tu'khyrk ekuoh; psruk dk dsUæh; rRo gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh çfrdwyrk,¡ ekuo
dh l`tusPNk dks vo:) ugha dj ikrh gSA viuh bl 'kfäxfr bPNk ds cy ij
ekuo ukuk oLrqvksa rF;ksa dk vkfo"dkj djrk jgrk gSA bruk gh ugha] og viuh
vUr'khyrk ls çsfjr gksdj lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dh jpuk ds lkFk mudk vuqikyu Hkh
djrk gSA oLrqr% euq"; dh ;gh çdk'ke;h ço`fr mls 'ekuo' dh laKk çnku djrh
gSA laL—fr ls euq"; lt&l¡ojdj] vkIr&vkufUnr gksdj] nwljs dks çlUu çeqfnr
dj mnkÙk ekuoh; iFk ij vxzlj gksrk gSA dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ftu rRoksa
ls ekuo viuk ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd ifj"dkj djrk gS vkSj ifj"dkj ds mijkUr
viuh mTToy o`fÙk;ksa ls lek;kstu rFkk jk"Vªh; mRFkku djrk gS] og laL—fr gSA
Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks vfriqjkru dky ls gh egRo çkIr gSA ;|fi osnksa esa ^laL—fr*
dk dksbZ Li"V :i O;f¥~tr ugha gqvk gSA rFkkfi bl 'kCn dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
^,srjs; czkã.k*esa laL—fr dks Lo:fir djus dk ç;kl yf{kr gksrk gSA ogk¡ laL—fr
ekuo ds oS;fäd vkSj lef"Vxr mRd"kZ dh çrhfr djkrh gSA NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ us
euq"; dks ekuorkoknh psruk ls vuqçkf.kr djus okyh –f"V dks laL—fr dh
O;k[;k çnku dh gSA
jfoUæukFk & ÞlaL—fr efLr"d dk thou gSAÞ
jkgqy lka—R;k;u & Þ,d ih<+h vkrh gS] og vius vkpkj& fopkj] :fp&v:fp]
dyk&laxhr] Hkkstu ;k fdlh vkSj nwljh vk/;kfRed /kkj.kk ds ckjs esa dqN Lusg
dh ek=k vxyh ih<+h ds fy, NksM+ tkrh gSA ,d ih<+h ds ckn nwljh] nwljh ds
ckn rhljh vkSj vkxs cgqr lh ihf<+;k¡ vkrh&tkrh jgrh gSa vkSj lHkh viuk çHkko
;k laLdkj vxyh ih<+h ij NksM+rh tkrh gSA ;gh çHkko laL—fr gSAÞ
fnudj & ÞlaL—fr ftUnxh dk ,d rjhdk gS vkSj ;g rjhdk lfn;ksa ls txk
gksdj lekt esa Nk;k jgrk gS] ftlesa ge tUe ysrs gSaAÞ
gtkjh çlkn f}osnh & Þeuq"; dh Js"B lk/kuk,¡ gh laL—fr gSaAÞ
M‚-oklqnso 'kj.k vxzokyÞlaL—fr euq"; ds Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkkoh thou dk
lokaZxiw.kZ çdkj gSA gekjs thou dk <ax gekjh laL—fr gSA thou ds ukukfo/k :iksa
dk leqnk; gh laL—fr gSAÞ
laL—fr ekuoh; thou dh çsjd 'kfä gSA og thou dh çk.kok;q gS tks mlds
oSrU;Hkko dk lk{; nsrh gSA laL—fr fo'o ds çfr eS=h dh Hkkouk gSA vUr esa dgk
tk ldrk gS fd laL—fr ekuo ds xrkuqxfrd laLdkjksa dk og lQy :i gS
ftlls mlds lkekftd vkpkj&fopkj] ioZ R;ksgkj] jhfr&fjokt] uhfr&/keZ]
24
v/;kRe&dyk vkfn dh çrhfr gksrh gSA laL—fr ekuo dh ,d rjQ rks fo/kkf;dk
gS vkSj nwljh rjQ ifjpkf;dk Hkh A leqUur vkSj lkSUn;Ze;h laL—fr] leqUur]
LoLFk ,oa lqUnj lekt dh ltZuk djrh gSA laL—fr ,d vuojr çokg gSA vLrq
ns'kdky lekt dh lkisf{kdrk dh fLFkfr esa laL—fr HkkSfrdrk ls lEi`ä gksrh gSA
;g fof'k"V ns'kdky ls vuqçkf.kr Hkh gksrh gS vkSj mlls fujis{k Hkh rFkk fujis{k
dh fLFkfr esa og HkkSfrdrk ls mijr gksdj mPp ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh lEçlkfjdk
gksrh gS blhfy, laL—fr dks thou ewY;ksa dh lEiksf"kdk la/kkfjdk dgk x;k gSA

çkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; O;kikjh O;kikj ds u, voljksa dh [kkst esa vusd ns'kksa esa
x, FksA os if'pe esa jkse rd vkSj leqæh ekxksaZ ls gksrs gq, iwoZ esa phu rd igq¡ps
FksA gekjs ns'k ds O;kikjh lksus dh [kkst esa çFke 'krkCnh esa b.Mksusf'k;k vkSj
dEcksfM;k vkfn ns'kksa esa x,A mudh tkok] lqek=k rFkk eyk;k }hiksa dh ;k=kvksa ds
fo'ks"k o.kZu feyrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bu {ks=ksa dks çkphu dky esa ^lqo.kZ }hi*
dgk x;k FkkA lqo.kZ dk vFkZ ^lksuk* vkSj }hi feydj cuk ^lksus dk }hi* okLro
esa O;kikfj;ksa us laL—fr nwr dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h rFkk ckgjh nqfu;k¡ ds ns'kksa ds lkFk
O;kikfjd laca/k LFkkfir fd;sA bZlk iwoZ igyh 'krkCnh esa O;kikjh mTtSu] eFkqjk]
dk'kh] ç;kx] ikVyhiq= vkfn uxjksa ls vkSj iwohZ rV ds ekeYyiqjEk] rkezfyfIr]
dVd] iqjh] jkes'oje~ rFkk dkosjhiÙkue~ ls fons'k ds fy, pyrs FksA lezkV v'kksd
ds dky esa dfyax jkT; dk Jhyadk ds lkFk O;kikfjd lEcU/k FkkA tgka¡ dgha Hkh
O;kikjh x,] ogha muds lkaL—frd lEcU/k LFkkfir gks x, FksA bl çdkj O;kikfj;ksa
us lkaL—frd jktnwrksa dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k vkSj ckgjh nqfu;k¡ ls O;kikfjd
lEcU/k cuk,A
iwohZ rV ds leku gh if'peh rV ij Hkh vusd lkaL—frd LFky cusA buesa
vtUrk] ,yksjk] dkysZ] Hkktk] dUgsjh vkfn dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls fy;k tkrk gSA
buesa ls T;knkrj dsUæksa ij ckS) /kkfeZd eB gSaA
lkaL—frd vknku&çnku esa ;gk¡a ds çkphu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk lcls T;knk
jgh gSA bUgksaus cM+h la[;k esa fo}kuksa vkSj Nk=ksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA fons'k ls vkus
okys fo}ku vdlj ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky; esa tkrs FksA dgk tkrk gSA
fd ;g fo'ofo|ky; lkr eaftyk FkkA bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kd vkSj Nk= /keZ
vkSj fo|k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks Hkh fons'k esa ys x;sA çfl) phuh
;k=h ºosulkax us Hkkjr ds mu lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gS
ftuesa og x, vFkok tgka¡ jg dj bUgksaus v/;;u fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, buesa ls
nks fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS&iwoZ esa ukyank vkSj
if'pe oYyHkhA
xaxk ds iwohZ rV ij ,d vU; fo'ofo|ky; Fkk& foØef'kyk frCcrh fo}ku~
rkjkukFk us bldk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gSA ;gka¡ ds f'k{kd vkSj fo}ku frCcr esa
brus çfl) Fks fd dgk tkrk gS ,d ckj frCcr ds jktk us bl fo'ofo|ky; ds
ç/kku dks frCcr esa vkeaf=r djus ds fy, nwr Hksts Fks rkfd Lons'kh Kku vkSj tu
lkekU; dh laL—fr esa #fp txkbZ tk ldsA
fcgkj esa ,d vU; çfl) fo'ofo|ky; Fkk&vksnUriqjh ikyoa'k ds jktkvksa ds
laj{k.k esa bldh çfr"Bk c<+hA bl fo'ofo|ky; ls cgqr lkjs ckS) fHk{kq frCcr esa 25
 tkdj cl x, FksA lu~ 67 bZloh esa phuh lezkV ds fuea=.k ij lcls igys tks nks
Hkkjrh; vkpk;Z phu x, muds uke gS& dk';i ekarx vkSj /keZjf{krA blds ckn
yxkrkj ukyank r{kf'kyk] foØef'kyk vkSj vksnUriqjh vkfn fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds
f'k{kdksa us mudk vuqlj.k fd;kA tc vkpk;Z dqekjtho phu ig¡qaps rks phuh lezkV
us muls laL—r xzaFkksa dks phuh Hkk’kk esa vuwfnr djus ds fy, vuqjks/k fd;kA ,d
vU; vkpk;Z cksf/k/keZ FksA tks ;ksxn'kZu ds fo'ks"kK ekus tkrs FksA budks phu vkSj
tkiku esa vHkh Hkh lEeku çkIr gSA
ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds vkpk;Z dey'khy dks frCcr ds jktk us fuefU=r fd;k
FkkA mudh e`R;q ds ckn muds 'kjhj ij fo'ks"k ysi yxk dj mls Ygklk ds fogkj
esa lqjf{kr j[kk x;k FkkA KkuHkæ] ,d vU; çdk.M fo}ku FksA os vius nksuksa csVksa
ds lkFk /keZ çpkj ds fy, frCcr x;sA fcgkj ds vksnUriqjh fo'ofo|ky; ds leku
frCcr esa ,d u;s ckS) fogkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA vkpk;Z vrh'k foØef'kyk
fo'ofo|ky; ds ç/kku FksA mUgsa nhiadj JhKku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA os
X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa frCcr x;s vkSj ogk¡ ckS) /keZ dh l'kä uhao MkyhA Fkksueh
laHkksrk ,d frCcrh ea=h Fkk tks phuh ;k=h ºosulkax ds ukyUnk vkxeu ds le;
ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; dk Nk= FkkA ;gk¡ ls v/;;u ds ckn og frCcr ykSVk vkSj
ogk¡ mlus ckS) /keZ dk çpkj&çlkj fd;kA frCcfr;ksa dh cM+h la[;k us ckS) /keZ
dks Lohdkj fd;k ;gk¡ rd fd frCcr dk jktk Hkh ckS) cu x;k FkkA mlus ckS)
/keZ dks jkt/keZ ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA çfl) f'k{kdksa esa ls ,d dqekjtho 5oha 'krkCnh
esa lfØ; FksA

osn vkSj Hkxon~ xhrk fo'ks"k :i ls if'peh nqfu;k¡ ds fy, u;s ugha gSa A dbZ o"kksaZ
ls ,sls lk/kd] ys[kd] dfo] nk'kZfud vkSj lHkh Lrjksa ds yksx jgs gSa ftUgksaus oSfnd
fopkjksa dh xgjkbZ] çsj.kk vkSj var–Zf"V dh ljkguk dh gSA lfn;ksa ls] Hkkjr esa
#fp] tgka oSfnd lkfgR; dh mRifÙk gqbZ] vkerkSj ij O;kikj ds dkj.kksa ds fy,
FkhA elkys] tokgjkr vkSj eghu diM+s tSlh oLrqvksa dh ges'kk eka¡x jgrh FkhA ;gka¡
rd fd ekdksZ iksyks us Hkh Hkkjr dh egku lEifÙk ds ckjs esa fy[kk vkSj bls nqfu;k¡
ds lcls vehj ns'kksa esa ls ,d crk;kA fØLVksQj dksyEcl us ekdksZ iksyks ds
fooj.kksa dks i<+k vkSj Hkkjr ds fy, ,d u;k ekxZ [kkstus dh ;kstuk rS;kj dhA
ysfdu mUgs blds ctk; Ålj catj vesfjdk feyk] Hkkjr esa ;g fnypLih tkjh
jgh ysfdu 1800 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa ds O;kikjh Hkh vius
lkFk laL—r dh fdrkcsa ykus yxsA laL—r lkfgR; yksdfç; gksus yxkA vesfjdk esa
x`g;q) dh lekfIr rd oSfnd fpUru dk çHkko QSyrk jgkA ;g d‚ud‚MZ]
eSlkpqlsV~l tSls LFkkuksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls /;ku nsus ;ksX; Fkk] tgk¡ gsujh MsfoM
Fkksjks] jkYQ okYMks belZu] vkeksl czksalu vYdksV] tsEl ÝheSu DykdZ vkSj vU; bu
tSls O;fäRoksa us vius ys[ku esa nk'kZfud var–Zf"V O;ä djuk 'kq: fd;k tks lh/ks
oSfnd lkfgR; ls çsfjr FkkA fo'ks"k :i ls belZu dks Hkxon~xhrk] fo".kq iqjk.k] euq
ds dkuwu] Hkkxoriqjk.k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd dBksifu"kn~ tSlh oSfnd iqLrdksa dks i<+us
ds fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA mudk ,d m)j.k gS **eSa Hkxon~xhrk ds fy, ,d 'kkunkj
fnu dk _.kh gw¡ A ;g fdrkcksa esa igyh Fkh ;g ,slk Fkk tSls ,d lkezkT; us
gels ckr dhA dqN Hkh NksVk ;k v;ksX; ugha] cfYd cM+k] 'kkar] lqlaxr] ,d
ifjiDo cqf) dh vkokt ftlus nwljs ;qx vkSj tyok;q esa fopkj fd;k Fkk vkSj bl
26
rjg mu lokyksa dk fuiVkjk fd;k tks gekjh cqf) dks O;k;kfer djrk gSA gsujh
MsfoM Fkksjks vius ys[ku esa nk'kZfud >qdko ds fy, Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA os oSfnd
lkfgR; ds mRlkgh ikBd Fks vkSj [kqys rkSj ij oSfnd fopkjksa ds çfr viuh ç'kalk
O;ä djrs FksA okYMu iksySaM esa jgus ds nkSjku fu;fer :i ls Hkxon&xhrk i<+rs
Fks A Fkksjks us ,d ckj fVIi.kh dh Fkh] **eSaus tks osn i<+s gSa] muesa ls tks dqN Hkh eSaus
i<+k gS] og eq> ij ,d mPp vkSj 'kq) çdk'keku ds çdk'k dh rjg iM+rk gS] tks
,d 'kq) Lrj ds ek/;e ls ,d mPp ekxZ dk o.kZu djrk gSA blds vykok lqcg
eSa viuh cqf) dks Hkxon xhrk ds 'kkunkj vkSj czãk.Mh; n'kZu esa Luku djrk gw¡]
ftldh jpuk ds ckn ls nsorkvksa ds o"kksaZ chr pqds gSa vkSj ftldh rqyuk esa gekjk
vk/kqfud nqfu;k¡ vkSj bldk lkfgR; rqPN vkSj rqPN yxrk gSA
Fkksjks Hkxon~xhrk ls brus çHkkfor gq, fd mUgksaus vkxs dgk& ÞHkxon~xhrk dh
rqyuk esa ikBd ds fopkj dks ,d cM+s 'kq) ;k nqyZHk {ks= esa dgha Hkh ugha mBk;k
x;k gS A xhrk dh ifo=rk vkSj mnkÙkrk us lSfudksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa rd ds eu dks
çHkkfor fd;k gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k fd *fgC#vksa dk /keZ vkSj n'kZu ,d
taxyh vkSj vlH; tutkfr ds gSa] tks ukxfjdrk vkSj ckSf)d 'kks/ku vkSj oSfnd
laL—fr dh lw{erk pkgrs gSAa Fkksjks dk Hkkjr vkSj osnksa ij xgu v/;;u ,oa
O;kid –f"Vdks.k Fkk mUgksaus bls xEHkhjrk ls fy;k A ;gk¡ rd fd egkRek xk¡/kh Hkh
mudk lEeku djrs Fks vkSj mUgsa viuk f'k{kd Lohdkj djrs FksA vU; ekU;rk çkIr
ys[kd tks oSfnd n'kZu ls çHkkfor Fks] os Fks Vh,l ,fy;V] i‚y ,Yej eksj] vkSj
bjfoax cSfcV] ftuesa ls lHkh us gkoZMZ esa egku laL—r f'k{kd pkyZ~l jksposy
ySueSu ds v/khu v/;;u fd;k Fkk] ftUgksaus pkyhl o"kksaZ rd i<+k;k vkSj laL—r
vkSj oSfnd laL—r ij dke Hkh çdkf'kr fd;kA fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa laL—r vkSj iwohZ
n'kZu ds v/;;u dks 'kq: djus dk ,d dkj.k vesfjdu vksfj,aVy lkslkbVh tSls
laxBuksa dk çHkko Hkh Fkk] ftldh LFkkiuk 1842 esa gqbZ FkhA o"kksaZ ls dbZ egku
laL—roknh vkSj vesfjdh baMksy‚ftLV gq, gSa ftUgksaus ;g bafxr djus esa enn dh
fd oSfnd n'kZu fdruk vuwBk vkSj xgjk gSA ,sls yksxksa esa ,MoMZ ,yfczt
lSfylcjh ¼1814&1901½ 'kkfey gSaA tks Hkkjr x, vkSj ogk¡ viuh i<+kbZ tkjh j[kh]
fQV~toMZ g‚y ¼1825&1901½ fofy;e M~okbV fOgVuh ¼1827&1901½] ,MoMZ ok'kcuZ
g‚ifdal ¼1857&1932½] tsEl czSMLVªhV xzhuQ ¼1833&1900½] xEHkhj ç;klA u
dsoy vesfjdk esa cfYd vU; if'peh ns'kksa esa bPNqd cqf)thfo;ksa ds chp Hkkjr ds
fopkj çkIr gq,] ftuesa ls dqN baXySaM ds tSls eSDlewyj vkSj ,YMl gDlys] Ýkal
ds jksesu jksySaM] :l ds V‚YLV‚; vkSj teZuh ds 'ysxy] Mîwlsu vkSj 'kksisugkoj
FksA okLro esa 'kksisugkoj Hkfo";ok.kh djus ds fy, bruh nwj pyk x;k fd osnksa dks
,d fnu fo'o /keZ ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
fu%lUnsg fopkjksa vkSj laL—fr ds vknku&çnku dh ;g vo/kkj.kk gky ds fnuksa esa
vf/kd vklkuh ls ns[kh tk ldrh gS D;ksafd Hkkjr ls dbZ lar vkSj vkpk;Z Nk=ksa
dks i<+kus ds fy, vesfjdk x, gSa] vkSj if'peh Nk= f'k{kdksa dh ryk'k esa Hkkjr
x, gSaA fuf'pr :i ls] ;g dksbZ nq?kZVuk ugha gS D;ksafd tgk¡ vesfjdk vk/kqfud
rduhdh Kku ls le`) gS ysfdu ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd mlesa vk/;kfRed –f"V
dk vHkko gS ogha nwljh vksj] Hkkjr vk/;kfRed fojklr esa le`) jgk gSA
;g ,d vU/ks vkneh vkSj ,d yaxM+s vkneh ds ,d nwljs dh enn djus ds
mnkgj.k ds leku gSA vU/kk vkneh pyus ;k nkSM+us esa l{ke gks ldrk gS] ysfdu
27
 vk¡[kksa ds fcuk og xyr fn'kk esa dbZ ehy nkSM+ ldrk gS vkSj ,d yaxM+k vkneh
ns[k ldrk gS fd dgka¡ tkuk gS ysfdu cM+h eqf'dy ls pyrk gSA bl rjg os ,d
nwljs dks vius y{;ksa dks iwjk djus esa enn djrs gSaA blfy, ;g LokHkkfod gS
tSlk fd bl mnkgj.k esa gSA iwoZ vkSj if'pe ds fy, ,d nwljs dh lgk;rk djuk
tc rd fd ,d mfpr la;kstu ugha fey tkrkA egku fopkjdksa }kjk ;g le>k
x;k gS fd iwoZ vkSj if'pe ds bl la;kstu dks oSfnd n'kZu ds v/;;u vkSj
mi;ksx ds ek/;e ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftldh ifj.kfr Hkxon~xhrk esa gksrh
gS] ftl fLFkfr esa os ekuo lH;rk ds çrhd dk fuekZ.k djsaxsA
bl çdkj if'pe ds vla[; ys[kd vkSj dfo ftudh ge o"kksaZ ls ç'kalk djrs vk,
gSa mUgksaus iwohZ n'kZu ls cgqr dqN çsj.kk çkIr dh gSA bl çdkj] Hkxon xhrk us
igys gh if'peh lekt ds vk/;kfRed vkSj ckSf)d fodkl esa ,d fuf'pr ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA

