Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers

Ordering Operations in Real Numbers

Mapping
The Sequences
Compound Inequalities
Absolute Value Inequalities
Problem solving Plan (understand the problem)

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‫‪Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫بعض الخواص المهمة للجذور التربيعية‬

‫𝑏𝑎√ = 𝑏√ ‪√𝑎. √𝑎 = 𝑎 , √𝑎.‬‬

‫𝑎√‬ ‫𝑎‬
‫√=‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫𝑎 = ‪√𝑎 2‬‬
‫𝑏√‬ ‫𝑏‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑎 = )𝑎√(‬ ‫= 𝑎√ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪𝑎2‬‬

‫𝑏 ‪√𝑎 + √𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 +‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫𝑏 ‪√𝑎 − √𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 −‬‬

‫‪ Natural Square Numbers‬االعداد الطبيعية المربعة‬
‫‪1 , 4 , 9 ,16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81, 100 , 121 , 144 , 169 ,196 , 225 ,‬‬
‫‪256 , 289 , 324 , 361 , 400‬‬
‫^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^‬
‫تبسيط االعداد غير المربعة‬
‫‪√8 = 2√2 , √12 = 2√3 , √18 = 3√2‬‬
‫‪√24 = 2√6 , √48 = 4√3 , √54 = 3√6‬‬
‫يمكن اعتماد طريقتين‬
‫‪√48 = √16 × 3 = 4 √3‬‬
‫‪√54 = √9 × 6 = 3 √6‬‬
‫أو بالتحليل‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪2 54‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪3 27‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪3 9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3 3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪√48 = 4√3‬‬ ‫‪√54 = 3√6‬‬

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‫‪Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫الجذور التربيعية لالعداد الصحيحة‬ ‫الجذور التربيعية لالعداد العشرية‬

‫‪√1 = 1 , √4 = 2‬‬ ‫‪√0.01 = 0.1 , √0.04 = 0. 2‬‬

‫‪√9 = 3 , √16 = 4‬‬ ‫‪√0.09 = 0.3 , √0.16 = 0.4‬‬

‫‪√25 = 5 , √36 = 6‬‬ ‫‪√0.25 = 05 , √0.36 = 0.6‬‬

‫‪√49 = 7 , √64 = 8‬‬ ‫‪√0.49 = 0.7 , √0.64 = 0.8‬‬

‫‪√81 = 9 , √100 = 10‬‬ ‫‪√0.81 = 0.9 , √1.21 = 1.1‬‬

‫‪√121 = 11 , √144 = 12‬‬ ‫‪√1.44 = 1.2 , √1.69 = 1.3‬‬

‫‪√169 = 13 , √196 = 14‬‬ ‫‪√1.96 = 1.4 , √2.25 = 1.5‬‬

‫‪√225 = 15 , √256 = 16‬‬ ‫‪√2.56 = 1.6 , √2.89 = 1.7‬‬

‫‪√289 = 17 , √324 = 18‬‬ ‫‪√3.24 = 1.8 , √3.61 = 1.9‬‬

‫‪√361 = 19 , √400 = 20‬‬

‫تذكر ‪.....‬ال يوجد جذر تربيعي لعدد سالب‬

‫بعض الخواص المهمة للجذور التكعيبية‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑎 = 𝑎√ ‪√𝑎 , √𝑎.‬‬ ‫‪, √𝑎 = 𝑎3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√𝑎 . √𝑎 = √𝑎2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪( √𝑎) = √𝑎2‬‬

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‫‪Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪ Natural Cubic Numbers‬االعداد الطبيعية المكعبة‬

‫‪1 , 8 27 , 64 , 125 , 216 , 343 , 512 , 729 , 1000‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪√1 = 1 ,‬‬ ‫‪√8 = 2 , √27 = 3 , √64 = 4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√125 = 5 , √216 = 6 , √343 = 7 , √512 = 8‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√729 = 9 ,‬‬ ‫‪√1000 = 10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√0.001 = 0.1‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪√0.008 = 0.2‬‬ ‫‪, √0.027 = 0.3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√0.064 = 0.4‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪√0.125 = 0.5‬‬ ‫‪, √0.216 = 0.6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪√0.343 = 0.7‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪√0.512 = 0.2‬‬ ‫‪, √0.729 = 0.9‬‬
‫تذكر‪ ...‬يمكن ايجاد الجذر التكعيبي للعدد الموجب والسالب‬
‫***********************************‬

‫تحويل الجذور الى الصيغة االسية وبالعكس‬

‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟏‬

‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟓‬
‫‪√𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑 ,‬‬ ‫𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐√ ‪√𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓 ,‬‬

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Ordering Operations in Real Numbers

You have previously learned the Natural Numbers (N), Whole

Numbers (W), Integer Numbers (Z), Rational Numbers (Q) and Real
Numbers (R). We can be ordering them in the following diagram:
N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R
𝑁 = {1,2,3,4, … . }
𝑊 = {0 , 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 , … . }
𝑍 = {… . , −3 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , … . }
𝑎
𝑄 = { ,𝑎 ,𝑏 ,∈ 𝑍 ,𝑏 ≠ 0 }
𝑏
𝑅 = 𝑄 ∪ 𝐻 ) H Irrational Numbers)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Learn: Tsunami quake, which occurred in
Japan in 2011 is considered one of the
greatest quake which happened over the
ages. Its speed can be calculated by using
the law √𝟗. 𝟔 𝒅 m/s, where d represents
the deep of water. What’s the approximate speed of Tsunami if the
deep of water is 1000m?

𝑣 = √9.6 𝑑 = √9.6 × 1000 = √9600 ≃ 98 𝑚/𝑠

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Ex: Simplifying the following numerical sentences by using the

ordering of operations on the real numbers:
1) ( √12 − √18)( √12 + √18)

( 2√3 − 3√2)( 2√3 + 3√2)

2√3 ( 2√3 + 3√2) − 3√2( 2√3 + 3√2) = 12 + 6√6 − 6 √6 − 18
= −6

3 8 2 3√2 − 2√3
2) ( √ − √ )÷ ( )
27 3 √27

2 √2 3√3
⇒( − )×( )
3 √3 3√2 − 2√3
2√3 − 3√2 3√3
=( ) ×( )
3√3 3√2 − 2√3
(2√3 − 3√2) 3√3
= × = −1
3√3 −(2√3 − 3√2)
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Ex: Simplifying the following numerical sentences by using the
ordering of operations on the real numbers, then write the result to
nearest tenth:
3) √12 (√3 − √8) − 6

2√3 ( √3 − 2√2) − 6 = 6 − 4 √6 − 6 = −4√6 ≃ −9.6

*********************************
1 1 1
4) (−27 )3
√7 −( √28)
9 9
3 1 1 1 2
= √−27 ( √7 − (2 √ 7)) = −3 ( √7 − √ 7)
9 9 9 9

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

−3 6 3 1
= √7 + √ 7 = √7 = √7 ≃ 0.9
9 9 9 3
Ex: Simplify the following numerical sentences by using rooting the
denominator and ordering operations on the real numbers.
7 − √5 7 − √5 √5 7√5 − 5
1) = × =
√5 √5 √5 5
√21 √21 2√3 + √7 √3 √7 (2√3 + √7)
2) = × =
2√3 − √7 2√3 − √7 2√3 + √7 (2√3 − √7)(2√3 + √7)

6√7 + 7√3 6√7 + 7√3

= =
12 − 7 5

Using calculator and approximation to Simplify Numerical Sentence

Ex: Calculate the powers for each of the following, then write the
result which should be approximated to two decimal places, if it is
not an integer:
−2
3 3
−2 1 1
1) 9 = (3 ) = 3−3 = 3 =
2
≃ 0.04
3 27
5 1 −3 5 1 3 10+2−9 1
2) 23 × 23 × 2 2 = 22+ 3 –2 = 2 6 = 22 = √2 ≃ 1.41
2 1 2
3) (√7) = (72 ) =7
3 3 1
2 2−2
4) 5 ÷ 52 =5 = 52 = √5 ≃ 2.24
1 2 −2
3 1 1 1 1
5) ( ) + 3 − 22 = 2 + 2 − √23 = + − √8
2 2 3 4 9
≃ 0.25 + 0.11 − 2.83 ≃ −2.47

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‫‪Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Ex: Use calculator to write the result in the scientific form for the‬‬
‫‪number which should be approximated to the nearest two decimal‬‬
‫‪places:‬‬
‫‪1) 7.6 × 10−4 − 0.4135 × 10−3 = 7.6 × 10−4 − 4.135 × 10−4‬‬
‫‪= 3.465 × 10−4 ≃ 3.47 × 10 −4‬‬

‫‪2) 0.052 × 104 + 7.13 × 102 = 5.2 × 102 + 7.13 × 102‬‬

‫‪= 12.33 × 102 ≃ 1.23 × 103‬‬

‫) ‪3) (7.83 × 10−5 )2 = (7.83 × 10−5 )(7.83 × 10−5‬‬

‫‪= 61.3089 × 10−10 ≃ 6.13 × 10−9‬‬

‫‪4) 4.86 × 102 ÷ 0.55 × 105 = (4.86 ÷ 0.55) × 102 × 10−5‬‬

‫‪≃ 8.84 × 10−3‬‬

‫مالحظة‬

‫‪ 1‬عند الضرب تجمع االسس إذا كان لهما نفس االساس‬

‫‪ 2‬عند القسمة تجمع االسس إذا كان لهما نفس االساس‬
‫‪ 3‬عند نقل عدد من البسط الى المقام أو بالعكس نغير اشارة االس لذلك العدد‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4‬في الصورة العلمية للعدد ‪ ،‬عند حركة الفارزة الى جهة اليسار فان اس العدد ‪ 10‬يزداد‬
‫وعند حركتها الى اليمين فان اس العدد ‪ 10‬ينقص‬

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

MAKE SURE OF YOUR UNDERSTANDIN

Simplify the following numerical sentences

1) (√𝟓 − √𝟑)(√𝟓 + √𝟑)

= √5√5 + √5 √3 − √3√5 − √3√3 = 5 + √15 − √15 − 3 = 2

𝟐
2) (√𝟕 − √𝟐) = (√7 − √2) (√7 − √2)

= √7√7 − √7√2 − √2√7 + √2√2 = 7 − √14 − √14 + 2

= 9 − 2√14

𝟑 𝟖 2 2
𝟑) (√𝟏𝟐𝟓 − √𝟐𝟎) ( √ ) = (5√5 − 2√5) ( ) = 3√5.
𝟐𝟕 3 3

= 2√5
𝟒√𝟏𝟐 𝟐√𝟐𝟒 4.2√3 2. √3√8 8√3 1 −4
𝟒) 𝟑 ÷ = ÷ = × =
𝟓 √−𝟐𝟕 √𝟖 −5.3 √8 −15 2√3 15

Simplify the following numerical sentences, and write the result to

the nearest tenth:
5) √𝟕 (√𝟐𝟖 − √𝟐) − 𝟓 = √7 (2√7 − √2) − 5 = 14 − √14 − 5

= 9 − √14 = 9 − 3.7 ≈ 5.3

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔) (−𝟏𝟐𝟓)𝟑 ( √𝟑 − √𝟏𝟐)
𝟏𝟎 𝟒
3 1 1
= √−125 ( √3 − 2√3)
10 4
1 1 −5 5
= −5 ( √3 − √3) = √3 + √3
10 2 10 2
−1 5 4
= √3 + √3 = √3 = 2√3 = 2(1.7) ≈ 3.4
2 2 2

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Simplify the following numerical sentences by rooting the

denominator and ordering operations on the real numbers:
𝟏 − √𝟑 1 − √3 √3 √3 − 3
𝟕) = × =
𝟒√𝟑 4√3 √3 12
‫ تنسيب المقام أي جعل المقام عدد نسبي خال من الجذور بضرب البسط والمقام‬: ‫مالحظة‬
√𝟑 ‫في‬

𝟏 − √𝟐𝟎 1 − 2√5 √5 √5 − 10
𝟖) = × ==
√𝟓 √5 √5 5

√𝟓𝟎 − √𝟑 𝟏𝟎 − √𝟔 5√2 − √3 √3
𝟗) − = ×
𝟐√𝟑 𝟐√𝟔 2√3 √3

10 − √6 √6 5√6 − 3 10√6 − 6
= × = −
2√6 √6 6 12
2(5√6 − 3) − (10√6 − 6)
=
12
10√6 − 6 − 10√6 + 6 0
= = =0
12 12
==================================
Use the ordering of operations and write the result which should be
approximated to two decimal places by using the calculator for each
of the following:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑
𝟑 1 1 1 1
𝟏𝟎) ( ) + 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟐 = + 3 − √33 = + − √27
𝟑 9 3 9 27
≈ 0.11 + 0.03 − 3√3 ≈ 0.14 − 3 (1.73)
= 0.14 − 3 (1.73) = 0.14 − 5.19 ≈ −5 .04

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟏) (𝟐𝟕)𝟑 − (−𝟗)𝟎 + 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟓𝟐
= 3 − 1 + 9 × √5 = 3 − 1 + 9√5 ≈ 3 − 1 + 9(2.23)
= 2 + 20.07 ≈ 22.07
***************************

Use the calculator to write the result in the scientific form of the
number which should be approximated to the nearest two decimal
places:

𝟏𝟐) 𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

= 6.43 × 10−5 − 25 × 10−5 = (6.43 − 25) × 10−5
= −18.57 × 10−5
= −1.857 × 10−4
𝟏𝟑) (𝟗. 𝟐𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐 = (9.23 × 10−3 ) (9.23 × 10−3 )
= (9.23 × 9.23 ) × 10−6 = 85.19 × 10−6 = 8.52 × 10−5
*****************************
Solve the exercises
𝟏
−𝟐𝟕 𝟑
14) (√𝟏𝟖 − √𝟓𝟎) ( 𝟔𝟒 )
−3 –3 −3
→ (3√2 − 5√2) ( ) = 3√2 ( ) − 5√2 ( )
4 4 4

−9√2 15√2 6√2 3√2

= + = =
4 4 4 2
−3 −3 3√2
Or (3√2 − 5√2) ( ) = −2√2 ( ) =
4 4 2

𝟑
√𝟏𝟐 √𝟖 √𝟏𝟐 √𝟐𝟓 𝟐√𝟑 𝟓 √𝟑
15) 𝟑 ÷ = 𝟑 × 𝟑 = × =
𝟑 √𝟏𝟐𝟓 √𝟐𝟓 𝟑 √𝟏𝟐𝟓 √𝟖 𝟑(𝟓) 𝟐 𝟑

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Simplify the following numerical sentences, and write the result to

the nearest tenth:

𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟖 √2 2√2 3√2
16) 𝟕√ − 𝟑√ +√ = 7( ) − 3( ) +
𝟒𝟗 𝟖𝟏 𝟑𝟔 7 9 6

2√2 √2
= √2 − +
3 2
6√2 − 4√2 + 3√2 5√2 5(1.4) 7
= = ≈ ≈
6 6 6 6

Simplify the following numerical sentences by rooting the

denominator and ordering operations on the real numbers:
√𝟕−𝟑√𝟓 √7−3√5 √7−3√5 7−3√35−3√35+9(5)
17) = × =
√𝟕+𝟑√𝟓 √7+3√5 √7−3√5 7−9(5)
52 − 6√35
=
−38

√𝟑𝟑−√𝟏𝟏 √𝟔𝟎−√𝟓 √3√11−√11 2√15−√5

18) − = −
√𝟗𝟗 𝟓√𝟏𝟓 3√11 5√15
√3√11 − √11 √11 2√15 − √5 √15
× − ×
3√11 √11 5√15 √15
11√3 − 11 2(15) − 5(√3) 11(√3 − 1) 5(6 − √3)
− = −
3(11) 5(15) 3(11) 5(15)
√3 − 1 6 − √3 5(√3 − 1) − 6 + √3
− =
3 15 15
5√3 − 5 − 6 + √3 6√3 − 11
=
15 15
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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the Problems

Satellites: We essentially use satellite in communications, such us TV
signals, telephone calls in all over the world, weather forecasts and
tracking of hurricanes. The satellites rotate around earth in limited
speed and special orbits. The orbital speed of moon is calculated by
𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
the following relation 𝑽 = √ 𝒎/𝐬 , where r represents the
𝒓
radius of orbit (the distance of moon from the earth center), what is
the speed of moon if the orbit radius is 300 km
𝑟 = 300𝑘𝑚 ⇒ 𝑟 = 300000𝑚 = 3 × 105 𝑚
4 × 1014 4 × 109 10
𝑉=√ = √ = 2 × 10 4√
3 × 105 3 3
√10 3.1
𝑉 ≈ 2 × 104 ≈ 2 × 104 ×
√3 1.7
𝑉 ≈ 2 × 104 × 1.82 ≈ 3.64 × 104
≈ 364 × 102 ≈ 36400 𝑚/𝑠
9 1 1
42
Note: √109 = 10 = 10 = 10 × 10 = 104 √10
2 4 2

***********************************
Fighting fires: We can calculate the speed of flowing water which
releases by fire trucks by using the following law 𝑽 = √𝟐𝒉𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕/𝒔𝒆𝒄,
where h represents the maximum height of water, and (g) represents
the acceleration speed of earth (32 foot/sec2). To fire fighting in the
forests, the firefighters in the Civil Defense need to huge bumper to
pump water in height of 80 foot. Is it enough to use a pumper
releases water in a speed of

𝑉 = √2ℎ𝑔 ⇒ 72 = √2 × ℎ × 32
⇒ 72 = √64ℎ
72 = 8√ℎ ⇒ √ℎ = 9
ℎ = 81 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 , The pumper is enough to use

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Geometry: Find the area of triangle which topped a front of house

if its height (𝒉 = √𝟏𝟖 − √𝟑𝒎) meter and its
base length is (𝑳 = 𝟑 √𝟐 + √𝟑𝒎)
1
𝐴 = 𝐿ℎ
2
1
= (3√2 + √3)(√18 − √3)
2
1
= (3√2 + √3)(3√2 − √3)
2
1 1
= (18 − 3 √6 + 3√6 − 3) = (15) = 7.5 𝑚2
2 2
1
𝐴 = 𝐿ℎ : ‫طريقة أخرى للحل‬
2
1 1 2 2
= (3√2 + √3)(3√2 − √3) = [(3√2) − (√3) ]
2 2
1 1
= (18 − 3) = (15) = 7.5 𝑚2
2 2
********************************
Challenge: Prove the correct of the following:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝟕𝟑 − 𝟓 ) (𝟕𝟑
𝟑 + 𝟕𝟑 𝟓𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑 ) =𝟐

‫ عند الضرب تجمع األسس‬: ‫تذكر‬

1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
= 73 73 + 73 73 53 + 73 53 − 53 73 − 53 73 53 − 53 53
3 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3
= 73 + 73 53 + 73 53 − 53 73 − 53 73 − 53
=7−5 =2
*************************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Correct the mistake: Shaker wrote the result of adding two numbers
as follow: 8.4 × 10−3 + 0.52 × 10−2 = 1.36 × 10−3
8.4 × 10−3 + 5.2 × 10−3 = (8.4 + 5.2) × 10−3 = 13.6 × 10−3
= 1.36 × 10−2
***********************************
Numerical sense: Does the number √𝟏𝟐𝟓 locate between the two
numbers 10.28 and 11.28?
√125 = 11.18 ⇒ 10.28 < √125 < 11.28

Write: The result of adding by approximation to the nearest tenth

𝟑 𝟑
𝟔 + 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐

≈ √63 + √53 ≈ √216 + √125

≈ 14.7 + 11.2 ≈ 25.9 ≈ 26

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Mappings
Mapping and its representation in the coordinate plane
The mapping: Let R relation from the set X to the set Y and each element
in set X has one form in Y, then the relation R can be called the mapping
from X to Y, R: X→Y.
Domain: The set X called domain
Co-domain: The set Y called Co-domain
The Range: each element in Y connected with element from X and
represents a form for it the set of all form in the Co-domain is called the
Range.
Connection Rule: The rule which transfers the element into its form is
called the connection rule or (mapping rule) and we refer to it by R ( x ) ,
(x,y).

𝟏
Ex: If R: X→Y represents a mapping of connection rule (𝒚 = 𝒙)
𝟐
from the set X= {4,6, 8} to the set, Y= {2,3,4,5}, and write the
mapping in ordered pairs form ,then represent the mapping in an
arrow diagram and determine the domain and the range of the
mapping.
1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 = 𝑅 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑅 = {(4, 2), (6,3), (8,4)}
2
1
𝑅 (4) = (4) = 2 Domain = {4 , 6 , 8} 4 2
2
1
𝑅 (6) = (6) = 3 Range = {2, 3, 4} 6 3
2
1 8 4
𝑅 (8) = (8) = 4 5
2

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Ex. The following table represents the relation between the weight
(kg) and the price of fish (y = f(x)). Does the relation represent a
mapping? If it is a mapping, then write a connection rule and
determine the domain and the range and represent in the plane.

weight 𝑥 Price 𝑦
It represents mapping
1 2
Connection mapping 𝑦 = 2𝑥
Range= {2, 4, 6, 8} 2 4
Domain= {1, 2, 3, 4} 3 6
4 8

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫ انواع التطبيق‬kinds of mapping

Surjective mapping : The mapping R:X→ 𝐘
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 = 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨 − 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧

X Y X Y X Y
1 a 1 a 1 a
2 2 2 b
b b
3 3 3 c
c c
Range = {a} Range= {a, b} Range= {a, b, c}
Not surjective Not surjective Surjective
Range ≠ Co-domain Range ≠ Co-domain Range = Co-domain
.2
==========================
.1
Injective mapping: If each element in Y connects with only one
element only in X
∀ 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ∈ 𝐗 , 𝒙𝟏 ≠ 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) ≠ 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 )

X Y X Y X Y
1 a 1 a 1 a
2 2 2 b
b b
3 c 3
c 3 c

Injective Not injective Injective

.4

.3
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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Bijective mapping: If the mapping is Surjective and Injective at

the same time
1 a
2 b
Bijective mapping (Surjective and Injective)
3 c

===================================
Ex.: If f:Z→Z, where f(x) =𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 3, show the type of the mapping,
where Z represents the set of the integers.
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑧 = {… − 2, −1, 0 , 1 , 2 , … . }
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)2 − 3 = 5 , 𝑓 (−1) = 2(−1)2 − 3 = −1
𝑓(0) = 2(0)2 − 3 = −3 , 𝑓 (1) = 2(1)2 − 3 = −1
𝑓(2) = 2(2)2 − 3 = 5
The mapping is not surjective because the range does not equal the co-
domain
Second: The mapping is not injective because f (1) = f (-1) = -1 while 1≠-1
Z ….. -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

…. -2 -1 0 1 2 …

***********************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫ تركيب التطبيقات‬The composition of mappings

i) The mapping (fog)(x)=f(g(x)) and it can be read as f
composite g (f after g), and it is a result of finding g(x) at
first and then finding its image in the mapping f.
ii) The mapping (gof) (x)=g(f(x)) and it can be read as g
composite f, and it is the result of finding f(x) at first, and
then finding its image in the mapping g

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
If f :N→N ,f (x) = 2x + 1 ,and g:N→N , g(x) = x 2 , Find the two
mappings composition , i) (fog)(3) ii) (gof)(3) , what you see?
iii) if (fog)(x) = 33, find the value of x
1. fog (3)= 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓 (32 ) → 𝑓(9) = 2(9) + 1 = 19
2. gof (3) = 𝑔(𝑓(3)) = 𝑔(2(3) + 1) = 𝑔(7) = 72 = 49
‫ نالحظ ان‬fog (3) ≠ gof (3)
3. fog (𝑥)=33 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 33 ⇒ f(𝑥 2 ) = 33
2𝑥 2 + 1 = 33 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 = 32 ⇒ x 2 = 16
⇒ 𝑥= 4
𝑥 = −4 ∉ 𝑁 neglect

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Make sure of your understanding

Write a connection rule for the mapping and represent it in an
arrowy diagram and write the domain and the range of it:
1) 𝑓 = {(1,2)(2,3)(3,4)(4,5)} connection rule is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 𝑦
1 2
Domain = {1, 2, 3,4}
2 3
Range = {2, 3,4,5}
3 4
4 5

2) 𝑔 = {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9)} connection rule is𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

Domain = {1,2 ,3, 5}
1 3
Range = {3, 5, 7, 9} 2 5
3 7
4 9

Write a connection rule for the following mappings and represent

them in the coordinate plane and write their domain and range:

3) 𝑓 = {(1,0), (2,0)(3,0)(4,0)} , Connection rule 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0

Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} (1,0) (2,0) (3,0) (4,0)
Range= {0}

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

4) 𝑔 = {(0,0), (1, −1), (2, −2)(3, −3)} , Connection rule 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −𝑥

Domain = {0, 1, 2, 3} Range = {0, −1 , −2 , −3}

(1,-1)
(2,-2)
(3,-3)

Note: to find the type of the mapping we should find the range
5. If the mapping f: N→N, where f(x) =3x+2. Show if the mapping is
surjective or not.
𝑓(1) = 3(1) + 2 = 5 , 𝑓 (2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8
𝑓(3) = 3(3) + 2 = 11
Range = {5 , 8 , 11 , … . . } ≠ Co-domain N
∴ The mapping is not surjective .
******************************
6. Assume the two mappings f:Z→Z,where f(x)= 3x+1 and g:Z→Z,
where g(x)=2x+5. Find the value of x if (fog)(x)=28.
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔 (𝑥 )) = 𝑓 (2𝑥 + 5) = 3(2𝑥 + 5) + 1
⇒ 6𝑥 + 15 + 1 = 28 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 16 = 28 ⇒ 6𝑥 = 28 − 16
∴ 6𝑥 = 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
====================
7 . If f: N→N, where f(x) =5x+2 and g: N→N, where g(x) =x+3. Write
the mapping (fog) by writing its ordered pairs.
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑁 = {1, 2 ,3 … . }
𝑓𝑜𝑔(1) = 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 𝑓(1 + 3) = 𝑓 (4) = 5(4) + 2 = 22
𝑓𝑜𝑔(2) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓(2 + 3) = 𝑓 (5) = 5(5) + 2 = 27
𝑓𝑜𝑔(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(3 + 3) = 𝑓 (6) = 5(6) + 2 = 32

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {(1,22), (2,27), (3,32) … }

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = {22, 27, 32, 37, … } ≠ Co − domain 𝑁
𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 )
The mapping not surjective, Injective, not Bijective
********************************
Solve the exercises
8) If A={1,2,3} and B={4,5,6}, and f:A→B is defined as follow:
f ={(1,4), (2,5), (3,6)} , Draw the arrowy diagram of the mapping and
represent it in the coordinate plane

A B
1 4
2 5
3 6

9) If f: A→ Z , where f (x) = x2 and the set A={-2,-1,0,1,2}. Represent

the mapping in the coordinate
plane, and show if the mapping
is injective or not?
f (x) = x2
f (-2) = (-2)2 = 4
f (-1) = (-1)2 = 1
f (0) = (0)2 = 0
f (1) = (1)2 = 1
f (2) = (2)2 = 4
The mapping is not injective because f
(1) = f (-1) while 1≠-1

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

10) Assume f:N→N, and g: N→N, f(x) = x2 , and g(x) = x+1. It is

required to find:
i) (gof)(x) , (fog)(x) , ii) (fog)(2) , (gof)(2)

i) (gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2) = x2 + 1

(fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x+1) = (x+1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1

ii) (fog)(2) = f(g(2)) = f(2+1) = f(3) = (3)2 = 9

(gof)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(22) = g(4) = 4+1 = 5
****************************************
Solve the Problems
Temperatures: In a day of winter, the temperatures recorded as
shown in the following relation R ={(6,-2), (9,-3), (12,-4), (15,-5)} ,
where the first coordinate represents the time in hours , and the
second coordinate represents the temperature in celsius degrees.
Represent the relation in a table and represent it in the coordinate
plane. Does the relation represent a mapping or not? Explain your
answer.

