spectrogram Página 1 de 6
Contents
spectrogram
Spectrogram using short-time Fourier transform
Syntax
S=spectrogram(x)
S=spectrogram(x,window)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft,fs)
[S,F,T] = spectrogram(...)
[S,F,T]=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F)
[S,F,T]=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F,fs)
[S,F,T,P]=spectrogram(...)
spectrogram(...,FREQLOCATION)
spectrogram(...)
Description
spectrogram, when used without any outputs, plots a spectrogram or, when
used with an S output, returns the short-time Fourier transform of the input signal.
To create a spectrogram from the returned short-time Fourier transform data, refer
to the [S,F,T,P] syntax described below.
S = spectrogram(x) returns S, the short time Fourier transform of the
input signal vector x. By default, x is divided into eight segments. If x cannot be
divided exactly into eight segments, it is truncated. These default values are used.
◾ window is a Hamming window of length nfft.
◾ noverlap is the number of samples that each segment overlaps. The default
value is the number producing 50% overlap between segments.
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 2 de 6
◾ nfft is the FFT length and is the maximum of 256 or the next power of 2
greater than the length of each segment of x. Instead of nfft, you can specify
a vector of frequencies, F. See below for more information.
◾ fs is the sampling frequency, which defaults to normalized frequency.
Each column of S contains an estimate of the short-term, time-localized frequency
content of x. Time increases across the columns of S and frequency increases
down the rows.
If x is a length Nx complex signal, S is a complex matrix with nfft rows and k
columns, where for a scalar window
k = fix((Nx-noverlap)/(window-noverlap))
or if window is a vector
k = fix((Nx-noverlap)/(length(window)-noverlap))
For real x, the output S has (nfft/2+1) rows if nfft is even, and (nfft+1)/2
rows if nfft is odd.
S = spectrogram(x,window) uses the window specified. If window
is an integer, x is divided into segments equal to that integer value and a Hamming
window is used. If window is a vector, x is divided into segments equal to the
length of window and then the segments are windowed using the window
functions specified in the window vector. For a list of available windows see
Windows.
Note: To obtain the same results for the removed specgram function,
specify a 'Hann' window of length 256.
S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap) overlaps noverlap
samples of each segment. noverlap must be an integer smaller than window
or if window is a vector, smaller than the length of window.
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 3 de 6
S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft) uses the nfft
number of sampling points to calculate the discrete Fourier transform. nfft must
be a scalar.
S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft,fs) uses fs
sampling frequency in Hz. If fs is specified as empty [], it defaults to 1 Hz.
[S,F,T] = spectrogram(...) returns a vector of frequencies, F, and a
vector of times, T, at which the spectrogram is computed. F has length equal to the
number of rows of S. T has length k (defined above) and the values in T
correspond to the center of each segment.
[S,F,T] = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F) uses a vector
F of frequencies in Hz. F must be a vector with at least two elements. This case
computes the spectrogram at the frequencies in F using the Goertzel algorithm.
The specified frequencies are rounded to the nearest DFT bin commensurate with
the signal's resolution. In all other syntax cases where nfft or a default for
nfft is used, the short-time Fourier transform is used. The F vector returned is a
vector of the rounded frequencies. T is a vector of times at which the spectrogram
is computed. The length of F is equal to the number of rows of S. The length of T
is equal to k, as defined above and each value corresponds to the center of each
segment.
[S,F,T] = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F,fs) uses a
vector F of frequencies in Hz as above and uses the fs sampling frequency in Hz.
If fs is specified as empty [], it defaults to 1 Hz.
[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(...) returns a matrix P containing the
power spectral density (PSD) of each segment. For real x, P contains the one-
sided modified periodogram estimate of the PSD of each segment. For complex x
and when you specify a vector of frequencies F, P contains the two-sided PSD.
spectrogram(...,FREQLOCATION) specifies which axis to use as the
frequency axis in displaying the spectrogram. Specify FREQLOCATION as a
trailing string argument. Valid options are 'xaxis' or 'yaxis'. The strings
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 4 de 6
are not case sensitive. If you do not specify FREQLOCATION, spectrogram
uses the x-axis as the frequency axis by default.
The elements of the PSD matrix P are given by where is a real-
valued scalar defined as follows
◾ For the one-sided PSD,
where denotes the window function (Hamming by default) and is the
sampling frequency. At zero and the Nyquist frequencies, the factor of 2 in the
numerator is replaced by 1.
◾ For the two-sided PSD,
at all frequencies.
◾ If the sampling frequency is not specified, is replaced in the denominator by
.
spectrogram(...) plots the PSD estimate for each segment on a surface in
a figure window. The plot is created using
surf(T,F,10*log10(abs(P)));
axis tight;
view(0,90);
Using spectrogram(...,'freqloc') syntax and adding a 'freqloc'
string (either 'xaxis' or 'yaxis') controls where the frequency axis is
displayed. Using 'xaxis' displays the frequency on the x-axis. Using
'yaxis' displays frequency on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. The default is
'xaxis'. If you specify both a 'freqloc' string and output arguments,
'freqloc' is ignored.
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 5 de 6
Examples
Compute and display the PSD of each segment of a quadratic chirp, which starts at
100 Hz and crosses 200 Hz at t = 1 sec.
T = 0:0.001:2;
X = chirp(T,100,1,200,'q');
spectrogram(X,128,120,128,1E3);
title('Quadratic Chirp');
Compute and display the PSD of each segment of a linear chirp, which starts at DC
and crosses 150 Hz at t = 1 sec.
T = 0:0.001:2;
X = chirp(T,0,1,150);
[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(X,256,250,256,1E3);
surf(T,F,10*log10(P),'edgecolor','none'); axis
tight;
view(0,90);
xlabel('Time (Seconds)'); ylabel('Hz');
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 6 de 6
More About
◾ Windows
References
[1] Oppenheim, A.V., and R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989, pp.713-718.
[2] Rabiner, L.R., and R.W. Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.
See Also
goertzel | periodogram | pwelch | spectrum.periodogram |
spectrum.welch
Was this topic helpful? Yes No
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