lcls igys tSlk fd çkphu fo'o esa crk;k x;k gS t‚u gsoqM }kjk ^^Hkkjr nqfu;k¡
ds nks egku /keksaZ] fganw /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ dk tUeLFkku gSA vkt nqfu;k¡ dh yxHkx
vk/kh vkcknh mu ns'kksa esa jgrh gS ftudk lkaL—frd fodkl buesa ls ,d ;k nksuksa
/keksaZ ls çHkkfor gqvk gSA** bu ns'kksa esa Hkkjr ds vykok phu] frCcr] usiky] tkiku]
Jhyadk] cekZ] FkkbZySaM] dacksfM;k] fo;ruke] ykvksl vkSj baMksusf'k;k 'kkfey gSaA
çkphu Hkkjr dk çHkko dsoy mlds /keksaZ rd gh lhfer ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; xf.krK
iqjkuh nqfu;k¡ esa 'kwU; ds xf.krh; eku dh [kkst djus okys igys O;fä Fks vkSj
mUgksaus nqfu;k¡ dks f}?kkr lehdj.k vkSj vc ^vjch* vadksa dh lkoZHkkSfed :i ls
bLrseky dh tkus okyh ç.kkyh nhA frCcr] eaxksfy;k vkSj lHkh nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
Hkk"kkvksa ds v{kj Hkkjrh; ewy ds gSaA fQj Hkh muds O;kid çHkko ds ckotwn dbZ
vU; yksxksa ds ikl Hkh Hkkjr vkSj bldh oSfnd ijEijkvksa ds egRo ds ckjs esa
ç'kalkRed ckrsa Fkha] tSls fd ekdZ V~ous : Þgesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkkjr gekjh
tkfr dh ekr`Hkwfe Fkh] vkSj laL—r] ;wjksi dh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh Fkh fd og gekjs
n'kZu dh tuuh FkhA vjcksa ds ek/;e ls gekjs vf/kdka'k xf.kr dh cq) ds ek/;e
ls bZlkbZ /keZ esa lfUufgr vkn'kksaZ dh xzke leqnk; ds ek/;e ls Lo'kklu vkSj
yksdrU= dh ek¡ FkhA Hkkjr ekrk dbZ ek;uksa esa ge lcdh ekrk gSA
ekdZ V~osu us vkxs dgk ^^;g Hkkjr gS ekuo tkfr dk ikyuk] ekuo Hkk"k.k dh
tUeHkwfe] bfrgkl dh tuuh] fdaonarh dh nknh] ijEijk dh ijnknh ftldk dy
'ks"k jk"Vªksa ds <yrs gq, iqjko'ks"kksa ds lkFk gSA ,d Hkwfe ftls lHkh iq#"k pkgrs gSaA
ns[ksa la;qä nqfu;k¡ ds ckdh fgLlksa dks ns[kus ds fy, og >yd ugha feysxhA Hkkjr
esa iwjh nqfu;k¡ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA mlds ikl igyh lH;rk Fkh mlds ikl
HkkSfrd laink dk igyk lap; FkkA og xgjs fopkjdksa vkSj lw{e cqf) ls vkckn
FkkA Hkkjr ekuo fodkl dk çeq[k lzksr gSA**
fofy;e ,p fxYcVZ us viuh iqLrd ihiYl v‚Q bf.M;k esa dgk gS ^ekuo laL—
fr ds bfrgkl esa lHkh {ks=ksa esa Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk ;ksxnku lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
jgk gSA dgk tkrk gS] fd ge Hkkjr ls ?kjsyw iksYVªh] 'ka[k] uhac]w dikl] twV] pkoy]
phuh] uhy] HkSal] nkyphuh] vnjd] dkyh fepZ] xUuk] 'krjat ds [ksy] iphlh vkSj
iksyks] 'kwU; çkIr djrs gSaA vo/kkj.kk] n'keyo ç.kkyh] dqN nk'kZfud vo/kkj.kkvksa
28
dk vk/kkj] uSfrd vk;kr ds lkFk nUrdFkkvksa dk [ktkuk] dykRed mRiknksa dh
,d vk'p;Ztud fofo/krk vkSj n'kZu vkSj /keZ ds vla[; fopkj tSls riL;k vkSj
eBoknA blh lEcU/k esa johaæukFk VSxksj us Hkh dgk ^^eSa vkids fnekx esa mu fnuksa
dks yk ldrk gw¡A tc cekZ ls ysdj tkiku rd dk iwjk iwohZ ,f'k;k Hkkjr ds lkFk
nksLrh ds ?kfu"B lEcU/kksa esa ,dtqV FkkA**
, ,y ck'ke us ;g Hkh eglwl fd;k fd Hkkjr csgn egRoiw.kZ Fkk] tSlk fd og
vius Hkkjr ds lkaL—frd bfrgkl esa dgrs gSa ÞlH;rk ds pkj eq[; ikyus gSa]
ftuls laL—fr ds rRo nqfu;k¡ ds vU; fgLlksa esa QSy x, gSaA ;s gSa iwoZ ls if'pe
dh vksj c<+rs gq,] phu] Hkkjrh; miegk}hi] ekbuj ,f'k;k vkSj Hkwe/;lkxjh;
fo'ks"k :i ls xzhl vkSj bVyhA bu pkj {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr vkerkSj ij fn, tkus okys
ØsfMV ds ,d cM+s fgLls dk gdnkj gS D;ksafd U;wure vkdyu ij mlus vf/kdka'k
,f'k;k ds /kkfeZd thou dks xgjkbZ ls çHkkfor fd;k gS lkFk gh çR;{k ;k vçR;{k
:i ls vius çHkko dk foLrkj fd;k gSA**
fi;js lksujSV us ;g Hkh le>k;k ^^ge Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp lcls nwjLFk iqjkrurk ds
vo'ks"k ikrs gSa --- ge tkurs gSa fd lHkh yksx vius Kku ds rRoksa dks vkdf"kZr
djus ds fy, ogk¡ vk, FksA Hkkjr us vius oSHko esa lHkh dks /keZ vkSj dkuwu fn,
vU; yksx felz vkSj ;wuku mldh nUrdFkkvksa vkSj cqf) ds _.kh gSaA**
teZu bfrgkldkj vkSj miU;kldkj ÝsMfjd 'ysxy us laL—r esa ewy Hkk"kk ;k
ftls vc çksVksb.Mks&;wjksih; Hkk"kk dgk tkrk gS dks ns[kk vkSj 1803 esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k fd *fcuk fdlh viokn ds lc dqN Hkkjrh; ewy dk gS*A blds vykok pkgs
çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls] lHkh jk"Vª ewy :i ls Hkkjrh; mifuos'kksa ds vykok vkSj
dqN ugha gSaA
Hkys gh vrhr esa ;k vkt Hkh fofHkUu /keksaZ us oSfnd laL—fr dh mUur ç—fr dks
feVkus ;k de djus dh fdruh gh dksf'k'k dh gksA fQj Hkh os ,slk ugha dj lds
tSlk fd fgfxal }kjk dgk x;k gS A euq"; ds QSyko ls igys tks dqN Hkh lh[kus
dh mEehn dh tk ldrh gS og ;gk¡ ik;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blesa ls fganqLrku
vla[; fu'kku nsrk gSA
;gk¡ rd fd oSfnd laL—fr dh xgjh vk/;kfRedrk dks vU; /keksaZ ds varfuZfgr
vk/kkj ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd ekSfjl eSVjfyad }kjk le>k;k x;k gS
^,d foKku ds etnwjksa ds fy, /kU;okn] tks rqyukRed :i ls gky gh esa gS vkSj
fo'ks"k :i ls fgUnw vkSj felz ds iqjko'ks"kksa ds Nk=ksa ds 'kks/k ds fy, lzksr dh [kkst
djuk vkSj ml egku jgL;e;h unh ds Hkwfexr usVodZ dks [kksyuk] tks bfrgkl
dh 'kq#vkr ls gh lHkh /keksaZ lHkh vkLFkkvksa ds uhps cgrh jgh gS tlfd rqyuk esa
vkt ;g cgqr vklku gS vkSj lHkh n'kZu'kkL= ,d 'kCn esa] ekuo fopkj ds lHkh –
'; vkSj nSfud vfHkO;fä;ksa ds uhps vc bl ckr ij dksbZ fookn ugha gS fd ;g
lzksr çkphu Hkkjr esa ik;k tkrk gSA*
çksQslj tsEl VªSc] bu bafM;k&n pkSysat v‚Q psat] dgrs gSa:"ikap gtkj lky igys
dh Hkkjr dh lH;rk ;qxksa iqjkuh FkhA ;g lH;rk cgqr iqjkuh gksuh pkfg,] ftlds
ihNs dbZ lglzkfCn;ksa dk ekuo ç;kl gSA ik¡p gtkj lky igys] tc ;wjksi ds
yksx egk}hi ds iwjs psgjs ij iRFkj <ks jgs Fks vkSj ,d vYi vfLrRo dks feVk jgs
Fks] rc Hkkjrh; tks vc if'peh vkSj nf{k.kh ikfdLrku vkSj iatkc esa gSa vkSj iwoZ esa 29
 Hkh nwj rd QSys gq, gSa] os foLr`r :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, ?kjksa esa jg jgs FksA
'kgj] etcwr ?kjksa] pkSM+h lh/kh lM+dksa] lkoZtfud Lukukxkj vkSj ty fudklh
O;oLFkk ds lkFk tks rhu gtkj lky ckn jkseu ;qx rd 'kk;n gh cjkcjh ds Fks ---
ysfdu ik¡ap gtkj lky igys] iqjkrRofon~ t‚u ek'kZy ds vuqlkj] fla/kq ?kkVh
lH;rk Fkh igys ls gh lfn;ksa iqjkuh vkSj Hkkjrh; /kjrh ij :f<+c)] blds ihNs
ekuo ç;kl ds dbZ lglzkCnh gSaA vkerkSj ij ge eslksiksVkfe;k dks lH;rk dk
ikyuk ekurs gSa] ysfdu lcwr crkrs gSa fd mÙkj if'peh Hkkjr dk lekt] ftlus
vufxur ihf<+;ksa ls viuh vko';d Hkkouk dks lajf{kr j[kk gS] leku ç'kalk dk
gdnkj gSA"
oSfnd Hkkjrh; çHkko dks u dsoy Hkkjr ds if'pe esa] cfYd iwoZ esa Hkh ekU;rk nh
xbZ Fkh] tSlk fd jsus xzkmlsV us ÞQjnj bafM;k vkSj ey; }hilewgß esa le>k;k
ÞiwohZ bZjku ds mPp iBkj esa] lsjbafM;k ds e#LFky esa] frCcr] eaxksfy;k vkSj
eapwfj;k ds 'kq"d catj Hkwfe esa] phu vkSj tkiku dh çkphu lH; Hkwfe esa] vkfne
e‚Ul dh Hkwfe esa vkSj [kesj rFkk Hkkjr&phu dh vU; tutkfr;k¡] eyk;k&
iksfyusf'k;k ds ns'kksa esa] baMksusf'k;k vkSj ey; esa] Hkkjr us u dsoy /keZ ij] cfYd
dyk vkSj lkfgR; ij Hkh] ,d 'kCn esa] viuh mPp laL—fr dh vfeV Nki NksM+hA
laL—fr dyk ,oa lH;rk ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa laL—fr dh mR—"Vrk çkIr dh rFkk
mldk çlkj fd;k ftldh cnkSyr Hkkjr dks 'ks"k ,f'k;k ls vyx viuh lfn;ksa
iqjkuh lH;rk esa jgus okys ds :i esa yxkrkj çfrfuf/kRo fd;k tkrk gS blls
T;knk çla'kk dqN ugha gks ldrhA gekjs ;qx dh igyh vkB 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku]
tgk¡ rd /keZ vkSj dyk dk laca/k gS] e/; ,f'k;k ,d çdkj dk Hkkjrh; mifuos'k
FkkA ;g vDlj Hkqyk fn;k tkrk gS fd 'kq#vkrh e/; ;qx esa ,d 'c`gÙkj Hkkjr'
,d fo'kky Hkkjrh; lkezkT; ekStwn FkkA xaxk ;k nD[ku ls nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa
vkus okys ,d O;fä dks ogk¡ mruk gh ?kj tSlk eglwl gksrk Fkk ftruk fd viuh
tUeHkwfe esaA mu fnuksa fgan egklkxj okLro esa vius uke ds ;ksX; FkkA foy MqjaV
viuh lH;rk dh dgkuh esa gekjh vksfj,aVy fojklr] vkxs dgrs gSa] Þ;g lp gS
fd fgeky; dh ck/kk ds ikj Hkh Hkkjr us gesa O;kdj.k vkSj rdZ] n'kZu vkSj
nardFkkvksa] lEeksgu vkSj 'krjat] vkSj lcls c<+dj] gekjs vad vkSj gekjh n'keyo
ç.kkyh tSls mR—"V migkj Hksts gSaA ysfdu ;s mldh vkRek dk lkj ugha gSaA
Hkfo"; esa ge mlls tks lh[k ldrs gSa] mldh rqyuk esa os rqPN gSaA vkfo"dkj]
m|ksx vkSj O;kikj ds :i esa egk}hiksa dks ,d lkFk cka/krs gSa] ;k tSls gh os gesa
,f'k;k ds lkFk la?k"kZ esa ykrs gSa] ge mudh lH;rk dk vf/kd ckjhdh ls v/;;u
djsaxs] vkSj 'k=qrk esa Hkh] blds dqN rjhdksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vkRelkr djsaxsA 'kk;n]
fot;] vgadkj vkSj ywV ds cnys esa] Hkkjr gesa ifjiDo eu dh lgu'khyrk vkSj
lTturk] vçkIr vkRek dh 'kkar lkexzh] le> dh Hkkouk dh 'kkafr vkSj ,drk dh
f'k{kk nsxk A
gkyk¡fd] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj gks ldrk gS fd Hkkjr ds yksx viuh laL—fr dks
fdruk cuk, j[krs gSaA vU;Fkk] ftruk vf/kd os viuh lksp vkSj ewY;ksa esa ik'pkR;
gks tkrs gSa] mruk gh mijksä dFku dks ç'u esa dgk tk ldrk gSA cgjgky]
bldh laHkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa tkx:d jgus ds fy,] gesa eSDlewyj ds Hkkjr vkSj
bldh laL—fr ds fy, çfl) vkSj 'kkunkj 'kCnksa dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,:"vxj eSa
iwjh nqfu;k¡ dks ns[kus ds fy, ns'k dh vksj ns[krk gw¡ rks ikrk gw¡ dh lcls le`)
30
/ku] 'kfä vkSj lqanjrk tks ç—fr çnku dj ldrh gS & dqN fgLlksa esa i`Foh ij
,d LoxZ & eq>s Hkkjr dh vksj b'kkjk djuk pkfg,A vxj eq>ls iwNk tk, fd
fdl vkdk'k ds uhps ekuo eu us vius dqN pqfuank migkjksa dks iwjh rjg ls
fodflr fd;k gS] thou dh lcls cM+h leL;kvksa ij lcls xgjkbZ ls fopkj fd;k
gS] vkSj muesa ls dqN dk lek/kku ik;k gS tks mu yksxksa ds fy, Hkh /;ku nsus
;ksX; gSa ftUgksaus IysVks vkSj dkaV dk v/;;u fd;k gS] eq>s Hkkjr dh vksj b'kkjk
djuk pkfg,A** vxj eSa [kqn ls iwNwa fd ;wjksi esa ge fdl lkfgR; ls lq/kkjkRed
mik; dj ldrs gSa tks gekjs vkarfjd thou dks vf/kd ifjiw.kZ] vf/kd lkoZHkkSfed]
okLro esa vf/kd okLrfod ekuo cukus ds fy, lcls vf/kd vko';d gS] rks eq>s
fQj ls Hkkjr dh vksj b'kkjk djuk pkfg,A
y‚MZ dtZu] tcfd Hkkjr ds ok;ljk; us 1901 esa xzsV fnYyh njckj esa vius
lacks/ku esa dgk Fkk] "'kfä'kkyh lkezkT; ;gka¡ ¼Hkkjr esa½ vfLrRo esa Fks vkSj iuis Fks]
tcfd vaxzst vHkh Hkh HkVd jgs Fks] taxy esa Fks] vkSj tc fczfV'k ,d taxyh FksA
Hkkjr us czãkaM esa fdlh Hkh vU; LFkyh; bdkbZ dh rqyuk esa bfrgkl] n'kZu vkSj
ekuo tkfr ds /keZ ij xgjh Nki NksM+h gSA vf/kd jktuhfrd –f"Vdks.k ls] y‚MZ
dtZu] ok;ljk; ds :i esa Hkkjr tkus ls igys] nks ;k rhu ckj fczfV'k lkezkT; ds
fy, Hkkjr ds egRo ij t+ksj fn;k tc mUgksaus dgk: ÞHkkjr gekjs lkezkT; dh /kqjh
FkkA ;fn bl lkezkT; us vius çHkqRo dk dksbZ vU; Hkkx [kks fn;k rks ge thfor
jg ldrs Fks] ysfdu ;fn ge Hkkjr dks [kks nsrs gSa] rks gekjs lkezkT; dk lw;Z vLr
gks tk,xkA**
y‚MZ j‚cVZ~l] Hkkjr ls lsokfuo`Ùk gksus ds ckn] yanu pkSacj v‚Q d‚elZ dks Hkh
blh rjg dk ,d c;ku fn;k: eq>s ;g tkudj [kq'kh gqbZ fd vki ;g igpkurs gSa
fd ;wukbVsM fdaxMe dh le`f) ml fo'kky iwohZ lkezkT; ds xqykeh ds lkFk dSls
tqM+h gqbZ gSA *;wukbVsM fdaxMe dh egkurk vkSj le`f) ds fy, gekjss iwohZ lkezkT;
dk xqykeh vko';d gSA*
*Hkkjr dh lsuk pkgs fdruh Hkh n{k vkSj lqlfTtr D;ksa u gks] ;fn og okLro esa
iw.kZ Fkh] vkSj mldh la[;k orZeku dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd Fkh] rks gekjh lcls
cM+h rkdr ges'kk ,d la;qä vkSj larq"V Hkkjr ds –<+ vk/kkj ij fVdh jguh
pkfg,A*
bl çdkj oSfnd lkezkT; ,d vyx çdkj dk lkezkT; Fkk vkSj mlus 'kfä vkSj
lSU; çHkqRo ds ctk; vius xq.kksa vkSj ykHkdkjh ç—fr ls viuk çHkko fn[kk;kA
dqyds vkSj j‚njeqaM }kjk Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa] os crkrs gSa fd dSls çkphu Hkkjr
ds çHkko us dbZ ns'kksa dh ;k=k dhA e/; ,f'k;k] phu] tkiku vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls
nf{k.k iwoZ ds nwj ds fgLlksa esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk lapj.k ,f'k;k fuf'pr :i ls
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ;k ekuo tkfr ds bfrgkl dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k;ksa esa ls ,d
gSA vU; egku lH;rkvksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ rd fd gsysfud Hkh ugha&lSU; fot;
ds fcuk leku lQyrk gkfly djus esa l{ke ugha FkhA
MsfoM Ý‚yh }kjk oSfnd vk;Z laL—fr dh vkd"kZd ç—fr dks vkSj vf/kd iwjh rjg
ls le>k;k x;k gS & 'kq#vkr esa ,d laL—fr Fkh vkSj mldk vkRerRo ,oa Hkk"kk
lR; Fkk A ;g laL—fr ckgj ls iwtk dh vkSj Hkhrj ls /;ku dh laL—fr FkhA Hkk"kk
ea= dh Fkh vkSj lapkj ân; ls FkkA ckgjh thou lknk FkkA eq[; :i ls ufn;ksa ds
fdukjs NksVs 'kgj vkSj xk¡o FksA ikyrw tkuojksa ds mi;ksx ds lkFk —f"k dk vH;kl
31
 fd;k tkrk FkkA ;k=k ds fy, ukoksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vkUrfjd thou
ij cy fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj cká thou dks egRoiw.kZ ugha le>k tkrk Fkk vkSj u
gh blesa lq/kkj dh dksbZ cM+h dksf'k'k ;k vko';drk FkhA ç—fr Hkjiwj FkhA ;g
laL—fr ckgj ls ugha cfYd Hkhrj ls vkbZ Fkh vkSj _f"k;ksa }kjk funsZf'kr Fkh tks
vkerkSj ij igkM+ksa esa ,dkUrokl esa jgrs Fks] tks le;&le; ij yksxksa ls feyus
tkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa funsZ'k nsrs FksA blls ckn esa laL—fr;ksa esa Hkk"kk vkSj /keZ ds
foHkktu ds lkFk&lkFk fofo/krk vkbZ] D;ksafd ge /khjs&/khjs lPpkbZ ls fxj x, vkSj
ckgjh vkSj laosnh ewY;ksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, bZ'oj ls gekjk tqM+ko de gks
x;kA
gM+Iik laL—fr ds 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj fodflr rjhdksa dh dqN vfrfjä tkudkjh dk
o.kZu fe'ksy MSfuuks us viuh iqLrd n buoslu nSV usoj okt esa fd;k gSA "u`R;]
fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk vkSj laxhr ¼<ksy vkSj rkj okys ok|ksa ds lk{; gSa½ gM+Iik
laL—fr dk fgLlk FksA 'kk;n ukVd vkSj dBiqryh 'kksHkh D;ksafd dbZ eq[kkSVs ik,
x, FksA gM+Iikoklh 'krjat ds [ksy ds vkfo"dkjd Hkh gks ldrs gSa] ftuesa ls ,d
VsjkdksVk lsV yksFky esa ik;k x;k FkkA vU; çdkj ds xsfeax cksMZ vkSj VqdM+s dbZ
lkbVksa ij vk x, gSa] lkFk gh D;wfcdy Mkbl vkt Hkh mi;ksx fd, tkus okys
lkeku gSaA ,slk ugha yxrk fd dkjhxjksa us f[kykSuk v‚DldkVZ vkSj ewfrZ;ksa] drkbZ
ds yêw] daps] >qu>qus vkSj lhVh dh mR—"V ns[kHkky ds lkFk cPpksa dh Hkh mis{kk
dh gS vkSj os ikyrw dqÙkksa vkSj canjksa] ikyrw fxygfj;ksa vkSj if{k;ksa ds lkFk Hkh
viuk euksjatu dj ldrs FksA
*LokHkkfod :i ls] lSdM+ksa xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa ds lkFk] O;kid iSekus ij —f"k dk
vH;kl fd;k x;k Fkk] ;g pkj lglzkfCn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ,d yach ijaijk dk
ifj.kke gSA flapkbZ ds fy, ugjksa ds usVodZ] lko/kkuh ls vkdkj nsus okys gy vkSj
dq'ky tqrkbZ ds rjhdksa ds lcwr gSa mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkyhcaxu esa [kqnkbZ ls ,d
[ksr dk irk pyrk gS] ftlesa [kkaps ds nks yacor usVodZ gksrs gSa] ftlesa mPp
Qlysa ¼tSls ljlksa½ mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA mÙkj&nf{k.k [kkapksa ds ckgj] bl çdkj NksVh
Nk;k Mkyh tkrh gS] tcfd NksVh Qlysa ¼tSls puk½ iwoZ&if'pe [kkapksa dks Hkjrh
gSaA fla/kq ?kkVh esa] xsgw¡] tkS] nkysa] dbZ lfCt;k¡] vkSj dikl dqN lkekU; Qlysa Fkha]
vkSj nks&ekSle iSVuZ ds vuqlkj vkt Hkh mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh Fkha ¼jch ;k
lnhZ][kjhQ ;k xehZ½ xqtjkr esa] pkoy vkSj fofHkUu cktjk Hkh mxk, tkrs FksA