𝑥 6 9 12 15
𝑦 -2 -3 -4 -5

Domain = {6, 9, 12, 15}

Range = {−2, −3, −4, −5}

(6,-2)
(9,-3)
(12,-4)
(15, -5)

The mapping is surjective, Injective and Bijective

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Coordinate plane: The nearby graphic figure represents the

mapping f:N→N. Write the coordinates of the ordered pairs which
can be represented by the mapping points in the graphic. Write a
connection rule of the mapping, is the mapping an injective or not?
𝑠𝑜𝑙: {(1,2), (2,3)(3,4), (4,5)}
Connection rule 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1

Injective mapping (𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 → 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ))

*******************************************

Health: The relation Wr= 2(wb 3) represents the

mass of water in human body, where Wr
represents the mass of water and Wb represents
the mass of human body. Hassan’s mass is 150 kg,
he follows a diet to reduce the mass for three
months, he lost 6kg in the first month and 12kg in
the second month and 12kg in the third month. Write all the ordered
pairs for the relation between Hassan,s mass and the mass of water in his
body. Does it represent a mapping or not ?

𝑤𝑏
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑤𝑟 = 2 ( )
3
150
∴ 𝑊𝑟 = 2 ( ) = 100
3
144
First month 150 − 6 = 144 ⇒ 𝑊𝑟 = 2 ( ) = 96
3
132
Second month 144 − 12 = 132 ⇒ 𝑊𝑟 = 2 ( ) = 88
3
120
Third month 132 − 12 = 120 ⇒ 𝑊𝑟 = 2 ( ) = 2(40) = 80
3
𝑓 = {(150,100), (144,96)(132,88)(120,80)}
The relation represents a mapping because each element in the domain
has one form in co-domain

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Challenge: If A={1,2,3,} , g:A→A and f:A→A is a defined mapping, as

follow: g = {(3,1),(1,2), (2,3)} , f = {(1,3),(3,3), (2,3)},
show does fog = gof ?

𝑓𝑜𝑔 (1): 𝑓 [𝑔(1)] = 𝑓 (2) = 3 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (1) = 𝑔[𝑓(1)] = 𝑔(3) = 1

𝑓𝑜𝑔 (2): 𝑓 [𝑔(2)] = 𝑓 (3) = 3 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (2) = 𝑔[𝑓(2)] = 𝑔(3) = 1

𝑓𝑜𝑔 (3): 𝑓 [𝑔(3)] = 𝑓 (1) = 3 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (3) = 𝑔[𝑓 (3)] = 𝑔(3) = 1

𝑓𝑜𝑔 = {(1,3)(2,3)(3,3)} , 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {(1,1), (2,1), (3,1)}
𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≠ 𝑔𝑜𝑓
***********************************
Correct the mistake: Yaseen said that the relation f:Z→Z, where
f(x)=x3 does not represent an injective
mapping. Determine Yaseen’s mistake and
correct it.
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑓 (−2) = (−2)3 = −8 , 𝑓 (−1) = (−1)3 = −1
𝑓(0) = (0)3 = 0
𝑓(1) = (1)3 = 1 , 𝑓 (2) = (2)3 = 8 … ….
𝑓 = { (−2, −8), (−1, −1), (0,0), (1,1), (2 ,2) … . }
The mapping is injective (𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 → 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ))
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Numerical sense: Determine if each of the following relations f:
X→Y represents a mapping or not? Explain that.
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 3 5 7 9 11
The relation represents a mapping because each element in the
domain has one form in co-domain, the connection rule
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Write : Assume the mapping f: N → Z , where f(x) = 4x - 3 , if

(fof) (x) = 33 , find the value of x .

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑓𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 (4𝑥 − 3) = 4(4𝑥 − 3) − 3

= 16𝑥 − 12 − 3
𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥 ) = 16𝑥 − 15
⇒ 16 𝑥 − 15 = 33 ⇒ 16𝑥 = 33 + 15 ⇒ 16 𝑥 = 48 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

The Sequences ‫المتتابعات‬

f: N → R is a function represented by a set of the ordered pairs {(1,f(1)) ,
(2,f(2)) , (3,f(3)) , … ,(n,f(n)), …} ,where the first projection represent the
natural numbers set (infinite sequence) or as a subset (finite sequence)
so it is enough to write the second projection (images) { (f(1)) , (f(2)) ,
(f(3)) ,…, (f(n)), ...} and it is called Un the general term of the sequence
f(n) = Un, The sequence can be written {U1 ,U2 , U3 , U4 , ....., Ui , .......} .
Ex 1: Arrange a table to connect between the number of days and
the number of paintings. Write the ordered pairs set from the
table. Does the table represent a pattern? Does it represent a
sequence?
Number of
paintings
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of days 3 6 9 12 15 18

Ordered pairs {(1,3) (2,6), (3,9), (4 , 12), (5,15), (6,18)}

Yes it represents a pattern and the relation represents “three times”,
and the relation represents a sequence, its general term is
𝑈𝑛 = 3𝑛 = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18}

‫ الدالة تسمممممى متتابعة منتهية ألن مجالها مجموعة ج وية ومرتبة من مجموعة‬: ‫مالحظة‬
(𝟏) ‫ وت بدأ بال عدد‬N ‫ أو مجمو عة ج و ية من‬N ‫ كل دا لة م جال ها‬، N ‫اال عداد الطبيع ية‬
‫تسمى متتابعة‬

Ex.2. 𝑓 = {(1,3), (2,7), (5,4), (6,10), (7,9)} Does it represent a

sequence?
It is not represents a sequence because the domain is
{𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, … }

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Ex 3 : Write the first five ordered pairs of the sequence {Un } and
represent it in the coordinate plane:
1) {𝒏} = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … }
{(1,1)(2,2)(3,3) … . } .

5– *
4– *
3– *
2– *
1– *
+ + + + + + +
1 2 3 4 5

𝟏
𝟐) { } =, 𝒏 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
𝒏
1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: = { 1 , , 3 , 4 ,…}
2

1 1 1
{(1,1), (2, ) , (3, ) , (4, ) , … . }
2 3 4
y
*
1
- *
2
1
- *
3
1
- *
4
- *
+ + + + +
1 2 3 4 5

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Arithmetic Sequence ‫المتابعة الحسابية‬

Arithmetic sequence is the sequence in which the difference
between each two consecutive terms represents a constant number,
and it is called the common difference of sequence, its symbol is d =
Un+1 - Un . We can write a sequence by knowing its first term a= u1
and common difference which refer to it by d.
The general term law of the arithmetic sequence is Un= a + (n-1) d ,
where n ∈ N.
The arithmetic sequences are three types:
i) Increasing sequence in which d > 0, example {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …},
ii) Decreasing sequence in which d < 0 , example {4, 2, 0, -2, -4, …}
iii) Constant sequence in which d = 0 , example {5, 5, 5, 5, 5,.. }.
Note: the find the common difference d
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 , 𝑑 = 𝑈3 − 𝑈2 ….
𝑈2 = 𝑈1 + 𝑑 , 𝑈3 = 𝑈2 + 𝑑 , 𝑈4 = 𝑈3 + 𝑑 , … . ..
+𝑑 +𝑑 +𝑑 +𝑑
𝑈1 ⇒ 𝑈2 ⇒ 𝑈3 ⇒ 𝑈4 … . .⇒ 𝑈𝑛
*************************************
Ex: Write the first five terms for each of the following arithmetic
sequences:
1. An arithmetic sequence in which the first term is 3 and its
common difference is 6. {3,9, 15 ,21 , … … }
2. An arithmetic sequence in which the first term is 1 and its
common difference is -3. {1, −2, −5, −8 , −11 , … . }
3. An arithmetic sequence in which the seventh term is 36 and its
common difference is 4.
Un = a + (n-1) d
⇒ U7 = a + 6d ⇒ 36 = a + 6× 4 ⇒ a = 12
{12,16,20,24,28 , … . }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

4. An arithmetic sequence in which the third term is 8 and d = -3.

Find the terms between U7 and U11
Un = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ U3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 ⇒ 8 = 𝑎 + 2 (−3)
𝑎 = 8 + 6 = 14 ,
U8 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑 ⇒ U8 = 14 + 7 (−3) = −7
U9 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 ⇒ U9 = 14 + 8 (−3) = −10
U10 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 ⇒ U10 = 14 + 9 (−3) = −13
{… … , −7 , −10 , −13 , … . }

5. Write the twentieth term of the arithmetic sequence {6, 1, -4, -9,..}
and determine if is a decreasing or increasing.
𝑎 = 6 , 𝑑 = 1 − 6 = −5 , 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑈20 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈20 = 6 + 19 (−5) ⇒ 𝑈20 = −89

𝑑<0 So the sequence is decreasing

6. Write the first five terms for each of the following sequences
1) {2𝑛 − 1} = {1, 3, 5, 7 , 9 … . }

2) {7} = {7, 7, 7, 7, 7, … }

3) {𝑛2} = {1 ,4,9,16 ,25 , … }

4) {(−1)𝑛 } = {−1, 1, −1, 1, −1 … }

𝑛 1 2 4 5
5) { } = { , , 1, , … }
3 3 3 3 3

6) {𝑛3 } = {1, 8, 27, 64, 125 … }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Make sure of your understanding

Write the first four ordered pairs for the sequence which its general
term is given
1) 𝑈𝑛 = 3𝑛 , ⇒ 𝑈1 = 3 , 𝑈2 = 6 , 𝑈3 = 9 , 𝑈4 = 12
= {(1,3), (2,6)(3,9)(4,12)}
2) 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑛 − 4 ⇒ 𝑈1 = −3 , 𝑈2 − 2 , 𝑈3 = −1 , 𝑈4 = 0
= {(1, −3), (2, −2)(3, −1)(4,0) … }

𝟑) 𝑈𝑛 = 3𝑛2 ⇒ 𝑈1 = 3 , 𝑈2 = 12 , 𝑈3 = 27 , 𝑈4 = 48
= {(1,3) , (2,12) , (3,27), (4,48) … }
1 1 1 1 1
𝟒) 𝑈𝑛 = ⇒ 𝑈1 = , 𝑈2 = , 𝑈3 = , 𝑈4 =
2𝑛 2 4 6 8
1 1 1 1
= {(1, ) , (2, ) , (3, ) , (4, ) … }
2 4 6 8
𝟓) 𝑈𝑛 = 3𝑛 − 1, ⇒ 𝑈1 = 3(1) − 1 = 2 , 𝑈2 = 3(2) − 1 = 5
𝑈3 = 3(3) − 1 = 8 , 𝑈4 = 3(4) − 1 =11
{(1,2), (2, 5), (3,8), (4,11) … . }
±=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=±
Write the first five terms of each of the following sequences:
6) An arithmetic sequence in which the first term is 1 and its
common difference is 5.
+𝑑 +𝑑 +𝑑 +𝑑
𝑈1 → 𝑈2 → 𝑈3 → 𝑈4 → 𝑈5 Remember
The sequence {1, 6, 11,16, 21, … . }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

7) An arithmetic sequence in which the first term is -5 and its

common difference is 2.
{−5, −3, −1, 1, 3, … }

8) An arithmetic sequence in which the first term is -3 and its

common difference is -4
{−3, −7, −11, −15, −19 … }

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Write the terms for the following sequences:
9) Find the terms between U8 and U12 for an arithmetic sequence in
which the third term is (9) and d= -2
𝑈3 = 9 , 𝑑 = −2 , 𝑎 =?
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 ⇒ 9
= 𝑎 + 2 (−2)
⇒ 9=𝑎−4 ⇒ 𝑎 = 9 + 4 = 13
𝑈9 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈9 = 13 + 8 (−2) ⇒ 𝑈9 = 13 − 16 = −3
𝑈10 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈10 = 13 + 9 (−2) ⇒ 𝑈10 = 13 − 18 = −5
𝑈11 = 𝑎 + 10𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈11 = 13 + 10 (−2) ⇒ 𝑈11 = 13 − 20 = −7
= {… , −3, −5, −7, … }
Or
𝑈9 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈9 = 13 + 8 (−2) ⇒ 𝑈9 = 13 − 16 = −3
𝑈10 = 𝑈9 + 𝑑 = −3 − 2 = −5
𝑈11 = 𝑈10 + 𝑑 = −5 − 2 = −7
{… , −3, −5, −7, … }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

10) Find the terms between U6 and U10 for an arithmetic sequence in
which the second term is -11 and d= -3.
𝑈2 = −11 , 𝑑 = −3 , 𝑎 =?
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 ⇒ −11 = 𝑎 + (−3) ⇒
−11 = 𝑎 − 3 ⇒ 𝑎 = −11 + 3 = −8 The first term
𝑈7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈7 = −8 + 6(−3) ⇒ 𝑈7 = −8 − 18 = −26
𝑈8 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈8 = −8 + 7 (−3) ⇒ 𝑈8 = −8 − 21 = −29
𝑈9 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈9 = −8 + 8 (−3) ⇒ 𝑈 = −8 − 24 = −32
= {… − 26, −29, −32, … }
*************************************
11) Write 23rd term for the arithmetic sequence {3, -1, -5, -9, …}
𝑎 =3, 𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = −1 − 3 = −4 , 𝑈23 =? , 𝑛 = 23
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈23 = 𝑎 + 22𝑑
∴ 𝑈23 = 3 + 22(−4) ⇒ 𝑈23 = 3 − 88 = −85
====================================
Write the first five terms for each of the following sequences:
12) {𝟒𝒏} = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, … }

𝟏𝟑) {2𝑛 − 5} = {−3, −1, 1, 3 ,5 , … }

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝟏𝟒) { } = { , , , , ,,…}
𝑛+1 2 3 4 5 6
𝟏𝟓) {9} = {9, 9,9 9, 9, … }
*************************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the Exercises

Write the first four ordered pairs for the sequence which its
general term is given:
16) Un = 10 - 4n
⇒ 𝑈1 = 10 − 4(1) = 6 , 𝑈2 = 10 − 4(2) = 2
𝑈3 = 10 − 4(3) = −2 , 𝑈4 = 10 − 4(4) = −6
𝑈𝑛 = {(1,6), (2,2)(3, −2)(4, −6)}
17) Un = n2-1
𝑈1 = (1)2 − 1 = 0 , 𝑈2 = (2)2 − 1 = 3
𝑈3 = (3)2 − 1 = 8 , 𝑈4 = (4)2 − 1 = 15
𝑈𝑛 = {(1,0), (2,3)(3,8)(4,15)}
𝟏
18) 𝐔𝐧 =
𝟑𝐧+𝟏
1 1 1 1
U1 = = , U2 = =
3(1) + 1 4 3(2) + 1 7
1 1 1 1
U3 = = , U4 = =
3(3) + 1 10 3(4) + 1 13
1 1 1 1
𝑈𝑛 = {(1, ) , (2, ) (3, ) (4, )}
4 7 10 13
**************************************
Write the first five terms for each of the following sequences:
−𝟏
19) An arithmetic sequence in which the seventh term is and
𝟐𝟒
𝟏
the common difference is
𝟑
−1 1
𝑈7 = , 𝑑= , 𝑎 =?
24 3

𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑
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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

−1 1 −1 6 −1 6 −49
⇒ = 𝑎 + 6( ) ⇒ =𝑎+ ⇒ 𝑎= − =
24 3 24 3 24 3 24
−49 1 −41
𝑈2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = + =
24 3 24
−41 1 −33
𝑈3 = 𝑈2 + 𝑑 = + =
24 3 24
−33 1 −25
𝑈4 = 𝑈3 + 𝑑 = + =
24 3 24
−25 1 −17
𝑈5 = 𝑈4 + 𝑑 = + =
24 3 24
−49 −41 −33 −25 −17
𝑈𝑛 ={ , , , , ,…}
24 24 24 24 24
*********************************
Write terms for the following sequences
20) Find the terms between U10 and U13 for an arithmetic sequence
𝟏𝟑
in which the seventh term is and d = 1
𝟐
13
𝑈7 = , 𝑑 = 1 , 𝑎 =?
2

𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑
13 13 13 1
⇒ = 𝑎 + 6( 1) ⇒ =𝑎+6 ⇒ 𝑎 = −6=
2 2 2 2
1 21
𝑈11 = 𝑎 + 10𝑑 = + 10 =
2 2
21 23
𝑈12 = 𝑈11 + 𝑑 = +1=
2 2
21 23
𝑈𝑛 = {… , , , … }
2 2
*******************************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

21) Find the terms between U20 and U23 for an arithmetic sequence
in which the second term is (0) and d = -1.
𝑈2 = 0 , 𝑑 = −1 , 𝑎 =?
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 ⇒ 0 = 𝑎 − 1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1
𝑈21 = 𝑎 + 20𝑑 = 1 + 20(−1) = −19
𝑈22 = 𝑈21 + 𝑑 = −19 − 1 = −20
𝑈𝑛 = {… , −19, −20, … }
*********************************************

Determine the type of sequences (increasing, decreasing, constant)

for each of the following:
22) {Un} = {3 - 2n}
𝑈1 = 3 − 2(1) = 1 , 𝑈2 = 3 − 2(2) = −1
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = −1 − 1 = −2 < 0 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
The sequence is decreasing
23) {Un} = {n3 -1}
𝑈1 = 13 − 1 = 0 , 𝑈2 = 23 − 1 = 7
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 7 − 0 = 7 > 0 (𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
The sequence is increasing
𝟏
24) {𝐔𝐧} =
𝐧+𝟐
1 1 1 1
𝑈1 = = , 𝑈2 = =
1+2 3 2+2 4
1 1 −1
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = − = < 0 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
4 3 12
The sequence is decreasing

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Write the first five terms for each of the following sequences:
𝟑𝐧 3 9 15
25) {
𝟐
} = {2 , 3, 2 , 6, 2 }

26) { √𝟑 } = { √3 , √3, √3, √3, √3}

𝐧 1 2 3 4 5
27) {
𝐧+𝟏
} = {2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }

Solve the problems

Running sport: In one of running competitions

of the times of the first winner are recorded
in the following table
Distance in km 1 2 3 4 5
Time 3.12 6.32 9.52 12.72 15.92

Write the ordered pairs set from the table. Does the table
represent a pattern? Does it represent a sequence? Explain
your answer.
{(1,3.12)(2,6.32)(3,9.52)(4,12.72)(5,15.92}

15.92 − 12.72 = 3.20 , 9.52 − 6.32 = 3.20

12.72 − 9.52 = 3.20 , 6.32 − 3.12 = 3.20

It represents a pattern that its domain is {1,2,3,4,5, } and it
represents an arithmetic sequence which common difference d=3.20
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Sport of pole vault: The following table shows the attempts of one
of the world champions in the sport of pole vault.

Attempts 1 2 3 4 5
Height in meter 5.90 5.95 6.00 6.05 6.10

Write the ordered pairs set from the table. Does the table
represent a pattern? Does it represent a sequence? Explain your
answer.

{(1,5.90)(2.5.95)(3,6.00)(4,6.05), (5,6.10)
5.90 + 0.05 = 5.95 , 5.95 + 0.05 = 6.00
6.00 + 0.05 = 6.05 , 6.05 + 0.05 = 6.10
It represents a pattern that its domain is {1,2,3,4,5} and it represents
an arithmetic sequence which common difference d=0.05

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Agriculture: Hassan had bought a farm for breeding cows, which had
20 cows. This number was increased year by year as a result to the
new births which were in a constant rate. After six years, the number
of cows had become the double. Represent the proplem in a table
and Write the ordered pairs set from the table. Does the table
represent a pattern? Does it represent a
sequence? Explain your answer.
𝑎 = 20, 𝑈6 = 40 , 𝑑 =?
𝑈6 = 𝑎 + 5𝑑 ⇒ 40 = 20 + 5𝑑
5𝑑 = 40 − 20 ⇒ 5𝑑 = 20 ⇒ 𝑑 = 4

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cows 20 24 28 32 36 40

It represents a pattern that its domain is {1,2,3,4,5, } and it

represents an arithmetic sequence which common difference d=4
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Challenge: Find the value of x which makes the first three terms of
the arithmetic sequences as follow:
{𝟐𝒙, 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏, … }
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑈3 − 𝑈2
3𝑥 + 11 − (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 + 11 − 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 + 10 = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1 − 10 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −9 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3

Correct the mistake: Rabiha said that the sequence which its
general term is Un = 8 - 2n, considered an increasing sequence
because d > 0, discover the mistake of Rabiha and then correct it
𝑈1 = 8 − 2(1) = 6 , 𝑈2 = 8 − 2(2) = 4
𝑈3 = 8 − 2 (3) = 2
𝑑 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 4 − 6 = −2 , 𝑑 = −2 < 0
Decreasing sequence

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Numerical sense: What is the eleventh term for a sequence in

−𝟏
which the third term is (4) and the common difference is
𝟐
1
𝑈3 = 4 , 𝑑 = − ,𝑎 = ?
2
−1
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 ⇒ 4 = 𝑎 + 2( )
2
4=𝑎−1 ⇒ 𝑎 =4+1=5
−1
𝑈11 = 𝑎 + 10 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈11 = 5 + 10 () =5−5=0
2
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±
Write: The term which occupies the place 101 in the arithmetic
sequence which its fifth term is -4 and the common difference is 2.
𝑈5 = −4 , 𝑑 = 2 , 𝑎 ? , 𝑈101 =?
𝑈5 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑 ⇒ −4 = 𝑎 + 4(2) ⇒ −4 = 𝑎 + 8
𝑎 = −4 − 8 = −12
𝑈101 = 𝑎 + 100 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈101 = −12 + 100 (2)
𝑈101 = −12 + 200
𝑈101 = 188

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Compound Inequalities ‫المتباينات المركبة‬

Compound inequalities which contain “and”
The compound inequalities which contain the connecting tool “and” and
how to find their solution set and how to represent them in the line of the
real numbers. As the compound inequality contains the connecting tool
“and” and it consists of two inequalities, so it will be true only when the
two inequalities are true. According to that, its solution set will be a set
of intersection for solution of the two inequalities. We can do that by two
methods, the first is graphically by representing the solution of the two
inequalities in the line of numbers and then determine the intersection
area. The second method is algebraically by finding the solution set for
each inequality, then take their intersection set ( S = S1⋂ S2).
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Learn : We use the minimum and maximum celsius degrees to
measure the weather temperature during a day because it is variable
from time to time. If the minimum celsius temperature in Baghdad
is 8ْc and the maximum one is 15ْc during December month, writ
an inequalities represents the temperature in Baghdad , then find its
solution

Not less than 8°: 𝑥 ≥ 8 , not more than 15°

: 𝑥 ≤ 15
Graphically method : 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15
𝑥≥8 8 15

𝑥 ≤ 15
8 15

Algebraically method: 𝑆 = 𝑆1 ∩ 𝑆2 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 8 } ∩ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 15}

= {𝑥: 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15 }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Ex.: Solve the compound inequality which contains (and)

-3 ≤ 3x+2 < 9 algebraically, then represent the solution on the
straight line of numbers.
−3 ≤ 3𝑥 + 2 < 9 ⇒ −3 − 2 ≤ 3𝑥 + 2 − 2 < 9 − 2
−5 3𝑥 7 −5 7
−5 ≤ 3𝑥 < 7 ⇒ ≤ < ⇒ ≤𝑥<
3 3 3 3 3
−5 7
𝑆 = { 𝑥: ≤𝑥< }
3 3
−𝟓 𝟕
-1 1 2
𝟑 𝟑

Compound inequalities which contain “or”

The compound inequality which contains the connecting tool (or)
and it will be true only when, at least one of its two inequalities is
true. Accordingly, its solution set is a set of the two qualities
solution union. It can be found in two methods, first graphically by
representing the two inequalities solution in the line of numbers,
then determining union area. Second method, algebraically by
finding the solution set for each inequality, then taking their union
set ( S = S1∪ S2 ).

Solve the compound inequality 2 < x+3 or x+3 ≤ -2 graphically and

algebraically.

