This document discusses Fourier transforms and their implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the concepts of the continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transforms and their use in transforming signals between the time and frequency domains. It provides examples of using MATLAB to calculate the amplitude, phase, and energy density spectra of simple signals. It also demonstrates the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT functions in MATLAB, fft and ifft. Exercises are included to apply these concepts and verify results.
This document discusses Fourier transforms and their implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the concepts of the continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transforms and their use in transforming signals between the time and frequency domains. It provides examples of using MATLAB to calculate the amplitude, phase, and energy density spectra of simple signals. It also demonstrates the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT functions in MATLAB, fft and ifft. Exercises are included to apply these concepts and verify results.
This document discusses Fourier transforms and their implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the concepts of the continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transforms and their use in transforming signals between the time and frequency domains. It provides examples of using MATLAB to calculate the amplitude, phase, and energy density spectra of simple signals. It also demonstrates the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT functions in MATLAB, fft and ifft. Exercises are included to apply these concepts and verify results.
This document discusses Fourier transforms and their implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the concepts of the continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transforms and their use in transforming signals between the time and frequency domains. It provides examples of using MATLAB to calculate the amplitude, phase, and energy density spectra of simple signals. It also demonstrates the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT functions in MATLAB, fft and ifft. Exercises are included to apply these concepts and verify results.
Score: ____________Signature of the Lab Tutor: _______________ Date:____________
Introduction to Fourier Transform its operation on Matlab
Objectives: To understand the basic concept behind Fourier transforms. To verify the Amplitude density and Phase spectra of continuous time signals using Matlab To observe the practical implication of the fact that all the signals are actually time-limited. To become familiar with FFT and IFFT functions of Matlab that are used for DFT
Equipments:
An IBM compatible PC Matlab Software
Introduction to Fourier Transform:
In Fourier series Periodic signals can be approximated or represented as a series of Sines and cosines while to see the spectrum of an aperiodic signal, we’ll take its Fourier transform. The Fourier Transform is a generalization of the complex Fourier series in the limit as т → ∞. The Fourier transform is developed from Fourier series, but it has following characteristics that, The Fourier Transform actually transforms the domain of a signal from time domain to frequency domain, which enables an easy analysis of Phase, Amplitude and Energy density spectrum and that is not viable in Time domain representation of Signals. Fourier Transform can work on Aperiodic signals. Fourier Transform has an inverse transform that allows for conversion from the frequency domain back to the time domain. The Fourier transform of a continuous time signal x(t) is represented by X(f) and is given by: X f x t e j 2ft dt
And its inverse is known as Inverse Fourier Transform, and that is given by
X ( f )e j 2ft x (t ) dt
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Signals and Systems
But since the signals generated by Matlab are discrete-time signals, we’ll use following discrete- time equivalent of the above equation: X mf T x nT e j 2 mf nT
n
Where T represents the distance (in sec) between any two samples on the time- axis, n is an integer that represents the sample index in the time-domain. The outcome of all this computation is obviously also discrete, hence, m is an integer that represents the sample index in the frequency domain f represents the distance (in Hz) between any two samples on the frequency axis. The above two equations will provide same results for very small values of T (sample spacing).
Amplitude Density Spectrum
The amplitude density spectrum of a continuous time signal x(t) is magnitude of its Fourier transform, i.e., |X(f)|. If x(t) has the unit of amperes, its resulting amplitude density function shall have the units of amperes/Hz.
Phase Spectrum The Phase Spectrum of a continuous time signal x(t) is angle of its Fourier Transform X(f), i.e., X(f). Its unit is radians.
Energy Density Spectrum:
The energy density of a continuous time signal x (t) is the square of its amplitude density function, i.e., |X (f) |2. Accordingly, its unit is square of that of |X (f)|.
Example:
1. First of all, we’ll see the spectra of signal x(t) = e-tu(t) i-e amplitude, and phase spectra.
The Fourier transform of the above signal, i.e. x(t)=e-t u(t), is given by:
Introduction to DFT(Discrete Fourier transform) in Matlab:
In Matlab signals are the signals are generated in discrete time so Fourier transform is done in discrete fashion. The DFT is extremely important in the area of frequency (spectrum) analysis because it takes a discrete signal in the time domain and transforms that signal into its discrete frequency domain representation. Without a discrete-time to discrete-frequency transform we would not be able to compute the Fourier transform with a microprocessor or DSP(Digital Signal Processing ) based system. The functions used for DFT and IDFT in MATLAB are 'fft' and 'ifft' respectively.
Example: 2. Write a simple program to Demonstrate DFT x=[1 4 2 1]; n=0:3; a=fft(x); m=abs(a); ang=angle(a);
Excercise: 1. Verify the results of example number 1 using FFT function,write code below and attach the results. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. consider the following code, type it in Matlab ,attach the result and write your observation below