oSfnd lekt ds çeq[k dkjdksa esa ls ,d mudk vk/;kfRed vfHkfoU;kl Fkk] ftls
vkt Hkh cgqr ls yksx [kkstrs gSaA eSDlewyj us viuh ,d iqLrd esa bldk mYys[k
fd;k gS ^^eSa ;g bafxr djuk pkgrk gwa fd ckSf)d xfrfof/k dk ,d vkSj {ks= Fkk
ftlesa fgUnw mR—"V FksA /;ku vkSj mR—"V thoup;kZ ;gk¡ ge muls thou ds dqN
lcd lh[k ldrs gSa] tks ge Lo;a dh ysfdu mis{kk ;k frjLdkj djus ds fy,
cgqr mi;qä gSaA
;g Hkxon~xhrk dk n'kZu Fkk ftlus yksxksa dks ea=eqX/k vkSj vkdf"kZr fd;kA tSlk
fd fczfV'kj lj pkyZ~l bfy;V crkrs gSa] lSU; ;k vkfFkZd 'kfä ls vf/kd] oSfnd
Hkkjr vius lkspus ds rjhds ds dkj.k yksxksa ds fnyksa esa QSy x;k] vkSj ml çfØ;k
ds ek/;e ls nqfu;k¡ Hkj esa QSy x;kA Þmu ;wjksih; bfrgklfonksa }kjk nqfu;k¡ esa
32
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ds lkFk cgqr de U;k; fd;k x;k gS tks mlds vkØe.kdkfj;ksa
ds dkjukeksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa vkSj ;g Nki NksM+rs gSa fd mlds vius yksx ,d
det+ksj thou O;rhr dj jgs Fks] tks 'ks"k ekuo tkfr ls muds leqæksa vkSj ioZrh;
lhekvksa ls vyx FksA bl rjg dh rLohj fgUnqvksa dh ckSf)d fot; dk dksbZ
fglkc ugha j[krh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd mudh jktuhfrd fot; Hkh frjLdkjiw.kZ ugha
Fkh vkSj ;fn muds dCts okys {ks=ksa dh nwjh] lhek dks ns[kk tk;s rks de
mYys[kuh; ugha gSA
lj fofy;e tksUl ¼1746&94½ us ,d ckj Hkkjr ds çfr viuh ç'kalk ds ckjs esa
dgk Fkk "eSa xksfi;k ls I;kj djrk gw¡] —".k ¼—".k½ ls ea=eqX/k] jke dk ,d mRlkgh
ç'kald vkSj czEgk ¼czãk½] fc'ku ¼fo".kq½ dk ,d Hkä gw¡ A efg"ksj ¼egs'oj½; ;g
dgus dh ckr ugha gS fd tc eSaus igyh ckj bfy;M i<+k rks tqfM'krhj] vtsZu]
d‚uksZ ¼;qf/kf"Bj] vtqZu vkSj d.kZ½ vkSj egkHkkjr ds vU; ;ks)k esjh utjksa esa
vxkeseksu] vtkDl vkSj vfdfyl ls cM+s fn[kkbZ fn,A"
vkFkZj 'kksius gkoj] teZu fo}ku ¼1788&1860½] tSlk fd usg: }kjk m)`r fd;k
x;k Fkk us ,d ckj dgk Fkk fd mUgsa mEehn gS fd oSfnd /keZ vf/kdka'k yksxksa }kjk
Lohdkj fd;k tk,xk Þgj okD; ¼mifu"knksa ds ½ ls xgjs] ekSfyd vkSj mnkÙk fopkj
mRiUu gksrs gSaA vkSj iwjh nqfu;k¡ ,d mPp vkSj ifo= vkSj bZekunkj Hkkouk ls
O;kIr gS iwjh nqfu;k¡ esa dksbZ v/;;u ugha gS tks mifu"knksa ds :i esa bruk
Qk;nseUn vkSj Å¡pk gks ¼os½ mPpre Kku ds mRikn gSa ;g vHkh ;k ckn esa yksxksa
dk fo'okl cuus ds fy, fu;r gSA ;g 'kksisugkoj gh Fks ftUgksaus dgk Fkk *lPpkbZ
dks Hkkjr ds lUrksa us igpkuk FkkA*

çkphu Hkkjr vkSj mlds egku _f"k;ksa ds xq.kksa dk vf/kdka'k dkj.k oSfnd xzaFkksa dh
egkurk esa fufgr gS vkSj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g o"kksaZ ls dbZ fo}kuksa }kjk ekU;rk
çkIr gSA tSls& ,Eik;j vkWQ n lksy % le tuhZt+ bu bf.M;k esa izkQ s ls j fofy;e
ikWy jkWcVZ~l *osn vHkh Hkh fy[ks x, 'kq)re :i esa 'kk'or lR; dk çfrfuf/kRo
djras gSaA*
cs'kd] ge tkurs gSa fd gsujh MsfoM Fkksjks us oSfnd lkfgR; dh cgqr ç'kalk dh]
tSlk fd gsujh MsfoM Fkksjks ds m)j.kksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS&* osnksa ls tks dqN
Hkh eSaus i<+k gS] og eq> ij ,d mPp vkSj 'kq) çdk'keku ds çdk'k dh rjg
fxjrk gS] tks ,d mnkÙk o.kZu djrk gS cs'kd ,d 'kq) Lrj ds ek/;e ls ;g eq>
ij mxrk gS tSls iwf.kZek ds pk¡n ds ckn rkjs fudy vkrs gSa] vkdk'k esa fdlh nwj
dh ijr ls xqtjrs gq,A
mUgksaus gsujh MsfoM Fkksjks ds ys[ku esa Hkh dgk *lqcg esa eSa viuh cqf) dks
Hkxon~xhrk ds 'kkunkj vkSj czãk.Mh; n'kZu esa Luku djrk gw¡ ftldh jpuk ds
ckn ls nsorkvksa ds o"kksaZ chr pqds gSa] vkSj ftldh rqyuk esa gekjh vk/kqfud nqfu;k¡
vkSj bldk lkfgR; rqPN vkSj rqPN çrhr gksrk gS vkSj eq>s lUnsg gS fd vxj ml
n'kZu dks vfLrRo dh fiNyh voLFkk ds :i esa lanfHkZr ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rks
gekjh /kkj.kkvksa ls bldh mnkÙkrk cgqr nwj gSA

33
 ;gk¡ rd fd ,YMl gDlys us ,d ckj dgk Fkk Hkxon~xhrk ekuo tkfr ds LFkk;h
ewY; ds vk/;kfRed fodkl dk lcls O;ofLFkr c;ku gSA xhrk vk/;kfRed fopkjksa
ds vc rd ds lcls Li"V vkSj lcls O;kid lkjka'kksa esa ls ,d gSA
,uh cslsaV ,d vkSj fopkj lkeus ykrh gSa] fd if'peh yksx Hkh tks vc oSfnd
n'kZu dh nqyZHk f'k{kkvksa ds çfr vkdf"kZr gSa] ,d vkd"kZ.k dk vuqHko dj jgs gSa tks
fiNys tUe esa çkIr gqvk FkkA Hkkjr fuca/k vkSj O;k[;ku esa og dgrh gSa "egku
Hkkjrh; egkdkO; egkHkkjr esa ik, tkus okys vewY; mins'kksa esa] xhrk tSlk nqyZHk
vkSj vewY; dksbZ ugha gS osnksa ,oa mifu"knksa ds leku dksbZ Kku ughaA ;g og Hkkjr
gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa cksyrh gwa& Hkkjr tks] tSlk fd eSaus dgk] esjs fy, ifo= Hkwfe
gS mu yksxksa ds fy, tks bl thou ds fy, ,d if'peh Hkwfe esa iSnk gq, gSa] vkSj
,d if'peh 'kjhj igus gq, gSa] fQj Hkh os igys ds vorkjksa dks ns[k ldrs gSa]
ftlesa mUgksaus viuh lPph ek¡ ds Lru ls vk/;kfRed Kku dk nw/k fi;k Fkk& mUgsa
ges'kk eglwl djuk pkfg, mlds çkphu vrhr dk tknw gSA ges'kk mlds vej
eksg ds o'khHkwr gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd os vius vrhr dh lHkh ifo= ;knksa ls Hkkjr ls
ca/ks gSa vkSj mlds lkFk gh vius Hkfo"; dh lHkh mTToy vk'kkvksa ls ca/ks gSa] ,d
,slk Hkfo"; ftls os tkurs gSa fd os mlds lkFk lka>k djsaxs tks vkRek ls mudh
lPph ek¡ gSA"
vfXu dh iwtk& fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh /keksaZ es vfXu fdlh u fdlh #i es iwtuh;
gS tks oSfnd vk;ksaZ dk gh fo'o ij çHkko gSA bZlkbZ] eqfLye] ckS)] tSu] ikjlh]
dU¶;wf'k;l /keZ lHkh /keksaZ es vfXu dk LFkku iwtuh; gS A
cgqnsookn & fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh egk}hiksa ij cgqnsookn çpfyr gSA lEiw.kZ
fo'o es blds eukus okys fo|eku gSA ;g ges /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dh rjQ vkxs
foLrfjr gksrk gSA ;g /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk dk O;kid çHkko gh fo'o ij
oSfnd laL—fr ds çHkko dks |ksfrr djrk gS A
ç—fr dh iwtk &ç—fr dks vkjk/; eku dj iwtus dh tks Hkkouk gS] ;g oSfnd
vk;ksaZ dh Hkkouk ds vuqdwy gSA vk;ksaZ us viuh vkjk/kuk esa ç—fr dh iwtk dks
cgqr vf/kd egRo fn;k gSA vk;ksaZ ds vkjk/; esa i¥~p egkHkwr] e#n~x.k] o`{k rFkk
ç—fr vkfn Hkh gSaA fo'o ds vusd Hkkxksa esa ç—fr iwtd ik, tkrs gSa ysfdu nf{k.k
iwoZ ,oa iwohZ ,f'k;k es ;s yksx cgqrk;r esa ik;s tkrs gSaA

bl bdkbZ esa vkisu iwoZ o if'peh ns'kksa ij oSfnd laLÑfr ds iM+us okys izHkko dk
v/;;u fd;k ftls vkius vPNh rjg vkRelkr dj fy;k gksxkA vxyh bdkbZ esa
vki fo'o esa cksyh tkus okyh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa laLÑr 'kCnksa ds izpyu ds fo"k;
esa v/;;u djsaxAs

1- izfr"Bk & LFkkiuk] lEeku

2- fØ;kdyki & fd, tkus okys dk;Z
3- vuqHkwfr & vuqHko vFkok eglwl djuk
34
4- rF; & lk{; vFkok izek.k
5- laj{k.k & lqj{kk
6- nqyZHk & dfBurk ls izkIr

d- fuEu iz'uksa esa lgh fodYi dk p;u dhft, &

1- **laL—fr efLr"d dk thou gSA** ;g iafä fdl egkiq#"k }kjk dgh xbZ gS\
¼d½ Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼[k½egkRek xk¡èkh
¼x½ egf"kZ vjfoUn ¼?k½ jfoUæukFk

2- **euq"; dh Js"B lkèkuk,¡a gh laL—fr gSA** çLrqr iafä fdl dfo }kjk m)`r
gS \
¼d½ gfjoa'k jk; cPpu ¼[k½ ek[ku yky prqoZsnh
¼x½ lqfe=kuanu iUr ¼?k½ gtkjh çlkn f}osnh

3- laL—fr euq"; ds Hkwr orZeku vkSj Hkkoh thou dk lokZaxiw.kZ çdkj gSA ;gh
iafä fdl ys[kd dh gS\
¼d½ psru Hkxr ¼[k½nykbZ ykek
¼x½ M‚å oklqnos 'kj.k vxzoky ¼?k½ ln~xq: oklqnso tXxh egkjkt

4- ihiYl v‚Q bf.M;k ds ys[kd gSa

¼d½ fofy;e tksUl ¼[k½ eSDl ewyj
¼x½ #MksYQ jkFk ¼?k½fofy;e ,p fxYcVZ
5 – bf.M;k % n pkSysat v‚Q psat ds ys[kd gSa&
¼d½ çkså fgj;Uuk ¼[k½ çkså iSEQs
¼x½ çkså ekdZ Vsyks ¼?k½ çkså tsEl VªSc

[k- fjä LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,&

1- _Xosn ds 10 osa e.My esa 1028 lwä rFkk--------------------- _pk,a¡ gSa
¼d½ 10585 ¼[k½ 10580
¼x½ 10575 ¼?k½ 10590

2- lkeosn esa -------------- _pk,¡a gh ekSfyd gSaA

¼d½ 74 ¼[k½ 75
¼x½ 78 ¼?k½ 79
35
 3- xaxk ds iwoÊ rV ij fLFkr foÜofo|ky; ------------------------- gSaA
¼d½ fnYyh] J.N.U, tkfe;k ¼[k½ bykgkckn] cM+ksnk
¼x½ foØef'kyk] ukyank] oYyHkh ¼?k½ y[kuÅ

4- --------------us dgk **eSa xksfi;ksa ls I;kj djrk gw¡] —".k ls ea=eqXèk] jke dk mRlkgh
ç'kald] czã] fo".kq dk Hkä gw¡A**
¼d½ MsfoM Ýkyh ¼[k½ lj fofy;e tksUl
¼x½ eSDl ewyj ¼?k½ yqbZ jsuq

5- vkpk;Z dey'khy dks -------------------- vkeaf=r fd;k FkkA

¼d½ usiky ds jktk us ¼[k½ frCcr ds jktk us
¼x½ E;kekj ds jktk us ¼?k½ Jh yadk ds jktk us

x- lR; vkSj vlR; dh igpku dhft,A

1& ik.Mqjax lnkf'ko us laL—fr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS- *laL—fr euq"; ds
R;kx] la;e] lsok] çse] Kku] foosd vkfn Hkkoksa dks txkrh gSA*
2- l`tu'khyrk ekuoh; psruk dk dsUnzh; rRo ugha gSA
3- iwoZ oSfnd dkyhu laL—fr dh frfFk & 1500bZå ls 1200 gSA
4- lj fofy;e tksUl dk dky 1746&1794 rd gSA
5- flUèkq ?kkVh dh lH;rk esa xsgw¡] tkS] nky] lfCt;ka vkSj dikl vkfn ik, tkrs
FksA

1. oSfnd laL—fr dh foÜo laL—fr dks D;k nsu jgh Li"V dhft, \
2. oSfnd laL—fr ds çfr fons'kh fo}kuksa ds mn~xkjksa dks Li"V dhft,\
3. if'peh ns'kksa ij oSfnd laL—fr ds çHkko dkss Li"V dhft,\
4. vkè;kfRed rRoksa dk ledkfyd çHkko D;k gS \

1. Gita https:/htm wikipedia org/wiki/ Srimat Bhagvat https://Srinivasrao&

-com/Tag/Travlcution of the bitainto-europeah Language.
2. The Bhagavad Gita and the west: The Esoteric Signeficance of the
Bhagavad gita and its pelatior to the Epistles of poul by Rudolf Steeiner-
3. Bhagavad Gita & world Religions
4. Impact of Bhagvad Gita on west/Arise Bharat

36
5. Influence of Bhagavad Gita Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia
6. Jones A- Hijiya. The gita of Robert Oppenheimer Proceeding of the
American Philosophy Society-
7. The Gita of Ji Robert Oppenheimer by Jams a Hijiya.
8. Prof- of History University of massachusetts-

9- Jhen~Hkkxon~xhrk] e/kqlwnu ljLorh—r xw<+kFkZnhfidk laL—rVhdk rFkk

çfrHkkHkk"; fgUnh lfgr
10- Jhen~Hkkxon~xhrk] ,lå jk/kk—".ku] —r O;k[;k dk fgUnh vuqokn jktiky
,.M lUl ƒ‹ˆ‹
11- 'kkgtknk eqgEen nkjkf'kdksg —r fljsZ vuqokn] ‡å mifu"knksa dh Qkjlh dk
vuqokn lfgr lkuqokn] Hkqou ok.kh VªLV y[kuÅ] ƒ‹‰‡
12- Introduction to Sirr 1 Akbar, or the Persian Translation of the
upanishadas by Dara Shukoh, Tara Cand, Taban Printing Press 1957

13- www.vskgujarat.com mifu"knksa dk Qkjlh vuqokn

14- Jhen~Hkkxonxhrk O;k[;kdkj enu eksgu vxzoky] pkS[kEck laL—r çfr"Bku]
okjk.klh] ƒ‹Š†
15- Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads

mÙkj & 1 ¼?k½ johUæukFk]

2- ¼?k½ gtkjh çlkn f}osnhA
3- ¼x½ M‚å oklqnso 'kj.k vxzoky A
4- ¼?k½fofy;e ,p fxYcVZ
5- ¼?k½ çkså tsEl VªSc
cksèk ç'u&[k
[k- fjä LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,&
1- ¼[k½ 10580
1- ¼[k½ 75
2- ¼x½ foØef'kyk] ukyank] oYyHkh
3- ¼[k½ lj fofy;e tksUl
5- ¼[k½ frCcr ds jktk us

37
 x- lR; vkSj vlR; dh igpku dhft,A
1- lR;
2- vlR;
3- vlR;
4- lR;
5- lR;

bu ç'uksa ds mRrj fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaxs A

38
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
3-0 mís';
3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 laL—r Hkk"kk dk ifjp;
3-3 :lh Hkk"kk esa laL—r 'kCn
3-4 teZu Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-5 laL—r Hkk"kk ds 'kCn fyFkqvkfu;u Hkk"kk esa
3-6 vkaXy Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-7 Ýsap Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-8 brkyoh Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-9 LiSfu'k Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-10 xzhd Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-11 ySfVu Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-12 phuh Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-13 tkikuh Hkk"kk esa laL—r 'kCn
3-14 cgklk b.Mksusf'k;kbZ Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-15 vjch Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds 'kCn
3-16 vosLrk Hkk"kk esa laL—r 'kCn
3-17 lkjka'k
3-18 'kCnkoyh
3-19 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
3-20 cks/k@vH;kl ç'uksa ds mŸkj

• laL—r Hkk"kk dh lkekU; tkudkjh çkIr djkuk A

• Hkk"kk ds Lo:i dks le>us dk ç;kl djkuk A
• fo'oHkk"kksa ds oxhZdj.k dks le>uk A
• laL—r dh fo'o O;kidrk dks le>uk A
• laL—r ds fo'o Hkk"kkvksa ij çHkko dks le>us dk ç;kl djuk A
• fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa mifLFkr laL—r 'kCnksa dks tkuus dk ç;kl djuk A
• laL—r 'kCnksa esa gq, lajpukRed ifjorZu dks le>us dk ç;kl djuk A
39
 • laL—r 'kCnksa ds vFkksaZ esa gq, ifjorZu dks le>us dk ç;kl djuk A

laL—r Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ewy :i ls lHkh vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa gSaA lHkh
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ,drk dh j{kk laL—r ds ek/;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA ey;kye]
dUuM+ vkSj rsyqxq vkfn nf{k.kkR; Hkk"kk,a laL—r ls cgqr çHkkfor gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd
rfey esa Hkh laL—r ds gtkjksa 'kCn Hkjs iM+s gSa vkSj e/;dky esa laL—r dk rfey
ij xgjk çHkko iM+kA u dsoy Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ij laL—r dk çHkko ns[kus dks
feyrk gS vfirq fo'o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa ij laL—r dk çHkko jgk gS A fo'o dh
vusdkusd Hkk"kkvksa ij laL—r us xgjk çHkko vafdr fd;k gSA laL—r Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk
ifjokj esa vkrh gS vkSj bl ifjokj dh Hkk"kkvksa ls Hkh laL—r dh cgqr lh lekurk
gSA oSfnd laL—r vkSj vosLrk ¼çkphu bjkuh½ esa cgqr lekurk gSA Hkkjr ds iM+kslh
ns'kksa dh Hkk"kk,¡ flagyh] usikyh] E;kaekj dh Hkk"kk] FkkbZ Hkk"kk] [esj vkfn laL—r ls
çHkkfor gSaA ckS) /keZ dk phu esa T;ksa&T;ksa çlkj gqvk oSls oSls igyh 'krkCnh ls
nloha 'krkCnh rd lSdM+ksa laL—r xzUFkksa dk phuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvkA blls
laL—r ds gtkjksa 'kCn phuh Hkk"kk esa x,A mÙkjh&if'peh frCcr esa rks vkt ls
ƒååå o"kZ igys rd laL—r dh laL—fr Fkh rFkk ogk¡ xkU/kkjh Hkk"kk dk çpyu FkkA
blh çdkj ;fn ge bZlk iwoZ ds le; ls voyksdu djsaxs rks ik;saxs dh laL—r dk
çHkko {ks= vkSj Hkh O;kid gks tkrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls çkjEHk gksdj
;wjksi rd O;kIr gks tkrk gS] brus cM+s {ks= dks O;kIr djus ds dkj.k blds 'kCnksa
dh mifLFkfr Hkh fo'o O;kid fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A laL—r dks fdlh Hkh {ks= ;k HkwHkkx
ls tksM+uk laL—r ds lkFk U;k; ugha gksxk vfirq ;g laL—r ds lkFk ,d çdkj
dk Ny gksxk D;ksafd laL—r çkphu dky esa ek= ,d Hkk"kk ugha Fkh vfirq ;g ,d
vkilh laokn dh Hkh Hkk"kk jgh] ftlus yksxksa dks vkil es tqM+us dk ekSdk çnku
fd;k] Kku dks vkil esa ckVus dk ekgkSy çnku fd;k] lH;rkvksa ds feyu dk dsaæ
cuhA Kku dks fo'o ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj esa igqpus dk dke fd;k] yksxksa ds
euksjatu dk ek/;e jgh] yksxksa ds O;kikj dh Hkk"kk jgh] deZdkaM dh Hkk"kk jgh]
vuqHkoksa ds lap;u dh Hkk"kk jgh] vnkyrksa dh Hkk"kk jgh] okn çfrokn dh Hkk"kk
jghA bl çdkj laL—r dk ç;ksx {ks= cgqr gh O;kid jgk] bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls
laL—r ,d cgqr gh O;kid ,oa le`) 'kCndks'k dh /kuh gS rFkk bldh O;kid
i`"BHkwfe jgh gS A laL—r dk ç;ksx {ks= O;kid gksus ds dkj.k fo'o dh vusd
Hkk"kkvksa ij bldk çHkko cgqrk;r esa çkIr gksrk gSA bldks tkuus le>us ds fy,
fo'o&Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u vko';d gS] bl v/;;u dk çkjfEHkd fcUnq vU;
Hkk"kkvksa es O;kIr laL—r&'kCnksa ds v/;;u ls gh çkjEHk gksrk gSA blh fo"k; dks ge
bl bdkbZ ds varxZr vU; fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa ds fo"k; esa v/;;u djsaxs
rFkk ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djsaxs fd fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa fdl çdkj laL—r 'kCn
fo|eku gSA mudk Lo:i D;k gS \ mudh lajpuk laL—r ls fdruk lkE; j[krh
gS \ mu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ laL—r ls fdruh lekurk j[krk gS \ vFkok vFkZ esa ,oa
lajpuk fdl çdkj dh fHkUurk gS \ ;g bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u dk fo"k; gS A ;g
v/;;u gesa ;g tkuus le>us esa leFkZ cuk,xk dh laL—r us fdl çdkj fo'o
Hkk"kkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k ,oa Hkkjrh;rk dgk¡ rd O;kIr gS A