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 + 3 > 2 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > −1

∴ 𝑥 + 3 ≤ −2 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ − 2 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ −5

𝑥 ≤ −5 ‫ > 𝑥 او‬−1

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝑥 + 3 > 2 ‫ 𝑥 أو‬+ 3 ≤ −2 ⇒ 𝑥 > −1 ‫ ≤ 𝑥 أو‬−5

𝑆 = 𝑆1 𝑈𝑆2 → = {𝑥: 𝑥 > −1} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ −5}

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Solve the compound inequality which contains (or) algebraically

and represent the solution on the line of numbers.
1) 𝑦 − 3 ≤ −1 ‫ 𝑦 أو‬+ 3 > 6 ⇒ 𝑦 ≤ −1 + 3 ‫ > 𝑦 او‬6 − 3
⇒ 𝑦 ≤ 2 ‫ > 𝑦 أو‬3 ⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ 2} ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 > 3}
_ 2 3

𝟐𝑽 + 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐𝑽 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐) > ‫أو‬ <
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
2𝑉 + 1 5 2𝑉 + 1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3 . >3. ‫ أو‬3 . < 3.
3 3 3 3
2𝑉 + 1 > 5 ‫ أو‬2𝑉 + 1 < 1 ⇒ 2𝑉 > 5 − 1 ‫ أو‬2𝑉 < 1 − 1
⇒ 2𝑉 > 4 ‫ أو‬2V < 0 ⇒ 𝑉 > 2 ‫ < 𝑉 أو‬0
∴ 𝑆 = {𝑉: 𝑉 > 2} ∪ {𝑉: 𝑉 < 0}
0 2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Triangular Inequality
The triangular inequality “in each triangle, the sum of two sides
length is greater than the length of the third side” , it is used in the
geometrical constructions and designs. If the lengths side of a
triangle is (A,B,C), then the following three inequalities should be true
: A+B > C , A+C > B , B+C > A
====================================

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Ex.: Can the three sides of a triangle with length 13cm ,10cm and
2cm compose a triangle ?
No, they can’t because:
2 + 10≯13 is false , 10 + 13 > 2 is true , 2 + 13 > 10 is true
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Ex.: Write a compound inequality which shows the length of the
third side in a triangle which has two sides with length 8cm and
10cm.
Suppose that the length of the third side is x, then:
8 +10 > x ⇒18 > x ⇒ the third side is less than 18
8 + x > 10 ⇒ x > 2 ⇒ the third side is greater than 2
10 + x > 8 ⇒ x > -2 ⇒ doesn’t give any useful data
So the length of this side must be less than18 and greater than 2 and
by the compound inequality, we see that the range of the third side
length is 2 < x < 18

************************************

‫ان الجهد الذي تبذله اليوم ستجني ثماره غدا بأذن هللا فال‬
‫تبخل بجهد او وقت او صبر من اجل نيل ماتصبو اليه‬
‫انه حلمك الذي انتظرته طويال ليتحقق‬
‫انه هدفك الذي سعيت وتسعى اليه منذ من‬
..... ‫انه مستقبلك فال تتهاون او تتكاسل في الوصول اليه‬

07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬

07901767905 45
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Make sure of your understanding

Solve the compound inequalities which include (and) graphically
𝟏) − 𝟒 ≤ 𝒚 − 𝟏 < 3
−4 + 1 ≤ 𝑦 − 1 + 1 < 3 + 1 (adding the identity inverse)
⇒ −3 ≤ 𝑦 < 4 ⇒ −3 ≤ 𝑦 ∩ 𝑦 < 4
+ + + + + + + + + 𝑦<4
4
𝑦 ≥ −3 + + + + + + + + +
-3

+ + + + + + + + +
-3 4
−𝟑 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟒

𝟐) − 𝟒 ≤ 𝒁 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝟖 ⇒ −4 − 2 ≤ 𝑍 + 2 − 2 ≤ 8 − 2
⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 6 ⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑍 ∩ 𝑍 ≤ 6

+ + + + + + + + + 𝑍≤6
6
𝑍 ≥ −6 + + + + + + + + +
-6
+ + + + + + + + +
-6 6
−𝟔 ≤ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟔

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Solve the compound inequalities which include (and) algebraically,
then represent the solution set on the line of numbers:
𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟔 ≥ 𝟏𝟐 ‫ 𝒙 و‬+ 𝟔 < 15
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 12 ≤ 𝑥 + 6 < 15 ⇒ 12 − 6 ≤ 𝑥 + 6 − 6 < 15 − 6
⇒ 6≤𝑥<9

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9}

5 6 7 8 9 10
=============================

𝟒) − 𝟗 < 2𝒙 − 𝟏 ≤ 𝟑
𝑠𝑜𝑙: − 9 + 1 < 2𝑥 − 1 + 1 ≤ 3 + 1
∴ −8 < 2 𝑥 ≤ 4 ÷2
∴ −4 < 𝑥 ≤ 2 ⇒ 𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ −4 < 𝑥 ≤ 2}

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
*************************************
Solve the compound inequalities which includes (or) graphically:
𝟓) 𝟖𝒚 ≥ 𝟔𝟒 or 𝟖𝒚 ≤ 𝟑𝟐
𝑠𝑜𝑙: [8𝑦 ≥ 64 ] ÷ 8 ⇒ 𝑦≥8 , [8𝑦 ≤ 32 ] ÷ 8 ⇒ 𝑦 ≤ 4

∴ 𝑦 ≥ 8 or 𝑦 ≤ 4
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 8 } ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ 4}

+ + + + + + + + + 𝑦≥8

𝑦≤4 + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +
4 8
===================================

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝟐𝒁 𝟐 𝟐𝒁 𝟖
𝟔) < or ≥
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
2𝑍 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3 . <3 . ⇒ 2𝑍 < 2 ⇒ 𝑍 < 1
3 3
2𝑍 8 8 4
9. ≥ 9. ⇒ 6𝑍 ≥ 8 ⇒ 𝑍 ≥ ⇒ 𝑍 ≥
3 9 6 3
4
𝑆 = {𝑍: 𝑍 < 1} ∪ { 𝑍: 𝑍 ≥ }
3
𝑍 <1
4
1 𝑍≥
3

4
1 3

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

𝟕) 𝟑𝒏 − 𝟕 > −5 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝒏 − 𝟕 ≤ −𝟗
2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3𝑛 − 7 > −5 ⇒ 3𝑛 > −5 + 7 ⇒ 3𝑛 > 2 ⇒ 𝑛 >
3
−2
3𝑛 − 7 ≤ −9 ⇒ 3𝑛 ≤ −9 + 7 ⇒ 3𝑛 ≤ −2 ⇒ 𝑛 ≤
3
2 −2
𝑆 = {𝑛: 𝑛 > } ∪ {𝑛: 𝑛 ≤ }
3 3

−2 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
3 3
========================

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07901767905 48
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝟖)𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 ≥ 𝟑𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 < 22
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑥 + 15 ≥ 30 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 30 − 15 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 15
𝑥 + 15 < 22 ⇒ 𝑥 < 22 − 15 ⇒ 𝑥 < 7
𝑆 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 15} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 < 7}

7 15

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Can the three sides, which shown below, compose a triangle?
𝟗) 𝟏𝒄𝒎, 𝟐𝒄𝒎, √𝟑 𝒄𝒎, (√3 ≅ 1.7)
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 1 + 2 > √3 ⇒ 3 > √3 true
1 + √3 > 2 ⇒ 1 + 1.7 > 2 ⇒ 2.7 > 2 true
2 + √3 > 1 ⇒ 2 + 1.7 > 1 ⇒ 3.7 > 1 true
can compose a triangle

𝟏𝟎) 𝟓𝒄𝒎, 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝟗𝒄𝒎

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 5 + 4 > 9 ⇒ 9 > 9 false

cannot compose a triangle

𝟏𝟏) 𝟏𝒄𝒎, √𝟐 𝒄𝒎, √𝟐 𝒄𝒎 , (√2 = 1.4)

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 1 + √2 > √2 ⇒ 2.4 > 1.4 true

√2 + √2 > 1 ⇒ 2.8 > 1 true
can compose a triangle

𝟏𝟐) 𝟑𝒄𝒎, 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝟐√𝟑𝒄𝒎 (2√3 = 3.4)

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3 + 4 > 2√3 ⇒ 7 > 3.4 true

3 + 2√3 > 4 ⇒ 3 + 3.4 > 4 ⇒ 6.4 > 4 true
4 + 2 √3 > 3 ⇒ 4 + 3.4 > 3 ⇒ 7.4 > 3 true
can compose a triangle

07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬

07901767905 49
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the Exercises

Solve the compound inequalities which include (and) graphically:

13) −𝟏𝟐 < 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≤ −𝟕

−𝟏𝟐 < 𝒙

𝒙 ≤ −𝟕

−𝟏𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ −𝟕

𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ −12 < 𝑥} ∩ { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≤ −7}

𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ −12 < 𝑥 ≤ −7}

****************************
14) 𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 + 𝟒 < 𝟔
𝟐−𝟒 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟔−𝟒 ⇒ −𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟐

−𝟐 ≤ 𝒚

𝒚 < 𝟐

−𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟐

𝑆 = { 𝑦 ∶ −𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟐}

*********************

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07901767905 50
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the compound inequalities which include (and) algebraically, then

represent the solution set on the line of numbers:

15) 14 ≤ 3𝑥 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 7 < 26

𝟏𝟒 − 𝟕 ≤ 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝒙 < 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟕
𝟕 ≤ 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝒙 < 𝟏𝟗
𝟕 𝟏𝟗
≤ 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙<
𝟑 𝟑

𝟕 𝟏𝟗
7 ≤ 𝒙 < 19
𝟑 𝟑
3 3

𝟕 𝟏𝟗
𝑆 ={𝑥 ∶ ≤ 𝒙 < }
𝟑 𝟑

************************

1 𝑧+3 1
16) ] ≥ ≥ [ × 75
15 5 25

5 ≥ 15(𝑧 + 3) ≥ 3
5 ≥ 15𝑧 + 45 ≥ 3
5 − 45 ≥ 15𝑧 ≥ 3 − 45
[ −40 ≥ 15𝑧 ≥ −42 ] ÷ 15
40 42
− ≥𝑧≥−
15 15

42 40
− ≤𝑧< −
15 15

42 40
− −
15 15
07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬
07901767905 51
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the compound inequalities which includes (or) graphically:

17) 𝑧 − 2 < −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 − 2 > 4

𝑧 < −7 + 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > 4 + 2
𝑧 < −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > 6

𝑧 < −5 -5
6 𝑧>6

𝑧 < −5 -5 6 𝑧>6

𝑆 = { 𝑧 ∶ 𝑧 < −5} ∪ { 𝑧 ∶ 𝑧 > 6}

*********************
18) 𝑥 − 6 ≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 6 > 4
𝑥 ≤ − 1 + 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 4 + 6
𝑥 ≤ 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 10

𝑥≤7 7
10 𝑥 > 10

𝑥≤7 7 10 𝑥 > 10

𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≤ 7} ∪ { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 > 10}

*************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the compound inequalities which include (or) algebraically,

then represent the solution set on the line of number

19) 𝒙 + 𝟖 < 𝟐𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 ≥ 𝟑𝟎
𝑥 < 22 − 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 30 − 10
𝑥 < 14 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 20

𝑥 < 14 14 20 𝑥 ≥ 20

𝑆 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 < 14} ∪ { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≥ 20 }
****************************
20) 𝒚 < −𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 + 𝟑 > 𝟐
𝑦 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 > 2−3
𝑦 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 > −1

𝑦 < −1 −1 𝑦 > −1

𝑆 = { 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 < −1} ∪ { 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 > −1 }

𝒚 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏
21) < 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 > 𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝑦 7 𝑦 15
[ < 𝑜𝑟 > ]×2
2 2 2 2
𝑦 <7 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 > 15

𝑦 <7 7 15 𝑦 > 15

𝑆 = { 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 < 7} ∪ { 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 > 15 }

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

22) 𝟓𝒙 ≤ −𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝒙 ≥ 𝟒
−1 4
𝒙≤ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥
5 5

−1 −1 4 𝟒
𝒙≤ 𝒙≥
5 𝟓
5 5
−1 𝟒
𝑆 ={𝑥 ∶ 𝒙≤ }∪{𝑥 ∶ 𝒙≥ }
5 𝟓
*************************************
Write the compound inequality which shows the length of the third
side in the triangle which has two known-length sides:

23) 𝟑𝒄𝒎 , 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎 , 𝒙

3 + 10 > 𝑥 ⇒ 13 > 𝑥 (the third side is less than 13)
3 + 𝑥 > 10 ⇒ 𝑥 > 10 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > 7 (the third side is more than 7)
10 + 𝑥 > 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > 3 − 10 ⇒ 𝑥 > −7 (doesn’t give any usful data)
∴ 7 < 𝑥 < 13 compound inequality shows the range of the third
side
*******************************
24) 𝟔𝒄𝒎, 𝟒𝒄𝒎 , 𝒙
6 + 4 > 𝑥 ⇒ 10 > 𝑥 (the third side is less than 10)
4 + 𝑥 > 6 ⇒ 𝑥 > 6 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 (the third side is more than 2)
6 + 𝑥 > 4 ⇒ 𝑥 > 4 − 6 ⇒ 𝑥 > −2 (doesn’t give any usful data)
∴ 2 < 𝑥 < 10 compound inequality shows the range of the third
side
*******************************
25) 𝟏𝒄𝒎, 𝟑𝒄𝒎 , 𝒙
1 + 3 > 𝑥 ⇒ 4 > 𝑥 (the third side is less than 4)
1 + 𝑥 > 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > 3 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 (the third side is more than 2)
3 + 𝑥 > 1 ⇒ 𝑥 > 1 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > −2 (doesn’t give any usful data)
∴ 2 < 𝑥 < 4 compound inequality shows the range of the third side

07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬

07901767905 54
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the problems

Sound: Human’s ear can hear sound which its frequency is not less
than 20 Hz and not more than 20000 Hz. Write a compound
inequality represents the frequencies which human’s ear can not
hear them, then represent on the line of numbers

𝑥 ≥ 20 (not less than 20)

𝑥 ≤ 20000 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 20000 )
20 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20000
the frequencies which human’s ear can hear
𝑥 < 20 ∪ 𝑥 > 20000
the frequencies which human’s ear can not hear

20 20000

Cars tyre: The ideal air pressure which is recommended for tyres of
saloon cars is not less than 28 pascal (kg/ ing2) and not more than 36
pascal. Write a compound inequality which
represents the pressure, then represent it
graphically. Cars tyre: The ideal air pressure
which is recommend Note: Pascal is unit for
measuring the pressure of air which is Kg ling2
𝑥 ≥ 28 (not less than 28 )
𝑥 ≤ 36 (not more than 36 )
28 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 36 ideal air pressure

28 36

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Magnetic train: Hanging magnetic train which operates in the

magnetic lifting force, briefly it is called (Maglev). Different types of
the magnetic trains were designed all over
the world, the speed of those train is not
less than 300 k/h and not more than 550
k/h. Write an equality represents the speed
of train, then represent it graphically.
𝑥 ≥ 300 (not less than 300 )
𝑥 ≤ 560 (not more than 550 )
300 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 550 the speed of train

300 550

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Challenge: Write a compound inequality shows the range of the

third side length in each triangle:
𝟕𝒄𝒎 , 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎, 𝒙𝒄𝒎
7 + 12 > 𝑥 ⇒ 19 > 𝑥 (the third side is less than 19)
7 + 𝑥 > 12 ⇒ 𝑥 > 12 − 7 ⇒ 𝑥 > 5 (the third side is more than 5)
12 + 𝑥 > 7 ⇒ 𝑥 > 7 − 12 ⇒ 𝑥 > −5 (doesn’t give any usful data)
∴ 5 < 𝑥 < 19 compound inequality shows the range of the third side

*********************************
Correct the mistake: Sawsen said that the compound inequality
-4 < x+3 and x+3 ≤ 5 represents the set of solution in the following
line of numbers.
𝑥+3 ≤ 5 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤5−3 𝑥 ≤2
𝑥 + 3 > −4 ⇒ 𝑥 > −4 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > −7
_
-7 2

07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬

07901767905 56
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Numerical sense: Mention if the three lengths are form a triangle or

not? Explain that.
𝟑. 𝟐𝒄𝒎, 𝟓. 𝟐𝒄𝒎, 𝟔. 𝟐𝒄𝒎
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3.2 + 5.2 > 6.2 ⇒ 8.4 > 6.2 true
3.2 + 6.2 > 5.2 ⇒ 9.4 > 5.2 true
5.2 + 6.2 > 3.2 = 11.4 > 3.2 true
repersent the three sides of a triangle

𝟏𝒄𝒎 , 𝟏𝒄𝒎 , √𝟐𝒄𝒎 √𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 1 + 1 > √2 ⇒ 2 > 1.4 true

1 + √2 > 1 ⇒ 1 + 1.4 > 1 ⇒ 2.4 > 1 true

repersent the three sides of a triangle

Write: A compound inequality represents the minimum degree

temperature of which is 𝟏𝟖° and the maximum degree temperature
of which is 𝟐𝟕°
𝑥 ≥ 18 (minimum degree temperature not less than18° )
𝑥 ≤ 27 (maximum degree temperature not more than 27° )
A compound inequality 18 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 27

*******************************

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Absolute value lenqualities ‫متباينات القيمة المطلقة‬

Absolute value Inequalities | g ( x) | ≤ a , | g ( x) | < a , where a ∈ R

|𝒙 | ≤ 𝒂 ⇒ −𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂 , 𝒂 > 0
|𝒙 | < 𝒂 ⇒ −𝒂 < 𝒙 < 𝒂 , 𝒂 > 0

Ex.: Solve the absolute value inequalities, then represent the

solution in the line of numbers.
𝒊) |𝒙 + 𝟔| < 𝟑
𝑠𝑜𝑙: − 3 < 𝑥 + 6 < 3 ⇒ −3 − 6 < 𝑥 < 3 − 6 ⇒ −9 < 𝑥 < −3
10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2

𝒊𝒊) |𝒚| − 𝟓 ≤ 𝟏
𝑠𝑜𝑙: |𝑦| ≤ 1 + 5 ⇒ |𝑦| ≤ 6 ⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 6

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Babylon hotel is one of the tourist hotels in
Baghdad. It locates in Al-jadriya area. The
ideal temperature of water in the swimming
pool is 25 celsius, with increas or decrease of
one degree. Write an absolute value
inequality represents the range of water temperature in the
swimming pool.
Assume that the temperature of water is (x ) celsius,
the inequality which represents the temperature of pool when
it is not more than 26 celsius is: x ≤ 25 + 1 ⇒ x - 25 ≤ 1

07728117710 ‫كلية بغداد‬

07901767905 58
Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

the inequality which represents the temperature of pool when

it is not less than 24 celsius is: x ≥ 25 -1 ⇒ x - 25 ≥ -1
x - 25 ≥ -1 and x - 25 ≤ 1 ⇒ -1 ≤ x - 25 ≤ 1 ⇒ | x-25 | ≤ 1
The representation of the solution set and the line of numbers is:

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
So the absolute value inequality is the compound inequality which
represents the range of water temperature in the swimming pool.
Absolute value Inequalities which is in from of | g ( x) | ≥ a ,
| g ( x) | > a where a ∈ R
|𝒙| ≥ 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 ≤ −𝒂 , 𝒂>𝟎
|𝒙| > 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 > 𝒂 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 < −𝒂 , 𝒂>𝟎

Ex.: Solve the absolute value inequality, then represent the solution
on the line of numbers.
𝟏) |𝐱 + 𝟒| > 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 + 4 > 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 < −2
𝑥 > 2 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 > −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −2 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 < −6
𝑆 = 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = {𝑥: 𝑥 > −2} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 < −6}
_ +
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
=============================
𝟐) |𝟓𝐲 − 𝟏| ≥ 𝟒
sol: 5y − 1 ≤ −4 or 5y − 1 ≥ 4
−3
5y − 1 ≤ −4 ⇒ 5y ≤ −4 + 1 ⇒ 5y ≤ −3 ⇒ y ≤ = 𝑆1
5
5y − 1 ≥ 4 ⇒ 5y ≥ 4 + 1 ⇒ 5y ≥ 5 ⇒ y ≥ 1 = 𝑆2
−3
S = S1 ∪ S2 ⇒ S = {y: y ≤ } ∪ {y: y ≥ 1}
5
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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

_ +
−3
-2 -1 0 1 2
5

==============================
Ex.: Find the solution set for the following absolute value
inequalities: 𝟏) |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓| + 𝟑 < 11
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ |2𝑥 − 5| < 11 − 3 ⇒ |2𝑥 − 5| < 8
−8 < 2𝑥 − 5 < 8 ⇒ −8 + 5 < 2𝑥 < 8 + 5 ⇒ −3 < 2𝑥 < 13
−3 13 −3 13
<𝑥< ⇒ 𝑆 = {𝑥: <𝑥< }
2 2 2 2
========================
𝟐) |𝟕 − 𝐲| < 𝟖
sol: − 8 < 7 − 𝑦 < 8 ⇒ −8 − 7 < −𝑦 < 8 − 7
⇒ −15 < −𝑦 < 1 ⇒ 15 > 𝑦 > −1 ⇒ −1 < 𝑦 < 15
S = {y: − 1 < 𝑦 < 15}

‫ عند ضرب أو قسمة طرفي متباينة بعدد سالب فأن الترتيب يتغير‬..… ‫ تذكر‬: ‫مالحظة‬
. ‫لتبقى المتباينة صحيحة‬

𝟐𝐭 − 𝟖
𝟑) | |≥𝟗
𝟒

𝟐𝐭 − 𝟖
𝑠𝑜𝑙: | | ≥ 𝟗 ⇒ |𝟐𝐭 − 𝟖| ≥ 𝟑𝟔 ⇒
𝟒
2t − 8 ≥ 36 or 2𝑡 − 8 ≤ − 36
2𝑡 − 8 ≤ − 36 ⇒ 2t ≤ − 36 + 8 ⇒ 2t ≤ −28 ⇒ t ≤ −14 = S1
2t − 8 ≥ 36 ⇒ 2 t ≥ 36 + 8 ⇒ 2t ≥ 44 ⇒ t ≥ 22 = 𝑆2
S = S1 ∪ S2 ⇒ 𝑆 = {t: t ≤ −14} ∪ {t: t ≥ 22}

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𝟓 − 𝟑𝐯
𝟒) | |≥𝟔
𝟐
sol: |𝟓 − 𝟑𝐯| ≤ 𝟏𝟐
5 − 3v ≤ −12 ⇒ −3v ≤ −12 − 5 ⇒ −3v ≤ −17
−17 17
⇒ v≥ ⇒ v≥ = S1
−3 3
𝑜𝑟 5 − 3 v ≥ 12 ⇒ −3v ≥ 12 − 5 ⇒ −3v ≥ 7
−7
⇒ v ≤ = 𝑆2
3
17 −7
S = S1 ∪ S2 ⇒ 𝑆 = {v: v ≥ } ∪ {v: v ≤ }
3 3
========================
Ex.: In analysis of a blood for adult
men, the natural range of potassium is
(3.5 – 5.3) mmol/L . Write the absolute
value inequality which represents tha
unnatural range of potassium in
human blood.
The inequality which represents the unnatural quantity of potassium
and less than the lowest value of average is: x < 3.5
The inequality which represents the unnatural quantity of potassium
and more than the greatest average is: x > 5.3
The unnatural range of potassium is the compound inequality
solution: x > 5.3 or x < 3.5
We find the absolute value inequality which represents the unnatural
range of potassium:
3.5 > x or x > 5.3 ⟺ 4.4 - 0.9 > x or x > 4.4 + 0.9
⟺ -0.9 > x- 4.4 or x- 4.4 > 0.9 ⟺ | x- 4.4 | > 0.9

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: ‫مالحظة‬
‫ اذا كان المتغير أكبر من العدد الصغير واصغر من العدد الكبير فأن المتباينة المطلقة‬.1
∩ ‫تحتوي على عالمة (أصغر) أو (اصغر أو يساوي) وانها تتضمن‬
‫ إذا كان المتغير في المتباينة اكبر من العدد الكبير واصغر من العدد الصغير فأن‬.2
∪ ‫المتباينة المطلقة تحتوي على عالمة (أكبر) او ( اكبر او يساوي ) وأنها تتضمن‬

Make sure of your understanding

Write the absolute value inequality which represents the following
problems:
1.The idial temperature inside flats is 22o celsius with increase or
decrease of 2o .
Assume the temprature inside flats 𝑥 , the temprature not less
than 20o and not more than 24o
𝑥 ≤ 22 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 22 ≤ 2
𝑥 ≥ 22 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 22 ≥ −2
𝑥 − 22 ≤ 2 and 𝑥 − 22 ≥ −2
⇒ |𝑥 − 22| ≤ 2 the absolute value inequality which represents
temprature inside flats

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

2. The right angle changes to an acute angle or obtuse angle if the

spinner of angle moves to the right or left, at least one degree

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Assume the angle is θ,

the acute angle is less than 90o by 1o and the obtuse angle is more
than 90o by 1o
θ ≤ 90 − 1 ⇒ θ − 90 ≤ −1
θ ≥ 90 + 1 ⇒ θ + 90 ≥ 1
|θ − 90| ≥ 1

‫اما اذا اردنا ان نتحدث عن ال اوية القاومة فقياسها اكبر من الحادة واصغر من المنفرجة‬
)‫ويمكن ان تحل بهذه الصيغة ( وهذا غير مطلوب في هذا السؤال‬
Assume 𝑥 is a right angle
𝑥 = 90o
𝑥 ≤ 90 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 90 ≤ 1 the right angle is less than obtuse
angle
𝑥 ≥ 90 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 90 ≥ −1 the right angle is more than acute
angle
|𝑥 − 90| ≤ 1
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Solve the absolute value inequalities, then represent the solution
on the line of numbers.

𝟑)|𝐱 + 𝟏| < 𝟓
−5 < 𝑥 + 1 < 5 ⇒ −5 − 1 < 𝑥 < 5 − 1
⇒ −6 < 𝑥 < 4 ⇒ 𝑆 = {𝑥: −6 < 𝑥 < 4}

-7 -6 -5 3 4 5

𝟒) |𝟑𝐙 − 𝟕| ≤ 𝟐
sol: − 2 ≤ 3Z − 7 ≤ 2 ⇒ −2 + 7 ≤ 3Z ≤ 2 + 7
5 5
5 ≤ 3Z ≤ 9 ⇒ ≤ Z ≤ 3 ⇒ S = {Z: ≤ Z ≤ 3}
3 3

5
1 2 3
3

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𝟓) |𝒙| + 𝟖 < 𝟗
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ |𝑥 | < 9 − 8 ⇒ |𝑥 | < 1 ⇒ −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑆 = {𝑋: −1 < 𝑥 < 1}
-2 -1 0 1 2

𝟔) |𝟓𝐲| − 𝟐 ≤ 𝟖
|5y| ≤ 8 + 2 ⇒ |5y| ≤ 10 ⇒ −10 ≤ 5y ≤ 10
−2 ≤ y ≤ 2 ⇒ S = {y: − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2}

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

𝟕) |𝒙 + 𝟒| > 𝟔
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 + 4 < −6 or 𝑥 + 4 > 6
𝑥 + 4 < −6 ⇒ 𝑥 < − 6 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 < −10 = 𝑆1
𝑥 + 4 > 6 ⇒ 𝑥 > 6 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 = 𝑆2
𝑆 = 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < −10} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 2}
_ +
- 11 -10 9 0 1 2

𝟖) |𝟓𝐙 − 𝟗| > 𝟏
sol: 5Z − 9 < −1 or 5Z − 9 > 1
8
5Z − 9 < −1 ⇒ 5Z < −1 + 9 ⇒ 5𝑍 < 8 ⇒ 𝑍 < = 𝑆1
5
5Z − 9 > 1 ⇒ 5Z > 1 + 9 ⇒ 5𝑍 < 10 ⇒ 𝑍 > 2 = 𝑆1
8
S = S1 ∪ S2 = {Z: Z < } ∪ {Z: Z > 2}
5
_ +
8
0 1 2
5

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𝟗)|𝟐𝐱| + 𝟕 ≥ 𝟖
𝑠𝑜𝑙: |2𝑥 | ≥ 8 − 7 ⇒ |2𝑥 | ≥ 1 ⇒ 2𝑥 ≤ −1 ‫ أو‬2𝑥 ≥ 1
−1 1 −1 1
𝑥 ≤ 𝑜𝑟𝑥 ≥ ⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ } ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ }
2 2 2 2
−1 1
-1 0 1
2 2

𝟏𝟎) |𝟒𝐲| − 𝟐 > 3

sol: |4y| > 3 + 2 = |4y| > 5 ⇒ 4y > 5 or 4y < −5
−5 5 −5 5
y< or y > ⇒ S = {y: y < } ∪ {y: y > }
4 4 4 4

−5 5
−2 −1 0 1 2
4 4

𝟏𝟏) |𝟓 − 𝐱| < 𝟏𝟎
sol: − 10 < 5 − 𝑥 < 10 ⇒ −10 − 5 < −𝑥 < 10 − 5
⇒ −15 < −𝑥 < 5 ⇒ 15 > 𝑥 > −5 ⇒ −5 < 𝑥 < 15
𝑆 = {𝑥 ∶ −5 < 𝑥 < 15}

-6 -5 -4 0 14 15 16

𝟏𝟐) |𝟒𝐙 − 𝟏𝟒| > 𝟐

sol: 4Z − 14 < −2 or 4Z − 14 > 2
4Z − 14 < −2 ⇒ 4Z < −2 + 14 ⇒ 4𝑍 < 12 ⇒ 𝑍 < 3 = 𝑆1
4Z − 14 > 2 ⇒ 4Z > 2 + 14 ⇒ 4𝑍 < 16 ⇒ 𝑍 > 4 = 𝑆2
S = {Z: Z < 3} ∪ {Z: Z > 4}

1 2 3 4 5

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𝐱 − 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟑) | |≤𝟗
𝟒
x − 12
sol: − 9 ≤ ≤9 (× 4)
4
−36 ≤ x − 12 ≤ 36 ⇒ −36 + 12 ≤ x ≤ 36 + 12
⇒ −24 ≤ x ≤ 48 ⇒ S = {x: −24 ≤ x ≤ 48}

− +
-24 0 48 49

𝟔 − 𝟐𝐲
𝟏𝟒) | |≥𝟗
𝟒
sol: |6 − 2y| ≥ 36 ⇒ 6 − 2y ≤ −36 or 6 − 2y ≥ 36
6 − 2y ≤ −36 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≤ −36 − 6 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≤ −42 ⇒ y ≥ 21 = 𝑆1
6 − 2y ≥ 36 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≥ 36 − 6 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≥ 30 ⇒ y ≤ −15 = 𝑆2
S = {y: y ≥ 21} ∪ {y: y ≤ −15}

− +
-16 -15 0 21 22

Write the absolute value inequality which represents the following

problems
15. The temperature inside fridge should be 8o celsius with
increasing or decreasing of 0.5ْ celsius. Write the range of ideal
temperature inside fridge

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Assume the temprature inside fridge is 𝑥 = 8

𝑥 ≤ 8 + 0.5 ⇒ 𝑥 − 8 ≤ 0.5 , the temprature not more than
8.5°
𝑥 ≥ 8 − 0.5 ⇒ 𝑥 − 8 ≥ −0.5 , the temprature not less than
7.5°
⇒ |x − 8| ≤ 0.5 the ideal temperature inside fridge

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
16. The boiling degree of water is 𝟏𝟎𝟎° celsius at the sea surface
level. It increases or decreases in the mountainous areas and valleys
in no more than 𝟐𝟎° celsius. Write the range of vipration in the
boiling degree of water.

Assume the boiling degree of water is 𝑥 = 100°

x ≤ 100 + 20 ⇒ 𝑥 − 100 ≤ 20 boiling degree in the
mountainous
x ≥ 100 − 20 ⇒ x − 100 ≥ −20 boiling degree in the valleys

x − 100 ≤ 20 ‫ و‬x − 100 ≥ −20 ⇒ |𝑥 − 100| ≤ 20 the

absolute value inequality which represents the range of vipration in
the boiling degree of water

Solve the following absolute value inequalities:

𝟏𝟕) | 𝒙 + 𝟑 | < 𝟔
−6 < 𝑥 + 3 < 6 ⇒ −6 − 3 < 𝑥 < 6 − 3
⇒ −9 < 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ 𝑆 = {𝑥: −9 < 𝑥 < 3}

18) | 𝒙 | −𝟔 < 𝟓
| 𝑥 | < 5 + 6 ⇒ | 𝑥 | < 11
−11 < 𝑥 < 11 ⇒ 𝑆 = {𝑥: −11 < 𝑥 < 11}

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19) | 𝟐𝐳 | − 𝟓 < 𝟐
| 𝟐𝐳 | < 𝟐 + 𝟓 ⇒ | 𝟐𝐳 | < 𝟕
−7 7
−7 < 2𝑧 < 7 ⇒ <𝑧<
2 2
−7 7
𝑆 = {𝑧: <𝑧< }
2 2
𝟏
20) | 𝒚 − 𝟑 | ≥
𝟑
1 1
𝑦−3≥
3
or 𝑦 − 3 ≤ − 3
1 1
𝑦≥ + 3 or 𝑦 ≤ − + 3
3 3
10 8
𝑦≥
3
or 𝑦 ≤ 3
10 8
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ } ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ }
3 3
21) 𝟐| 𝒙 | − 𝟕 ≥ 𝟏
2| 𝑥 | ≥ 1 + 7 ⇒ 2| 𝑥 | ≥ 8 ⇒ |𝑥|≥ 4
𝑥 ≥ 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −4
𝑆 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 4} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ −4}
[

22) | 𝟗𝒚 | − 𝟔 > 𝟑
| 9𝑦 | > 3 + 6 ⇒ | 9𝑦 | > 9
9𝑦 > 9 or 9𝑦 < −9 ⇒ 𝑦 > 1 or 𝑦 < −1
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 > 1} ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 < −1}
[

23) | 𝟏𝟏𝒛 | − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟗
| 11𝑧 | ≥ 9 + 2 ⇒ | 11𝑧 | ≥ 11
11𝑧 ≥ 11 or 11𝑧 ≤ −11
𝑧 ≥ 1 or 𝑧 ≤ −1
𝑆 = {𝑧: 𝑧 ≥ 1} ∪ {𝑧: 𝑧 ≤ −1}

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24) | 𝟏 − 𝒙 | < 𝟏
−1 < 1 − 𝑥 < 1 ⇒ − 1 − 1 < −𝑥 < 1 − 1
−2 < −𝑥 < 0 ⇒ [−2 < −𝑥 < 0 ] × −1
⇒ 2>𝑥>0
𝑆 = {𝑥: 0 < 𝑥 < 2}

𝟒 𝟒
25) | 𝒛 − 𝟏| >
𝟓 𝟓
4 4 4 4
5
𝑧 − 1 > 5 or 5
𝑧 −1 < −5
4 4 4 4
𝑧 > + 1 or 𝑧<− +1
5 5 5 5
4 9 4 1
[ 𝑧> or 𝑧 < [×5
5 5 5 5
9 1
4𝑧 > 9 𝑜𝑟 4𝑧 < 1 ⇒ 𝑧> or 𝑧 < 4
4
9 1
𝑆 = {𝑧: 𝑧 > } ∪ {𝑧: 𝑧 < }
4 4

𝒛−𝟏
26) | 𝟕
| ≤ 𝟐

| 𝑧 − 1 | ≤ 14 ⇒ − 14 ≤ 𝑧 − 1 ≤ 14
⇒ − 14 + 1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 14 + 1
⇒ − 13 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 15
𝑆 = {𝑧: −13 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 15}

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‫مالحظات مهمة حول كتابة متباينة تتضمن قيمة مطلقة‬

‫‪ )1‬نجد قيمة نقطة المنتصف بين عددي طرفي المتباينة بجمعهما والقسمة على ‪2‬‬
‫‪ )2‬نكتب الطرف االيسر من متباينة القيمة المطلقة كما يلي | قيمة المنتصف ‪|𝑥 −‬‬
‫‪ )3‬نكتب الطرف االيمن من المتباينة العلى قيمة لها ناقص قيمة المنتصف‬
‫‪ ) 4‬إذا كانت المتباينة المركبة مؤشرة بين عددين من الداخل فأنها تتضمن ( و) ونكتب أما‬
‫≤ أو < حسب الرسم ‪.‬‬
‫‪ )5‬إذا كانت المتباينة المركبة مؤشرة من الخارج على جهتي العددين فأن المتباينة تتضمن‬
‫( أو) وتكتب أما ≥ أو > حسب الرسم ‪.‬‬

‫‪Write an inequality includes an absolute value for all of the‬‬

‫‪following graphic inequalities‬‬

‫‪-6‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪−6 < 𝑥 < 2‬‬

‫‪−6 + 2‬‬ ‫‪−4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= −2 , 2 − (−2) = 4,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−4 ≤ 𝑥 + 2 < 4‬‬
‫‪|x − (−2)| < 4 ⇒ |𝑥 + 2 | < 4‬‬

‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−4 ≤ x ≤ 2‬‬

‫‪−4 + 2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪= −1 ⇒ 2— (−1) = 2 + 1 = 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−3 ≤ 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 3‬‬
‫‪|𝑥 + 1| ≤ 3‬‬

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‫‪07901767905‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
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-2 4 x < −2 ‫ أو‬x > 4

−2 + 4 2
= =1, 4−1=3
2 2
𝑥−1>3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 < −3 ⇒ |𝑥 − 1| > 3

-4 -2 x ≤ −4 ‫ أو‬x ≥ −2
−4 − 2 −6
= = −3 , − 2— (−3) = −2 + 3 = 1
2 2
𝑥+3>1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 3 < −3 ⇒ |𝑥 + 3| > −1
|𝑥 − (−3)| ≥ 1 ⇒ |𝑥 + 3| ≥ 1

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Solve the problems

Write the absolute value inequality which represents each of the
following problems:

Badger: The animal, Badger is one of

mammals which belongs to the division of
preanants. It has short legs. It lives in holes
which the Badger itself made. The length of
its body, from head to tail, is from 68cm to
76cm. Write the range of Badger length

68 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 76
Note: we take the middle between two points then we subtract
from the biggest number we take the middle between two points
then we subtract from the biggest number
‫نأخذ منتصف المسافة بين نقطتين ونطرحه من العدد االكبر‬
68 + 76 144
⇒ = = 72
2 2
76 − 72 = 4 ⇒ −4 ≤ 𝑥 − 72 ≤ 4 ⇒ |x − 72| ≤ 4 the range of
Badger length

Health: The natural pulse rate (number of

heart (beats) for adult men is between 60 to 90
beats in minute. Write the range of unnatural
heart beats of human.
x > 90 𝑜𝑟 x < 60 unnatural heart beats
‫نأخذ منتصف المسافة بين نقطتين ونطرحه من العدد االكبر‬
60 + 90 150
= = 75 ⇒ 90 − 75 = 15
2 2
x − 75 > 15 or x − 75 < −15

|x − 75| > 15 the range of unnatural heart beats of human

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Chapter 1: Relations and Inequalities in Real Numbers ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Transportation: The civilian plane flies in

height between 8 km to 10 km where it is
considered a moderate area. Write the range
of the civilian aviation area.
Sol ∶ 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 The civilian plane flies in
height between 8 km to 10 km
8+10 18
⇒ = = 9, 10 − 9 = 1 ⇒
2 2

−1 ≤ 𝑥 − 9 ≤ 1
|𝑥 − 9| ≤ 1 the range of the civilian aviation area
Challenge: Solve the absolute value inequalities and represent the
solution on the line of numbers .
√𝟑 (𝐱+𝟏)
𝟏) | | ≤ √𝟔
√𝟐

sol: |√3 (x + 1)| ≤ √12 ⇒ |√3 (x + 1)|≤ 2√3 ] ÷ √3

|𝑥 + 1| ≤ 2 ⇒ −2 ≤ x + 1 ≤ 2 ⇒ −2 − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 − 1

⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ S = {x: − 3 ≤ x ≤ 1}
_ +
-3 -2 -1 0 1
√𝟏𝟐 − √𝟑 𝐲
𝟐) | | ≥ √𝟏𝟓
√𝟓
|2√3 – √3 y| ≥ √75 ⇒ | √3(2 − y)| ≥ 5√3 ] ÷ √3
⇒ |2 − 𝑦| ≥ 5 ⇒ 2 − y ≤ −5 or 2 − 𝑦 ≥ 5
⇒ 2 − 𝑦 ≤ −5 ⇒ −𝑦 ≤ −5 − 2 ⇒ −y ≤ −7 ⇒ y ≥ 7 = S1
⇒ 2 − 𝑦 ≥ 5 ⇒ −𝑦 ≥ 5 − 2 ⇒ −y ≥ 3 ⇒ y ≤ −3 = S2
S = S1 ∪ S2 = {y: y ≥ 7} ∪ {y: y ≤ −3}
_ +
-3 0 7
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Correct the mistake: Khulood said that the absolute value inequality
| 6 - 3y | ≥ 7 represents a compound inequality with a relation (and).
𝟏 𝟏𝟑
and with its solution :{𝐲: − ≤𝐲≤ }
𝟑 𝟐

sol: |6 − 3y| ≥ 7 ⇒ 6 − 3y ≤ −7 or 6 − 3𝑦 ≥ 7
13
6 − 3 𝑦 ≤ −7 ⇒ −3y ≤ −7 − 6 ⇒ −3𝑦 ≤ −13 ⇒ y ≥ = 𝑆1
3
−1
6 − 3 𝑦 ≥ 7 ⇒ −3y ≥ 7 − 6 ⇒ −3𝑦 ≥ 1 ⇒ y ≤ = 𝑆2
3
13 −1
S = S1 ∪ S2 = {y: y ≥ } ∪ {y: y ≤ }
3 3
_ +
−1 13
−1 - 0 ………… 4 5
3 3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Numerical sense: Write the solution set for the following absolute
value inequalities in the real numbers set:
𝟏) |𝐙| − 𝟏 < 0
sol: |Z| < 1 ⇒ −1 < 𝑍 < 1 ⇒ S = {Z: −1 < 𝑍 < 1}
𝟐)| 𝒙 − 𝟏| > 𝟎
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑥 − 1 < 0 or 𝑥 − 1 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 1 ‫ > 𝑥 أو‬1
𝑆 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < 1} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 1 }
_ +
-1 0 1

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Problem solving plan (understand the problem)

A survey shows that 62% of young people
practice the sport of football. If the
margin of mistake is within 4 points
percentage. Find the percentage range for
young people who practice the sport of
football.
UNDERSTAND
 What are the given data in the problem: 62% of young people
practice football game, the margin of mistake is 4 points .
 What is required: Find the percentage range which represents
young people who practice football .

PLAN
 How can you solve the problem: Since the actual percentage of
young people who practice football is 62%, and the percentage of
the survey, is less than or equals to 4%, then, |x - 62 | ≤ 4, where (x)
represents the actual percentage of young people who practice
football.

SOLVE
 Find the solution set for the absolute value inequality:
| x - 62 | ≤ 4
⇒ -4 ≤ x - 62 and x - 62 ≤ 4 ⇒ -4 + 62 ≤ x and x ≤ 4 +
62 ⇒ 58 ≤ x and x ≤ 66 ⇒ {x: 58 ≤ x}∩{x: x ≤ 66}
⇒ {x: 58 ≤ x ≤ 66}
The percentage range of young people who practice football.

CHECK Use the line of numbers to check the correcting of solution.

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Problems
Solve the following problems using the strategy (Understanding the problem)

Salmon fish: The average of Salmon age is

from two to eight years. It will be in
dangerous situation when the
temperature of water is high. Salmon lives
in a temperature between 20° to 23°
celsius. Write an inequality represents the
temperature of water in which Salmon lives
Understand
 What are the given data in the problem: Salmon lives in a
temperature between 20° to 23° celsius .
 What is required: Write an inequality represents the
temperature of water in which Salmon lives
Plan
 How can you solve the problem: Since Salmon lives in
temperature between 20° to 23° celsius ⇒ 20 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 23
Solve
20 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 23
𝟐𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟑
= = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 ⇒ | 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓| ≤ 1.5
the temperature of water in which Salmon lives
Check
 Use the line of numbers to check the correcting of solution.
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Panda bear: Afemal panda gives birth one or two

babies which need to milk of the mother panda for
more than 6-14 times in a day. The babies of panda,
the giant, weight between 40 kg to 60 kg in one year.
They live with their mothers up to two years. Write an
inequality represents the weight of panda’s baby
when it is one year
Understand
 What are the given data in the problem: The babies of panda
weight between 40 kg to 60 kg in one year
 What is required: Write an inequality represents the weight of
panda’s baby when it is one year
Plan

 How can you solve the problem: Since the babies of panda
weight between 40 kg to 60 kg : 40 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 60

Solve 40 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 60
40 + 60 100
= = 50 ⇒ 60 − 50 = 10
2 2

40 − 50 ≤ 𝑥 − 50 ≤ 60 − 50
|𝑥 − 50| ≤ 10 the weight of panda’s baby when it is one year
Check
 Use the line of numbers to check the correcting of solution.
40 60

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Beehive: By a survey study on a beehive,

Anwar noticed that 88% of the male of bees
were expelled in the end of summer. If the
margin of mistake is 3 percentage, find the
percentage range of the male of bees which
are expelled from the hive.
Understand
 What are the given data in the problem: 88% of the male of
bees were expelled in the end of summer
 What is required: find the percentage range of the male of bees
which are expelled from the hive.
Plan

 How can you solve the problem: Since 88% of the male of bees
were expelled : |𝑥 − 88| ≤ 3

Solve |𝑥 − 88| ≤ 3 ⇒ −3 ≤ 𝑥 − 88 ≤ 3

−3 + 88 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 + 88 ⇒ 85 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 91

𝑆 = {𝑥 ∶ 85 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 91} the percentage range of the male of

bees which are expelled from the hive.

Check

 Use the line of numbers to check the correcting of solution.

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Telpherage: Telpherage or the cable car is the cheapest and simplest

type of transporting means. It operates by
electricity. It is an important means of
transportation in the countrieswhich have
lots of mountains and rough surfaces. Some
countries use telpherage as a means for
entertainment and to see the beautifull
sightseeings as in the north of Iraq. The
lowest speed for telpherage is 20 km/h and the greatest speed is 40
km/h. Write the absolute value inequality which shows the speed of
telpherage’s cars.
Understand
 What are the given data in the problem: The lowest speed for
telpherage is 20 km/h and the greatest speed is 40 km/h
 What is required: Write the absolute value inequality which
shows the speed of telpherage’s cars.
Plan

 How can you solve the problem: Since The lowest speed for
telpherage is 20 km/h and the greatest speed is 40 km/h
20 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 40
20+40
Solve 20 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 40 ⇒ 2
= 60
2
= 30 , 40 − 30 = 10

20 − 30 ≤ 𝑥 − 30 ≤ 40 − 30

⇒ −10 ≤ 𝑥 − 30 ≤ 10 ⇒ |𝑥 − 30| ≤ 10

Check

 Use the line of numbers to check the correcting of solution.

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Chapter Review
Ordering the operations in the Real numbers
Exercise (1): Simplify the following numerical sentences by using the
ordering of operations on the real numbers. Then, write the result to the
nearest tenth.
√5 + √2 √5 + √2 5 + √10 + √10 + 2 7 + 2 √10
× ⇒ =
√5 − √2 √5 + √2 5−2 3
7 + 2 (3.2) 7 + 6.4 13.4
≃ ≈ ≈ ≈ 4.5
3 3 3
Exercise (2): Using a calculator to write the result in the scientific form for
the number which should be written to the nearest two decimal places.
6.25 × 103 ÷ 0.05 × 106
6.25 × 103 ÷ 50 × 103 = 0.125 = 125 × 10−3 = 1.25 × 10−1
**************************************************

Mappings
Exercise: If A={1, 2, 3} and the two mappings f: A →A and g:A → A were
known as follow: g = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} ، f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,1)} , Find
the composition of the two mappings: i) fog ii) gof
𝑓𝑜𝑔 (1) = 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 𝑓 (1) = 2
𝑓𝑜𝑔 (2) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓 (2) = 3
𝑓𝑜𝑔 (3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓 (3) = 1
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (1) = 𝑔(𝑓 (1)) = 𝑓 (2) = 2
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (2) = 𝑔(𝑓 (2)) = 𝑓 (3) = 3
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (3) = 𝑔(𝑓 (3)) = 𝑓 (1) = 1

The Sequences

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Exercise (1): Write the first five terms for each of the following
sequences:
𝟏) {𝟑𝒏 − 𝟐 } = {𝟏 , 𝟒 , 𝟕 , 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟏𝟑 , … … }
𝟐) {(−𝟐)𝒏 } = {−𝟐 , 𝟒 , −𝟖 , 𝟏𝟔 , −𝟑𝟐 , … . . }

Exercise (2): Write the twentieth term of the arithmetic sequences:

{12, 6, 0, -6, -12, …}
𝑎 = 12 , 𝑑 = 6 − 12 = −6 , 𝑈20 =?
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈20 = 12 + 19 (−6)
𝑈20 = 12 − 114 = −102

Compound Inequality
Exercise (1): Solve the compound inequality which includes
(and) algebraically, then represent the solution set on the line
of numbers. - 9 < 2x - 1 ≤ 3
−9 + 1 < 2𝑥 ≤ 3 + 1 ⇒ −8 < 2𝑥 ≤ 4 ⇒ −4 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑆 = {𝑥: −4 < 𝑥 ≤ 2}
-4 2
Exercise (2): Solve the compound inequality which includes (or)
algebraically, then represent the solution on the line of
number
3
2𝑦 − 6 > −3 ⇒ 2𝑦 > −3 + 6 ⇒ 2𝑦 > 3 ⇒ 𝑦 >
2
−1
2y − 6 ≤ −7 ⇒ 2𝑦 ≤ −7 + 6 ⇒ 2𝑦 ≤ −1 ⇒ 𝑦 ≤
2
−1 3
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ } ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 > }
2 2

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−1 3
2 2

*************************

The Absolute Value Inequalities

Exercise (1): Solve the following absolute value inequality, then
represent the solution on the line of numbers. | 3y | - 1 ≤ 8
|𝟑𝐲| − 𝟏 < 8 ⇒ |𝟑𝐲| < 8 + 1 ⇒ |𝟑𝐲| < 9 ⇒ − 9 < 3𝑦 < 9
−3 < 𝑦 < 3, 𝑆 = {𝑦: −3 < 𝑦 < 3}

-3 3
Exercise (2):Solve the following absolute value inequality, then
represent the solution on the line of numbers.
𝟔 − 𝟐𝐱
| |≥𝟑
𝟖
sol: |6 − 2x| ≥ 24 ⇒ 6 − 2x ≤ −24 ‫ أو‬6 − 2x ≥ 24
6 − 2x ≤ −24 ⇒ −2𝑥 ≤ −24 − 6 ⇒ −2𝑥 ≤ −30 ⇒ x ≥ 15 = 𝑆1
6 − 2x ≥ 24 ⇒ −2𝑥 ≥ 24 − 6 ⇒ −2𝑥 ≥ 18 ⇒ y ≤ 9 = 𝑆2
S = {x: x ≥ 9} ∪ {x: x ≤ 15}

9 15

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Multiple Choice
Ordering Operations in Real Numbers
Simplify the following numerical sentences by using the ordering of
operations in the real numbers
𝟏)( √𝟐 + √𝟕) (√𝟐 + √𝟕) = 2 + √14 + √14 + 7 = 9 + 2√14

𝟑 −𝟐𝟕 −3
𝟐) (√𝟏𝟖 − √𝟖) ( √ ) = (3√2 − 2√2) ( )
𝟏𝟐𝟓 5

−3 −3√2
= √2 ( )=
5 5
𝟔√𝟓𝟎 𝟐√𝟏𝟒 6 × 5 √2 √7 −5
𝟑) 𝟑 ÷ = × =
𝟑 √−𝟖 √𝟕 3(−2) 2√7 √2 2
𝟒) √𝟖 (√𝟐 − √𝟑) − 𝟑√𝟔 = 2√2 (√2 − √3) − 3√6

= 4 − 2 √6 − 3√6 = 4 − 5 √6
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 3 1 1
𝟓) (−𝟐𝟕)𝟑 ( √𝟐 − √𝟑𝟐) = √−27 ( √2 − 4√2)
𝟔 𝟒 6 4
1 −5√2 5 √2
= −3 ( √2 − √2) = −3 ( )=
6 6 2

5√2 5
= =
√2√2 √2

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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Simplify the following numerical sentences by using rationalizing the

denominator and ordering the operations in the real numbers
𝟏 − √𝟓 𝟏 − √5 √5 + 1 √5 + 1 − 5 − √5 −𝟒
𝟔) = × = = = −𝟏
√𝟓 − 𝟏 √5 − 𝟏 √5 + 𝟏 𝟓−𝟏 𝟒
√𝟐 − √𝟑 √2 − √3 √2 − √3 2 − √6 − √6 + 3 5 − 2√6
𝟕) = . = .
√𝟐 + √𝟑 √2 + √3 √2 − √3 2−3 −1
= −(5 − 2√6) = −5 + 2 √6

(√𝟓 − √𝟕) (√𝟓 − √𝟕) √5 − √7 √7 √5 − √7 √7

𝟖) − = −
√𝟕 √𝟐𝟖 √7 √7 2√7 √7
√35 − 7 √35 − 7 2√35 − 14 − √35 + 7 √35 − 7
= − = =
7 14 14 14
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Use the ordering of operations and write the result neared to two
decimal places using the calculator for each of the following

𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
𝟑 1 1
𝟗) ( ) − 𝟑 − (𝟓)𝟐 = − − √125 ≃ −11.18
𝟑 9 9
−𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝟏
𝟏𝟎) (𝟖) 𝟑 − (𝟕)𝟎 + × (𝟒)𝟐 = 1 − 1+ √4
𝟔
(8)3 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 −3+2
⇒ −1+ (2) = − 1 + = − + = =−
2 6 2 3 2 3 6
0.17

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Use the calculator to write the result in a scientific form for each
number, it should be neared to two decimal places.