40
lalkj dh miyC/k Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r çkphure gSA bl Hkk"kk esa çkphu Hkkjrh;
lH;rk vkSj laL—fr dk cgqr cM+k Hk.Mkj gSA oSfnd dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky
rd bl Hkk"kk esa jpuk,¡ gksrh jgh gSa rFkk lkfgR; fy[kk tkrk jgk gSA ftu fnuksa
fy[kus ds lk/ku fodflr ugha Fks] mu fnuksa Hkh bl Hkk"kk dh jpuk,¡ ekSf[kd
ijEijk ls py jgh FkhaA ml ijEijk dh jpuk,¡ tks vkt cph gSa] v{kj'k% lqjf{kr
gSaA ;gh ugha] muds mPpkj.k dh fof/k Hkh iwoZor~ gS] mlesa dksbZ ekSfyd ifjorZu
ugha gqvk gSA
laL—r Hkk"kk dks nsook.kh ;k lqjHkkjrh dgk tkrk gSA bl Hkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh /kkjk
dHkh ugha lw[kh] ;g ckr bldh vejrk dks çekf.kr djrh gSA ekuo thou ds
lHkh i{kksa ij leku :i ls çdk'k Mkyus okyh bl Hkk"kk dh jpuk,¡ gekjs ns'k dh
çkphu –f"V dh O;kidrk fl) djrh gSAa **olq/kSo dqVqEcde**(lEiw.kZ i`Foh gh
gekjk ifjokj gS] dk mn~?kks"k laL—r Hkk"kk lkfgR; dh gh nsu gSA
laL—r Hkk"kk oSKkfud –f"V ls Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gSA xzhd] ySfVu] vaxzsth]
:lh] Ýkalhlh] Lisuh vkfn ;wjksih; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh blh ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,¡ dgh xbZ gSaA
;gh dkj.k gS fd bu Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa tSlh gh /ofu vkSj vFkZ okys vusd
'kCn feyrs gSaA bZjkuh Hkk"kk rks laL—r ls cgqr vf/kd feyrh gSA fiNys nks lkS
o"kksaZ esa ;wjksih; fo}kuksa us laL—r dk i;kZIr v/;;u bu Hkk"kkvksa ls rqyuk ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k gSA bl –f"V ls laL—r Hkk"kk fons'kksa esa vR;f/kd vknj ik pqdh
gSA vkt Hkh ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u djus ds fy, laL—r dk
vuq'khyu fons'kh f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa esa Hkh vfuok;Z :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA
gekjs ns'k dh çk;% lHkh vk/kqfud Hkk"kk,¡ laL—r ls tqM+h gSaA fgUnh] ejkBh]
xqtjkrh] caXyk] vksfM+vk] vlfe;k] iatkch] flU/kh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh blls fodflr
gqbZ gSaA nf{k.k Hkkjr dh rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+ rFkk ey;kye esa Hkh laL—r ds cgqr
ls 'kCn feyrs gSa] ftUgsa mu Hkk"kkvksa us vius <ax ls viuk;k gSA blh çdkj nf{k.k
Hkkjr dh æfoM+ Hkk"kkvksa ls laL—r us Hkh le;&le; ij vusd 'kCn fy, gSa rFkk
mUgsa vius :i esa <ky fy;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd i`Fkd~ Hkk"kk ifjokjksa ds gksus ij
Hkh nksuksa dk ijLij lke¥~tL; gSA laL—r Hkk"kk us fo'o dh ,drk ds fy, cgqr
cM+k dk;Z fd;k gSA
laL—r Hkk"kk lglzksa o"kksaZ ls pyh vk jgh gSA bl vof/k esa bldk :i ifjofrZr
gksrk jgk gSA Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj vk/kqfud Hkk"kkvksa rd blds fodkl dh
çfØ;k bl çdkj jgh gS-
1- çkphu vk;Z Hkk"kk dky 6000 bZ- iw - 800 bZ- iw -& bl dky esa oSfnd Hkk"kk vkSj
çkphu laL—r Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh çfØ;k pyrh jghA
2- e/;dkyhu vk;Z Hkk"kk dky 800 bZ- iw- 1000 bZ-& bl dky esa ikfy] çk—r
rFkk viHkza'k Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA f'kf{kr lekt esa laL—r dk ç;ksx gksrk
jgk rFkk vf/kdka'k çkekf.kd xzUFk blh le; esa fy[ks x,A bl dky esa tu
lkekU; esa laL—r Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx cgqr vf/kd ugha jgk] fdUrq blds çfr
lEeku dk Hkko iwoZor~ cuk jgkA
41
 3- vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkk"kk dky 1000 bZ- ls vc rd & bl dky esa fofHkUu çns'kksa
esa cksyh tkus okyh viHkza'k Hkk"kkvksa ls vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA
æfoM+ ifjokj dh Hkk"kkvksa dks NksM+dj fgUnh] ejkBh vkfn mi;qZä lHkh Hkk"kk,¡
blds varxZr gSaA bu lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa i;kZIr lkfgR; jpk x;kA bl dky esa
Hkh laL—r Hkk"kk f}rh; ;qx ds leku f'kf{kr tuleqnk; esa çpfyr jgh] blesa
jpuk,¡ Hkh gksrh jghaA çknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh eq[;r% xzUFk ys[ku dk dk;Z
mUgha yksxksa us fd;k] tks laL—r ds Hkh if.Mr Fks] D;ksafd laL—r Hkk"kk ds
vHkko esa f'k{kk dh dYiuk gh ugha gks ldrh FkhA bl dky esa fons'kh 'kklu
dk vkjEHk gqvk] ftlls rqdhZ] vjch vkSj Qkjlh Hkk"kk,¡ Hkkjr esa 'kkldksa }kjk
yk;h xbZA budk çHkko vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCndks'k ij iM+k] ftlls
cgqr ls u, 'kCn bu Hkk"kkvksa ls vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa esa vk x,A laL—r Hkk"kk bl
vknku&çnku ls vf/kd çHkkfor ugha gqbZA
Hkk"kk ds :i fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ds nks :i gksrs gSa& O;kogkfjd vFkkZr~ cksypky esa vkus
okyh Hkk"kk rFkk fLFkjrk ikus okyh lkfgfR;d Hkk"kkA cksypky dh laL—r Hkk"kk dk
çkphu :i Hkkl] dkfynkl] 'kwæd vkfn ds ukVdksa esa çkIr gksrk gSA lkekU;r%
laL—r esa tks lkfgR; lqjf{kr gS og mlds lkfgfR;d :i dk çfrfuf/k gSA
fuf'pr :i ls cksypky dh Hkk"kk ljy rFkk :f<+eqä jgrh gSA nwljh vksj
lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ifj"—r rFkk vya—r gksus yxrh gSA cksyh tkus okyh laL—r Hkk"kk
O;kdj.k vkSj mPpkj.k ds vuq'kklu ls eqä gksdj /khjs&/khjs ikfy] çk—r vkfn
ijorhZ Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa cny xbZ] tcfd bldk lkfgfR;d :i Øe'k% dfBukbZ
dh vksj c<+kA ;gh cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk /khjs&/khjs Hkkjr ls ckgj fofHkUu ns'kksa esa
igq¡ph rFkk mlds fofHkUu :i vkt gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa A
fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCn vkfn Hkk"kk laL—r esa vFkkg 'kCnHk.Mkj gSA gtkjksa
o"kksaZ ls bu 'kCnksa us vlhfer fo'o;k=k,a dh gSaA muds ns'k&ns'kkarj dh ;k=k buds
tUe] 'kS'ko] ;kSou] :i&Lo:i] ço`fÙk esa ifjorZu] vFkZ&ladksp vFkZ&foLrkj] muds
thou esa gqbZ mFky&iqFky dh varjax >kadh cgqr jksekapd gSA bl fo"k; ds
v/;;u ds fy, ges fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u djus dh vko';drk gS] blds
fy, gesa ,f'k;kbZ ;wjksih; vesfjdh vÝhdh Hkk"kkvksa dk foospu fo'ys"k.k djus dh
vko';drk gSA bldks tkuus ds fy;s ge phuh] tkikuh ]dksfj;kbZ] cgklk ]cehZ]
FkkbZ] flagyh] vjch] Qkjlh] rqdhZ] xzhd] ySfVu] bVkfyd] teZu] Ýsap] bafXy'k]
jf'k;u] iksfy'k] LiSfu'k] iqrZxkyh] rfey bR;kfn Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa dks
[kkstus dk ç;kl djsaxs vkSj ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djsaxs dh bu 'kCnksa esa D;k
ifjorZu gqvk \ 'kCnksa ;g ;k=k fdruh jksekapdkjh jgh \ D;k bl ;k=k us buesa
dqN ifjorZu fd;k ;k dqN u;k tksM+k ;k dqN iqjkuk tks NwV x;k ;g tkuus dk
ç;kl djsaxs A

:lh ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSa A bu nksuksa dk
ewy ,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gS A budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS
rFkk vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gS] nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a ,d gh çdkj dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV
dks lk>k djrh gSaA :lh Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS &

42
:lh laL—r vFkZ
Mosj }kj njoktk
xzhok xzhok xnZu
vksxksu vfXu vkx
isp ip idkuk
ch Hkw gksuk
okst og ystkuk
esl feJ feykuk
fyt fyg pkVuk
nkse /kke ?kj
d‚xn dnk dc
L;u lquw iq=

teZu ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSa A bu nksuksa dk ewy
,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk
vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gS teZu ,oa laL—r dh lekurk dks ysdj vusd v/;;u gq,
gS] ftudk lEiw.kZ fo'o esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA teZu Hkk"kk ds vusd fo}ku gq,
gSa] ftUgksaus teZu ds lkFk laL—r dh fudVrk ,oa 'kCnkFkZ lkE; dks Lohdkj fd;k
gSA teZu Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS&
German English Sanskrit
Bruder Brother Hkzkrk
Mutter Mother ekrk
Vater Father firk
Mischen Mix feJ
Mischung Mixture feJ.ka
Mann Man euq%
Innere Interior vkUrj%
Minister Minister eU=h
Charakter Character pkfj=a
Ji Name uke
Nase Nose uklk
Datum Date frfFk%
Sechzig Sixty "k"Bh
Arier Anyan nobel vk;Z
Asana Yoga posture vklu
Bahuvrihi Much rice cgqozhfg
43
 fyFkqvkfu;u ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa
dk ewy ,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa es lkE;
gS rFkk vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk,a fo|eku gSA fyFkqvkfu;u Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r
'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS&
Lithuanian English laL—r
Sunus Son lquw
Avis Sheep vtk
Dhumas Smoke /kwe
Naktys Night uä
Gentys Teeth nar
Ratas Carriage jFk
Tava Your ro
Ugni Fire vfXu
Bhavoti Exists Hkofr
Peda Foot in
Saka Vegetable 'kkd
Tada Then rnk
Sapnas Dream LoIu
Asva Horse v'o
Cukrus Sugar 'kdZjk
Degti Burning ngfr

laL—r rks lalkj dh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA vaxzsth esa laL—r ds nks pkj ugha
gtkjksa 'kCn Hkjs iM+s gSaA flQZ ,d ckr /;ku j[kus dh gS fd ;k=k ds Øe esa ftl
çdkj ge eSys dqpkSys vkSj fo:fir gks tkrs gSaA mlh çdkj 'kCn Hkh ,d LFkku ls
nwljs LFkku dh ;k=k esa fo:fir gks tkrs gSa A gj ns'k] {ks= dh feêh gok ikuh
¼okrkoj.k½ dk çHkko ogk¡ dh Hkk"kk] ogk¡ ds 'kCnksa vkSj mPpkj.k ij gksrk gS] vkSj
nwljh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn Hkh blls vNwrs ugha jg ikrs vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds mPpkj.k ds
çHkko esa vkdj FkksM+s&FkksM+s ;k cgqr cny tkrs gSaA vaxzt s h ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh
Hkk"kk,¡ Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa dk ewy ,d gksus ls buesa cgqr
vf/kd lekurk gS budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gS
ftl çdkj ls vkt vaxzsth oSf'od laokn dh Hkk"kk gS] ;gh xkSjo dHkh laL—r dks
Hkh çkIr FkkA laL—r Hkh dHkh Kku dh laokn dh Hkk"kk Fkh] ;g Hkh dHkh oSf'od
igq¡p dh Hkk"kk FkhA vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS &

44
laL—r vaxzsth
ekr` mother
Hkzkrk brother
fir` father
f=dksukfefr trigonometry
T;kfefr geometry
?kkl grass
Lfefr committee
le same
liZ serpent/Snake
ukl nose
vukfedk anonymous
euq man
}kj door
egk mega
ef{kdk mosquito
'kdZjk sugar
jkt royal
lIr seven
v"V eight
LFkkg% stay
Okgkfe vehicle
feF;k myth
o;a we
rs they
vga I
eq[k mouth
r# tree
Òzw brow
oeu vomit

Ýsap ,oa laL—r dh rqyukRedrk dk v/;;u vkSifuosf'kd dky dh nsu gSA Hkkjr
tc Ýsap dkyksuh Fkk rc Hkkjrh; ,oa Ýsap yksxksa ds chp laca/kksa dks csgrj djus ds
fy, Hkk"kkvksa dh lekurk ij v/;;u fd;k x;k vkSj ;g lkeus vk;k fd Ýsap ,oa
laL—r esa cgqr lekurk gS ,oa laL—r ls fu"iUu vusd 'kCn Ýsap Hkk"kk es gSa A
Ýsap ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa dk ewy 45
 ,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk
vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gS] Ýsap Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS&
Ýsap vaxzsth laL—r
Pied Foot ina
Ananas Pineapple vuuLk%
Genou Knee tkuq%
Navire Boat uko
Laque Lacquer yk{k
Soi Self Lo;a
Dent Tooth nUra
Tu You Roa
Pere Father firk
Frere Brother Hkzkrk

brkyoh ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSa A bu nksuksa dk
ewy ,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gS A budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS
rFkk vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gS] ;|fi bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa lekurk gS rFkkfi O;kdj.k
,oa lajpukRed Hkkx dks NksM+ dj 'kCnksa esa FkksM+h de lekurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
brkyoh Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS& a
laL—r brkyoh
,d uno
f} due
=; tre
pRokj quattro
i¥~p cinque
"kV sei
lIr sette
v"V otto
uo nove
n'k dus/dieci
nso dio

LiSfu'k ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa dk ewy
,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk
46
vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gSA LiSfu'k Hkk"kk fo'o esa laokn dh ,d çeq[k Hkk"kk gS rFkk
laL—r ds lkFk lekurk dk dkj.k bldk ySfVu ewy gSA LiSfu'k Hkk"kk esa fo|eku
laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gSa &
LiSfu'k vaxzsth laL—r
Mitad Half e/;%
Donar Give nkua
Situar Sit (Situate) fLFkr%
Ananá Pineapple vuukl%
Seco Dry 'kq"d%
Febrero February QkYxqu%
Primero First çFke%
Tecero Third r`rh;%
Cuatro Fourth prqFkZ%
Sexto Sixth "k"B%
Dos Two }kS
Tres Three =;%
Cuatro Four prqFkZ%
Seis Six "kV~
Ocho Eight v"V
Nueve Nine uo
Diez Ten n'k

xzhd Hkk"kk ;wjksi dh çkphu Hkk"kk gS tks vU; ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA ;g
çkphu ;wjksi dh ç/kku Hkk"kk Fkh tks fd /keZ ,oa deZdk.M ls Hkh tqM+h gqbZ Fkh rFkk
bldk çHkko {ks= vR;f/kd O;kid FkkA ;g u dsoy /keZ dh Hkk"kk Fkh vfirq ;g
foKku o n'kZu dh Hkh Hkk"kk FkhA ;g mPpLrjh; laoknksa dh Hkk"kk FkhA tks xkSjo
Hkkjr esa laL—r dks çkIr Fkk ogh xkSjo ;wjksi esa xzhd dks Hkh çkIr Fkk A xzhd ,oa
laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSa A bu nksuksa dk ewy ,d gksus
ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk vFkZ dh
Hkh lekurk gSA bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCnksa ds lkE; ds lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k ,oa vFkZ
lajpukvksa esa Hkh lekurk gSA xzhd Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS&
English Sanskrit Greek
mind eul~ (manas) μένος (menos)
great, big eg (maha) μέγας (megas)
knee tkuq (janu) γόνυ (gonu)
boat ukS (nau) ναῦς (naus)
47
 water mnu~ (udan) ὕδωρ (hudor)
winter, cold fge (hima) χεῖμα (kheima)
a field vtz (ajra) ἀγρός (agros)
house ne (dama) δόμος (domos)
night ufä (nakti) νύξ (nuÛ)
a foot in~ (pad) πούς (pous)
mouse ew"k (mus) μῦς (mus)
reward eh< (midha) μισθός (misthos)
donor nkr` (datr) δώτωρ (dotor)
lady iRuh (patni) πότνια (potnia)
star Lr` (str) ἀστήρ (aster)
sleep LoIu (svapna) ὕπνος (hupnos)
a month ekl (mas) μείς (meis)
man uj (nara) ἀνήρ (aner)
name ukeu~ (naman) ὄνομα (onoma)
door }kj (dur) θύρα (thura)
a fox yksik'k (lopasa) ἀλώπηξ (alopeÛ)
a bend v³~d (ankas) ἄγκος (ankos)
bone vfLFk (asthi) ὀστέον (osteon)
intestine vU= (antra) ἔντερον (enteron)
a reproach fuUnk (ninda) ὄνειδος (oneidos)
ray väq (aktu) ἀκτίς (aktis)
flesh Øfol~ (kravis) κρέας (kreas)
to bite n'kfr (dasati) δάκνω (dakno)
to tame nkE;fr (damyati) δάμνημι (damnemi)

ySfVu Hkk"kk ;wjksi dh çkphu Hkk"kk gS tks vU; ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA ;g
çkphu ;wjksi dh ç/kku Hkk"kk Fkh tks dh /keZ ,oa deZdk.M ls Hkh tqM+h gqbZ FkhA
bldk çHkko {ks= vR;f/kd O;kid FkkA ;g u dsoy /keZ dh Hkk"kk FkhA vfirq ;g
foKku n'kZu dh Hkh Hkk"kk FkhA ;g mPpLrjh; laoknksa dh Hkk"kk FkhA tks xkSjo
Hkkjr esa laL—r dks çkIr Fkk ogh xkSjo ;wjksi esa ySfVu dks Hkh çkIr FkkA ySfVu ,oa
laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa dk ewy ,d gksus
ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk vFkZ dh
Hkh lekurk gSA bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCn ds lkE; ds lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k ,oa vFkZ
lajpukvksa esa Hkh lekurk gSA ySfVu Hkk"kk esa fo|eku laL—r 'kCn fuEufyf[kr gS
48
English Sanskrit Latin
Donation nku (dāna) dōnum
Soul vkReu~ (ātman) anima
Fire vfXu (agní) ignis
Man ohj (vīra) vir
House /kkeu~ (dhāman) domus
Mother ekr` (mātr) māter
Father fir` (pitr) pater
King jktu~ (rājan) regem
God (Deity) nso(deva) deus
Knee tkuq (jānu) genu
Great eg (mahā) magnus
New uo(nava) novus
This bne~ (idam) id
Nose ukfldk(nāsikā) nasus
Night uä(nakta) nox
Interior vUrj(antara) intra
Boat ukS(nau) navis