𝟏𝟏) 𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

= 0.872 × 10−3 − 0.364 × 10−3 = (0.872 − 0.364)
= 0.508 × 10−3

= 0.51 × 10−3

𝟏𝟐) (𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )(𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )

= 55.655 × 10−4 = 5.57 × 10−3

**********************************

The Mapping
1. If the mapping f : A → B , defined as following : x → x + 1
where

A= {1 , 3 , 5} ، B ={2 , 4 , 6 , 8} then the range

1→ 1+1=2
3→3+1=4 Range = {2 , 4 , 6}
5→ 5+1=6

2. If , A= {1 , 2 , -2 , -3} and g: A → Z . then the range of mapping

g(x) = 5x - 3
𝑔(1) = 5 (1) − 3 = 5 − 3 = 2
𝑔(2) = 5 (2) − 3 = 10 − 3 = 7
𝑔(−2) = 5 (−2) − 3 = −10 − 3 = −13
𝑔(−3) = 5(−3) − 3 = −15 − 3 = −18

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Range = {2 , 7 , −13 , −18}

3. If , f: Z → B where f(x)= 3x -2 then the number 10 is the image
of the number.
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 − 2 = 10 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 10 + 2 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 12
𝑥=4 10 is the image of the number 4

4. If , f: A→ B , where A= {2 , 3 , 4 , 5} , B = {4 , 6 , 8} and
f = {(2 , 4), (3 , 6), (4 , 8), (5 , 8)} then f is surjection mapping
because

Range= {4 , 6 , 8} , Range = Co-domain

5. If , f: N → N where f(x) = 2x - 3 , g:N → N where g(x) = x + 1

then the mapping (gof) (x)
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 − 3 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 2

6. Let f: {2 , 3 , 5}→ N where f(x) = 3x - 1 and g: N → N where

g(x) = x + 1 then the range of (gof)
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (2) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (2)) = 𝑔(5) = 5 + 1 = 6
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (3) = 𝑔(𝑓 (3)) = 𝑔 (8) = 8 + 1 = 9
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (5 ) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (5)) = 𝑔 (14) = 14 + 1 = 15
Range = {6 , 9 , 15}

7. If A= {3 , 5 , 7} where f: A→ A and g: A → A where

f = {(3 , 5), (5 , 7), (7 , 3)} ، and g = {(5 , 3), (7 , 5), (3 , 7)} then (gof)

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𝑔𝑜𝑓 (3) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (3)) = 𝑔(5) = 3

𝑔𝑜𝑓 (5) = 𝑔(𝑓 (5)) = 𝑔 (7) = 5
𝑔𝑜𝑓 (7) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (7)) = 𝑔 (3) = 7
𝑔𝑜𝑓 = {(3,3), (5,5), (7,7)}

8. If the mapping f: Q → Q where f(x) = 4x + 1 and the mapping g: Q →

𝟏
Q where 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝟓 then find the value of 𝒙
𝟑

1 1
𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 2 − 1) = 4 ( 𝑥 2 − 1 ) + 1
3 3
4 2 4 2 4 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 4 + 1 = 45 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = 45 ⇒ 𝑥 = 48
3 3 3
144
4𝑥 2 = 144 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = = 36 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±6
4

The sequences
Write the first five terms for each of the following sentences
𝟏. {𝟓𝒏 − 𝟐} = {3 , 8 , 13 , 18 , 23, … . . }
𝒏 1 3 2 3 5
𝟐. { +𝟏}⇒ +1= , +1=2, +1=
𝟐 2 2 2 2 2
4 5 7
+1=3 , +1=
2 2 2
3 5 7
{ ,2 , ,3 , ,……}
2 2 2

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−𝟏 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
𝟑. ( )⇒ = , = , =
𝟐+𝒏 2+1 3 2+2 4 2+3 5
−1 −1 −1 −1
= , =
2+4 6 2+5 7
−1 −1 −1 −1
{ , . , ,….}
3 4 6 7
𝟒. {(−𝟏)𝟐𝒏 } = (−1)2.1 = 1 , (−1)2.2 = (−1)4 = 1
(−1)2.3 = (−1)6 = 1 , (−1)2.4 = (−1)8 = 1
{1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1, … . . }
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
An arithmetic sequence, its second term is 3 and its comman
difference is 3
𝑈2 = 3 , 𝑑 = 3 ⇒ 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎 =3−3=0
{0, 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , … . }

An arithmetic sequence, its third term is -8 and its comman difference

is 2 𝑈3 = −8 , 𝑑 = 2 ⇒ 𝑈3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 ⇒ −8 = 𝑎 + 2(2)
−8 = 𝑎 + 4 ⇒ 𝑎 = −8 − 4 = −12
{−12 , −10 , −8 , −6 , −4 , … … }
𝟕
An arithmetic sequence, its sixth term is and its common
𝟐
difference is 1
7 7
𝑈6 = , 𝑑 = 1 ⇒ 𝑈6 = 𝑎 + 5𝑑 ⇒ = 𝑎 + 5 (1)
2 2
7 7 −3
=𝑎+5 ⇒ 𝑎 = −5 ⇒ 𝑎 =
2 2 2
−3 1 1 3
{ ,− , , ,…..}
2 2 2 2

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An arithmetic sequence the ninth term and fifteenth term which its
second term is 2 and common difference 2
𝑈2 = 2 , 𝑑 = 2 ,
𝑈9 = ? , 𝑈15 =? 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎 = 𝑈2 − 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎 =2−2=0
𝑈9 = 𝑎 + 8 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈9 = 0 + 8(2) = 16
𝑈15 = 𝑎 + 14 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈15 = 0 + 14 (2) = 28

The terms between U2 and U6 for an arithmetic sequence which its

𝟗
second term is and its comuen difference 2
𝟓
9
𝑈2 = , 𝑑=2
5
9 19
𝑈3 = 𝑈2 + 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈3 = +2=
5 5
19 29
𝑈4 = 𝑈3 + 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈4 = +2=
5 5
29 39
𝑈5 = 𝑈4 + 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑈5 = +2=
5 2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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Compound Inequalities
Solve the compound inequalities which include (and) algebraically
𝟏. − 𝟏𝟎 < 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐 ⇒ {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 > −10 } ∩ {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≤ −2}
𝟐. 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 − 𝟑 , 𝒚 − 𝟑 < 𝟏𝟐 ⇒ 3 ≤ 𝑦 ,𝑦

< 15 ⇒ {y: 3 ≤ y < 15}

𝟑. 1𝟔 < 𝟑𝒁 + 𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝒁 + 𝟗 < 𝟑𝟎
⇒ 16 < 3𝑍 + 9 < 30 ⇒ 16 − 9 < 3𝑍 < 30 − 9
7 7
⇒ 7 < 3𝑍 < 21 ⇒ < 2 < 7 ⇒ {𝑍: < 𝑍 < 7 }
3 3
𝟏 𝒙−𝟓 𝟏 1 1
𝟒. { ≤ ≤ }×3 ⇒ ≤𝑥−5≤
𝟐𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 7 4
1 1 36 21
⇒ +5≤𝑥 ≤ +5 ⇒ ≤𝑥≤
7 4 7 4
Solve the compound inequalities which include (or) algebraically
𝟓. 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒 > −𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒 ≤ −𝟏𝟐
2𝑡 − 4 > −8 ⇒ 2𝑡 > −8 + 4 ⇒ 2𝑡 > −4 ⇒ 𝑡 > −2
2𝑡 − 4 ≤ −12 ⇒ 2𝑡 ≤ −12 + 4 ⇒ 2𝑡 ≤ −8 ⇒ 𝑡 ≤ −4
𝑡 > −2 or 𝑡 ≤ −4 ⇒ {𝑡 ∶ 𝑡 > −2 } ∪ {𝑡 ∶ 𝑡 ≤ −4 }
𝟔. 𝒙 + 𝟕 < 𝟏𝟑 or 𝒙 + 𝟕 ≥ 𝟐𝟏
⇒ 𝑥 + 7 < 13 ⇒ 𝑥 < 6 or 𝑥 + 7 ≥ 21 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 14
⇒ {𝑥: 𝑥 < 6} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 14}
𝒚+𝟓 𝟏 𝒚+𝟓 𝟕
𝟕. < ‫أو‬ >
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑦+5 1
[ < ] (3) ⇒ 𝑦 + 5 < 1 ⇒ 𝑦 <1−5 ⇒ 𝑦 < −4
3 3

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𝑦+5 7
[ > ] (3) ⇒ 𝑦+5>7 ⇒ 𝑦 >7−5 ⇒ 𝑦>2
3 3
⇒ {𝑦: 𝑦 < −4} ∪ {𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 > 2}
Write the compound inequality which shows the range of the third
side length in a triangle which the lengths of its other two sides are
known
𝟖. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 . 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
5 + 12 > 𝑍 ⇒ 𝑍 < 17
5 + 𝑍 > 12 ⇒ 𝑍 > 12 − 5 ⇒ 𝑍>7
12 + 𝑍 > 5 ⇒ 𝑍 > 5 − 12 ⇒ 𝑍 > −7 neglected
7 < 𝑍 < 17
𝟗. 𝟖𝒄𝒎 , 𝟐 𝒄𝒎 ⇒ 8+2>𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 < 10
8+𝑥 >2 ⇒ 𝑥 >2−8 ⇒ 𝑥 > −6 neglected
2+𝑥 >8 ⇒ 𝑥 >8−2 ⇒ 𝑥>6
6 < 𝑥 < 10

Write the inequalities represent the solution set in the line of

numbers

𝟏𝟎. −𝟒≤𝒙<𝟑

−4 3

𝟏𝟏. 𝒚 < −𝟑 or 𝒚 > 𝟓

−3 0 5

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Absolute Value Inequalities

𝟏. |𝒚 − 𝟖| < 𝟏𝟑 ⇒ −13 < 𝑦 − 8 < 13
⇒ −13 + 8 < 𝑦 < 13 + 8 ⇒ −5 < 𝑦 < 21

𝟐. |𝒙 − 𝟒| ≤ 𝟏𝟓 ⇒ −15 ≤ 𝑥 − 4 ≤ 15
⇒ −15 + 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15 + 4 ⇒ −11 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 19

𝟑. |𝟑𝒁| − 𝟕 < 𝟏 ⇒ |3𝑍 | < 1 + 7 ⇒ |3𝑍| < 8

−8 8
⇒ −8 < 3𝑍 < 8 ⇒ <𝑍<
3 3

𝟒. |𝟑 − 𝒙| < 𝟑 ⇒ −3 < 3 − 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ −3 − 3 < −𝑥 < 3 − 3

−6 < −𝑥 < 0 ⇒ 6>𝑥>0 ⇒ 0<𝑥<6

𝟓. |𝟓𝒕 − 𝟓| > 𝟎 ⇒ 5𝑡 − 5 > 0 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑡 − 5 < 0

5𝑡 − 5 > 0 ⇒ 5𝑡 >5 ⇒ 𝑡 > 1 } 𝑡 > 1 or 𝑡 < 1
5𝑡 − 5 < 0 ⇒ 5𝑡 <5 ⇒ 𝑡<1

𝟔. 𝟕|𝒚| − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟑 ⇒ 7 |𝑦| ≥ 3 + 2 ⇒ 7|𝑦| ≥ 5

5 −5 5
|𝑦| ≥ ⇒ 𝑦≤ or y ≥
7 7 7
−5 5
{𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ } ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ }
7 7

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𝟏 −1 1
𝟕. |𝑽 − 𝟑 | ≥ ⇒ 𝑉−3≤ or 𝑉 − 3 ≥
𝟐 2 2
−1 −1 5
𝑉−3≤ ⇒ 𝑉≤ +3 ⇒ 𝑉 ≤
2 2 2
1 1 7
𝑉−3≥ ⇒ 𝑉≥ +3 ⇒ 𝑉 ≥
2 2 2
5 7
{𝑉 ∶ 𝑉 ≤ } ∪ {𝑉: 𝑉 ≥ }
2 2

𝟖. |𝟔 − 𝟑𝒚| ≥ 𝟗 ⇒ 6 − 3𝑦 ≤ −9 or 6 − 3𝑦 ≥ 9
6 − 3𝑦 ≤ −9 ⇒ −3 𝑦 ≤ −9 − 6 ⇒ −3 𝑦 ≤ −15 ⇒ 𝑦≥5
6 − 3𝑦 ≥ 9 ⇒ −3 𝑦 ≥ 9 − 6 ⇒ −3 𝑦 ≥ 3 ⇒ 𝑦 ≤ −1
{𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 ≤ −1} ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 5}

𝟕 − 𝟐𝒚
𝟗. | |≥𝟑 ⇒ |7 − 2𝑦| ≥ 9
𝟑
7 − 2 𝑦 ≤ −9 or 7 − 2𝑦 ≥ 9
7 − 2 𝑦 ≤ −9 ⇒ −2 𝑦 ≤ −9 − 7 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≤ −16 ⇒ 𝑦 ≥ 8
7−2𝑦 ≥ 9 ⇒ −2 𝑦 ≥ 9 − 7 ⇒ −2𝑦 ≥ 2 ⇒ 𝑦 ≤ −1
{𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 ≤ −1} ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 8}

𝒁−𝟏
𝟏𝟎. | |≤𝟐 ⇒ |𝑍 − 1| ≤ 14 ⇒ −14 ≤ 𝑍 − 1 ≤ 14
𝟕
−14 + 1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 14 + 1 ⇒ −13 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 15
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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‫اثراويات‬
Ordering Operations in Real Numbers
Simplify the following numerical sentences, and write the result to
the nearest tenth.

𝟑 −𝟖
𝟏) 𝟐√𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟑√𝟒𝟒 + √
𝟏𝟐𝟓

2√11 2 1 2 −1
− = − = ≃ −0.06
3. 2√11 5 3 5 15
3 4 1 1 1 1 1
2) 5√ + 2√ – 5√ ⇒ 5√ + 4 √ – 5. √
15 5 125 5 5 5 5

1 8 8
=8√ = ≃ ≃ 3.5
5 √5 2.2

******************************
Prove the correct of the following
1 1 1 1
(32 − 22 ) (32 + 22 ) =1

1 2 1 2
𝐿 .𝐻 .𝑆 ∶ (32 ) − (22 )

3 − 2 = 1 𝑅. 𝐻 . 𝑆
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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The Mapping
If A={1,2,3,4}, B={1,4,9,16} and the mapping is f:A→B, defind by
connection rule is f(x)=x2. Draw an arrowy diagram for the
mapping and show if the mapping is bijective or not.
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(1) = (1)2 = 1 , 𝑓 (2) = (2)2 = 4
𝑓(3) = (3)2 = 9 , 𝑓 (4) = (4)2 = 16
Range = {1 ,4 , 9 , 16} ,the mapping is bijective
A 1 2 3 4 .
B 1 4 9 16 .

The Sequenses
Write the first four ordered pairs for the sequence which its general
term is given 𝑼𝒏 = 𝒏 + 𝟐
{3 ,4,5 ,6 }
{(1, 3) , (2 ,4), (3,5), (4 ,6) … . }

Write the first five terms of each of the following sequences

An arithmetic sequence in which the sixth term is 18 and its
common difference is -3
𝑈6 = 𝑎 + 5𝑑
18 = 𝑎 + 5 (−3) ⇒ 18 = 𝑎 − 15 ⇒ 𝑎 = 18 + 15 = 33
{33 , 30 , 27 , 24 ,21 , … . } ‫الحدود الخمسة االولى هي‬

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Write the first five terms for each of the following sequences
𝟏 1 2 4 5
𝟏. { 𝒏} = { , ,1 , }
𝟑 3 3 3 3
𝟐. {(−𝟐)𝒏 } = [−2 , 4 , −8 , 16 , −32 , … . . ]

Compound Inequalities

Solve the compound inequalities which includes (and ) graphically

𝟏) 𝟑 < 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓

3 5
3<𝑥≤5
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Solve the compound inequalities which include (and ) algebraically,
then represent the solution on the line of numbers:
𝟏. 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 > −𝟏𝟓 and 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 < 𝟓
𝑦 > −15 + 10 and 𝑦 < 5 + 10
𝑦>5 and 𝑦 < 15

5 < 𝑦 < 15

5 5 < 𝑦 < 15 15

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𝟏 𝒁+𝟓 𝟏
𝟐) ≤ ≤
𝟐𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
1 𝑍+5 1
24. ≤ 24 . ≤ 24 .
24 6 12
1 ≤ 4 (𝑍 + 5 ) ≤ 2
1 ≤ 4 𝑍 + 20 ≤ 2 ⇒ 1 − 20 ≤ 4𝑍 ≤ 2 − 20 ≤ 4𝑍 ≤ 2 − 20
−19 4𝑍 −18 −19 −18
≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤𝑍≤
4 4 4 4 4
−19 −18
𝑆 = {𝑍: ≤𝑍≤ }
4 4

−19 −19 −18 −18

≤𝑍≤
4 4 4 4

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Solve the compound inequalities which includes (or ) graphically

𝟏) 𝒎 + 𝟏 > 𝟐 or 𝒎 + 𝟏 < −𝟒
𝑚 > 2 − 1 or 𝑚 < −4 − 1
⇒ 𝑚 > 1 or 𝑚 < −5
𝑆 = {𝑚: 𝑚 > 1} ∪ {𝑚 ∶ 𝑚 < −5}

1 𝑥>1

𝑥 < −5

−5
−5 1
{𝑥: 𝑥 > −5} ∪ {𝑥; 𝑥 > 1}
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𝟐) 𝒙 − 𝟑 > 𝟏𝟎 or 𝒙 − 𝟑 ≤ −𝟑
𝑥 > 10 + 3 or 𝑥 ≤ −3 + 3
𝑥 > 13 or 𝑥≤0 13

0 13
𝑆 = {𝑥: 𝑥 > 13} ∪ {𝑥; 𝑥 ≤ 0 }
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Solve the compound inequalities which include (or ) algebraically,
then represent the solution on the line of numbers:
𝟏) 𝒚 < 𝟎 or 𝒚 + 𝟐 > 𝟐
⇒ 𝑦 < 0 or 𝑦 > 2 − 2
⇒ 𝑦 < 0 or 𝑦 > 0
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 < 0 } ∪ {𝑦: 𝑦 > 0 }

0
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
𝒉+𝟔 𝟏 𝒉+𝟔 𝟏
𝟐) <𝟐 ‫او‬ >𝟔
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
ℎ+6 5 ℎ+6 13
[ < ] (4) ‫[ او‬ > ] (4)
4 2 4 2
ℎ + 6 < 10 or ℎ + 6 > +26
ℎ < 10 − 6 or ℎ > 26 − 6
ℎ < 4 or ℎ > 20
𝑆 = {ℎ: ℎ < 4} ∪ {ℎ ∶ ℎ > 20}

4 20

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Absolute Value Inequalities

Solve the absolute value inequalities, then represent the solution
on the line of numbers.
𝟏) |𝒙 + 𝟏| < 𝟓 ⇒ −𝟓 < 𝒙 + 𝟏 < 𝟓
−5 − 1 < 𝑥 < 5 − 1 ⇒ −6 < 𝑥 < 4
𝑆 = {𝑥: −6 < 𝑥 < 4}

−6 −4
*******************************
𝟐) |𝟔𝒁| + 𝟒 < 𝟏𝟎 ⇒ |6𝑍| < 10 − 4 ⇒ |6𝑍| < 6
−6 6𝑍 6
⇒ −6 < 6𝑍 < 6 ⇒ < < ⇒ −1 < 𝑍 < 1
6 6 6

−1 1
*******************************
𝟑) |𝒚 − 𝟏𝟑| > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑦 − 13 < 0 or 𝑦 − 13 > 0
𝑦 < 13 or y > 13
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 < 13} ∪ {y: y > 13}

13
*******************************
𝟒) |𝟖𝒁| + 𝟑 ≥ 𝟏𝟏 ⇒ |8𝑍| ≥ 11 − 3 ⇒ |8𝑍| ≥ 8
⇒ 8𝑍 ≥ 8 or 8𝑍 ≤ −8
⇒ 𝑍 ≥ 1 or 𝑍 ≤ −1
𝑆 = {𝑍: 𝑍 ≥ 1} ∪ {Z: Z ≤ −1}

−1 1
**********************
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𝟓) |𝟕 − 𝟐𝒚| ≥ 𝟏𝟑 ⇒ 7 − 2𝑦 ≥ 13 ‫ او‬7 − 2𝑦 ≤ −13

⇒ −2𝑦 ≥ 13 − 7 ‫ أو‬−2𝑦 ≤ −13 − 7
−2𝑦 6 −2𝑦 −20
⇒ ≥ ‫أو‬ ≤
−2 −2 −2 −2
⇒ 𝑦 ≤ −3 ‫ ≥ 𝑦 او‬10

-3 10
𝑆 = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ −3} ∪ {y: y ≥ 10 }
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
𝒁−𝟏
𝟔) | | ≤ 𝟑 ⇒ |𝑍 − 1| ≤ 12
𝟒
⇒ −12 ≤ 𝑍 − 1 ≤ 12
⇒ − 12 + 1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 12 + 1
⇒ − 11 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 13
𝑆 = {𝑍: − 11 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 13}
-1 13

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 Algebraic Expressions
Multiplying Algebraic Expressions
Factoring Algebraic Expressions by using
Greater Common Factor
Factoring Algebraic Expressions by using Special
Identities
Factoring the Algebraic Expression of three
terms by Probe and Error
Factoring Algebraic Expressions Contains Sum of
Two Cubes or difference Between Two Cubes
Simplify Rational Algebraic Expressions
Problem Solving Plan (Four steps)

1
 Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Multiplying two Algebraic Expressions each one Contains two terms

Learn how to multiply two algebraic expressions which each one of
them has two terms with each other
1. Square of sum two terms (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐
2. Square of difference two terms (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐
3. Sum multiply by difference two terms (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒔 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 or (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐

We can find the multiplying result

1. Distributive Property
𝟏. (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃) (𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃+𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒂 − 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
= 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
2. Perfect Square
(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
square of 1st term 2 x 1stterm x 2nd term square of 2nd term

(𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
(𝒂 ∓ 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 ∓ 𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
2
Learn: A square-shaped home garden was
surrounded by a fence. The length of its side is
h meter with an aisle of one meter width.
What is the area of aisle according to h?

The area of the aisle is the difference between the two area of the big
square (garden with aisle) and the small square (the garden)
(h+2)2 = (h+2) (h+2) = h2 + 2h + 2h + 4 = h2 + 4h + 4
h × h = h2
(h2 + 4h + 4) - h2 = h2 - h2 + 4h + 4 = 4h +4

Ex: Find the result of multiplying algebraic expressions by another

algebraic expression where each one has two terms
𝟏. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦2
or (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝟐. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦2
or (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) ‫( مربع كامل‬
𝟑. (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 + 5 𝑥 + 6
𝟒. (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 12 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12
𝟓. (𝒙 − 𝟓) (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 2 − 7 𝑥 + 10
𝟔. (𝒁 + 𝟑)𝟐 = (𝑍 + 3)(𝑍 + 3) = 𝑍 2 + 3𝑍 + 3𝑍 + 9 = 𝑍 2 + 6𝑍 + 9

or (𝑍 + 3)2 = 𝑍 2 + 6𝑍 + 9 )‫(مربع كامل‬

𝟕. (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟓) = 2 𝑥 2 + 10 𝑥 − 7 𝑥 − 35 = 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 35
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
3
 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒔 (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃)
We can find the multiplying result
1. Distributive Property
(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
2. Difference between two squares
2. (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 (square of 1st term - square of 2nd term)

Ex.: Find the result of multiplying the following algebraic

expressions:
𝟏. (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝟐. (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 )(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕) = (2𝑥 )2 − (7)2 = 4𝑥 2 − 49
2
𝟑. (𝑽 + √𝟐)(𝑽 − √𝟐) = 𝑉 2 − (√2) = 𝑉 2 − 2

Multiplying algebraic expressions from two

terms by another three terms
𝟏. (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑
𝟐. (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑

Ex. : Find the result of multiplying an algebraic expression which

consists of two terms by an algebraic expression which consists of
three terms

𝟏. (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) = 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8
= 𝑥3 + 8
4
𝟐. (𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟗 )
= 𝑦 3 + 3𝑦 2 + 9 𝑦 − 3 𝑦 2 − 9 𝑦 − 27 = 𝑦 3 − 27
𝟑. (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟑 = (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 2)2 = (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4)
= 𝑦 3 + 4 𝑦 2 + 4 𝑦 + 2 𝑦 2 + 8 𝑦 + 8 = 𝑦 3 + 6𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 8

𝟒. (𝒁 − 𝟑)𝟑 = (𝑍 − 3)(𝑍 − 3)2 = (𝑍 − 3)(𝑍 2 − 6𝑍 + 9)

= 𝑍 3 − 6𝑍 2 + 9𝑍 − 3 𝑍 2 + 18𝑍 − 27
= 𝑍 3 − 9𝑍 2 + 27𝑍 − 27

𝟓. (𝟐𝑽 + 𝟓) (𝟒𝑽𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝑽 + 𝟐𝟓)

= 8 𝑉 3 − 20𝑉 2 + 50𝑉 + 20𝑉 2 − 50𝑉 + 125 = 8𝑉 3 + 125
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔. ( – 𝒁) ( + 𝒁 + 𝒁𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + 𝑍 + 𝑍2 − 𝑍 − 𝑍2 − 𝑍3 = − 𝑍3
27 9 3 9 3 27

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟕. (𝒙 − √𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 + √𝟐𝒙 + √𝟒)
3 3 3 3 3
= 𝑥 3 + √2 𝑥 2 + √4 𝑥 − √2 𝑥 2 − √4 𝑥 − √8 = 𝑥 3 − 2

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 𝟑
𝟖. ( √ + 𝑽 )( √ − √ 𝑽 + 𝑽𝟐 )
𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓

3 27 3 9 3 3
2
3 9 3 3
= √ − √ 𝑉+ √ 𝑉 + √ 𝑉 − √ 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
125 25 5 25 5
3
= + 𝑉3
5
𝟏 𝟑 1 1 2 1 1
𝟗. (𝒙 + ) = (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 + ) = (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + )
𝟐 2 2 2 4
5
 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 +
4 2 2 8
3 3 1
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 +
2 4 8
𝟏𝟎. (𝒚 − 𝟓)𝟑 = (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 − 5)2 = (𝑦 − 5) (𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25)
= 𝑦 3 − 10 𝑦 2 + 25 𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 + 50𝑦 − 125
= 𝑦 3 − 15𝑦 2 + 75𝑦 − 125
*****************************************

Make sure of your understanding

Find the result of multiplying an algebraic expression by another
algebraic expression where both of them have two terms

𝟏. (𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝟐
𝟐. (√𝟕 − 𝒉) = 7 − 2√7 ℎ + ℎ2
2
𝟑. (𝒁 + √𝟓)(𝒁 − √𝟓) = 𝑍 2 − (√5) = 𝑍 2 − 5
𝟒. (𝑽 + 𝟓)(𝑽 + 𝟏) = 𝑉 2 + 𝑉 + 5𝑉 + 5 = 𝑉 2 + 6𝑉 + 5
𝟓. (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝟔. (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 ) (𝒙 + 𝟓) = 3𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 20 = 3𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 20
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Find the result of multiplying an algebraic expression which consists
of two terms by another algebraic expression which consists of three
terms
𝟕. (𝒚 + 𝟐)(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒) = 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 𝑦 3 + 8
𝟖. (𝟐𝒁 + 𝟒)( 𝟒𝒁𝟐 − 𝟖 𝒁 + 𝟏𝟔)
= 8𝑍 3 − 16 𝑍 2 + 32𝑍 + 16 𝑍 2 − 32𝑍 + 64 = 8𝑍 3 + 64
6
 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 3 3
𝟗. (𝑽 − √𝟑) (𝑽𝟐 + √𝟑𝑽 + √𝟗) = 𝑉 3 − ( √3) = 𝑉 3 − 3

𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏𝟎. ( √ + 𝒎) ( √ − √ 𝒎 + 𝒎𝟐 )
𝟕 𝟒𝟗 𝟕

3
3 2 2
= (√ ) + 𝑚 = + 𝑚3
3
7 7

𝟏𝟏. (𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 5)2 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25)

= 𝑥 3 + 10 𝑥 2 + 25 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 50 𝑥 + 125
= 𝑥 3 + 15 𝑥 2 + 75 𝑥 + 125
𝟏𝟐. (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟑 = (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 4)2 = (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 2 − 8 𝑦 + 16)
= 𝑦 3 − 8 𝑦 2 + 16 𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 + 32𝑦 − 64
= 𝑦 3 − 12 𝑦 2 + 48𝑦 − 64
*****************************

Solve the Exercises

𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 2 3 8
𝟐𝟓. ( – 𝒓) ( + 𝒓 + 𝒓 ) = ( ) − 𝑟3 =
𝟐
− 𝑟3
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 3 27
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 3 3
𝟐𝟔. (𝒙 − √𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 + √𝟒𝒙 + √𝟏𝟔) = (𝑥 )3 − ( √4) = 𝑥 3 − 4
𝟑 2
𝟐𝟕. (𝒁 − √𝟓) = (𝑍 − √5)(𝑍 − √5)

= (𝑍 − √5)(𝑍 2 − 2√5𝑍 + 5)

= 𝑍 3 − 2√5 𝑍 2 + 5 𝑍 − √5 𝑍 2 + 10 𝑍 − 5 √5
= 𝑍 3 − 3 √5 𝑍 2 + 15 𝑍 − 5√5
7
 𝟏 𝟏 1 2 3 5
𝟐𝟖. ( 𝑽 + 𝟓) ( 𝑽 + 𝟑) = 𝑉 + 𝑉 + 𝑉 + 15
𝟓 𝟑 15 5 3
1 2 34
= 𝑉 + 𝑉 + 15
15 15
3
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 3 1 1 3
𝟐𝟗. ( √ + ) ( √ +√ + ) = (√ ) + ( )
𝟗 𝒉 𝟖𝟏 𝟗 𝒉 𝒉𝟐 9 ℎ

1 1
= + 3
9 ℎ
^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^

Solve the problems

Swimming pool: Baghdad hotel is one of the

important tourist hotels in Baghdad, the capital
of Iraq. The length of the swimming pool is
(x+9) meter and the width is (x+1) meter. It is
surrounded by an aisle which its width is 1
meter. Write the area of the swimming pool
with the aisle in simplest form.

The length of the pool with the aisle = 𝑥 + 9 + 2 = 𝑥 + 11

The width of the pool with the aisle = 𝑥 + 1 + 2 = 𝑥 + 3

Area of the pool with the aisle 𝐴= 𝐿 × 𝑤

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 11) = 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 33

= 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 33

=+==+==+=====+==+==+==+==+==+=+=
8
History: Babylon city locates to the north of
Al-Hila city in Iraq. Babylonians lived there
since about 3000 years BC. In 575 , they built
the gate of Ishtar which considers the eighth
gate of Babylon wall. Wa,el drew a painting
represents the gate of Ishtar. The
dimensions of the painting was (y-7), (y-4)
cm. Write the painting area which was drawn by Wa,el in simplest
form.

Painting area 𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝑊

(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 7) = 𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 28

= 𝑦 2 − 11𝑦 + 28

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Ornament at fish : A cubic-shopped

aquarium , the length of its side is (v+3)cm.
Write the volume of the aquarium in
simplest form.

The volume of the aquarium 𝑉 = 𝐿3

𝑉 = (𝑣 + 3)3 = (𝑣 + 3)(𝑣 + 3)2

= (𝑣 + 3)(𝑣 2 + 6𝑣 + 9)
= 𝑣 3 + 6𝑣 2 + 9𝑣 + 3𝑣 2 + 18𝑣 + 27
= 𝑣 3 + 9𝑣 2 + 27𝑣 + 27

***********************************
9
Think
Challenge: Find the result of the following in simplest form
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 − (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4 = 6𝑥 − 3
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=

Correct the mistake: Nisreen wrote the result of multiplying the

two algebraic expressions, as follow

(√𝟓𝒉 − 𝟒)(𝒉 − 𝟔) = √5 ℎ2 − 6√5 ℎ − 4 ℎ + 24

= √5ℎ2 − ℎ(6√5ℎ + 4) + 24

==========================

Numerical sense: Which of the following two numbers is greater

(√𝟑 − √𝟐)𝟐 or the number (√𝟑 + √𝟐)𝟐 .

𝑠𝑜𝑙: (√3 − √2)2 = 3 − 2√6 + 2 = 5 − 2√6 = 5 − 2(2.4) = 0.2

(√3 + √2)2 = 3 + 2√6 + 2 = 5 + 2√6 = 5 + 2 (2.4) = 9.8

The number (√3 + √2)2 is greater than the number (√3 − √2)2

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Write The result of multiplying the two algebraic expressions

1 1
10

(2𝑍 + 2) (2𝑍 − 2)
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(2𝑍 + ) (2𝑍 − ) = (2𝑍) − ( ) = 4𝑍 2 −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫الفشل اليعرف طريقه اليك اال اذا اقنعت نفسك‬

‫بأنك التستطيع النجاح‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫‪Factoring the Algebraic Expression by using a‬‬
‫‪Greater Common Factor‬‬
‫‪Factoring the Algebraic Expression is the inverse operation of‬‬
‫‪multiplication which is factoring the algebraic expression‬‬

‫اوﻻ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺠﺒﺮي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻻﻛﺒﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Factoring the algebraic expression by using a greater‬‬
‫‪common factor‬‬
‫مالحظة ‪ :‬اليجاد العامل المشترك االكبر )𝑭𝑪𝑮( نتبع ما يلي ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬نستخرج العامل المشترك لالعداد حيث يمثل اكبر عدد مشترك بين الحدود في المقدار‬
‫الجبري ويمكن قسمة المقدار الجبري عليه ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬نستخرج العامل المشترك للمتغيرات باصغر أس‬

‫‪ -3‬نقسم كل حد في المقدار الجبري على العامل المشترك ويكتب ناتج القسمة داخل‬
‫قوسين ‪.‬‬

‫التحقق ‪ :‬للتحقق من صحة الحل نقوم بضرب العامل المشترك االكبر ‪ GCF‬في المقدار‬
‫الجبري بفتح القوس بطريقة التوزيع مع التبسيط‬

‫‪Ex.: Factoring each expression by using the greater common factor‬‬

‫‪(GCF), then checking the correction of solution‬‬
‫𝑥‪𝟏. 𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 = 3𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 6), GCF is 3‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫𝑥 ‪Checking: 3𝑥 (2𝑥 2 ) + 3 𝑥 (3𝑥 ) − 3𝑥 (6) = 6𝑥 3 + 9 𝑥 2 − 18‬‬

 2. √𝟏𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒁 + √𝟐 (√𝟔 𝒚 𝒁𝟐 − √𝟐𝟒 𝒚 𝒁 )
= 2 √3 𝑦 2 𝑍 + √12 𝑦 𝑍 2 − √48 𝑦 𝑍
= 2 √3 𝑦 2 𝑍 + 2 √3 𝑦 𝑍 2 − 4 √3 𝑦𝑍
2 √3 𝑦 𝑍 (𝑦 + 𝑍 − 2)
GCF is 2 √3 𝑦 𝑍
Checking : 2 √3 𝑦 𝑍 (𝑦 + 𝑍 − 2) = 2 √3 𝑦 2 𝑍 + 2 √3 𝑦 𝑍 2 −
4 √3 𝑦 𝑍
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Learn….
The monument of Kahrmana square in the
middle of Baghdad is one of the distinctive
civilizational landmarks in Iraq . It locates in
the center of the square in Al-Karada. The
radius of the circular statue is (r) meter. It is
surrounded by a basin which is like a circular
aisle. If the radius and the basin of the statue is (r +2) meter, find
the basin area.
A1 = r2π
π

A2 = (r + 2)2 π = (r2 +4r +4) π = r2 π + 4r π + 4 π

A = A2 - A1= r2 π + 4r π + 4 π - r2 π
A= 4r π + 4 π = 4 π(r+1)

Ex.: Factoring each expression by using the binomial as a greater

common factor

𝟑. 𝟓𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑) − 𝟕(𝒙 + 𝟑) = (𝑥 + 3) (5𝑥 − 7)

GCF is (𝑥 + 3)
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝟒. (𝒚 − 𝟏) + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟏) = (𝑦 − 1) ( + 𝑦 2 )
𝟐 𝟑 2 3
13

GCF is (𝑦 − 1)
‫) ‪𝟓. √𝟑 𝒗𝟐 (𝒁 + 𝟐) − √𝟓 𝒗(𝒁 + 𝟐) = 𝑣 (𝑍 + 2) (√3𝑣 − √5‬‬
‫)‪GCF is 𝑣 (𝑍 + 2‬‬

‫تحليل المقدار الجبري الذي يتكون من اربعة حدود‬

‫نستتتتتتتتتعمل خاصتتتتتتتتية التجميع و التجميع مع المعكوس في التحليل اذا كان المقدار‬

‫الجبري يتكون من أربعتتة حتتدود وأكثر بحيتتث يودتتد للحتتدود التي يمكن تجميع تتا عوامتتل‬
‫مشتركة‬

‫وهو على نوعين‬

‫* تحليل المقدار الجبري باستعمال التجميع‬
‫* تحليل المقدار الجبري باستعمال التجميع مع المعكوس‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺒﺮي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬
‫‪Factoring an algebraic expression by using the property‬‬
‫‪of grouping‬‬

‫‪Ex.: Factoring each algebraic expression by using the property of‬‬

‫‪grouping, then check the correction of the solution‬‬

‫)‪𝟏) 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 = (4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 ) + (5𝑥 − 10‬‬

‫)‪= 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2) + 5(𝑥 − 2‬‬
‫)‪= (𝑥 − 2) (4 𝑥 2 + 5‬‬
‫)‪GCF is (𝑥 − 2‬‬

‫𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐜𝐞𝐡𝐂‬ ‫‪(𝑥 − 2) (4 𝑥 2 + 5) = 4 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 8 𝑥 2 – 10‬‬

‫‪= 4 𝑥 3 − 8 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 – 10‬‬
‫‪^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+‬‬
‫‪14‬‬

‫𝒕 𝟐𝒗 𝟐𝟏√ ‪𝟐) √𝟐𝒉𝟐 𝒕 + √𝟑𝒕𝟐 𝒗 − √𝟖 𝒉𝟐 𝒗 −‬‬

 = √2ℎ2 𝑡 + √3𝑡 2 𝑣 − 2√2 ℎ2 𝑣 − 2√3 𝑣 2 𝑡

= (√2ℎ2 𝑡 − 2√2ℎ2 𝑣) + (√3𝑡 2 𝑣 − 2√3 𝑣 2 𝑡)

= √2 ℎ2 (𝑡 − 2𝑣) + √3 𝑡 𝑣 (𝑡 − 2𝑣)

= (𝑡 − 2 𝑣)(√2 ℎ2 + √3 𝑡 𝑣) ، GCF is (𝑡 − 2 𝑣)

Checking
(𝑡 − 2 𝑣)( √2 ℎ2 + √3 𝑡𝑣)
= √2ℎ2 𝑡 + √3𝑡 2 𝑣 − 2√2 ℎ2 𝑣 − 2√3 𝑣 2
= √2ℎ2 𝑡 + √3 𝑡 2 𝑣 − √8 ℎ2 𝑣 − √12 𝑣 2 𝑡
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺒﺮي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻜﻮس‬:‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬

Factoring the algebraic expression by using the property
of grouping with the inverse:
‫ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺤﺪود‬، x-2 = -(2-x) ، a-b = -(b-a) :‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻜﻮس وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻻﺷﺎرة ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﻮس‬

Ex.: Factoring the algebraic expression by using the property of

grouping with the inverse:

𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (14𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 ) + (3 − 6𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 1) + 3 (1 − 2𝑥 )
= 7𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 1) − 3(2𝑥 − 1)

= (2𝑥 − 1)(7𝑥 2 − 3)
GCF is (2𝑥 − 1)
15
 Make sure of your understanding
Factor each expression by using the greater common factor ( GCF) ,
then check the correction of solution

𝟏) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏𝒙 = 3𝑥 (3𝑥 − 7)

GCF is 3𝑥

Checking 3𝑥 (3𝑥 − 7) = 9 𝑥 2 − 21 𝑥

𝟐) 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓𝒚𝟐 = 5(2 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
GCF is 5

Checking 5 (2 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 10 − 5 𝑦 + 5 𝑦 2

𝟑) 𝟏𝟒𝒁𝟒 − 𝟐𝟏𝒁𝟐 − 𝟕𝒁𝟑 = 7𝑍 2 (2𝑍 2 − 3 − 𝑍)

GCF is 7𝑍 2

Checking 7𝑍 2 (2𝑍 2 − 3 − 𝑍) = 14 𝑍 4 − 21 𝑍 2 − 7 𝑍 3

𝟒) √𝟖 𝒕𝟐 𝒓 + √𝟐 (𝒕 𝒓𝟐 − √𝟑 𝒕𝒓) = 2√2 𝑡 2 𝑟 + √2 𝑡𝑟 2 − √2 . √3 𝑡𝑟

= √ 2 𝑡 𝑟 (2𝑡 + 𝑟 − √3 )

Checking

√2 𝑡 𝑟 (2𝑡 + 𝑟 − √3) = 2√2 𝑡 2 𝑟 + √2 𝑡𝑟 2 − √2 . √3 𝑡𝑟

= √8 𝑡 2 𝑟 + √ 2 (𝑡 𝑟 2 − √3 𝑡 𝑟)

Factor each expression by using the binomial as a greater common

factor
16

𝟓) 𝟑𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟒) − 𝟓(𝒚 − 𝟒) = (𝑦 − 4)(3𝑦 − 5)

 𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝟔) (𝒕 + 𝟓) + 𝒕𝟐 (𝒕 + 𝟓) = (𝑡 + 5) ( + 𝑡 2 )
𝟒 𝟑 4 3
𝟕) √𝟐𝒉(𝒙 + 𝟏) − √𝟑 𝒎(𝒙 + 𝟏) = (𝑥 + 1) (√2ℎ − √3 𝑚)

𝟖) 𝟐𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑) + 𝟕(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(2𝑥 + 7)

Factor each expression by using the property of grouping, then check
the correction of solution
𝟗) 𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒 = (3𝑦 3 − 6𝑦 2 ) + (7𝑦 − 14)
= 3𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 2) + 7(𝑦 − 2)
= (𝑦 − 2)(3𝑦 2 + 7)
Checking (𝑦 − 2)(3𝑦 2 + 7) = 3 𝑦 3 + 7𝑦 − 6 𝑦 2 − 14
= 3𝑦 2 − 6 𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 14
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
𝟏𝟎) 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 = (21 − 3𝑥) + (35𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 3 )
= 3 (7 − 𝑥 ) + 5𝑥 2 (7 − 𝑥 )
= (7 − 𝑥 ) (3 + 5𝑥 2 )
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
𝟏𝟏) 𝟐𝒓𝟐 𝒌 + 𝟑𝒌𝟐 𝒗 − 𝟒𝒓𝟐 𝒗 − 𝟔𝒗𝟐 𝒌
= (2𝑟 2 𝑘 − 4𝑟 2 𝑣 ) + (3𝑘 2 𝑣 − 6𝑣 2 𝑘)
= 2𝑟 2 (𝑘 − 2𝑣) + 3 𝑘 𝑣 (𝑘 − 2𝑣)
= (𝑘 − 2𝑣)(2𝑟 2 + 3 𝑘 𝑣)

𝟏𝟐) 𝟑𝒁𝟑 − √𝟏𝟖𝒁𝟐 + 𝒁 − √𝟐 = (3𝑍 3 + 𝑍) − (√18 𝑍 2 + √2)

= (3𝑍 3 + 𝑍) − (3√2𝑍 2 + √2)

17

= 𝑍(3𝑍 2 + 1) − √2(3𝑍 2 + 1)
 ‫)‪= (3𝑍 2 + 1)(𝑍 − √2‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬عند استخراج العدد مع اشارته السالبة كعامل مشترك أكبر نغير دميع اشارات‬

‫الحدود داخل القوس ‪.‬‬

‫يمكن حل السؤال بطريقة اخرى‬

‫)‪𝟑𝒁𝟑 − √𝟏𝟖𝒁𝟐 + 𝒁 − √𝟐 = (3𝑍 3 − √18 𝑍 2 ) + (𝑍 − √2‬‬

‫)‪= (3𝑍 3 − 3√2 𝑍 2 ) + (𝑍 − √2‬‬

‫)‪= 3𝑍 2 (𝑍 − √2) + (𝑍 − √2‬‬

‫)‪= (𝑍 − √2)(3𝑍 2 + 1‬‬

‫‪$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$‬‬
‫‪Factor each expression by using the property of grouping with the‬‬
‫‪inverse‬‬

‫)𝑦‪𝟏𝟑) 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟑 − 𝟕𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟗𝒚 = (21𝑦 3 − 7𝑦 2 ) + (3 − 9‬‬

‫)𝑦‪= 7𝑦 2 (3𝑦 − 1) + 3(1 − 3‬‬

‫)‪= 7𝑦 2 (3𝑦 − 1) − 3(3𝑦 − 1‬‬

‫)‪= (3𝑦 − 1)(7𝑦 2 − 3‬‬
‫========================================‬
‫𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)𝟒𝟏‬ ‫)𝑥‪𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = ( 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) + (5 − 10‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟒‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)𝑥‪= 𝑥 3 (2𝑥 − 1) + 5(1 − 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪= 𝑥 3 (2𝑥 − 1) − 5(2𝑥 − 1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1 3‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫)‪= 2𝑥 − 1 ( 𝑥 − 5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪18‬‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬
𝟏𝟓) 𝟔𝒁𝟑 − 𝟗𝒁𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟖𝒁 = (6𝑍 3 − 9𝑍 2 ) + (12 − 8𝑍)
= 3𝑍 2 (2𝑍 − 3) + 4(3 − 2𝑍)
= 3𝑍 2 (2𝑍 − 3) − 4(2𝑍 − 3)
= (2𝑍 − 3)(3𝑍 2 − 4)
##########################################

𝟏𝟔) 𝟓𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔 = (5𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 ) − (2𝑡 − 6)

= 5𝑡 2 (𝑡 − 3) − 2(𝑡 − 3)
= (𝑡 − 3)(5𝑡 2 − 2)

‫تذكر عند أخراج العدد مع اشارته السالبة كعامل مشترك أكبر تغير دميع اشارات الحدود‬
‫داخل القوسين‬

Solve the Exercises

Factor each expression by using the greater common factor(GCF),
then check the correction of solution

17) 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐 = 3𝑦 2 (4𝑦 − 7)

18) 𝟔𝒗𝟐 (𝟑𝒗 – 𝟔) + 𝟏𝟖𝒗 = 18𝑣 3 − 36𝑣 2 + 18𝑣

= 18𝑣(𝑣 2 − 2𝑣 + 1)
Factor each expression by using the binomial as a greater common
factor:
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
19) (𝒚 + 𝟏) + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟏) = (𝑦 + 1)( + 𝑦2)
𝟕 𝟑 7 3
19
𝟐𝟎) 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 – 𝟐𝟎
5𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2) + 10(𝑥 − 2)
(𝑥 − 2)(5𝑥 2 + 10)

21) 𝟑𝒕𝟑 𝒌 + 𝟗𝒌𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟔𝒕𝟑 𝒔 − 𝟏𝟖𝒔𝟑 𝒌

3𝑘 (𝑡 3 + 3𝑘𝑠) − 6𝑠(𝑡 3 + 3𝑘𝑠)

(𝑡 3 + 3𝑘𝑠)(3𝑘 − 6𝑠)

22) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 – 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 – 𝟗𝒙

4𝑥 2 (3𝑥 − 1) + 3(1 − 3𝑥 )
4𝑥 2 (3𝑥 − 1) − 3(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 2 − 3)

‫تذكر عند تقديم (سحب) أشارة السالب أمام القوس نغير دميع اشارات الحدود داخل‬
. ‫القوس‬

Solve the problems

Solar energy : The solar panels are the main
component in the solar energy systems which
generate electricity .The cells are
manufactured from semiconducting materials
such as silicon. They absorb the light of sun .
What are the dimensions of the solar panel which is rectangular in shape
, if its area was 3x(x-4)-22(x-4) square meter.

𝐴=𝐿𝑊
3𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) − 22 (𝑥 − 4) = (𝑥 − 4) (3𝑥 − 22)
the dimensions of the solar panel are (𝑥 − 4)، ( 3𝑥 − 22)
20
Flamenco bird: Flamenco bird is one of the
migratory birds which has beautiful shape. Its
color is pink. These birds travel for long
distances during the season of the annual
migration passing by the marshes in the south
of Iraq to get food from the water pools. If the
area of the water pool which was covered by
the flamenco birds in one of the Iraqi marshes is
4𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 7(2𝑦 + 7)square meter. What is the shape of that
pool, and what are its dimensions?
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 4𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 7(2𝑦 + 7)
= 𝑦 (2𝑦 + 7) + 7(2𝑦 + 7) = (2𝑦 + 7)(2𝑦 + 7)
The shape of the pool is square and its dimension is (2𝑦 + 7)

=============================

Baghdad O’clock : It is a high building which

has a Four_ Faces o’clock at the top of it. This
building locates in the celebration park in
Baghdad. It was established in 1994 .What is
the radius of the internal circle of the o’clock
if you know that its area is
𝒛𝟐 𝝅 − 𝟑𝒛𝝅 − 𝝅 (𝟑𝒛 − 𝟗)
The area of the circle is 𝜋 𝑟 2 , 𝑟 is the radius of the circle
𝐴 = 𝑧 2 𝜋 − 3𝑧𝜋 − 𝜋(3𝑧 − 9)
= 𝑧𝜋(𝑧 − 3) − 3𝜋(𝑧 − 3)
= (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧𝜋 − 3𝜋)
= 𝜋 (𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 − 3)
= 𝜋(𝑧 − 3)2
𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 the radius is 𝑟 =𝑧−3
21

=========================
Think...
Challenge: Factor each of the following expressions in a simplest
form

𝟓𝒙𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟕𝒚𝟑 𝒛 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝒛 − 𝟏𝟒𝒛𝟐 𝒚𝟐

(5𝑥 5 𝑦 − 10𝑥 5 𝑧) + (7𝑦 3 𝑧 − 14𝑧 2 𝑦 2 )

5𝑥 5 (𝑦 − 2𝑧) + 7𝑦 2 𝑧(𝑦 − 2𝑧)

(𝑦 − 2𝑧) (5𝑥 5 + 7𝑦 2 𝑧)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Correct the mistake: Ibtisam had written the result of factoring the
following expression, as follow:

√𝟐𝒕𝟒 − √𝟐𝟒 𝒕𝟑 + 𝒕𝟐 − √𝟏𝟐 𝒕 = (√2 𝑡 4 − √24 𝑡 3 ) + (𝑡 2 − √12𝑡)

= √2 𝑡 3 (𝑡 − √12) + 𝑡(𝑡 − √12)

= (𝑡 − √12) (√2 𝑡 3 + 𝑡)

= 𝑡(𝑡 − 2 √3) (√2 𝑡 2 + 1)

=================================
Numerical sense: What is the unknown number in this expression?
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 15 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + ⋯ )
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 ) + (5𝑥 + 15 )
𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) + 5(𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 5)
the unknown number is 5
22
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The result of subtraction the expression (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝒚) from the
expression (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚) in simplest form
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑥 + 𝑦)[(𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦)]
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦)

2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)
*********************************

23
 ‫رابعا‪ :‬تحليل المقدار الجبري بالفرق بين مربعين‬

‫‪Factoring the algebraic expression by the‬‬

‫‪difference between two squares‬‬
‫أن تحليل المقدار الجبري على صورة فرق بين مربعين وكما يلي‬

‫)𝒚 ‪𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 +‬‬

‫(دذر الثاني ‪ +‬دذر االول) (دذر الثاني – دذر االول) = مربع الثاني – مربع االول‬

‫مالحظة م مة ‪:‬‬

‫‪ )1‬قبل ادراء أي تحليل يجب استخراج العامل المشترك االكبر أن ودد ‪.‬‬

‫‪ )2‬يتكون المقدار الجبري (فرق بين مربعين) من مقدارين مربعين (أو حدين مربعين) بين ما‬
‫عملية الفرق )‪ (−‬فقط‬

‫‪ )3‬إذا كان المقدار على صورة 𝟐𝒚 ‪ 𝒙𝟐 +‬فأنه ال يتحلل في هذه المرحلة ‪.‬‬

‫********************************‬
‫‪Learn: Al-Shaab international stadium in‬‬
‫‪Baghdad is one of the important stadiums in‬‬
‫‪Iraq. It was established in1966. If the area of‬‬
‫‪the playground, which was allocated for‬‬
‫‪playing football is x2 -400 square meter,‬‬
‫?‪what are the dimensions of the playground‬‬

‫)‪𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎 = (𝑥 − 20 (𝑥 + 20‬‬

‫)‪The length is (𝑥 + 20), the width is (𝑥 − 20‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
Ex.: Factoring each of the following algebraic expressions as a
difference between two squares

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)

𝟐) 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = (6𝑦 + 𝑧)(6𝑦 − 𝑧)

𝟑) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = (√2𝑥 + 𝑧)(√2𝑥 − 𝑧)

𝟒) 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒕𝟐 = (√12 − 𝑡)(√12 + 𝑡)

= (2√3 − 𝑡)(2√3 + 𝑡)

𝟓) 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚𝟑 = 2𝑥 𝑦 (4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2 𝑥 𝑦 (2𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝟔) 𝒛 − = ( 𝑧2 + ) ( 𝑧2 − )
𝟏𝟔 𝟖𝟏 4 9 4 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( 𝑧2 + ) ( 𝑧 + ) ( 𝑧 − )
4 9 2 3 2 3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

25
 ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪Factoring the Algebraic Expression by the‬‬
‫‪Perfect square‬‬
‫𝒄 ‪ 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒃 𝒙 +‬هو تحليل مقدار مؤلف من ثال ثة حدود على صورة مربع كامل‬

‫𝟐)𝒚 ‪𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 +‬‬

‫𝟐)𝒚 ‪𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 −‬‬

‫الجذر التربيعي للحد االول‬ ‫الجذر التربيعي للحد الثالث‬

‫اشارة الحد الوسط‬

‫المقدار الجبري يمثل مربع كامل إذا كان على صيغة 𝒄 ‪𝒂 𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒃 𝒙 +‬‬

‫)𝒄( ) 𝟐𝒙𝒂(√ 𝟐‪𝒃𝒙 = ±‬‬

‫الحد الوسط‬ ‫الحد االول اشارة الحد الوسط‬ ‫الحد الثالث‬

‫مالحظة أن تحليل المقدار الذي يمثل مربع كامل يجب أن يتوفر شرطان هما‬

‫‪ .‬كالً من رمزي الحدين االول والثالث مربعان ومودبان (او ل ما نفس االشارة)‬

‫‪ .‬الحد الوسط ناتجاً من ضعف حاصل ضرب دذري الحدين االول والثالث‪.‬‬

‫‪=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-‬‬

‫‪Ex.: Factor each of the following algebraic expressions which are in‬‬
‫‪a form of a perfect square.‬‬