;|fi phuh ,oa laL—r vyx vyx ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA laL—r tgk¡ Hkkjksih;
ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gS] ogha phuh ifjokj vius vki ,d vyx ifjokj gSA ysfdu fQj
Hkh laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr dk ewy dkj.k gS ckS)/keZ dk çpkj&çlkj bldk
eq[; dkj.k gS] ftlds dkj.k gesa phuh Hkk"kk esa laL—r 'kCn çkIr gksrs gSA ;gh
laL—r 'kCn Hkkjr dh laL—fr dh O;kidrk dks fn[kkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds
foLrkj us Hkk"kk dks Hkh foLrkj çnku fd;k ,oa ckS) /keZ ds dkj.k laL—r us Hkh
fofHkUu LFkkuksa rd viuh igq¡p LFkkfir dh ,oa vkt Hkh ç;ksx es cuh gqbZ gS A
çf'k;k ds nk'kZfud vkSj Hkk"kkfon~ foYgse o‚u gEcksYV us 1836 esa ekuo Hkk"kk ij
çdkf'kr vius Dykfld v/;;u ^v‚u ySaXost& v‚u n Mk;oflZVh v‚Q áweu
ySaXost daLVªD'ku ,aM bV~l bU¶yq,al v‚u n esaVy MsoyiesaV v‚Q áweu Lih'kht*
esa fVIi.kh dh gS fd phuh vkSj laL—r dks vyx&vyx ekuk tkrk gSAtgk¡ rd
O;kdjf.kd lajpukvksa vkSj /ofu ç.kkfy;ksa dk lEcU/k gS os nks pje lhekvksa esa
tkras gSaA ;fn ,slk gS rks phuh Hkk"kk esa laL—r ds gtkjksa 'kCnksa vkSj vo/kkj.kkvksa dks
dSls vkRelkr dj fy;k\
;g phuh lezkVksa ds miØe phu esa fo'kky lw= vuqokn ifj;kstuk }kjk laHko
gqvkA 'kq#vkr esa lw=ksa dk vuqokn O;fä;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA gkyk¡fd iwoZ ds
fdu ds Qqft;ku ¼337&385½ vkSj ckn ds fdu ds ;kvksfDlax ¼366&416½ ds le;
rd vuqokn dks /khjs&/khjs 'kkgh laj{k.k dh rg esa yk;k x;k vkSj rkax jktoa'k ds 49
 le; rd] blus egku le`f) dh vof/k esa ços'k fd;kA phuh fo}kuksa us ckS) lw=ksa
ds vuqokn dks pkj pj.kksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k gSA igys pj.k ds nkSjku ¼148&316
bZLoh½ fo}ku&fHk{kq tSls& vu f'kxkvks] yksd{ksek] ;ku Qksfn;kvks] f>fd;ku] dkax
lsu?kqbZ vkSj /keZj{k us loksZPp 'kklu fd;kA nwljs pj.k ¼317&617 bZ-½ esa nkvksvku]
dqekjtho] QSfDl;u vkSj ijekFkZ tSls yksxksa dk çHkqRo FkkA rhljk pj.k ¼618&906
bZ-½ ftlesa rkax jktoa'k dk 'kkludky 'kkfey gS] dks lw= vuqokn dk mRd"kZ&dky
ekuk tkrk gSA lcls mR—"V vuqokndksa esa tqvku tSax] ;h ftax vkSj veks?kotjk
'kkfey gSaA pkSFks pj.k ¼954&1111 bZ-½ ds nkSjku fNViqV vuqokn gqvk] D;ksafd
pjeksRd"kZ yack gks x;k FkkA ckS) fl)karksa dh dS;qvku ;qx lwph vkSj >su;qvku ubZ
ckS) lwph Li"V djrh gS fd gku jktoa'k ¼67 bZLoh½ esa ;ksaxfiax ;qx ds 10osa o"kZ
ls ysdj rkax jktoa'k ¼800 bZLoh½ esa >su;qvku ;qx ds 16osa o"kZ rd 734 o"kksaZ dh
vof/k esa] lHkh 185 çeq[k vuqokndksa us 2]412 lw=ksa dk 7]352 lw= esa vuqokn
fd;kA –
phuh laL—r
Qksm rks ¼fcmr nk½ cq)
瑜伽 ;qftvk ;ksx
由旬 ;qtqu ;kstu
刹那pu {k.k
禅那tkUu /;ku
般若iksjs ¼cksjs½ çKk
涅槃fu,iku fuokZ.k
三昧pe eqbZ lekf/k
僧伽tax ds ¼lax ds½ la?k
兜率天¼nksf'kfr;ku½ rqf"kr
剎多羅¼pknqvksyqvks½ Rlkry {ks=
優曇婆羅;kmrkEiksyks mnqEcj
劫fdvki dYi
南無阿彌陀佛ueks ,ferqvksQks ueks·ferkHkk;
古貝 xqvksch ¼dq ikbZ½ dikZl
吠瑠璃Qsfymyh oSMw;Z
多羅nqvksyks rky] rkjk ¼vk¡[ksa½
大宛nou ;ou
娑婆訶lqvksQks, Lokgk
唵嘛呢叭咪吽va euh csbesbZ gksax ॐ ef.kin~es gwa
雞斯 th'kh ¼iqjkuh phuh ds'kh½ ds'k
50
;|fi tkikuh ,oa laL—r vyx&vyx ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSa A laL—r tgk¡
Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gSA ogha tkikuh&phuh ifjokj vius vki ,d vyx
ifjokj gS ysfdu fQj Hkh laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr dk ewy dkj.k gS ckS) /keZ dk
çpkj&çlkj gS] ftlds dkj.k gesa tkikuh Hkk"kk esa laL—r 'kCn çkIr gksrs gSaA
;gh laL—r 'kCn Hkkjr dh laL—fr dh O;kidrk dks fn[kkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laL—fr
ds foLrkj us Hkk"kk dks Hkh foLrkj çnku fd;k ,oa ckS) /keZ dks laL—r us Hkh
fofHkUu LFkkuksa rd viuh igq¡p LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk çnku dhA
dqN tkikuh 'kCn tks laL—r ls O;qRiUu gSaA
eanjk % bldk eryc gS fd dqN ,slk tks lewg esa gksA blh çdkj gekjs ikl laL—
r esa *eaMy@e.My* uked 'kCn gS] ftldk leku vFkZ gSA
vksew ¼オーム½ % bldk eryc tkikuh esa vkse gSA laL—r esa bls *vkse* dgk
tkrk gSA
dke ¼カーマ½ % bldk vFkZ gS lsDl ;k ,slh dksbZ pht ftldh ge vis{kk djrs
gSa ;k pkgrs gSaA laL—r esa bls leku 'kCn **dke** ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
ukes ¼名前½ % bldk tkikuh esa vFkZ uke gSA ;g vkSj dqN ugha cfYd laL—r
'kCn *uke@ukeu~* ls fy;k x;k 'kCn gSA ;gka rd fd vaxzsth 'kCn Hkh laL—r ls
gS A
'kaiw ¼シャンプー½ % ;gka 'kCn dk vFkZ 'kSEiw gSA ;g 'kCn laL—r 'kCn *paiw* ls
xyr mPpkj.k fd;k x;k gSA ;gka rd fd vaxzsth 'kCn Hkh laL—r ls gSA
'kqxk ¼シュガー½ % bldk vFkZ phuh gksrk gS A ;g laL—r 'kCn *'kdZjk* ls
dkQh feyrk&tqyrk gSA ;gka rd fd vaxzsth 'kCn Hkh laL—r ls gSA
ekSlw ¼マウス½ % bldk eryc tkikuh esa pwgk gSA ;g laL—r ds *ew"kd@ew"kd*
ls fy;k x;k gSA ;gka rd fd vaxzsth 'kCn Hkh laL—r ls gSA
vksjsath ¼オレンジ½ % eryc ukjaxh gSA ;g laL—r 'kCn *ukjaxh* ls fy;k x;k
gSA
fejktq ¼ミラージュ½ % bldk vFkZ e`xr`".kk gSA bls *ek;k* dgrs gSaA
esuMks ¼マインド½ % bldk vFkZ eu gS A bls laL—r esa *eu%* ;k *ekul* dgk
tkrk gSA
vIik ¼アッパー½ % bldk eryc tkikuh esa Åij gSA bls laL—r esa
*miifjrkuk* dgrs gSaA fganh esa ge tkurs gSa fd bls *Åij* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA
djlq ¼カラス½ % bldk vFkZ dkSvk gS A laL—r esa bls *dkx ;k dkd* dgrs gSaA
fctksu ¼ビジョン½ % bldk vFkZ –f"V gS A laL—r esa *foKkua@oh{k.k* 'kCn gSA
;g /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd tkikuh esa] os dbZ txgksa ij 'ok' ds ctk; 'ck'
dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
51
 Daitan ¼大胆½ % bldk vFkZ lkglh gS A laL—r esa bldk vFkZ */kS;Ze~ ;k
/kS;Z* gS A
ls'kks ¼聖書½ % bldk vFkZ 'kkL= gSA laL—r esa *Jqfr ;k 'yksd* 'kCn gSA
isth ¼ページ½ % bldk vFkZ i`"B gSA laL—r esa bls *i=e~* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA
cq# ¼ブル½ % bldk vFkZ cSy gS A laL—r esa *cfyonZe*~ ;k *cfyonZ%* 'kCn gSA
dksuk ¼コーナー½ % bldk vFkZ dksuk gS A laL—r esa bldk vFkZ gS *dks.ke~ ;k
dks.k%*A
Kyupiddo ¼キューピッド½ % bldk vFkZ dkenso gS A laL—r 'kCn gS *dke*A

vknew ¼アダム½ % bldk vFkZ gS tkikuh esa lw;Z gksrk gS A laL—r 'kCn vkfnR;e~
@vkfnR; gSA
'kdkbZ ¼社会½ % bldk eryc lekt gSA laL—r 'kCn *lekte~@lekt* gS A
lsalk ¼センサー½ % bldk vFkZ bafæ;@laosnh gS A laL—r 'kCn *lpsre~ ;k
lkeosnd* gS A
eksUdw ¼モンク½ % bldk vFkZ lk/kq gSA laL—r 'kCn *eqfu* gSAA
iqjkbeq ¼プライム½ % bldk vFkZ ç/kku gSA laL—r esa bldk ,d 'kCn gS ftls
çeq[ke~@çeq[k dgk tkrk gSA
dksVsth ¼コテージ½ % bldk vFkZ dqVhj gSA laL—r esa bls dqVhje~
@dqVhjk@dqVhj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
fcVks ¼ビート½ % bldk vFkZ ihVuk gSA laL—r esa bls ihV gS ¼fganh esa Hkh ;gh
ç;qä gksrk gS½A
'ks#rk ¼シェルター½ % bldk eryc gS *eSa Hkxoku ds lkFk 'kj.k ysrk gwaA
laL—r esa bls 'kj.kk@'kj.k dgrs gSaA
Gyakusatsu ¼虐殺½ % bldk vFkZ ujlagkj gSA laL—r esa bls *tugR;k* ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA
ethDdw ¼マジック½ % bldk eryc tknw gS A laL—r esa bls *'ek;k* ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
lsth ¼セージ½ % bldk vFkZ _f"k gSA laL—r 'kCn *lk/kq* gSA
lkcarks ¼サーバント½ % bldk vFkZ *ukSdj* gSA laL—r 'kCn *lsod* gS A
pkdqjk ¼チャクラ½ % ;g 'kCn pØ ds leku gSA tkikuh vkSj fganh nksuksa 'kCn
leku vFkZ esa gSa vkSj mudk vFkZ Hkh leku gSAogk¡ ,d vkSj 'kCn pØkeq
¼チャクラム½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ftldk vFkZ pØe ;k dsoy pØ Hkh
gSA
ukjdw ¼奈落½ % bldk eryc tkikuh esa ujd gSA laL—r esa Hkh ujd dk vFkZ
52
ujd%@ujda gksrk gSA

baMksusf'k;kbZ Hkk"kk dks *cgklk* dgk tkrk gS tks laL—r 'kCn *Hkk"kk* ¼Hkk"kk½ dh
fHkUurk ij vk/kkfjr gSA baMksusf'k;kbZ laL—fr Hkkjr ds egkdkO;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls
jkek;.k ds lanHkksaZ ls Hkjh gSA ;s lkekU; :i ls baMksusf'k;k vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k
ij lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs Hkkjrh; çHkko dh dsoy nks dyk—fr;ka gSaA nf{k.k iwoZ
,f'k;k esa cekZ] FkkbZySaM] dacksfM;k vkSj fo;ruke ls ysdj eysf'k;k vkSj baMksusf'k;k
rd Hkkjrh; lkezkT;ksa dk ,d fo'kky usVodZ Fkk] tks Hkkjr ds nf{k.k vkSj iwoZ esa
'kfä dsaæksa ls çHkkfor FksA Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd çHkko ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk dk Hkh
foLrkj gesa b.Mksusf'k;k esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA baMksusf'k;k dh Hkk"kk cgklk esa
laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr çpqj ek= esa gSA ogk¡ ds xfy;ksa ds uke Hkh laL—rfu"B
'kCnksa ls cus gSa] ogk¡ jktekxksaZ ds uke Hkh laL—r ls ;qä gSa A
cgklk laL—r
Abrak vHkzd
Acara vkpkj
Adi vkfn
Agam vkxe
Ahimsa vfgalk
Bagagia HkkX;
Bahu ckgq
Bahaw Hko
Bala cy
Berita o`Ùk
Cahaya Nk;k
Canda Nan
Dewa nso
Dina nhu
Gajah xt
Genta ?kaV

vjch Hkk"kk ,oa laL—r Hkk"kk nksuksa gh nks vyx vyx ifjokjksa dh Hkk"kk gSa A tgk¡
vjsfcd lkeh gkeh ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gS] ogha laL—r Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gSA
nksuksa dh 'kCn O;qRifr;k¡ vyx vyx gSaA nksuksa dh vFkZ lajpuk,a vyx&vyx gSa]
nksuksa dk O;kdj.k vyx&vyx gS] nksuksa dk foU;kl Hkh vyx vyx gS] fQj Hkh
vjsfcd ds vanj laL—r 'kCnksa dk ik;k tkuk ;g crkrk gS dh laL—r us vjsfcd
Hkk"kk dks çkHkfor fd;k gSA bldk ;fn ge ewy dkj.k [kkstus tk,a rks gesa blds 53
 ewy esa nks dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsaxs igyk gS Hkkjrh; O;kikj dk vjc rd foLrkfjr gksuk
rFkk Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa }kjk vjc dh ;k=k fd;k tkuk nwljk dkj.k bUgha
O;kikfj;ksa }kjk tks Hkkjrh; Kku vjc esa igqapk;k x;k og Kku laL—r 'kCnksa dh
vjsfcd ds vanj mifLFkfr dk eq[; dkj.k gS A
vylqdj ¼‫ & ½السكر‬phuhlaL—r esa phuh dks *'kdZjk* dgrs gSaA
vjch esa dbZ yksx *vy* dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy, *chtxf.kr*A blh
çdkj os *vylqdkj* ¾ vy + lwdj dk ç;ksx dj jgs gSaA
dkQwj ¼‫ & ½كافور‬diwj % laL—r esa *diwj*@dkQwj dks diwZj% @diwje~* dgrs gSa A
'kaHkw ¼‫' & ½ﺷﺎﻣﺒﻮ‬kSEiw % laL—r esa 'kSEiw @ 'kaHkq dks paih ;k paiw dgrs gSaA
fetkt ¼‫ & ½مزج‬feJ.k % laL—r esa feJ.k @ fetkt dk vFkZ feykuk gSA
vEeh @ mEeh ¼‫ & ½أمي‬ek¡ : laL—r ds ek¡@ekr`@vEek@vEck dk vFkZ *ek¡* gS A
[kkrk ¼‫ – ½ﻗﻄﻊ‬drZ % laL—r 'kCn drZ dks fganh esa *dkVuk *dgrs gSa gSA
'kElh ¼‫ & ½ﺷﻤﺴﻲ‬lkSj % laL—r esa bldks *lkSjeaMye~* ;k flQZ *lw;Z * gS A
panu ¼‫ & ½صندل‬panu % laL—r 'kCn *panue~ * ;k *panu%* gSA
fi almia ¼‫ & ½في المئة‬çfr'kr % laL—r esa bls *çfr'kkre~* dgk tkrk gSA
vkerkSj ij vjc vkSj ;wjksih; yksx *Qk* dk bLrseky djrs gSa tcfd ge *ik* ;k
*Qk* dk bLrseky djrs gSaA
leh@'keh ¼‫ ½سميع‬% vjch esa bldk vFkZ gS *lquuk*A laL—r ds vanj blds fy,
Jo.k “kCn gS A
tkQju ¼‫ ½زعفران‬% vjch esa bldk vFkZ gS *dslj*A laL—r esa dslj dk vFkZ
*dslj* gksrk gSA
dslj ¾ ds$lkjk ¼laL—r 'kCn ds nwljs Hkkx vkSj iwjs vjch 'kCn dks egRo fn;k
x;k½A
fyequ ¼‫ ½ليمون‬% bldk vFkZ vjch esa *uhacw* gSA laL—r 'kCn *fuEcq* ¼fuEcw ds :i esa
i<+k½ gSA
vy&ykr] vy&m~Ttk vkSj vy&eur ¼vYykg dh rhu csfV;k¡½ % fganw nsoh&nsork
Jhyrk nsoh] Jh m"kk nsoh vkSj Jh ekul nsoh gSa ¼'kk;n ,d eulk iq=h @ eu
ls iSnk gqbZ½A
‫ روع‬/ ‫¼ بقرة‬cdkjr @ #,½ % bldk vFkZ gS xk;A laL—r esa bls xkS dgk tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ #, vkSj xkS leku gSa A
‫¼ بربري‬ckjfcjh½ % vjch esa bldk vFkZ ccZj gksrk gSA laL—r esa blds fy, *ccZj%*
'kCn ç;ksx gksrk gSA

54
vosLrk ,oa laL—r nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,a gSaA bu nksuksa dk ewy
,d gksus ls buesa cgqr vf/kd lekurk gSA budh 'kCn lajpukvksa esa lkE; gS rFkk
vFkZ dh Hkh lekurk gSA nksuksa gh Hkk"kk,a vkil esa cgqr gh fudVrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
nksuksa vkil esa cguksa ds leku gS] nksuksa dh vFkZ lajpuk,a leku gS] nksuksa dh
O;kdjf.kd çfØ;k,a Hkh yxHkx leku gSaA ,d le; esa bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus
okys yksx ,d lkFk jgrs Fks ysfdu le; ds lkFk nksuksa esa foHkktu gqvk rFkk nksuksa
vyx vyx Hkk"kk ds :i esa fodflr gqbZaA vosLrk Hkk"kk es fo|eku laL—r 'kCn
fuEufyf[kr gS–
Avestan laL—r
Ahmi vfLe
Nara uj
Patar firj
Nava uo
Zaranya fgj.;
Haoma lkse
Ahur vlqj
Putra iq=
Cashman p{kq
Maeya es?k
Aspa v'o

cks/k ç'u&1
d½ laL—r fdl Hkk"kk ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gS \
[k½ oSfnd laL—r dh fdl çkphu fo'o Hkk"kk ds lkFk lekurk gS \
x½ laL—r Hkk"kk ds fodkl dks fdrus dky[k.Mksa esa foHkä fd;k x;k gS \
?k½ dk¡xn ,d :lh 'kCn gS bldk laL—r vuqokn D;k cusxk \
M+½ laL—r 'kCn Hkzkrk dk teZu Hkk"kk esa vuqokn D;k cusxk \
cks/k ç'u&2
lR; @vlR; dh igpku dhft,&
d½ laL—r æfoM+ Hkk"kk ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gSA
[k½ Hkkjksih; ifjokj dh lcls çkphu Hkk"kk laL—r gSA
55
 x½ Ýsap 'kCn Pere dk vuqokn laL—r esa ine~ cusxkA
?k½ brkyoh 'kCn Sei laL—r esa dgrs gSa "kV~ A
M+½ phuh Hkk"kk ds ^^pe eqbZ** dk vuokn laL—r esa lekf/k gksrk gS A
cks/k ç'u&3
fjä LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa&
d- laL—r 'kCn 'kdZjk dk tkikuh Hkk"kk esa 'kCn &&&&&&&&&&ç;ksx gksrk gSA
[k- tkikuh 'kCn ekSlw dk laL—r vuqokn&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&gksxkA
x- djlq ,d tkikuh 'kCn gS bldk laL—r vuqokn &&&&&&&&&&&gksxkA
?k- Acar ,d cgklk Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS bldk laL—r vuqokn &&&&&&&&gksxkA
M- vjch 'kCn 'kElh dk laL—r vuqokn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&gksxkA
vH;kl ç'u
1- laL—r Hkk"kk dk fo'oHkk"kkvksa ds fdu fdu Lo:iksa ij çHkko gqvk] Li"V
dhft, \
2- laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj fo'oHkk"kkvksa esa vUr%lEcU/k dks crkb;s \
3- laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj fo'o dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekukFkhZ 'kCnksa dk fooj.k çLrqr
dhft, \
4- laL—r Hkk"kk fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa fdl çdkj vUrfuZfgr gqbZ] Li"V dhft, \
5- laL—r Hkk"kk dk fo'oHkk"kkvksa ij çHkko mnkgj.kksa ds ek/;e ls crkb;s \