‫‪𝟏. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 )(3) + (3)2 = (𝑥 + 3)2‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫‪𝟐. 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝑦 2 − 2 (𝑦) (2) + (2)2 = (𝑦 − 2)2‬‬

‫‪𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟏 = (4𝑧)2 − 2 (4𝑧)(1) + (1)2 = (4𝑧 − 1)2‬‬

‫اشارة الحد الوسط‬ ‫تذكر ‪ ....‬تحليل المقدار على صورة مربع كامل‬

‫𝟐‬
‫) جذر الثالث ‪ ±‬جذر االول(‬

‫==================================‬

‫‪27‬‬
Determine which of the following algebraic expressions represents a
perfect square and factor it

𝟏. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 𝟐. 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
𝑥 2(𝑥 ) (5) 5 𝑦 2(𝑦) (6) 6
10𝑥 → (𝑥 + 5)2 12y
perfect square Not perfect square

𝟑. 𝟒 − 𝟑𝟕𝒗 + 𝟗𝒗𝟐 𝟒. 𝟗𝒉𝟐 − 𝟔𝒉 + 𝟑

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
2 (2) (2)(3𝑣) 3𝑣
12 𝑣 3ℎ 2(3ℎ) (√3) √3
6√3h
Not perfect square
Not perfect square

𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝟎𝒙 + 𝟒𝟗 𝟔. 𝟒 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗 + 𝟏
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
5𝑥 2(5𝑥 ) (7) 7 2𝑣 2(2𝑣) (1) 1
70𝑥 4𝑣
perfect square (2𝑣 + 1)2
perfect square (5𝑥 − 7)2

‫ اليجا د الحد الوسط في الحدودية‬: ‫ مالحظة‬ax 2 + bx + c

‫ = 𝒙𝒃 نطبق القانون التالي‬±𝟐 √ (𝒂𝒙𝟐 )(𝒄)

‫ويمكن استخدام القانون اليجاد الحد االول والحد الثالث‬

28
Ex.: Write the missing term in the algebraic expression a x2 + bx + c
to make it a perfect square , then factor it

𝟏) 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − ⋯ + 𝟒𝟗

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑏𝑥 = ± 2√(𝑎𝑥 2 )(𝑐) ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 = 2√(25𝑥 2 )(49)

𝑏𝑥 = 2 (5𝑥 )(7) 𝑏𝑥 = 70 𝑥 ⇒ 25 𝑥 2 − 70 𝑥 + 49 = (5𝑥 − 7)2

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

𝟐) … + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔

𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 2 )(𝑐) ⇒ 8𝑥 = 2 √(𝑎 𝑥 2 )(16)

⇒ 64 𝑥 2 = 4(𝑎 𝑥 2 )(16)
⇒ 64𝑥2 = 64 (𝑎𝑥2 ) ⇒ 𝑎 𝑥2 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 64
2
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 ⇒ (𝑥 + 4)

𝟑𝟑) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + ⋯ 𝑏𝑥 = 2√𝑎(𝑦 2 )(𝑐)

14𝑦 = 2√𝑦 2 (𝑐) ⇒ 7𝑦 = √𝑦 2 (𝑐) ⇒ 49𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 (𝑐) ⇒ 𝑐 = 49

𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 49 ⇒ (𝑦 + 7)2
29
 Make sure of your understanding
𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)

𝟐) 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 4 (9 − 𝑥 2 ) = 4 (3 − 𝑥 )(3 + 𝑥 )

‫ويمكن تحليله بصورة مباشرة‬

𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝟔 + 𝟐𝒙)

𝟑) 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 = (ℎ − 𝑣)(ℎ + 𝑣)

𝟒) 𝟗𝒎𝟐 − 𝟒𝒉𝟐 = (3𝑚 − 2ℎ) (3𝑚 + 2ℎ)

𝟓) 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟑 = 3𝑥𝑧 (9𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 3𝑥𝑧(3𝑥 − 𝑧)(3𝑥 + 𝑧)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝟔) 𝒚 − = ( 𝑦 − )( 𝑦 + )
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 2 4 2 4

GCF ‫ويمكن تحليله باستخراج‬

𝟏 𝟏
(𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏) = (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

‫ يجب استخراج العامل المشترك قبل ادراء أي تحليل‬.... ‫تذكر‬

=================================

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions as a perfect

square

𝟕) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝑦 2 − 2 (𝑦)(4) + 4 = (𝑦 − 4)2

𝟖) 𝟗𝒛𝟐 − 𝟔𝒛 + 𝟏 = (3𝑧)2 − 2 (3𝑧)(1) + 1 = (3𝑧 − 1)2

2
𝟗) 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟑𝒗 + 𝟑 = 𝑣 2 + 2 ( √3)(𝑣) + (√3) = (𝑣 + √3)2
30

𝟏𝟎) 𝟒𝒉𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒉 + 𝟐𝟓 = (2ℎ)2 − 2(2ℎ)(5) + (5)2 = (2ℎ − 5)2

Determine which one of the following algebraic expressions
represents a perfect square, then factor it

𝟏𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟐) 𝟏𝟔 − 14𝑣 + 𝑣 2

(𝑥 )2 (9)2 (4)2 (𝑣)2

2(𝑥 )(9) = 18 𝑥 2 (4) (𝑣) = 8 𝑣

Perfect square Not Perfect square

𝑥 2 + 18 𝑥 + 81 = (𝑥 + 9 )2

𝟏𝟑) 𝟔𝟒𝒉𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒉 − 𝟗 𝟏𝟒) 𝟑 − 𝟒√𝟑 𝒕 + 𝟒 𝒕𝟐

Not Perfect square, the third √3 (2𝑡)2

term is negative
2 (√3) (2𝑡) = 4√3 𝑡
‫ال تمثل مربع كامل ألن الحد الثالث سالب‬
2
3 − 4√3 𝑡 + 4 𝑡 2 = (√3 − 2𝑡)
‫وال يوجد جذر تربيعي لعدد سالب في‬
Perfect square
‫مجموعة االعداد الحقيقية‬

==================================

Write the missing term in the algebraic expression ax2+bx+c to

become a perfect square, then factor it

𝟏𝟓) … + 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒𝟗 , 𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 2 )(𝑐)

14𝑦 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 2 )(49) ⇒ 196𝑦 2 = 4(𝑎𝑥 2 )(49)

196𝑦 2 = 196(𝑎𝑥 2 ) ⇒ a𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 49 = (𝑦 + 7)2

31
‫… … ‪𝟏𝟔) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛 +‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)𝑐() ‪𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 2‬‬

‫⇒ )𝑐( ‪4𝑧 = 2√𝑧 2‬‬ ‫⇒ 𝑐 ‪16𝑧 2 = 4𝑧 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑐=4‬‬

‫‪𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4 = (𝑧 + 2)2‬‬

‫‪##################################‬‬

‫)𝑐() ‪𝟏𝟕) 𝟑 − ⋯ + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 , ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 = 2 √(𝑎𝑥 2‬‬

‫⇒ ) ‪𝑏𝑥 = 2 √(3)(9𝑥 2‬‬ ‫𝑥 ‪𝑏 = 2√3 (3𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 = 6√3‬‬

‫‪3 − 6√3𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 = (√3 − 3𝑥)2‬‬

‫ويمكن اخراج ‪ GCF‬ويتحلل كما يلي‬

‫‪3(1 − 2√3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 3(1 − √3𝑥)2‬‬

‫**********************************‬

‫⇒ ‪𝟏𝟖) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟓𝒙 + … ..‬‬ ‫)𝑐() ‪𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 2‬‬

‫)𝑐() ‪2√5𝑥 = 2√(4𝑥 2‬‬ ‫)𝑐() ‪⇒ √5 𝑥 = √(4𝑥 2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫⇒ )𝑐( ‪5𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2‬‬ ‫=𝑐‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪√5‬‬
‫‪4𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 +‬‬ ‫‪= (2𝑥 + )2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫====================================‬
‫‪32‬‬
 Solve the Exercises
Solve the Exercises Factor each of the following algebraic
expressions in simplest form :

19. 25 – 4𝑥 2 = (5 − 2𝑥 )(5 + 2𝑥 )

20. 𝑦 2 − 121 = (𝑦 − 11)(𝑦 + 11)

21. 12 – 3𝑡 2 = 3(4 − 𝑡 2 ) = 3(2 − 𝑡)(2 + 𝑡)

22. 8𝑦 3 𝑥 – 2𝑥 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦(4𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦(2𝑦 − 𝑥 )(2𝑦 + 𝑥 )

1 1 1 1
23. 𝑧5 – 𝑧= 𝑧(4𝑧 4 − 1) = 𝑧(2𝑧 2 − 1)(2𝑧 2 + 1)
3 12 12 12

1
= 𝑧(√2𝑧 − 1)(√2𝑧 + 1)(2𝑧 2 + 1)
12

24. 4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25 = (2𝑥 + 5)2

2
25. 16𝑛2 + 8 √3 𝑛 + 3 = (4𝑛 + √3)

26. 4𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 = 𝑡(4𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 9) = 𝑡(2𝑡 − 3)2

Determine which of the following algebraic expressions represents

a perfect square , then factor it:

27. 4𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 16

𝑏𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 )(4) = 16𝑥 not perfect square

28. 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25

𝑏𝑥 = 2(𝑦)(5) = 10𝑦 perfect square

(𝑦 + 5)2
33

29. 2ℎ2 − 12ℎ − 18 not perfect square, third term is negative

30. 4𝑣 2 + 4𝑣 + 4

𝑏𝑥 = 2(2𝑣)(2) = 8𝑣 not perfect square

Write the missing term in the algebraic expression 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 to

become a perfect square, then factor it:

31. 𝑦 2 + … . + 36

𝑏𝑥 = 2(𝑦)(6) = 12𝑦

𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 36 = (𝑦 + 6)2

32. 25 − 20𝑥 + . . . . = . . . . − 20𝑥 + 25

𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 )(𝑐)

20𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 )(5) → 20𝑥 = 10√(𝑎𝑥 )

2𝑥 = √(𝑎𝑥) → 𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑥 2

4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 25 = (2𝑥 − 5)2

33. 5 − … . . + 16𝑥 2
𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 )(𝑐)

𝑏𝑥 = 2√5(4𝑥 ) = 8√5𝑥
2
→ 5 – 8√5𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 = (√5𝑥 − 4𝑥)

34. 81 + 18𝑧 + ….
𝑏𝑥 = 2√(𝑎𝑥 )(𝑐)
18𝑧 = 2(9)√𝑐 → 18𝑧 = 18√𝑐 → 𝑧 = √𝑐 → 𝑧 2 = 𝑐
34

81 + 18𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = (9 + 𝑧)2
 Solve the problems
Al-Malwiya minaret: It locates in Samara
city, Iraq. It is one of the Iraqi distinctive
landmark because of its unique shape. It
is also one of the Iraqi famous ancient
landmarks which belongs to the reign of
Abbassiyyn . It based on a square base
which its area is x2 - 8x +16 square meter what is the length of the
base side which the minaret based on according to x?

A = L2

𝐴 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = (𝑥 − 4)2

‫ 𝑥 طول ضلع القاعدة‬− 4 the length of the base side

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Farm for breeding cows: Saad has a square-

shaped farm for breeding cows. The length of
its side, is X meter. He extended his farm to
become in a rectangular-shaped farm, so he
increased the length of one side and decreased
the other with the same distance. According to
that, the area of the farm became X2- 81
square meter, what are the length and width of the farm after extension
according to x?

𝑨 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏 = (𝑥 + 9) (𝑥 − 9)

the length is (𝑥 + 9) , the width is (𝑥 − 9) meter

35
Painting: Bashar drew a painting represents the
marshes in the south of Iraq. The expression which
represents the area of painting was 4x2 - 8x+ 9 cm2.
Does the expression of the painting area represent
a perfect square or not?

4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9

(2𝑥 )2 (3)2

2 (2𝑥 ) (3) = 12 𝑥 Not perfect square

Challenge: Determine the following algebraic expression represent

a perfect square and factor it:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟗 𝟔

1 1 2
( 𝑥2) ( )
3 4
1 1 1
2( 𝑥) ( ) = 𝑥
3 4 6
Perfect square

1 2 1 1 1 1 2
𝑥 − 𝑥+ 𝑥→( 𝑥− )
9 6 16 3 4
Correct the mistake: Muntaha said that the expression (2x+1) (2x-1)
is a factoring to the perfect square 4x2 - 4x + 1. Determine the
mistake of Muntaha and correct it.

The expression (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) is a factoring of difference

between two squares

(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) = (2𝑥 )2 − (1)2 = 4 𝑥 2 − 1

36
The expression 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 is a perfect square we can factoring as
4 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 − 1)2

+=++++++++=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+

Numerical sense: Dose the expression 9x2 + 12x - 4 represent a

perfect square or not? Clarify your answer

The expression 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 4 doesn’t represent a perfect square

because the third term is negative

Write: A factoring for the algebraic expression 4x2 - 8x + 4

‫تذكر يجب أستخراج العامل المشترك أوالً قبل أدراء أي تحليل‬

4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4

Perfect square 2(2𝑥 ) (2) = 8𝑥

4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 = (2𝑥 − 2)2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

37
 ‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺠﺒﺮي ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺣﺪود ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬: ‫ﺳﺎدﺳﺎ‬

Factoring the Algebraic Expression of three terms by Probe

and Error ( Experiment)
The inverse operation of multiplication which is factoring the
algebraic expression which consists of three terms x2+bx+c by using
the probe and error (experiment) for factoring the algebraic
expression, We find two integers. m, n, where b = m + n , c = nm and
write x2 + bx + c = (x + n) (x + m).

(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15
(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
Middle term = Multiplying the two parties + Multiplying the two
38

middles
 ‫أن العملية العكسية لعملية الضرب هي تحليل المقدار الجبري من ثالث حدود باستعمال‬
‫التجربة وتتم وكما يلي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬نحلل كل من الحد االول والحد الثالث الى حاصل ضرب عاملين ثم نحدد اشارتي‬
‫الوسط للقوسين ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا كانت اشارتي الوسط للقوسين متشابهة نجمع‬

‫إذا كانت اشارتي الوسط للقوسين مختلفة نطرح‬

‫‪ .3‬استخدام قاعدة الحد الوسط = ( ضرب الطرفان ‪ +‬وضرب الوسطان) للقوسين بعد‬
‫التحليل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬إذا كان ناتج ضرب الطرفان ‪ +‬ضرب الوسطان يساوي الحد االوسط فأن التحليل‬
‫صحيح وإذا كان اليساوي الحد االوسط يعتمد التحليل بعوامل أخرى‬

‫الحد االوسط = حاصل ضرب الطرفان ‪ +‬حاصل ضرب الوسطان‬

‫‪###############################‬‬

‫‪Assyrian winged bull (shido lamas). It is‬‬

‫‪the way in which this name is written in‬‬
‫‪the Assyrian writings. The origin of the‬‬
‫‪word lamas is derived from the Sumerian‬‬
‫‪word Lammu. There is a statue of it in‬‬
‫‪AL-Mosel’s monument. What are the‬‬
‫‪dimensions of the painting of winged bull which its area is x2 + 10x +‬‬
‫?‪21 centimeter square‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪multiplying the two parties = 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 21 = (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 + 3‬‬ ‫𝑥 ‪multiplying the two middles = 7‬‬
‫‪39‬‬

‫‪𝑥 + 3 the width,‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 + 7 the length‬‬ ‫= ‪middle term‬‬ ‫‪+ 10 x‬‬
 Factoring the algebraic expression 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝑪
Factoring the following algebraic expression 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 12

𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 12 = (𝑦 + 4)(𝑦 − 3)
+ 4𝑦 middles
−3 𝑦 parties
+ 𝑦 middle term

. ‫ يجب أجراء التحقيق عند التحليل الى قوسين‬... ‫تذكر‬

. ‫ حاصل ضرب الوسطان‬+ ‫الحد االوسط = حاصل ضرب الطرفان‬

Ex.: Factoring the following algebraic expressions

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2), 2 x − 3𝑥 = −𝑥 middle term

𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖 = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 3), −6𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −9𝑥 middle term

𝟑) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟐𝟕 = (𝑦 + 9)(𝑦 − 3) , −3𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 6𝑦 middle term

𝟒) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟐 = (𝑥 − 5 𝑦 )(𝑥 + 4 𝑦 ) , −5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 middle

term

𝟓) 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = (5 − 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧) , − 5𝑧 − 3𝑧 = −8𝑧 middle term

Factoring the algebraic expression 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝑪 where a ≠ 0

Middle term = Multiplying the two parties + Multiplying the two
middles

‫ حاصل ضرب الطرفين‬+ ‫الحد الوسط = حاصل ضرب الوسطين‬

40
Ex.: Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in a simplest form

𝟏) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙 + 𝟕 = (2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 7) , 14 𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 17𝑥 ‫الحد االوسط‬

𝟐) 𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟔𝒚 − 𝟖 = (7𝑦 + 2) (𝑦 − 4) , −28𝑦 + 2𝑦 = −26𝑦 ‫الحد األوسط‬

3) 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒛 + 𝟏𝟎 = (3𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 5), −15𝑧 − 2𝑧 = −17𝑧 ‫الحد االوسط‬

𝟒) 𝟒𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗 − 𝟑 = (4𝑣 + 3)(𝑣 − 1), −4𝑣 + 3𝑣 = −𝑣 ‫الحد األوسط‬

𝟓) 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝒉 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 = (5 + 2ℎ )(3 + ℎ) , +5 ℎ + 6ℎ = +11ℎ ‫الحد األوسط‬

𝟔) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝟏𝒙 + 𝟔𝟑 = 3(2𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 21) = 3(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 7)

‫ قبل ادراء أي تحليل يجب استخراج العامل المشترك ال كبران ودد‬... ‫تذكر‬

Make sure of your understanding

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 = 6 𝑥 middle term

𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = (1 − 𝑧)(1 − 𝑧) −𝑧 − 𝑧 = −2𝑧 middle term

𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = (𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 − 1) −𝑥 − 12 𝑥 = −13𝑥

𝟒) 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝒛𝟐 = (1 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧) +3𝑧 − 𝑧 = +2𝑧

𝟓) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 = −2𝑥

𝟔) 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = (5 − 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧) −5𝑧 − 3𝑧 = −8𝑧

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
41
Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟕) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) , 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 5𝑥 middle term

𝟖) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟖 = (3𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 4) , −12𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −14𝑦 middle term

𝟗) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖 = (3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2) , −6𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −10𝑥

𝟏𝟎) 𝟖 − 𝟐𝟓𝒛 + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 = (8 − 𝑧)(1 − 3𝑧) , −24𝑧 − 𝑧 = −25𝑧

𝟏𝟏) 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 − 𝟔 = (5𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 + 1) , −6𝑦 + 5𝑦 = −𝑦

𝟏𝟐) 𝟔 + 𝟐𝟗𝒛 − 𝟓𝒛𝟐 = (6 − 𝑧) (1 + 5𝑧) , 30𝑧 − 𝑧 = +29𝑧

𝟏𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟐 = (𝑥 − 5𝑦)(𝑥 − 4𝑦) , −4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦 = −9𝑥𝑦

𝟏𝟒) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟐 = (3𝑦 + 2𝑥 )(𝑦 − 7𝑥 ) , −21𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = −19𝑥𝑦

===============================

Put the signs between the terms in brackets to make the factoring
of the algebraic expression correct

𝟏𝟓) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 5)

𝟏𝟔) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎 = (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 10)

𝟏𝟕) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 = (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)

𝟏𝟖) 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 = (5 − 3𝑦)(4 + 𝑦)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
42
 Solve the Exercises
Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form:

19) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒 = (𝒙 + 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟐)

20) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔 = (𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟐)

21) 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝒛𝟐 = (𝟑 − 𝒛)(𝟏 + 𝒛)

22) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form:

𝟐𝟑) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟐( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕) = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟕)(𝒙 − 𝟏)

𝟐𝟒) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟐(𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 − 𝟏)

𝟐𝟓) 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟗𝒛 − 𝟗𝒛𝟐 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝒛)(𝟏 + 𝒛)

𝟐𝟔) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝟐𝟕) 𝟏𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 − 𝟐 = (𝟏𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐)(𝒚 − 𝟏)

𝟐𝟖) 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 = (𝟔𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚) 43

 Solve the problems
Al-Ikhidher Castle: It is an ancient castle
locates in Karbala governorate in the
middle of Iraq. The ruins of the castle are
still existed nowadays. It represents a
unique defensive fortress which
surrounded by a great rectangular -
shaped wall. What are the dimensions of this wall which surrounds
the castle? The area of the castle is 6x2 – 39 x + 60 square meter.

A =LxW

6𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 60 = (6 𝑥 − 15) (𝑥 − 4) , the dimensions are

(6𝑥 − 15) ، (𝑥 − 4) meter

Entertaining games: Discovery swing

considers one of the dangerous games in
the fun city. The expression 5t2 + 5t – 30
represents the path of Discovery in the fun
city , where (t) represents the time of
movement , and the factoring of expression
helps to know the time which the swinging takes in the first time.
Factor the expression

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 5 𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 30 = 5(𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 6)
= 5 (𝑡 − 3)(𝑡 + 2)
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
44
The subway: The subway considers a
system of underground railway. It is one
of the fast means for transportation in
the big cities and in those cities which
have a high density of population. Each
train consists of several vehicles. If the
expression 14y2 - 23y + 3 represents the
ground area of the vehicle in square meter. What are the dimensions
of the vehicle?

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 14𝑦 2 − 23𝑦 + 3 = (7𝑦 − 1)(2𝑦 − 3)

(7𝑦 − 1) , (2𝑦 − 𝑦) the dimensions of the vehicle

5%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Challenge: Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in

simplest form
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟗 = (4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 ) + (−9𝑥 − 9)
= 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 9(𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)(4𝑥 2 − 9)
= (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3)
###################################
Correct the mistake: Saad factored the expression 6z2 -16z - 6 , as
follow

𝟔𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔 = (𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛 + 𝟔)

6𝑧 2 − 16𝑧 − 6 = (3𝑧 + 1)(2𝑧 − 6) , −18𝑧 + 2𝑧 = −16𝑧
Another answer
6𝑧 2 − 16𝑧 − 6 = 2 (3𝑧 2 − 8𝑧 − 3) = 2 (3𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 3)
45

=======================
Numerical sense: Can we determine if the signs of the two bracket in
factoring the expression x2 - 12x + 35 are different or similar and
without factoring the expression? Clarify you answer.

The signs of the two bracket in factoring are similar

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Write: The signs between the terms inside brackets to make the
factoring of the algebraic expression correct.

6𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 − 56 = (3𝑧 − 8)(2𝑧 + 7)
============

46
 ‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺠﺒﺮي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻜﻌﺒﯿﻦ‬: ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ‬
Factoring the algebraic expression, sum of two
cubes.
The inverse operation which is factoring the two- terms algebraic
expression which represents the sum of two cubes:

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ‫ 𝟑𝒙√ = 𝒙 حيث‬, 𝒚 = √𝒚𝟑

𝟑 𝟑

What is the sum volume of two cubes of Rubik’s, the length of the
first cube side is 3 dcm, and the length of the
side of the second cube is 4 dcm?

𝑉 = 𝐿3 ⇒ 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 33 + 43
= (3 + 4) (9 − 12 + 16)
= 7 × 13
= 91 𝑐𝑚3
******************************************

: ‫تذكر ان االعداد المكعبة ودذورها التكعيبية هي‬

𝟓𝟏𝟐 , 𝟑𝟒𝟑 , 𝟐𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟐𝟓 , 𝟔𝟒 , 𝟐𝟕 , 𝟖 , 𝟏

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟏 = 𝟏 , √𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑 , √𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟓 , √𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝟕
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟖 = 𝟐 , √𝟔𝟒 = 𝟒 , √𝟐𝟏𝟔 = 𝟔 , √𝟓𝟏𝟐 = 𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒 , √𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟑 , √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟐
Factor each of the following expressions in simplest form

𝟏) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 25)
47
𝟐) 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟖 = (𝑦 + 2) (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 4)

𝟑) 𝟖𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 = (2𝑧 + 3)(4𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 9)

𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟒) + = ( + ) ( − + )
𝒂𝟑 𝟔𝟒 𝑎 4 𝑎2 4𝑎 16
𝟐𝟕 𝟖 3 2 9 6 4
𝟓) + = ( + ) ( − + )
𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑥 5 𝑥 2 5𝑥 25
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟔) 𝒕 + 𝟒 = (𝑡 3 + 8) = (𝑡 + 2) (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 4) ‫مهم‬
𝟐 2 2
𝟕) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒗𝟑 = (0.5 + 𝑣) (0.25 − 0.5𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )
3
(( √0.125 = 0.5))

𝟖) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑 = (0.4𝑥 + 0.3𝑦)(0.16𝑥 2 − 0.12𝑥𝑦 + 0.09𝑦 2 )

3 3
√0.064 = 0.4 , √0.027 = 0.3 , (0.3)2 = 0.09

𝟗) 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒛𝟑 = (1 + 0.2𝑧)(1 − 0.2𝑧 + 0.04𝑧 2 )

3
√0.008 = 0.2 , (0.2)2 = 0.04
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار ﻓﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﯿﻦ‬: ‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬

Factoring the Algebraic Expression difference
between two cubes
The inverse operation which is factoring the algebraic expression
which consists of two terms and in the form of difference between
two cubes

𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ‫ حيث‬،
48

𝟑 𝟑
𝒙 = √𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚 = √𝒚𝟑
Cube – shaped basin filled with water, the length
of its side is 1m. The water was transferred to
another cube – shaped basin which is bigger than
the first one, the length of its side is 1.1 m. What
is the additional quantity of water that we need
to fill the big basin?