laL—r dk oSf'od f{kfrt vR;Ur O;kid jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij
çfrf"Br gS] fdUrq bl fo"k; ls tqM+k ,d egRoiw.kZ ç'u ;g gS fd laL—r tSlh
çkphu Hkk"kk dks bruk O;kid vk/kkj jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo çnku fd;s tkus
dk D;k vkSfpR; gS \ bl ç'u ij xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd
fu'p; gh laL—r dk nSf'kd vkSj oSf'od egRo gSA blesa vewY; Kku lEink fNih
gS] ftls çdk'k esa ykdj vkSj vius vuqlU/kkuksa dk dsUæ cukdj Hkkjr fo'oleqnk;
dk fgr dj ldrk gS la;qä jk"Vª la?k ds }kjk o"kZ 2008 dks fo'o Hkk"kk o"kZ ?kksf"kr
fd;s tkus ds miy{; esa ;wusLdks us _Xosn dh çkphurk dks /;ku esa j[kdj bls
fo'o /kjksgj dh lwph esa lfEefyr fd;kA laL—r Hkk"kk us lexz fo'o dks 'kCnksa ds
Hk.Mkj gh ugha çnku fd;s gSa vfirq vius esa fufgr Kku&foKku ds çpqj Hk.Mkj
dks Hkh forfjr fd;k gSA oSfnd _pk ^^vk uks Hkæk% Øroks ;Urq fo'or%** bldk
lk{kkr~ çek.k gSA laL—r ds blh oSf'od dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls ik'pkR; fo}ku
çHkkfor gq, vkSj mUgksaus laL—r Hkk"kk dk v/;;u v/;kiu fd;kA ;wjksi vkfn
ik'pkR; ns'kksa ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa laL—r ds v/;;u dh O;oLFkk,¡ cgqr igys gh
gks pqdh gSa rFkk ogk¡ ij laL—r ds fo'ks"k v/;;u ihB vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA
_Xosn dks lalkj ds leLr fo}kuksa us çkphure xzUFk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA
eSDlewyj] cscj yqMfox vksYMuoxZ] fgV~us] CyweQhYM çHk`fr fo}kuksa us viuk lexz
thou osnk/;;u esa lefiZr dj fn;kA ;s ik'pkR; fo}ku~ laL—r Hkk"kk ls brus
vfHkHkwr gq, dh mUgksaus vius ukeksa dk laL—rhdj.k Hkh dj fy;kA ;Fkk eSDlewyj
56
vkSj CyweQhYM us vius ukeksa dks Øe'k% eks{kewyj vkSj iq.;{ks= dj fy;kA
bl bdkbZ esa geus tkuk dh laL—r 'kCn fo'o Hkk"kkvksa es fdl çdkj O;kIr gS
mudh oSf'od igq¡p vR;ar O;kid gS] fo'o dh vf/kdka'k Hkk"kkvksa es laL—r ds
'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr gSA geusa ;g tkuus le>us dk ç;Ru fd;k dh laL—r 'kCn
fdu&fdu Hkk"kkvksa es O;kIr gS] ftlesa geus ik;k dh laL—r 'kCn yxHkx lHkh
Hkk"kkvksa es fo|eku gSA fdl çdkj fodkl ;k=k esa bu 'kCnksa ds Lo:i esa ifjorZu
vk;k gS \ fdl çdkj bu 'kCnksa us LFkkuh;rk dks xzg.k fd;k vkSj vius ewy
Lo#i ls ifjofrZr gq, \ fdl çdkj dqN 'kCnksa usa vius iqjkus vFkZ dks NksM+ dj
uohurk dks xzg.k fd;k\ laL—r 'kCnksa dh oSf'od mifLFkfr vR;ar O;kid gS A
;g u dsoy laL—r Hkk"kk ds fy, xkSjo dk fo"k; vfirq leLr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds
fy, xkSjo dk fo"k; gS A bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ;g tkuus dk ç;Ru fd;k dh
fo'o Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r 'kCnksa dh mifLFkfr dk çeq[k dkj.k D;k gks ldrs gS\a
ftUgs ge fuEukafdr :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSa &
1½ ,d Hkk"kkbZ ifjokj ls gksukA
2½ Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk foLrkjA
3½ ckS) /keZ dk çpkj çlkjA
4½ O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dk çlkjA
5½ Hkkjrh; Kku dk çlkjA
6½ fgUnw /keZ dk çpkj çlkjA
7½ oSf'od Lrj ij Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk vuqoknA
8½ Hkkjr ds yksxksa dh oSf'od ;k=k,aA
bl çdkj vkSj Hkh vusd dkj.k gS ftuds dkj.k ls laL—r dk oSf'od çlkj gqvkA

1- lajpuk & cukoV] jpuk

2- izHkqRo & vkf/kiR;] 'kklu
3- loksZPp & lcls cM+k vFkok Å¡pk
4- lkE; & lekurk
5- izlkj & foLrkj

1- https://in-wikipedia-org/if'peh ns'kksa esa laL—r

2- Hkk"kk foKku] Mk̆- dfiy nso f}osnh] Hkkjrh; vuqlU/kku ifj"kn] bykgckn
3- Hkk"kk foKku] Mk̆ Hkksyk 'kadj frokjh] fdrkc egy çkbosV fyfeVsM] bykgckn
4- Hkk"kk foKku dh Hkwfedk] vkpk;Z nsosUæ 'kekZ] nhfIr 'kekZ
5- rqyukRed Hkk"kk 'kkL= vFkok Hkk"kk foKku] Mk̆ eaxynso 'kkL=h
6- Hkk"kk foKku fl)kUr vkSj Lo:i] Mk̆ ftrjke ikBd] vuqie çdk'ku iVuk
57
 d½ Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk ifjokj
[k½ vosLrk ¼çkphu bjkuh½
x½ rhu
çkphu vk;Z Hkk"kk ¼6000 bZ- iw- &800 bZ- iw-½e/;dkyhu vk;Z Hkk"kk ¼800 bZ- iw-
&1000 bZ-½ vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkk"kk ¼1000 bZ- ls vc rd½
?k½ dnk] dc
M+½ Bruder

d½ vlR;
[k½ lR;
x½ vlR;
?k½ lR;
M+½ lR;

d½ 'kqxk
[k½ ew"kd
x½ dkSvk
?k½ vkpkj
M+½ lkSje.My

vH;kl ç'uksa ds mÙkj fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaxs A

58
4-0 mís”;
4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 laL—r Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR;
4-3 lkjka”k
4-4 “kCnkoyh
4-5 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
4-6 cks/k@vH;kl iz”uksa ds mÙkj

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds Ik”pkr~ vki&

• ,p- ,p- foYlu] lj pkYlZ fofYdUl] gsujh Fk‚el dksyCkzqd] j‚cVZ
f[kzLR;kuksfop ysURt] M‚- tsEl j‚cVZ osyUs Vkbu vkSj lj fofy;e tksUl }kjk
fd, x, laL—r dk;ksZ ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
• laL—r ds :lh fo}ku çks- ;;ksnksj] psokZrLdh] xsjkfle yscsnso vkSj ikosy
;kDyksfop is=kso ds ckjsa esa tku ldsaxsA
• iz;qDr rduhfd “kCnkoyh ds ckjsa esa tku ldsaxsA
• laL—r Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR; dk fo”kn Kku izkIr djsaxAs
• iwoÊ vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ds lkfgR; es ykSfdd laL—r lkfgR; ds foLrkj dks
vius “kCnksa esa O;Dr djus esa leFkZ gksaxsA

laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; foÜo dh leLr çkphu Hkk"kkvksa vkSj muds lkfgR; ¼ok³~
e;½ esa laL—r dk viuk fof'k"V egRo gSA ;g egRo vusd dkj.kksa vkSj –f"V;ksa ls
gSA Hkkjr ds lkaL—frd] ,sfrgkfld] èkkfeZd] vè;kfRed] n'kZfud] lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd thou ,oa fodkl ds lksikuksa dh lEiw.kZ O;k[;k laL—r ok³~e; ds
ekè;e ls vkt miyCèk gSA lglzkfCn;ksa ls bl Hkk"kk vkSj blds ok³~e; dks Hkkjr
esa lokZfèkd çfr"Bk çkIr jgh gSA Hkkjrh dh ;g lkaL—frd Hkk"kk jgh gSA
lglzkfCn;ksa rd lexz Hkkjr dks lkaL—frd vkSj HkkokRed ,drk esa vkc) j[kus
dk bl Hkk"kk us egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; euh"kk us bl Hkk"kk
dks vejHkk"kk ;k nsook.kh ds uke ls lEekfur fd;k gSA _Xosndky ls ysdj vkt
rd bl Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls lHkh çdkj ds ok³~e; dk fuekZ.k gksrk vk jgk gSA
fgeky; ls ysdj dU;kdqekjh ds Nksj rd fdlh u fdlh :i esa laL—r dk
vè;;u&vè;kiu vc rd gksrk vk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; laL—fr vkSj fopkjèkkjk dk
ekè;e gksdj Hkh ;g Hkk"kk vusd –f"V;ksa ls & èkeZfujis{k ¼lsD;wyj½ jgh gSA èkkfeZd]
59
 lkfgfR;d] vkè;kfRed] nk'kZfud] oSKkfud vkSj ekufodh ¼áweSfuVh½ vkfn çk;%
leLr çdkj ds ok³~e; dh jpuk bl Hkk"kk esa gqbZA
_Xosnlafgrk ds dfri; e.Myksa dh Hkk"kk laL—rok.kh dk loZçkphu miyCèk Lo:i
gSA _Xosnlafgrk bl Hkk"kk dk iqjkrure xzUFk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh Lej.k j[kuk pkfg,
fd _Xosnlafgrk dsoy laL—rHkk"kk dk çkphure xzUFk ugha gS vfirq og vk;Z
tkfr dh lEiw.kZ xzUFkjkf'k esa Hkh çkphure xzUFk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] leLr foÜo
ok³~e; dk og ¼_Dlafgrk½ lcls iqjkru miyCèk xzUFk gSA n”k e.Myksa ds bl
xzUFk dk f}rh; ls lIre e.My rd dk va'k çkphure vkSj çFke rFkk n'ke
e.My vis{kk—r vokZphu gSA _Xosndky ls ysdj vkt rd ml Hkk"kk dh v[k.M
vkSj vfofPNUu ijEijk pyh vk jgh gSA _Dlafgrk dsoy Hkkjrh; ok³~e; dh gh
vewY; fufèk ugha gS & og lexz vk;Ztkfr dh] leLr foÜo ok³~e; dh lokZfèkd
egRoiw.kZ fojklr gSA
foÜo dh çkphu çkxSfrgkfld laL—fr;ksa dks tks vè;;u gqvk gS] mlesa dnkfpRk~
vk;Ztkfr ls lEc) vuq'khyu dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA bl oSf'k"V~î dk dkj.k ;gh
_Xosnlafgrk gSA vk;Ztkfr dh vk|re fuoklHkwfe] mudh laL—fr] lH;rk]
lkekftd thou vkfn ds fo"k; esa vuq'khyu gq, gSa] _Dlafgrk mu lcdk
lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ vkSj çkekf.kd lzkrs jgk gSA if'pe ds fo}kuksa us laL—r Hkk"kk
vkSSj _d lafgrk ls ifjp; ikus ds dkj.k gks rqyukRed Hkk"kkfoKku ds vè;;u
dks lgh fn'kk nh rFkk vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ds Hkk"kk'kkL=h; foospu esa çkSf<+ ,oa 'kkL=h;rk
dk fodkl gqvkA Hkkjr ds oSfnd _f"k;ksa vkSj fo}kuksa us vius oSfnd ok³~e; dks
ekSf[kd vkSj JqfrijEijk }kjk çkphure :i esa vR;Ur lkoèkkuh ds lkFk lqjf{kr
vkSj vfèk—r cuk, j[kkA fdlh çdkj ds èofuijd] ek=kijd ;gk¡ rd fd Loj
¼,sDlsaV½ ijd ifjorZu ls iw.kZr% cpkrs jgus dk fuLLokFkZ Hkko esa oSfnd osnikBh
lglzfCn;ksa rd vFkd ç;kl djrs jgsA *osn* 'kCn ls eU=Hkkx ¼lafgrkHkkx½ vkSj
*czkã.k* dk cksèk ekuk tkrk FkkA *czkã.k* Hkkx ds rhu va'k & ¼1½ czkã.k ¼2½
vkj.;d vkSj ¼3½ mifu"kn~ dgs x, gSaA fyfidyk ds fodkl ls iwoZ ekSf[kd
ijEijk }kjk osnikfB;ksa us budk laj{k.k fd;kA cgqr lk oSfnd ok³~e; èkhjs&èkhjs
yqIr gks x;k gSA ijUrq vkt Hkh ftruk miyCèk gS]mldk egRo vlhe gSA Hkkjrh;
–f"V ls osn dks vikS#"ks; ekuk x;k gSA dgk tkrk gS] eU=æ"Vk _f"k;ksa us eU=ksa
dk lk{kkRdkj fd;kA vkèkqfud txRk bls Lohdkj ugha djrkA fQj Hkh ;g ekuk
tkrk gS fd osnO;kl us oSfnd eU=ksa dk ladyu djrs gq, lafgrkvksa ds :i esa mUgsa
çfrf"Br fd;kA vr% laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; laL—fr osnO;kl dh ;qx&;qx rd _.kh cuh
jgsxhA

laL—r Hkk"kk & _d lafgrk dh Hkk"kk dks laL—r dk vk|re miyCèk :i dgk tk
ldrk gSA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd mä lafgrk ds çFke vkSj n'ke e.Myksa dh
Hkk"kk çkphurj gSA dqN fo}kUk~ çkphu oSfnd Hkk"kk dks ijorÊ ikf.kuh; ¼ykSfdd½
laL—r ls fHkUu ekurs gSaA ij ;g i{k Hkzeiw.kZ gSA oSfnd Hkk"kk lHkzkar :i ls laL—r
Hkk"kk dk vk| miyCèk :i gSA ikf.kfu us ftl laL—r Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k fy[kk gS
mlds nks va'k gSa & ¼1½ oSfnd Hkk"kk ¼ftls v"Vk/;k;h esa *Nanl~* dgk x;k gS½ vkSj
¼2½ Hkk"kk ¼ftls yksdHkk"kk ;k ykSfdd Hkk"kk ds :i esa j[kk x;k gS½A *O;kdj.k
60
egkHkk";* uke ls çfl) vkpk;Z iratfy ds 'kCnkuq'kklu esa Hkh oSfnd Hkk"kk vkSj
ykSfdd Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk vkjEHk esa mYys[k gqvk gSA *laL—r uke nSaoh
okxUok[;krk egf"kZfHk%* ds }kjk ftls nsoHkk"kk ;k laL—r dgk x;k gS mls laHkor%
;kLd] ikf.kfu] dkR;k;u vkSj iartfy ds le; rd NUnksHkk"kk ¼oSfnd Hkk"kk½ vkSj
yksdHkk"kk ds nks ukeksa] Lrjksa vkSj :iksa }kjk O;ä fd;k x;k FkkA cgqr ls fo}kuksa
dk er gS fd Hkk"kk ds fy, 'laL—r' dk ç;ksx loZçFke okYehfd jkek;.k ds
lqUnjdk.M ¼30 lxZ½ esa guqekUk }kjk fo'ks"k.k :i ls ¼laL—rk okd~½ fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; ijEijk dh fdEonUrh ds vuqlkj laL—r Hkk"kk igys vO;k—r Fkh] mlds
ç—fr] çR;;kfn dk fof'y"V foospu ugha gqvk FkkA nsoksa }kjk çkFkZuk djus ij
nsojkt bUæ us ç—fr] çR;;kfn dk fof'ky"V foospu ugha gqvk FkkA nsoksa }kjk
çkFkZuk dus ij nsojkt baæ us ç—fr] çR;; vkfn ds fo'ys"k.k foospu dk
mik;kRed foèkku çLrqr fd;kA blh *laLdkj* foèkku ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh çkphure
vk;ZHkk"kk dk uke ^laL—r* iM+kA _Dlafgrkdkyhu lkèkqHkk"kk rFkk *czkã.k*]
*vkj.;d* vkSj *n'kksifu"kn~* dh lkfgfR;d oSfnd Hkk"kk ds vuarj mlh dk fodflr
Lo:i *ykSfdd laL—r* ;k *ikf.kuh; laL—r* gqvkA bls gh *laL—r* ;k laL—r
Hkk"kk ¼lkfgfR;d laL—r Hkh½ dgk x;kA ij vkt ds dqN Hkk"kkfon~ laL—r dks
laLdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ —f=e Hkk"kk ekurs gSaA ,slk ekurs gSa fd bu laL—r ds
ewykèkkj iwoZrj dky esa mnhP;] eè;ns'kh; ;k vk;kZorÊ; foHkk"kk,¡ fo|eku FkhaA
^foHkk"kk* ;k *mnhpkEk~* 'kCn ls ikf.kfulw=ksa esa budk mYys[k miyCèk gSA buds
vfrfjä Hkh *çkP;* vkfn cksfy;k¡ FkhaA ijUrq *ikf.kfu* us Hkk"kk dk ,d lkoZnfs 'kd
vkSj loZHkkjrh; ifj"—r :i fLFkj dj fn;kA èkhjs & èkhjs ikf.kfulEer Hkk"kk dk
ç;ksx:i vkSj fodkl çk;% LFkk;h gks x;kA iratfy ds le; rd *vk;kZorZ*
¼vk;Zfuokl½ ds f'k"V tuksa esa laL—r cksypky dh Hkk"kk FkhA
[çkxkn'kkZRçR;Ddkydoukíf{k.ksu fgeoareqÙkjs.k okfj;k=esrfLeUuk;kZorZsa vk;kZfuokls--
--- ¼egkHkk";] 6A3A109½] ij 'kh?kz gh og lexz Hkkjr ds f}tkfroxZ vkSj fo}Rlekt
dh lkaL—frd vkSj vkdj Hkk"kk gks xbZA
laL—r Hkk"kk ds fodkl Lrjksa dh –f"V ls vusd fo}kuksa us vusd :i ls bldk
,sfrgkfld dkyfoHkktu fd;k gSA lkekU; lqfoèkk dh –f"V ls vfèkd ekU;
fuEukafdr dkyfoHkktu fn;k tk jgk gS &
1½ ¼vkfndky½ osnlafgrkvksa vkSj ok³~e; dk dky & bZ- iw- 4500 ls 800 bZ- iw-
rdA
2½ ¼eè;dky½ bZ- iw- 800 ls 800 bZ- rd ftlesa 'kkL=ksa n'kZulw=ksa] osnkax xzUFkksa]
dkO;ksa rFkk dqN çeq[k lkfgR;'kkL=h; xzUFkksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk A
3½ ¼ijorÊdky½ 800 bZ- ls ysdj 1600 bZ- ;k vc rd dk vkèkqfud dky&ftl
;qx esa dkO;] ukVd] lkfgR;'kkL=] rU='kkL=] f'kYi'kkL= vkfn ds xzaFkksa dh
jpuk ds lkFk lkFk ewy xzaFkksa dh O;k[;kRed] —fr;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ ltZuk
gqbZA Hkk";] Vhdk] fooj.k] O;k[;ku vkfn ds :i esa ftu lglzkas xzaFkksa dk
fuekZ.k gqvk muesa vusd Hkk"; vkSj Vhdkvksa dh çfr"Bk] ekU;rk] vkSj çflf)
ewyxzaFkksa ls Hkh dgha&dgha vfèkd gqbZA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gSA fd
vkèkqfud fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj Hkh laL—r Hkk"kk dk v[k.M çokg ik¡p lglz o"kksZa
ls cgrk pyk vk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g vk;ZHkk"kk dk lokZfèkd egRo'kkyh]
O;kid vkSj lEiUu Lo:i gSA blds ekè;e ls Hkkjr dh mR—"Vre euh"kk]
61
 çfrHkk] vewY; fparu] euu] foosd] jpukRed] ltZuk vkSj oSpkfjd çKk dk
vfHkO;atu gqvk gSA vkt Hkh lHkh {ks=ksa esa bl Hkk"kk ds }kjk xzUFkfuekZ.k dh
{kh.k èkkjk vfofPNUu :i ls cg jgh gSA vkt Hkh ;g Hkk"kk] vR;Ur lhfer
{ks= esa gh lgh] cksyh tkrh gSA blesa O;k[;ku gksrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu
çknsf'kd Hkk"kkHkk"kh iafMrtu bldk ijLij okrkZyki esa ç;ksx djrs gSaA
fgUnqvksa ds lkaLdkfjd dk;ksZa esa vkt Hkh ;g ç;qä gksrh gSA blh dkj.k xzhd
vkSj ySfVu vkfn çkphu e`r Hkk"kkvksa ¼MsM ySaXostst+½ ls laL—r dh fLFkfr fHkUu
gSA ;g e`rHkk"kk ugha] vejHkk"kk gSA
,sfrgkfld Hkk"kkfoKku dh –f"V ls laL—r Hkk"kk vk;ZHkk"kk ifjokj ds vUrxZr j[kh
xbZ gSA vk;Ztkfr Hkkjr esa ckgj ls vkbZ ;k ;gk¡ bldk fuokl Fkk & bR;kfn
fopkj vuko';d gksus ls ;gk¡ ugha fd;k tk jgk gS ijUrq vkèkqfud Hkk"kkfoKku ds
iafMrksa dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ;wjksih; Hkk"kkHkkf"k;ksa dh tks ukuk çkphu Hkk"kk,¡]
¼oSfnd laL—r] voLrk vFkkZR çkphure ikjlh xzhd] çkphu x‚fFkd rFkk çkphure
teZu] ySfVu] çkphure vkbfj'k rFkk ukuk osYV cksfy;k¡] çkphure Lyko ,oa
ckfYVd Hkk"kk,¡] vjehfu;u] fgÙkh] cq[kkjh vkfn½ Fkh] os oLrqr% ,d ewyHkk"kk dh
¼ftls ewy vk;ZHkk"kk] vk| vk;ZHkk"kk] baMksteZfud Hkk"kk] vk|&Hkkjr&;ksjksih; Hkk"kk]
QknjySaXost vkfn½ ns'kdkykuqlkjh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡ FkhA mu lcdh mn~xeHkk"kk ;k
ewyHkk"kk dk vk|vk;ZHkk"kk dgrs gSaA dqN fo}kuksa ds er esa&ohjk&ewyfuoklLFkku ds
oklh lqlaxfBr vk;ksZa dks gh ^ohjksl* ¼iwros½ ;k ohjkLk ¼ohjk:½ dgrs FksA
ohjksLk~ ¼ohjks½ 'kCn }kjk ftu iwokZsä çkphu vk;ZHkk"kk lewg Hkkf"k;ksa dk |ksru gksrk
gS mu fofoèk çkphu Hkk"kkHkkf"k;ksa dks ohjkl ¼laohjk%½ dgk x;k gS vFkkZRk~ leLr
Hkk"kk,¡ ikfjokfjd –f"V ls vk;Zifjokj dh Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA laL—r dk buesa vU;re
LFkku gSA mä ifjokj dh *dsarqEk~* vkSj *'krEk~* ¼nksuksa gh 'krokÙkd 'kCn½ nks çeq[k
'kk[kk,¡ gSaA çFke ds varxZr xzhd] ykfru vkfn vkrh gSaA laL—r dk LFkku *'krEk~*
ds varxZr Hkkjr&bZjkuh 'kk[kk esa ekuk x;k gSA vk;Zifjokj esa dkSu çkphu]
çkphurj vkSj çkphure gS ;g iw.kZr% fuf'pr ugha gSA fQj Hkh vkèkqfud vfèkdka'k
Hkk"kkfon~ xzhd] ykfru vkfn dks vk| vk;ZHkk"kk dh T;s"B larfr vkSj laL—r dks
mudh NksVh cfgu ekurs gSaA bruk gh ugha Hkkjr&bZjkuh 'kk[kk dh çkphure
vosLrk dks Hkh laL—r ls çkphu ekurs gSaA ijarq vusd Hkkjrh; fo}kUk le>rs gSa
fd ^ftn&vosLrk* dh vosLrk dk Lo:i _d~ Hkk"kk dh vis{kk uO; gSA tks Hkh gks]
bruk fuf'pr gS fd xzUFk:i esa Le`fr:i ls vof'k"V ok³~e; esa _Dlafgrk
çkphure gS vkSj blh dkj.k og Hkk"kk Hkh viuh miyfCèk esa çkphure gSA mldh
oSfnd lafgrkvksa dh cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd gtkjksa o"kksZa rd tc fyfi dyk dk Hkh
çknqHkkZo ugha Fkk] oSfnd lafgrk,¡ ekSf[kd vkSj Jqfrijaijk }kjk xq#f'k";ksa ds lekt
esa v[kaM :i ls çogeku FkhaA mPpkj.k dh 'kq)rk dks bruk lqjf{kr j[kk x;k fd
èofu vksj ek=k,¡] gh ugha] lglzksa o"kksZa iwoZ ls vkt rd oSfnd ea=ksa esa dgha ikBHksn
ugha gqvkA mnkÙk vuqnkÙkkfn Lojksa dk mPpkj.k 'kq) :i esa iw.kZr% vfo—r jgkA
vkèkqfud Hkk"kkoSKkfud ;g ekurs gSa fd Lojksa dh –f"V ls xzhd] ykfru vkfn ds
*dsarqEk~* oxZ dh Hkk"kk,¡ vfèkd laiUu Hkh gSa vkSj ewy ;k vk| vk;ZHkk"kk ds vfèkd
lehi HkhA muesa mä Hkk"kk dh LojlEifÙk vfèkd lqjf{kr gSaA laL—r esa
O;atulEifÙk vfèkd lqjf{kr gSA Hkk"kk ds la?kVukRed vFkok :ikRed fopkj dh
–f"V ls laL—r Hkk"kk dks foHkfäçèkku vFkok ^f'y"VHkk"kk* ¼,XyqfVusfVo ySaXost½
62
dgk tkrk gSA
çkekf.kdrk ds fopkj ls bl Hkk"kk dk loZçkphu miyCèk O;kdj.k ikf.kfu dh
v"Vk/;k;h gSA de ls de 600 bZ- iw- dk ;g xzUFk vkt Hkh leLr foÜo esa
vrqyuh; O;kdj.k gSA foÜo ds vkSj eq[;r% vejhdk ds Hkk"kk'kkL=h la?kVukRed
Hkk"kk foKku dh –f"V ls v"Vkè;k;h dks vkt Hkh foÜo dk lokZsÙke xzUFk ekurs gSaA
CyweQhYM us vius *ySaXost* rFkk vU; —fr;ksa esa bl rF; dh iq"V LFkkiuk dh gSA
ikf.kfu ds iwoZ laL—r Hkk"kk fu'p; gh f'k"V ,oa oSfnd tuksa dh O;ogkjHkk"kk FkhA
vlaL—r tuksa esa Hkh cgqr lh cksfy;k¡ ml le; çpfyr jgh gksaxhA ij ;g er
vkèkqfud Hkk"kkfoKksa dks ekU; ugha gSA os dgrs gSa fd laL—r dHkh Hkh O;ogkjHkk"kk
ugha FkhA turk dh Hkk"kkvksa dks rRdkyhu çk—r dgk tk ldrk gSA nsoHkk"kk
rRor: —f=e ;k laLdkj }kjk fufeZr czkã.kiafMrksa dh Hkk"kk Fkh] yksdHkk"kk ughaA
ijarq ;g er loZekU; ugha gSA ikf.kfu ls ysdj iratfy rd lHkh us laL—r dk
yksd dh Hkk"kk dgk gS] ykSfdd Hkk"kk crk;k gSA vU; lSdM+ksa çek.k fl) djrs gSa
fd ^laL—r* oSfnd vkSj oSfndksÙkj iwoZikf.kfudky esa yksdHkk"kk vkSj O;ogkjHkk"kk
¼Lihdsu ySaXost½ FkhA ;g vo'; jgk gksxk fd ns'k] dky vkSj lekt ds lUnHkZ esa
mldh viuh lhek jgh gksxhA ckn esa pydj og ifBr lekt dh lkfgfR;d] vkSj
lkaL—frd Hkk"kk cu xbZA rnuarj ;g leLr Hkkjr esa lHkh iafMrksa dh] pkgs os vk;Z
jgsa gksa ;k vk;Zsrj tkfr ds & lHkh dh] loZekU; lkaL—frd Hkk"kk gks xbZ vkSj
vklsrqfgekpy bldk çlkj] leknj vkSj çpkj jgk ,oa vkt Hkh cuk gqvk gSA
yxHkx l=goha 'krkCnh ds iwokZèkZ ls ;wjksi vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ds fe'kujh ,oa vU;
fo|kçsfe;ksa dks laL—r dk ifjp; çkIr gqvkA èkhjs&èkhjs if'pe esa gh ugha] leLr
foÜo esa laL—r dk çpkj gqvkA teZu] vaxzst] Ýkalhlh] vejhdh rFkk ;wjksi ds
vusd NksVs & cM+s ns'k ds fuoklh fo}kuksa us fo'ks"k :i ls laL—r ds vè;;u
vuq'khyu dks vkèkqfud fo}kuksa esa çtkfç; cuk;kA vkèkqfud fo}kuksa vkSj vuq'khyu
dÙkkZvksa ds er ls foÜo dh iqjkHkk"kkvksa esa laL—r lokZfèkd O;ofLFkr] oSKkfud vkSj
lEiUu Hkk"kk gSA og vkt dsoy Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk gh ugha] ,d :i ls foÜoHkk"kk Hkh
gSA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkwe.My ds ç;Ru&Hkk"kk&lkfgR;ksa esa dnkfpRk~ laL—r
dk ok³~e; lokZfèkd fo'kky] O;kid] prqeZq[kh vkSj lEiUu gSA lalkj ds çk;% lHkh
fodflr] fodkl”khy vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa esa laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk vkt
vè;;u&vè;kiu gks jgk gSA
crk;k tk pqdk gS fd bl Hkk"kk dk ifjp; gksus ls gh vk;Z tkfr] mldh laL—fr]
thou vkSj rFkkdfFkr ewy vk| vk;ZHkk"kk ls lEc) fo"k;ksa ds vè;;u dk if'peh
fo}kuksa dks Bksl vkèkkj çkIr gqvkA çkphu xzhd] ykfru] vosLrk vkSj _DlaL—r
vkfn ds vkèkkj ij ewy vk| vk;ZHkk"kk ds O;kdj.k vkSj Lo:i dh ifjdYiuk dh
tk ldh ftlsa _DlaL—r dk vonku lcls vfèkd egRo dk gSA xzhd] ykfru
çRuxkfFkd vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk laL—r dk ikfjokfjd vkSj fudV lEcUèk gSA ij
Hkkjr&bjkuh&oxZ dh Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk ¼ftuesa vosLrk] igyoh] Qkjlh] bZjkuh] i'rks
vkfn cgqr lh çkphu uohu Hkk"kk,¡ gSa½ laL—r dh lokZfèkd fudVrk gSA Hkkjr dh
lHkh vk|] eè;dkyhu ,oa vkèkqfud vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ds fodkl esa ewyr% _Xosn&,oa
rnqÙkjdkyhu laL—r dk vkèkkfjd ,oa vkSiknkfud ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkèkqfud
Hkk"kkoSKkfud ekurs gSa fd _Xosndky ls gh tulkekU; esa cksypky dh rFkkHkwr
çk—r Hkk"kk,¡ vo'; çpfyr jgh gksaxhA mUgha ls ikfy] çk—r viHkza'k rFkk
rnqÙkjdkyhu vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvk ijUrq bl fodkl esa laL—r Hkk"kk dk
lokZfèkd vkSj loZfoèk ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;gha ij ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd laL—
63
 r Hkk"kk us Hkkjr ds fofHkUu çns'kksa] vkSj vapyksa dh vk;Zsrj Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkh dkQh
çHkkfor fd;k rFkk Lo;a muls çHkkfor gqbZ( mu Hkk"kkvksa vkSj muds Hkk"k.kdrkZvksa
dh laL—fr vkSj lkfgR; dks rks çHkkfor fd;k gh] mudh Hkk"kkvksa] 'kCndks'k] mudh
èofuekyk vkSj fyfidyk dks Hkh vius ;ksxnku ls ykHkkfUor fd;kA Hkkjr dh nks
çkphu fyfi;k¡&¼1½ czkãh ¼ck,¡ ls fy[kh tkusokyh½ vkSj ¼2½ [kjks"Bh ¼nk,¡ ls ys[;½
FkhaA buesa czkãh dks laL—r us eq[;r% viuk;kA
Hkk"kk dh –f"V ls laL—r dh èofuekyk i;kZIr laiUu gSA Lojksa dh –f"V ls ;|fi
xzhd] ykfru vkfn dk fof'k"V LFkku gS] rFkkfi vius {ks= ds fopkj ls laL—r dh
Lojekyk i;kZIr vkSj Hkk"kkuq:i gSA O;atuekyk vR;ar laiUu gSA lglzksa o"kksZa rd
Hkkjrh; vk;ksZa ds vk|"kqfrlkfgR; dk vè;ukè;kiu xq# f'k";ksa }kjk ekSf[kd ijaijk
ds :i esa çorZeku jgk D;ksafd dnkfpr ml ;qx esa ¼tSlk vkèkqfud bfrgklK
fyfi'kkL=h ekurs gSa½] fyfidyk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ugha gks ik;k FkkA laHkor%
ikf.kfu ds dqN iwoZ ;k dqN ckn ls fyfi dk Hkkjr esa ç;ksx py iM+k vkSj eq[;r%
^czkãh* dks laL—r Hkk"kk dk okgu cuk;k x;kA blh czkãh us vk;Z vkSj vk;Zrj
vfèkdka'k fyfi;ksa dh o.kZekyk vkSj o.kZØe dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;kA ;fn eè;dkyhu
ukuk Hkkjrh; æfoM+ Hkk"kkvksa rFkk rfey] rsyxq vkfn dh o.kZekyk ij Hkh laLdr
Hkk"kk vkSj czkãh fyfi dk i;kZIr çHkko gSA èofuekyk vkSj èofuØe dh –f"V ls
ikf.kfudky ls çpfyr laL—r o.kZekyk vkt Hkh foÜo dh lokZfèkd oSKkfud ,oa
'kkL=h; o.kZekyk gSA laL—r Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk leLr foÜo esa çR;{k ;k jkseu
vdkjkard ds :i esa vkt leLr lalkj esa bldk çpkj gks x;k gSA
laL—r lkfgR; & ;gk¡ lkfgR; 'kCn dk ç;ksx *ok³~e;* ds fy, gSA Åij osn
lafgrkvksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA osn pkj gSa& _Xosn] ;tqoZsan] lkeosn vkSj vFkoZosnA
budh vusd 'kk[kk,¡ Fkha ftuesa cgqr lh yqIr gks pqdh gSa vkSj dqN lqjf{kr cp xbZ
gSa ftuds lafgrkxzaFk gesa vkt miyCèk gSaA bUgha dh 'kk[kkvksa ls lEc) czkã.k]
vj.;d vkSj mifu"kn~ uked xzaFkksa dk fo'kky ok³~e; çkIr gSA osnkaxksa esa loZçeq[k
dYilw= gSa ftuds vokUrj oxksZa ds :i esa vkSj lw=] x`álw= vkSj èkeZlw= ¼'kqYclw=
Hkh gS½ dk Hkh O;kid lkfgR; cpk gqvk gSA bUgha dh O;k[;k ds :i esa le;kuqlkj
èkeZlafgrkvksa vkSj Le`frxzaFkksa dk tks çpqj ok³~e; cuk] euqLe`fr dk muesa çeq[k
LFkku gSA osnkaxksa esa f'k{kk&çkfr'kk[;] O;kdj.k] fu#ä] T;ksfr"k] NUn 'kkL= ls
lEc) xzUFkksa dk oSfndksÙkj dky ls fuekZ.k gksrk jgk gSA vc rd bu lcdk
fo'kky lkfgR; miyCèk gSA vkt T;ksfr"k dh rhu 'kk[kk,¡&xf.kr] fl)kUr vkSj
Qfyr fodflr gks pqdh gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; xf.krKksa dh foÜo dh cgqr lh ekSfyd
nsu gSaA ikf.kfu vkSj muls iwoZdkyhu rFkk ijorÊ oS;kdj.kksa }kjk tkus fdrus
O;kdj.kksa dh jpuk gqbZ ftuesa ikf.kfu dk O;kdj.k&lEçnk; 2500 o"kksZa ls çfrf"Br
ekuk x;k vkSj vkt foÜo Hkj esa mldh efgek ekU; gks pqdh gSA ;kLd dk fu#ä
ikf.kfu ls iwoZdky dk xzUFk gS vkSj mlls Hkh igys fu#fäfo|k ds vusd vkpk;Z
çfl) gks pqds FksA f'k{kkçkfr'kk[; xzUFkksa esa èofufoKku] 'kkL= vkfn dk ftruk
çkphu vkSj oSKkfud foospu Hkkjr dh laL—r Hkk"kk esa gqvk gS& og vrqyuh; vkSj
vk'p;Zdkjh gSA miosn ds :i esa fpfdRlkfoKku ds :i esa vk;qoZsn fo|k dk
oSfnd dky ls gh çpkj Fkk vkSj mlds iafMrkxzaFk ¼pjdlafgrk] lqJqrlafgrk]
HksMlafgrk vkfn½ çkphu Hkkjrh; euh"kk ds oSKkfud vè;;u dh foLe;dkjh fufèk
gSA bl fo|k ds Hkh fo'kky ok³~e; dk dkykarj esa fuekZ.k gqvkA blh çdkj èkuqoZsn
64
vkSj jktuhfr] xkaèkoZons vkfn dks miosn dgk x;k gS rFkk buds fo"k; dks ysdj
xzaFk ds :i esa vFkok çlaxfrxZr lanHkksZa esa i;kZIr fopkj feyrk gSA
osn] osnkax] miosn vkfn ds vfrfjä laL—r ok³~e; esa n'kZu'kkL= dk ok³~e; Hkh
vR;Ur fo'kky gSA iwoZehekalk] mÙkj ehekalk] lka[;] ;ksx] oS'ksf"kd vkSj U;k;&bu
Ng çeq[k vkfLrd n'kZuksa ds vfrfjä ipkl ls vfèkd vkfLrd&ukfLrd n'kZuksa ds
uke rFkk muds ok³~e; miyCèk gSa ftuesa vkRek] ijekRek] thou]
txRinkFkZehekalk] rRoehekalk vkfn ds lanHkZ esa vR;Ur çkS<+ fopkj gqvk gSA
vkfLrd "kM~n'kZuksa ds çorZd vkpk;ksZa ds :i esa O;kl] tSfefu] dfiy] iratfy]
d.kkn] xkSre vkfn ds uke laL—r lkfgR; esa vej gSaA vU; vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa
'kSo] oS".ko] rkaf=d vkfn lSdM+ksa n'kZu vkrs gSaA vkfLrdsrj n'kZuksa esa ckS)n'kZuksa]
tSun'kZuksa vkfn ds laL—r xzaFk cM+s gh çkS<+ vkSj ekSfyd gSaA buesa xEHkhj foospu
gqvk gS rFkk mudh foiqy xzUFkjkf'k vkt Hkh miyCèk gSA pkokZd] yksdk;frd]
xkgZiR; vkfn ukfLrd n'kZuksa dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA osnçke.; dks ekuus okys
vkfLrd vkSj osnçke.; dks u ekuus okys ukfLrd ds vkpk;ksZa vkSj euhf"k;ksa us
vR;Ur çpqj ek=k esa nk'kZfud ok³~e; dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA n'kZu lw= ds Vhdkdkj
ds :i esa ijek–r 'kadjkpk;Z dk uke laL—r lkfgR; esa vej gSA
dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=] okRL;k;u dk dkelw=] Hkjr dk ukVî'kkL= vkfn laL—r
ds dqN ,sls vewY; xzaFkjRu gSa&ftudk leLr lalkj ds çkphu ok³~e; esa LFkku gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dk lalkj esa dgk tkrk gS&ckbZcy ds ckn lokZfèkd çpkj gS rFkk
foÜo dh mR—"Vre —fr;ksa esa mldk mPp vkSj vU;re LFkku gSA oSfnd ok³~e;
ds vuUrj lkaL—frd –f"V ls okYehfd ds jkek;.k vkSj O;kl ds egkHkkjr dh
Hkkjr esa lokZsPp çfr"Bk ekuh xbZ gSA egkHkkjr dk vkt miyCèk Lo:i ,d yk[k
i|ksa dk gSA çkphu Hkkjr dh ikSjkf.kd xkFkkvksa] lekt'kkL=h; ekU;rkvksa] nk'kZfud
vkè;kfRed –f"V;ksa] feFkdksa] Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld thoufp=ksa vkfn ds lkFk&lkFk
ikSjkf.kd bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj ijEijk dk egkHkkjr egkdks'k gSA okYehfd jkek;.k
vk| ykSfdd egkdkO; gSA mldh x.kuk vkt Hkh foÜo ds mPpre dkO;ksa esa dh
tkrh gSA buds vfrfjä v"Vkn'k iqjk.kksa vkSj miiqjk.kkfndksa dk egkfo'kky ok³~e;
gS ftuesa ikSjkf.kd ;k feFkdh; i)fr ls dsoy vk;ksZa dk gh ugha] Hkkjr dh leLr
turk vkSj tkfr;ksa dk lkaL—frd bfrgkl vuqc) gSA
laL—r ds yksdlkfgR; ds vkfndfo okYehfd ds ckn x| i| ds yk[kksa JO;dkO;ksa
vkSj –';dkO;:i ukVdksa dh jpuk gksrh pyh ftuesa vfèkdka'k yqIr ;k u"V gks
x,A ij tks LoYika'k vkt miyCèk gS] lkjk foÜo mldk egRo Lohdkj djrk gSA
dfo dkfynkl ds vfHkKku'kkdqrye~ ukVd dks foÜo ds loZJs"B ukVdksa esa LFkku
çkIr gSA vÜo?kks"k] Hkkl] HkoHkwfr] ck.kHkê] Hkkjfo] ek?k] Jhg"kZ] 'kwæd] fo'kk[knÙk
vkfn dfo vkSj ukVddkjksa dks vius& vius {ks=ksa esa vR;Ur mPp LFkku çkIr gSA
ltZukRed ukVdksa ds fopkj ls Hkh Hkkjr dk ukVd lkfgR; vR;Ur lEiUu vkSj
egRo'kkyh gSA lkfgR;'kkL=h; lekykspu i)fr ds fopkj ls ukVî'kkL= vkSj
lkfgR;'kkL= ds vR;ar çkS<+] foospuiw.kZ vkSj ekSfyd çpqjla[;d —fr;ksa dk laL—r
esa fuekZ.k gqvk gSA fl)kUr dh –f"V ls jlokn vkSj èofuokn ds fopkjksa dks ekSfyd
vkSj vR;Ur O;kid fpUru ekuk tkrk gSA Lrks=] uhfr vkSj lqHkkf"kr ds Hkh vusd
mPp dksfV ds xzUFk gSaA buds vfrfjä f'kYi] dyk] laxhr] u`R; vkfn mu lHkh
fo"k;ksa ds çkS<+ xzUFk laL—r Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls fufeZr gq, gSa ftudk fdlh Hkh
çdkj ls vkfneè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; thou esa fdlh i{k ds lkFk lEcUèk jgk gSA ,slk
65
 le>k tkrk gS fd |wrfo|k] pkSjfo|k vkfn tSls fo"k;ksa ij xzUFk cukuk Hkh laL—r
iafMrksa us ugha NksM+k FkkAHkkjrh; yksdthou esa laL—r dh ,slh 'kkL=h; çfr"Bk jgh
gS fd xzUFkksa dh ekU;rk ds fy, laL—r esa jpuk dks vko';d ekuk tkrk FkkA blh
dkj.k ckS)ksa vkSj tSuksa] ds n'kZu] èkeZfl)kUr] iqjk.kxkFkk vkfn ukuk i{kksa ds gtkjksa
xzUFkksa dh ikyh ;k çk—r esa gh ugha laL—r esa Hkh jpuk gqbZ gSA laL—r fo|k dh
u tkus fdruh egRoiw.kZ 'kk[kkvksa dk ;gk¡ mYys[k Hkh vYiLFkkurk ds dkj.k ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq fu"d"kZ :i ls iw.kZ foÜokl ds lkFk dgk tk ldrk gS
fd Hkkjr dh çkphu laL—r Hkk"kk&vR;Ur leFkZ] lEiUu vkSj ,sfrgkfld egRo dh
Hkk"kk gSA bl çkphu ok.kh dk ok³~e; Hkh vR;Ur O;kid] loZrkseq[kh] ekuorkoknh
rFkk ijelEiUu jgk gSA foÜo dh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; esa laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;
dk LFkku vR;Ur egRo'kkyh gSA leLr foÜo ds çkP;fo|k çsfe;ksa us laL—r dks
tks çfr"Bk vkSj mPpklu fn;k gS] mlds fy, Hkkjr ds laL—rçseh lnk —rK cus
jgsaxAs

• tUe & flrEcj 1786 yUnu

• f'k{kk & yUnu ds çfl) vLirky lsUV Fkksel ls fpfdRlk dh f'k{kk yhA
• ekpZ 1809 esa Hkkjr ¼dksydkrk½ igq¡psA
• çkP;fon~ M‚- tku ysMu ls feys vkSj Hkkjr rRo rFkk laL—r dk Kku çkIr
djus dh vksj ço`Ùk gq, A
• 1813 bZ- esa dkfynkl es xzUFk es?knwre~ dk vaxzsth vuqokn fd;kA
• bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds vkxzg ij pkyhl gtkj 'kCnksa dk laL—r vaxzsth dks'k
rS;kj fd;kA
• 1821 esa dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh ds vkèkkj ij d'ehj dk fgUnw bfrgkl 'kh"kZd
ls ,d ys[k fy[kk
• , Ldsp v‚Q fn fjyhtl LVsVl v‚Q fgUnwt uked ys[k esa fgUnw jhfrfjoktksa
dh [kwc ppkZ dhA
• 26 fnlEcj 1822 bZ- dks j‚;y lkslkbfVd dh cSBd esa foYlu }kjk ,d ys[k
i<+k x;k tks Hkkjrh; ukVî'kkL= ds foospu ls lEcfUèkr FkkA
• 1826&27 bZ- esa foYlu esa laL—r ukVdksa & e`PNdfVd] ekyrhekèko-
mÙkjjkepfjr] foØeksoZ'kh;e ] jRukoyh rFkk eqækjk{kl dk vaxzsth vuqokn
fd;kA
• 1824 esa fo".kqiqjk.k dk v¡xzsth vuqokn fd;kA
• eRL;iqjk.k dk vaxzsth vuqokn fd;kA
• 1826 dh lkslkbVh dh cSBd esa dweZiqjk.k vkSj vfXuiqjk.k ds lkj la{ksi çLrqr
fd, A
• fgUnw fFk,Vj uke dh ,d iqLrd fy[khA
• _Xosn ds N% [k.Mksa dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA
66
• 1832 esa baXyS.M okil tkus ij vkWDlQksMZ foÜofo|ky; esa laL—r ds cksMu
ps;j in ij fu;qä gq,A
• lu~ 1860 esa foYlu dk nsgkolku gks x;kA
;wjksfi;u fo}ku
lj pkYlZ fofYdUl
• tUe & 1750
• e`R;q & 1836 ¼13 ebZ½
• 1770 bZ- esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds ,d vfèkdkjh ds :i esa Hkkjr vk,A
• 1785 esa xhrk dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fofYdUl }kjk fd;k x;kA
• 1787 bZ- esa xhrk dk ÝsUp Hkk"kk esa rFkk 1802 esa teZu esa vuqokn fd;k x;kA
• pkYlZ fofYdUl dk eqæ.k ds {ks= esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku gSA
• 1787 esa baXyS.M ykSVdj mUgksaus 1787 esa fgrksins'k dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn
fd;kA
• 1795 esa egkHkkjr ds va'k 'kdqUryksik[;ku dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA
• 1813 esa es?knwr dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;k A
• 1808 esa muds }kjk laL—r O;kdj.k rsS;kj fd;k x;kA
• 1815 bZ- esa :V~l v‚Q n laL—r xzkej A
• 1819 esa laL—r 'kCndks'kA
• 1834 bZ- esa fgLVªh v‚Q d'ehj v‚Q n jktrjafx.kh ,.M fgt Qksj Mªkekt
bu fn fFk;sVj v‚Q fgUnwtA
• ukjk;.k iky ds le; ds nhuktiqj ftys ds LrEHk ys[k dk 1785 bZ- esa mUgksaus
m)kj fd;kA
laL—r ds :lh fo}ku
1- çks- ;;ksnksj 2- psokZrLdh
 tUe & 19 flrEcj 1866 iksyS.M ds osYl uxj esa gqvk FkkA
 ekr`Hkk"kk :lh dk Kku rks mUgsa ikfjokfjd ifjos'k esa gh çkIr gks x;k FkkA
mUgsa ÝsUp] teZu vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk Hkh Kku FkkA
 1884 bZ- esa ihV~lcxZ dh miuxjh RlkLdksps ,syks ls ekè;fed f'k{kk dh i<+kbZ
iwjh dj muds }kjk lsaV ihVlZcxZ ¼ysfuuxzkM½ foÜofo|ky; ds Hkk"kk foKku
foHkkx esa ços'k fd;kA
 xq# & feuk;so vkSj vksYMucxZ
 1889 bZ- esa og 'kksèkdk;Z ds fy, fo;uk x,A
 1910 esa lokZsPp fo}Rifj"kn #lh foKku vdkneh ds milnL; cuk, x,A
 2 uoEcj 1918 lokZsPp fo}Rifj"kn :lh foKku vdkneh ds lnL; pqus x,A
 1927 esa mUgksaus ,d ys[k Hkkjr esa HkkSfrdokn dk bfrgkl fy[kk FkkA
67
  ckS) fuokZ.k dh voèkkj.kk vaxzsth esa çdkf'kr gqbZA
 1930 bZ- ds ckn viuh fy[kh gqbZ ckS) U;k; xzUFk dh nks cM+h ftYnsa mUgksaus
çdkf'kr dhA
 18 uoEcj 1942 bZ- esa 76 lky dh mez esa mudk nsgkUr mÙkjh dtkfdLrku
ds cjksyh uked LFkku ij gqvkA

 tUe & 28 flrEcj 1746 baXyS.M

 1783 esa dydÙkk ds lqçhe dksVZ esa tt fu;qä gq,A lj dh mikfèk ls
foHkwf"kr fd, x,A
 1789 esa vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~ dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA
 1790 esa ekuo èkeZ'kkL= uke ls çdk'ku djk;kA
 1787 esa ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh caxky dh LFkkiuk A
 lj fofy;e tksUl }kjk Hkkjr esa 11 o"kZ dk le; fcrk;k x;kA
 lj fofy;e tksUl 48 o"kZ dh mez esa 1794 esa e`R;q gqbZ
 fofy;e tksUl us dkfynkl dks Hkkjr dk 'ksDlih;j dgk A
 ukfnj 'kkg dh Qkjlh Hkk"kk esa fy[kh thouh dk mUgksaus 1770 bZ- esa ÝsUp Hkk"kk
esa vuqokn fd;kA
 1771 bZ- esa Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k fy[kkA
 1782 bZ- esa eqfLye mÙkjkfèkdkj dkuwu rFkk eqfLye nk;kfèkdkj dkuwu cuk;kA
:lh fo}ku
xsjkfle yscsnso
 tUe & 1749 bZ- esa :l esa ;kjksLykOy uxjA
 rfey] rsyqxw vkSj ey;kye Hkk"kk dk vè;;u fd;kA
 buds xzUFk &
, xzkej v‚Q I;ksj ,.M feDlM bZLV bf.M;u Mk;ysDVl fon Mk;ykXt ,fQDLM]
Liksdu bu v‚y n bZLVuZ dUVªhtA
eSFkksfMdyh ,jsUTM ,DV dydÙkk ,dkfMZax Vw n czkãuh;u flLVe v‚Q n
ySaxostA
 1801 esa os lSUV ihV~lcxZ ykSVs Hkk"kkvksa dk Kkrk gksus ds dkj.k fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa
ds cksMZ ds ,f'k;kbZ foHkkx esa fu;qä dj fn;k x;kA
 1805 esa ihV~lcxZ ds eqæ.kky; ls Hkkjrh; jhfrfjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dk
vuq'khyu djkus okyh ,d iqLrd iwoÊ Hkkjr dh ç.kkfy;ksa czkã.kksa] muds
vuq"Bkuksa ,oa tu jhfr;ksa dk fu"i{k voyksdu :lh Hkk"kk esa çdkf'kr fd;kA
 1817 esa budh e`R;q gks xbZA

68
 tUe & 15 twu 1765 bZ- esa yUnu esa gqvk FkkA
 firk & tktZ dksyCkzqd
 1782 esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh esa fy;k x;kA
 1786 esa fr#gqr esa vfllVs.V dysDVj v‚Q jsosU;q fu;qä fd;k x;kA
 1794 bZ- esa ^vkn'kZ fgUnw foèkok ds dÙkZO;* gsujh dk igyk çdk'ku FkkA
 gsujh Fk‚el dksyCkzqd }kjk caxky dh —f"k O;oLFkk ds Åij caxky esa —f"k
O;kikj esa orZeku fLFkfr uked iqLrd dh jpuk dh xbZA
 gsujh }kjk U;k; lafgrk uked iqLrd dh jpuk Hkh dh xbZA
 1801 esa dydÙkk esa vihy ds fy, cus U;k;ky; esa rRdkyhu xouZj }kjk
bUgsa tt ds in ij fu;qä fd;k x;kA
 QksVZ fofy;e d‚yst esa fgUnw U;k; vkSj laL—fr ds çksQl
s j cusA
 gsujh dks fgUnh] eSfFky] mfM+;k] rfey] ejkBh] iatkch] czt vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk
Hkh mUgsa i;kZIr Kku FkkA
 4 tqykbZ 1804 dks lkslkbVh v‚Q jk;y ,f'k;kfVd dh cSBd esa mUgksusa osnksa
dh egÙkk ls voxr djkus okyk 120 i`"Bksa dk ys[k osnksa esa ¼v‚u osnkt½
çLrqr fd;kA
 1817 esa Hkkjrh; chtxf.kr ij fy[kh ,d iqLrd esa mUgksaus HkkLdjkpk;Z vkSj
czãxqIr dh —fr;ksa ds m)j.k çLrqr fd,A
 eSDlewyj gsujh ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa & u rks d‚yCkzqd ds igys vkSj u ckn gh
jk;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh dks muds tSlk vè;{k feykA
 1837 esa gsujh dh e`R;q gks xbZA
j‚cVZ f[kzLR;kuksfop ysURt
 tUe & 1808 bZ- esa
 1833 esa dkfynkl ds ukVd foØeksoZ'kh;e~ dk ykrhuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k
vkSj mldh Vhdk Hkh fy[khA
 ysURt us foØeksoZ'kh;e~ dh vusd ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk vè;;u] vuq'khyu fd;k
vkSj çFke çdkf'kr laLdj.k dk 1834 bZ- esa ,d vyx ifjf'k"V Nkik ftlesa
Vhdk lkexzh nh xbZ FkhA
 fiaxy—r NUn'kkL=] dsnkj jfpr o`fÙkjRukdj vkfn laL—r ,oa ikfy dh NUn
foèkkvksa ij ysURt us viuk è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA
 ,f'k;kbZ laxzgky; esa lajf{kr ikaMqfyfi;ksa dk lwph i= ysURt }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k] ftldk çdk'ku 1833 esa gqvkA
 caxyk] çk—r Hkk"kkvksa] mifu"knksa] vosLrk vkSj frCcrh lkfgR; ij mUgksaus Hkjiwj
dke fd;kA
 28 twu 1835 dks mUgksaus :lh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks ,d i= ds ekè;e ls
i`Fohjktjklks ds lE;d lEiknu ,oa vuq'khyu dh O;ä dhA
69
  yfyr foLrj dh ik.Mqfyfi dks vkDlQksMZ foÜofo|ky; ls <w¡< fudkyk FkkA
 1836 esa budk nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA

 tUe & 1813 bZ-

 vjch rFkk Qkjlh Hkk"kk dh vPNh le>A
 èkkjkçokg laL—r fy[k rFkk i<+ ldrs FksA
 budh fgUnh O;kdj.k lEcUèkh rhu iqLrdsa gSa &
d½ xzkej v‚Q fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost fon xzkesfVdy ,Dljlkbt 1836 bZ-A
[k½ ,fyesUV~l v‚Q fgUnh ,.M cztHkk"kk xzkej 1839 bZ- A
x½ , xzkej v‚Q fgUnqLrkuh ySa Xost fon uksfVlst v‚Q fn czt ,.M nfDduh
Mk;ysDV~l 1812 bZ- A
 bu lHkh iqLrdksa dk çdk'ku yUnu ls gqvk gSA
 fluksfIll v‚Q lkbUl ftlesa ;wjksi vkSj Hkkjr ds 'kkL=ksa dk vaxzsth vkSj
laL—r Hkk"kk esa lkjka'k miyCèk gSA
 bldk çdk'ku fetkZiqj ds vkQZu Ldwy çSl ls gqvk gSA
 osysUVkbu dh ,d vU; iqLrd U;k;rRodkSeqnh gSA
 vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh M‚- osysUVkbu ds çcy leFkZd FksA
 1846 bZ- ls 1861 bZ] rd osyUs Vkbu cukjl laL—r d‚yst ds çkpk;Z Fks A
zs h esa vuqokn fd;kA
mUgksaus dfiy ds lka[;lw=ksa dk vaxt
 1864 bZ] esa osyUs Vkbu dh e`R;q gks xbZA
:lh fo}ku
ikosy ;kDyksfop is=kso
 tUe & 1814 bZ-
 is=kso j‚cVZ ysURt ds f'k"; FksA
 ekLdks foÜofo|ky; ls çkP;Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk çkIr dhA
 1832 esa foÜofo|ky; ls f'k{kk çkIr djds ehekalk esa dSaMhMsV ¼ih,p- Mh- ds
led{k½ dh mikfèk çkIr dhA
 is=kso dks Qkjlh] vjch] rqdÊ] phuh] laL—r Hkk"kkvksa dk vPNk Kku FkkA
 is=kso dgrs Fks dgha Hkh i<w¡ cl i<rk jgw¡ ;gh esjk è;s; gSA
 1835 bZ- esa mUgksaus oyksULdh ds lg;ksx ls uynE;Urh vk[;ku ds ,d va'k
dk :lh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;kA
 1836 bZ- esa fyURt ds lwphi= dk ifjf'k"V rS;kj fd;k A
 1837 bZ- esa mifu"knksa ds çdk'kuksa ij leh{kk fy[kdj çdkf'kr dhA
 jkek;.k ds lhrkgj.k çdj.k dh ik.Mqfyfi ds vkèkkj ij O;kdj.k lfgr
foLr`r fo'ys"k.k ds lkFk :lh vuqokn fd;k A
70
 is=kso esa fons'kksa esa jgdj in~eiqjk.k vkSj dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh dk Hkh
vè;;u fd;kA
 is=kso 1840 esa vius ns'k ykSV x,A
 1841 esa :l ds çkphure vkSj lcls cM+s foÜofo|ky; esa laL—r foHkkx
[kqyus ij mUgsa laL—r i<+kus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k x;kA
 blh vofèk esa is=kso us t;nso—r xhrxksfoUn ds dqN va'kksa dk vuqokn rFkk
?kV[kiZj dkO; ds laL—r ikB dk foospu fd;kA
 1846 bZ- esa laL—r laxzg dk çdk'ku gqvk ftlesa egkHkkjr] jkek;.k]
fgrksins'k] dFkklfjrlkxj] czãk.Miqjk.k] jktrjafx.kh vkfn xzUFkksa ds va'kksa dks
lfEefyr fd;k x;kA
 1852 bZ] es ekLdks foÜofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gksus ij og ogk¡ laL—r ds
lkFk&lkFk vjch Qkjlh ds Hkh çksQslj jgsA
 is=kso us ehj vEeku dh mnZw iqLrd ckxks cgkj rFkk fgUnh çselkxj ds dqN
va'kksa dk vuqokn fd;kA
 1875 bZ- esa is=kso dh e`R;q gks xbZA
cks/k@vH;kl iz”u&
cks/k iz”u&1
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k, &
d½ 1813 bZå esa es?knwre~ dk vaxzsth vuqokn fdlds }kjk fd;k x;k\
[k½ ,p- ,p- foYlu dk tUe dc gqvk \
x½ xhrk dk loZçFke vuqokn fdlus fd;k\
M+½ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh v‚Q caxky dh LFkkiuk dc gqb\Z
p½ dkfynkl dks Hkkjr dk 'ksDlih;j fdlus dgk \
N½ bZLVuZ daVªht iqLrd ds ys[kd gS\a
t½ gsujh Fk‚el dksyczqd dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
cks/k iz”u&2
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa lR;@vlR; dh igpku dhft,&
d½ gsujh Fk‚el dksyczqd ds firk dk uke tktZ dksyczqd FkkA
[k½ ,d ys[k osnksa ij v‚u osnkt eSDlewyj us fy[kkA
x½ v"Vkè;k;h dk vuqekfur jpukdky fuèkkZj.k djus okys igys O;fä xksXVks
fudksyksfop cksjfyad FksA
?k½ izSfDVdy fgUnqLrkuh xzkej ds ys[kd eksfu;j fofy;El gSaA
M+½ dkfynkl ds ukVd foØeksoZ'kh;e~ dk ykrhuh esa vuqokn dhFk us fd;k FkkA
p½ foØeksoZ'kh;e~ dk ykrhuh esa vuqokn ysUt us fd;k FkkA
N½ ysURt dk iwjk uke jkcVZ f[kzLU;kuksfop ysURt FkkA
71
 t½ Synopsis of Science ftlesa ;wjksi vkSj Hkkjr ds 'kkL=ksa dk lkjka'k vaxsth
vkSj laL—r Hkk"kk esa gSA bl iqLrd ds ys[kd j‚cVZ tsEl osyaVs kbu gSaA
cks/k iz”u&3
fjä LFkku dh iwfRkZ dhft,A
d½ QLVZ ys'ku bu laL—r ds ys[kd ---------------- gSaA
[k½ iSjkMkbt ykLV ds dqN va'kksa dk vuqokn :lh Hkk"kk esa ---------------- }kjk fd;k
x;k \
x½ vksVîks cksVfyad dh e`R;q ƒå o"kZ dh vk;q esa ---------------- esa gqbZA
?k½ egkHkkjr dh dqN dFkkvksa dk vuqokn ykrhuh Hkk"kk esa ---------------- us djk;k A
M+½ 1886 esa eksfu;j fofy;El dks --------------------------- dh mikfèk ls lEekfur fd;k
x;k FkkA
p½ çcksèk paæksn; ds ys[kd ---------------- gSaA
vH;kl iz”u&
d- :lh fo}ku ikosy ;kDyksfop is=kso ij ys[k fyf[k, A
[k- ;wjksfi;u fo}ku lj fofy;e tksUl ij ys[k fyf[k, A

fiz; Nk=ksa ! izLrqr bdkbZ iwoÊ vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ds lkfgR; es ykSfdd
laL—r lkfgR; dk loZs{k.k esa vkius ykSfdd laLd`r lkfgR; dk izHkko fons”kh
lkfgR; ij fdl izdkj iMk bldk xgu v/;;u fd;k A bl bdkbZ dks vkius
vPNh rjg vkRelkr dj fy;k gksxkA vxyh bdkbZ esa vki mifu’kn~ vkSj
JhenHkxorxhrk dk ifjp;kRed Kku izkIr djsaxs A

d- led{k & leku ]rqY;

[k- ik.Mqfyfi & iqLrd dh gLrfyf[kr izfr
x- ifjf'k"V& “ks’k laxzg ftls tksMk tkuk gS
?k- va”k & fgLlk @Hkkx
M- fu"i{k & fcuk HksnHkko ds

• fo”oiVy ij laLÑr lkfgR;] MkW- ns”kjkt] fo|kfuf/k izdk”ku] fnYyhA

• oSf”od ifjizs{; esa laLÑr fof”k’VO;k[;ku ekyk Lojeaxyk if=dk] MkW- gfjnÙk
“kekZ] izdk”ku jktLFkku laLÑr vdknehA

72
d½ ,p- ,p- foYlu }kjk
[k½ flracj 1186 yUnu esa
x½ 1785 esa fofYdUl us
?k½ çkså ¶;ksnksj 'psokZrLdh
M+½ 1784 bZå esa
p½ fofy;e tksal us
N½ xSjkfle yscnso
t½ 15 twu 1765 bZå esa yUnu esa
cks/k iz”u&2
d½ lR;
[k½ vlR;
x½ lR;
?k½ lR;
M+½ vlR;
p½ lR;
N½ lR;
t½ lR;
cks/k iz”u&3
d½ M‚- osysUVkbu
[k½ ikosy ;kDyksfop is=kso
x½ 1 vçSy 1904 bZå
?k½ dk,rku dkslksfop
M+½ ukbV
p½ Jh—".k feJ

bu iz”uksa ds mÙkj Nk= Lo;a fy[ksaxs A

73
74