The additional quantity of water = the volume of big cube - the

volume of small cube

𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = (1.1)3 − (1)3
= (1.1 − 1)( (1.1)2 + 1.1 + 1)
= 0.1 (1.21 + 1.1 + 1 ) = 0.1 × 3.31 = 0.331 𝑚3

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟏) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)

𝟐) 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔𝟒 = (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 16)
𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟑) − = ( − ) ( + + )
𝒃𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑏 5 𝑏 2 5𝑏 25
𝟖 𝟐𝟕 2 3 4 6 9
𝟒) − = ( − ) ( + + )
𝒚𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑦 5 𝑦 2 5𝑦 25
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟓) 𝒕 − 𝟗 = (𝑡 3 − 27) = (𝑡 − 3)(𝑡2 + 3𝑡 + 9)
𝟑 3 3
𝟔) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 − 𝒉𝟑 = (0.6 − ℎ) (0.36 + 0.6ℎ + ℎ2 )
𝟏 1 1
𝟕) 𝟑𝟐 − 𝒎𝟑 = (64 − 𝑚3 ) = (4 − 𝑚)(16 + 4𝑚 + 𝑚2 )
49

𝟐 2 2
 𝟏 1 1
𝟖) − 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟑 = (1 − 125𝑏3 ) = (1 − 5𝑏)(1 + 5𝑏 + 25𝑏2 )
𝟓 5 5

====================

Make sure of your understanding

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟏) 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔 = (𝑦 + 6)(𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 36)

𝟐) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 = (𝑥 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )

𝟑) 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟖𝒛𝟑 = (5 + 2𝑧)(25 − 10𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟒) 𝒙 + = ( 𝑥 + ) ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + )
𝟐𝟕 𝟖 3 2 9 6 4
𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟓) + = ( + ) ( − + )
𝒂𝟑 𝟔𝟒 𝑎 4 𝑎2 4𝑎 16
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟔) 𝒕 + 𝟗 = (𝑡 3 + 27) = (𝑡 + 3)(𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 9)
𝟑 3 3
𝟕) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝒗𝟑 = (0.5 + 𝑣)(0.25 − 0.5𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )

𝟖) 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒛𝟑 = (1 + 0.2𝑧)(1 − 0.2𝑧 + 0.04𝑧 2 )

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟗) 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟖𝟑 = (𝑎 − 8)(𝑎2 + 8𝑎 + 64)

𝟏𝟎) 𝟖𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔𝟒 = 8 (𝑦 3 − 8) = 8(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 4)

𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟏𝟏) − = ( − ) ( + + )
𝒄𝟑 𝟖 𝑐 2 𝑐 2 2𝑐 4
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟏𝟐) 𝒗 − 𝟒 = (𝑣 3 − 8) = (𝑣 − 2)(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 + 4)
𝟐 2 2
50
𝟏𝟑) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝒎𝟑 = (0.5 − 𝑚)(0.25 + 0.5𝑚 + 𝑚2 )
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟏𝟒) 𝟐𝟓 − 𝒉 = (125 − ℎ3 ) = (5 − ℎ)(25 + 5ℎ + ℎ2 )
𝟓 5 5
𝟏𝟓) 𝟑𝒃𝟑 − 𝟖𝟏 = 3(𝑏 3 − 27) = 3(𝑏 − 3)(𝑏 2 + 3𝑏 + 9)

𝟏𝟔) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝒗𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒕𝟑 = 0.008 (27𝑣 3 − 𝑡 3 )

= 0.008 (3𝑣 − 𝑡)

Solve the Exercises

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

17) 𝟔𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 = (6 + 𝑥)(36 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥2 )

18) 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏 = (5𝑦 + 1)(25𝑦2 − 5𝑦 + 1)

𝟏 𝟖 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒
19) + 𝒚 = ( + 𝒚)( − 𝒚 + 𝒚 )
𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟓

𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟐𝟎) 𝒗 + 𝟐𝟓 = (𝑣 3 + 125) = (𝑣 + 5)(𝑣 2 − 5𝑣 + 25)
𝟓 5 5
21) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒗𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒚𝟑 = (0.5𝑥 − 0.2𝑦)(0.25𝑥 2 + 0.1𝑥𝑦 + 0.04𝒚𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟐𝟕 1 3 1 3 9
23) 𝟑
− = ( − )( 2
+ + )
𝒙 𝟖 𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑥 4
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟐𝟒) 𝟗 − 𝒉 = (27 − ℎ3 ) = (3 − ℎ)(9 + 3ℎ + ℎ2 )
𝟑 3 3
𝟐𝟓 𝟏 1 125 1 5 25 5
25) − = ( − 1) = 5 (𝐶 − 1)( 2 + 𝐶 + 1)
𝑪𝟑 𝟓 5 𝐶3 𝐶

𝟐𝟔) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝒙𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒚𝟑 = (0.1𝑥 − 0.2𝑦)(0.01𝑥 2 + 0.2𝑦 + 0.04𝑦 2 )

51
 ‫ أن القوس الثاني الناتج من تحليل فرق او مجموع مكعبين ال يمكن تحليله في‬.... ‫تذكر‬
‫مجموعة االعداد‬

‫ استخراج العامل المشترك لالعداد‬: ‫مالحظة‬

𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟒 = (𝒙 − 𝟖) ، 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖 (𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝟗𝒚 = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟕 𝒚) ، 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 ( 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒚)
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − = (𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝟓− 𝒎 = (𝟏𝟓 − 𝒎) ، 𝟕𝟓 − 𝒙 = (𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟓

Solve the problems

Library: Shtotgart’s library, in Germany, is one

of the most beautiful libraries in the world. It is
also one of the largest libraries in line with the
requirements of the modern education in
Germany. The side length of the library
𝟏 𝟏
building is 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑 meter. Factor the
𝟐 𝟐
expression which represents the side length

1 3 1 1 27 1 3
𝑦 − 13 = 𝑦 3 − = (𝑦 − 27)
2 2 2 2 2
1
= (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 9)
2
52
Aquarium: The volume of aquarium of ornamental
fish is 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟑 cubic meter. A cube-shaped stone was
𝟏
put inside the aquarium. The size of stone was
𝟓
cubic meter. The aquarium was filled with water.
Write the expression which represents the volume
of water then factor it

Volume of water = Volume of aquarium - Volume of stone

𝑽 = 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏
𝟏 1 1
𝑽 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟑 − = (125𝑥 3 − 1) = (5𝑥 − 1)(25𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)
𝟓 5 5

Residence: The designs of new house – buildings

start to take different shapes which are more
complicated in architecture. These houses were
designed in shape of cubes if the volume of the first
𝟖
house is cubic meter and the second house is
𝐚𝟑
𝟐𝟕
cubic meter. Write is the volume of the two
𝐛𝟑
houses?
𝟖 𝟐𝟕 2 3 4 6 9
+ = ( + ) ( − + )
𝐚𝟑 𝐛 𝟑 a b a2 ab b 2

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Challenge: Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in
simplest form

𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝒛𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟑 = 0.002 (𝑍 3 − 8 𝑦)

= 0.002 (𝑧 − 2𝑦)(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 )
53
 𝟑 3 3
𝟐) 𝟕𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 = (125 + 𝑥 3 ) = (5 + 𝑥 )(25 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
𝟓 5 5

============================
Correct the mistake: Bushra factored the expression 8v3 - 0.001, as
follow 𝟖𝒗𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 = (𝟐𝒗 + 𝟎. 𝟏)(𝟒𝒗𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝒗 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)
Discover Bashar’s mistake, then correct it
The correct answer is
𝟖𝒗𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 = (2𝑣 + 0.1)(4𝑣 2 − 0.2𝑣 + 0.01)
_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_
Numerical sense: Is it possible to add 27, 8 by using the method of
factoring the sum of two cubes? Clarify your answer.

𝟖 + 𝟐𝟕 = (2 + 3)(4 − 6 + 9) = 5 × 7 = 35
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
The signs between the terms inside brackets to make the factoring of
algebraic expression correct:

125 − 𝑥 3 = (5 − 𝑥 ) (25 + 5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

54
 ‫طرق تحليل المقدار الجبري‬

‫اﺳﺗﺧراج اﻟﻌﺎﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷﺗرك اﻻﻛﺑر‬
Greatest
Common
Factor (GCF)

‫ارﺑﻌﺔ ﺣدود‬ ‫ﺛﻼث ﺣدود‬ ‫ﺣدان‬

Four Terms Three Terms Two Terms

‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻓرق ﺑﯾن‬

‫اﻟﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻣرﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوع‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻛوس‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻌﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻣرﺑﻌﯾن‬
Preperty ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ‬
Grouping Perfect Difference
of Experiment Sum of
with Square between
Grouping two two
Inverse
cubes squares

‫ﻓرق ﺑﯾن‬
‫ﻣﻛﻌﺑﯾن‬
Difference
between
tow cubes
55
 ‫ﺗﺒﺴﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻟﺠﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬
Simplifying Rational Algebraic Expressions

Simplifying the multiplying and dividing of rational

algebraic expressions
simplify the rational algebraic expressions (Fractional) by dividing each
of numerator and denominator by a common factor, and repeat it so that
no way stay for that, and then, we can say that the expression is in a
simplest form

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام طﺮق اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺴﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻟﺠﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ )اﻟﻜﺴﺮﯾﺔ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
: ‫ وأن طﺮق اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎھﺎ ھﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬. ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺴﻂ واﻟﻤﻘﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬

‫( اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻻﻛﺒﺮ‬GCF) .1

‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯿﻦ‬.2
‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﯿﻦ‬.3
‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻜﻌﺒﯿﻦ‬.4
‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬.5

Ex.: Write each of the following expressions in simplest form

𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2) 𝑦 + 2
𝟏) 𝟐 = =
𝒚 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 2) 𝑦 − 2

𝟓𝒛 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 5(𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 9)
𝟐) × 𝟐 = ×
𝒛−𝟑 𝒛 + 𝟔𝒛 + 𝟖 (𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 + 4)(𝑧 + 2)

5(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 9)
=
(𝑧 + 4)
56
 𝟖 + 𝒕𝟑 (𝟐 + 𝒕)𝟑
𝟑) ÷
𝟒 − 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟗𝒕 + 𝟏𝟒
(2 + 𝑡)(4 − 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ) (𝑡 + 7)(𝑡 + 2) (𝑡 + 7)
= × =
(4 − 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ) (2 + 𝑡)3 (𝑡 + 2)

‫ ال يمكن تحليل القوس الثاني الناتج من تحليل فرق أو مجموع مكعبين‬: ‫تذكر‬

Simplifying adding and subtracting of the rational algebraic

expressions

Simplify the adding and subtracting of the (fractional) rational algebraic

expressions by factoring each of the numerator and dominator of the
faction to simplest form, then adding and subtracting the fractional
expressions by using the common multiplier and simplify the expression
to simplest form.

. ‫أن عملية تبسيط دمع المقادير الجبري النسبية وطرح ا تتم كما يلي‬

. ‫ تحليل كل مقدار تحليل تام‬-1

. ‫ أختصار العوامل المشتركة بين البسط والمقام في نفس الكسر‬-2

(LCM) ‫ توحيد المقامات بالمضاعف المشترك االصغر والذي يمثل حاصل ضرب‬-3
.‫العوامل المشتركة باكبر أس وغير المشتركة‬

. ‫ فتح االقواس وتبسيط المقدار في البسط فقط وتحليله‬-4

. ‫ تبسيط الكسور الى أبسط صورة‬-5

57
Ex.: Write each of the following expressions in simplest form
𝒚𝟐 𝟒 𝑦2 − 4 (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2)
𝟏. − = = =𝑦−2
(𝒚 + 𝟐) (𝒚 + 𝟐) (𝑦 + 2) (𝑦 + 2)
𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 𝟓 7(𝑥 − 2) 5 7+5 12
𝟐. + = + = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟐 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 2
=

𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 (𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4) 12
𝟑. + = +
𝒕𝟑 − 𝟖 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟔 (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4) 3(𝑡 − 2)
1 4 1+4 5
+ = =
(𝑡 − 2) (𝑡 − 2) (𝑡 − 2) 𝑡−2
********************************

𝟑
𝟕 − 𝒙 3 49 − 14𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝟒. = ×
𝟓 7−𝑥 5
𝟒𝟗 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟐
3 (7 − 𝑥 )(7 − 𝑥) 3(7 − 𝑥)
= × =
(7 − 𝑥) 5 5
8 2 1 8 2 1
𝟓. + − 2 = + −
𝑣 + 4 𝑣 − 4 𝑣 − 16 (𝑣 + 4) (𝑣 − 4) (𝑣 − 4)(𝑣 + 4)
8 (𝑣 − 4) + 2(𝑣 + 4) − 1 8𝑣 − 32 + 2𝑣 + 8 − 1
= =
(𝑣 + 4)(𝑣 − 4) (𝑣 + 4)(𝑣 − 4)
10𝑣 − 25 5(2𝑣 − 5)
= =
(𝑣 + 4)(𝑣 − 4) (𝑣 + 4)(𝑣 − 4)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
58
 .... ‫تذكر‬

(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2 )
=1, =1
(2 + 𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 2 )
(𝑥 − 2) −(2 − 𝑥 )
= = −1 ‫عملية الطرح ليست ابدالية‬
(2 − 𝑥) (2 − 𝑥 )

*********************************

Make sure of your understanding

Write each of the following expressions in simplest form

𝟐𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟐 2 (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 1)
𝟏) 𝟐 = =
𝒛 − 𝟕𝒛 + 𝟔 𝑧 2 − 7𝑧 + 6 (𝑧 − 6)(𝑧 − 1)
2 (𝑧 − 1 )
=
(𝑧 − 6)

𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 (𝑦 + 3)(𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 9) (𝑦 + 3)
𝟐) 𝟑 = =
𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚 𝑦 (𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 9) 𝑦

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 5𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)
𝟑) × = ×
𝒙+𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝑥 + 3 (5𝑥 − 3)(5𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 + 2)
=
(5𝑥 − 3)

𝒁𝟐 + 𝟕𝒁 − 𝟖 𝒁𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟒) × 𝟐
𝒁−𝟏 𝒁 + 𝟔𝒁 − 𝟏𝟔
(𝑍 + 8)(𝑍 − 1) (𝑍 − 2)(𝑍 + 2)
= × =𝑍+2
(𝑍 − 1) (𝑍 + 8)(𝑍 − 2)
59
 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟓) 𝟐 ×
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 3
= × =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 2

============================

𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟐 2𝑦 (𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 − 1)
𝟔) ÷ = ÷
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 3) (𝑦 + 3)(𝑦 − 1)
2𝑦(𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 + 3)(𝑦 − 1) 2𝑦 (𝑦 − 1)
= × =
(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 3) (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 2)

+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+

Write each of the following expressions in simplest form

𝟐 𝟑 2 3
𝟕) + = +
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
2(𝑥 − 1) + 3(𝑥 + 3) 2𝑥 − 2 + 3𝑥 + 9
= =
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
5𝑥 + 7
=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)

*****************************

𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒚−𝟏 2(𝑦 3 − 64) (𝑦 − 1)

𝟖) 𝟑 − = −
𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 𝒚 𝑦(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦

2(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦 − 1 2𝑦 − 8 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑦 − 7

= − = =
𝑦(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
60
 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏 𝒛+𝟑 (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 3)
𝟗) − 𝟐 = −
𝒛𝟒 − 𝒛 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟑 𝑧(𝑧 3 − 1) (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 3)
= –
𝑧(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 1)
1 1 1−𝑧 −(𝑧 − 1) −1
= − = = =
𝑧(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 𝑧
**********************************************

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥+1
𝟏𝟎) 𝟐 −𝟏= −1= −1
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1
𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 + 1 2
= = =
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1
*********************************
𝟑 𝟐 𝟖
𝟏𝟏) + + 𝟐
𝒛 − 𝟏 𝒛 + 𝟑 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟑
3 2 8
= + +
𝑧 − 1 𝑧 + 3 (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 1)
3(𝑧 + 3) + 2(𝑧 − 1) + 8 3𝑧 + 9 + 2𝑧 − 2 + 8
= =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 1)
5𝑧 + 15 5(𝑧 + 3) 5
= = =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 − 1)

=============================
𝒚 − 𝟑 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏
𝟏𝟐) + −
𝒚 − 𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑
𝑦−3 5(𝑦 − 3) 3𝑦 + 1
= + −
𝑦 − 1 (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 1)
61
 (𝑦 − 3) 5 (3𝑦 + 1)
= + −
(𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 1)
(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 3) + 5(𝑦 − 1) − (3𝑦 + 1)
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)

𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 + 5𝑦 − 5 − 3𝑦 − 1
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)

𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 1)
= = =1
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)

Solve the Exercises

Write each of the following expressions in simplest form:
𝑥+5 6𝑥−30
13. ×
12𝑥 𝑥 2 −25
(𝑥+5) 6(𝑥−5) 1
× =
12𝑥 (𝑥−5)(𝑥+5) 𝑥

3−𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
14. ×
4−2𝑥 9−𝑥 2
(3−𝑥) (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2) −(2−𝑥) −1
× = =
2(2−𝑥) (3−𝑥)(3+𝑥) 2(2−𝑥) 2

𝒚𝟐 −𝟕𝒚 𝒚𝟐 −𝟒𝟗
15. ÷
𝒚𝟑 −𝟐𝟕 𝒚𝟐 +𝟑𝒚+𝟗

𝒚(𝒚−𝟕) (𝒚𝟐 +𝟑𝒚+𝟗) 𝒚

× =
(𝒚−𝟑)(𝒚𝟐 +𝟑𝒚+𝟗) (𝒚−𝟕)(𝒚+𝟕) (𝒚−𝟑)(𝒚+𝟕)
62
Write each of the following expressions in simplest form:
𝟓 𝟐
16. −
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝟔 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝟔
5 2 5(𝑥 − 6) − 2(𝑥 + 6)
− =
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 6) (𝑥 − 6)2 (𝑥 − 6)2 (𝑥 + 6)
5𝑥 − 30 − 2𝑥 − 12 3𝑥 − 42 3(𝑥 − 14)
= =
(𝑥 − 6)2 (𝑥 + 6) (𝑥 − 6)2 (𝑥 + 6) (𝑥 − 6)2 (𝑥 + 6)

3 3 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2
17. − −
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥 3 −8

3 2 (4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
− −
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
3−2−1 0
= =0
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)

Solve the problems

Library: If the algebraic expression 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
represents the number of scientific books in
the library, and the algebraic expression
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 represents the number of
literary books in the library. Write the ratio
of the scientific books to the literary books
in a simplest form.

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝟐 = =
𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 3
====================
63
Geometry: Dimensions of a rectangle are 3,5 meters. It was extended
to bigger one by surrounding it by an aisle with width of x meter.
Write the algebraic expression which represents the sum of the two
ratios of the rectangle length before and after the extension, in a
simplest form.

5cm 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 + 2𝑥

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 + 2𝑥
3cm

3 5
+
3 + 2𝑥 5 + 2𝑥
3(5 + 2𝑥 ) + 5(3 + 2𝑥 )
=
(3 + 2𝑥 )(5 + 2𝑥 )
15 + 6𝑥 + 15 + 10 𝑥 30 + 16 𝑥 2(15 + 8𝑥)
= = =
(3 + 2𝑥 )(5 + 2𝑥 ) (3 + 2𝑥 )(5 + 2𝑥) (3 + 2𝑥 )(5 + 2𝑥)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Fireworks: The algebraic expression 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝒕 − 𝟓𝒕𝟐 represents the

height, in meters, of a fireworks shell which was
shot from a 20 meter-high building roof, where t
represents the time of reaching the shell to the
target, in seconds. And the algebraic expression
𝟒 + 𝟏𝟗𝒕 − 𝟓𝒕𝟐 represents the height of another
shell which was shot from a roof of a 4 meter-high
building. Write the ratio of the first shell height to
the height of the second shell, in simplest form.

𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝒕 − 𝟓𝒕𝟐 (5 + 5 𝑡)(4 − 𝑡) 5 + 5𝑡

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ = =
𝟒 + 𝟏𝟗𝒕 − 𝟓𝒕𝟐 (4 − 𝑡)(1 + 5𝑡) 1 + 5𝑡
64
Challenge: Factoring each of the following algebraic expression:

𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒚 − √𝟓 (𝑦 − √5)(𝑦 + √5) 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 8
÷ = ×
𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟖 2(𝑦 3 − 8) 𝑦 − √5

(𝑦 − √5)(𝑦 + √5) 2(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 4) (𝑦 + √5)

= × =
2 (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 4) (𝑦 − √5) (𝑦 − 2)

================================

Correct the mistake: Samah simplified the algebraic expression and

wrote it in a simplest form, as follow

𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏𝟐
× 𝟐 =𝟏
𝟓+𝒛 𝒛 − 𝟑𝟔
𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − 30 2𝑧 + 12 (𝑧 − 6)(𝑧 + 5) 2(𝑧 + 6)
× 2 = × =2
5+𝑧 𝑧 − 36 (5 + 𝑧) (𝑧 − 6)(𝑧 + 6)

**********************************

Numerical sense: What is the result of adding the two algebraic

expressions without using paper and pen? Clarify your answer
𝟓 −𝟒
+
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗 (𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟕)
(𝑥 2 − 49) = (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 7)
−1
=
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 7)
==========================
65
66
 Problems
Solve the following problems by the strategy of (the four steps)
Fun city: Some games in the fun city occupy an
area larger than it when it is stopping. The
swing, for example, occupies a circular area
which its diameter is x meter when it is rotating.
But when it is stopping the diameter of its area
becomes less in about 8 m. what is the
difference between the area of stopping and
rotating of the swing? Then factor it.

Circle Area 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 2
𝑥
Radius of swing when it is rotating = 2
𝑥 2
Area of swing when it is rotating 𝐴1 = 𝜋 ( )
2
𝑥−8
Radius of swing when it is stopping =
2
𝑥−8 2
Area of swing when it is stopping 𝐴2 = 𝜋 ( )
2
𝐴 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2

𝑥 2 𝑥−8 2
= 𝜋( ) −𝜋( )
2 2
𝑥2 (𝑥 − 8)2 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋( )− 𝜋( ) → = 𝑥 2 − (𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64)
4 4 4 4
𝜋 2 𝜋
= (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 64) → 𝐴 = (16 𝑥 − 64)
4 4
𝜋
= . 16 (𝑥 − 4) = 4 𝜋(𝑥 − 4)
67

4
 ============================

Panda Bear: The natural home of panda bear is

the mountain range of the middle of China.
Panda needs a wide region to live in within the
zoo. The area which was allocated to panda
was extended about 6m, length and width. So
the length of area became 8 + x meter and the
width became 4+x meter. What is the measuring of the area which
allocates to panda to live in before the extension?

The length of the area before extension 𝑥 + 8 − 6 = 𝑥 + 2

The length of the area before extension 𝑥 + 4 − 6 = 𝑥 − 2
The area before extension 𝐴 = 𝐿 𝑤

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 2 − 4

Snowball: It is a transparent sphere which is made of

glass to form a landscape. The snowball is also
contained water which use as a medium for falling
snow. If the radius of the snow sphere is (y - 3) cm.
What is the sphere volume?
4
Sphere volume 𝑣 = 𝜋 𝑟3
3
4
∴𝑣= 𝜋(𝑦 − 3)3 𝑐𝑚2
3
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Geometry: A cube-shaped box, its side is x cm. A smaller cube

which its side is 3cm put onside the box. Factor the algebraic
expressions which represents the difference between the two
68

cubes volume.
 ‫حجم المكعب = مكعب طول الضلع‬

‫‪𝑣 = 𝐿3 ,‬‬ ‫‪𝑣1 = 𝑥 3‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪𝑣2 = (3)3 = 27‬‬

‫)‪𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 𝑥 3 − 27 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9‬‬
‫===========================‬

‫‪69‬‬
Chapter Review
70
 Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Find the result of multiplying the Following algebraic expressions.

1. (𝒛 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝑧 2 + 12 𝑧 + 36
2. (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑) = 16 𝑥 2 − 9
3. (𝟓 + 𝒛) (𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 ) = 125 + 𝑧 3
4. (𝒚 − 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝑦 2 − 10 𝑦 + 25
5. (𝒚 − 𝟓)𝟑 = (𝑦 − 5) (𝑦 − 5)2 = (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25)
= 𝑦 3 − 10 𝑦 2 + 25𝑦 − 5 𝑦 2 + 50 𝑦 − 12
= 𝑦 3 − 15 𝑦 2 + 75𝑦 − 125

Factoring the Algebraic Expression by using greater common Factor

Factor each expression by using the greater common factor, then

check the correction of solution:
√8 𝑥 2 𝑧 + √3 ( √6 𝑥 𝑧 2 − √12 𝑥 𝑧)

√8 𝑥 2 𝑧 + √18 𝑥 𝑧 2 − √36 𝑥 𝑧
= √2 𝑥 𝑧 (√4 𝑥 + √9 𝑧 − √18 ) = √2 𝑥𝑧 (2𝑥 + 3𝑧 − 3√2)
15 𝑦 3 − 5 𝑦 2 + 2 − 6𝑦 = 5 𝑦 2 (3𝑦 − 1) + 2 (1 − 3𝑦)
= 5 𝑦 2 (3𝑦 − 1) − 2 (3𝑦 − 1)
= (3𝑦 − 1) (5 𝑦 2 − 2)

Factoring the Algebraic Expression by using Special Identities

71
Factor each of the following algebraic expression as a difference
between two squares
1) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗 = (2𝑥 − 7)(2𝑥 + 7)
2) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐 = (√3 𝑥 − 4) (√3𝑥 + 4)
3) 𝟏𝟖 − 𝒛𝟐 = ( √18 − 𝑧 )(√18 + 𝑧) = (3 √2 − 𝑧) (3√2 + 𝑧)

Factor each of the following algebraic expression as a perfect

square.
𝟖𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖 𝒛 + 𝟏 = (9𝑧 − 1)2
Write the lost term to make the expression as a perfect square
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − … . +𝟔𝟒
𝑏𝑥 = 2 √(𝑎𝑥 2 )(𝐶 ) = 2√(4𝑥 2 )(64) = 2(2𝑥 )(8) = 32 𝑥
4𝑥 2 − 32 𝑥 + 64 = (2𝑥 − 8)2
4 (𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 + 16) = 4 (𝑥 − 4)2

Factoring the Algebraic Expression of three terms by Trial and

Experiment

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

1. 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 20 = (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 + 4) , + 4𝑦 − 5 = −𝑦 middle term
2. 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 − 15)(𝑥 − 2) , − 2𝑥 − 15 𝑥 = −17 𝑥 middle term
3. 24 − 104𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = (6 − 𝑧)(4 − 𝑧), −6𝑧 − 4𝑧 = −10 𝑧 middle
term
4. 7 − 23𝑧 + 6 𝑧 2 = (7 − 2𝑧 )(1 − 3𝑧) , −21𝑧 − 2𝑧 = −23𝑧 middle
term
5. 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 12 = (3 𝑥 − 4 )(3 𝑥 + 3 ), + 9 𝑥 − 12𝑥 = −3𝑥 middle
term
72
 Factoring the Algebraic Expression as a Sum of two Cubes or a
Difference between two Cubes
Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form
1) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 = (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9)
𝟐) 𝟖𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = (27 + 5) (4𝑧 2 − 10 𝑧 + 25)
𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
𝟑) − = ( − ) ( + + )
𝒛𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝑧 3 𝑧 2 3𝑧 9

Simplify the Rational Algebraic Expressions

Write each expression in a simplest form

𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟗𝒛 + 𝟐𝟎 (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 + 4)
𝟏. × 𝟐 = ×
𝒛+𝟐 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟖 (𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 + 4)(𝑧 − 2)
=𝑧+5
27 − 𝑥 3 (3 − 𝑥 )2
2. ÷
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 18 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
(3 − 𝑥 )(9 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)
= ×
2(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9) (3 − 𝑥 )(3 − 𝑥 )
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)
= =
−2 (𝑥 − 3) −2
𝟒𝒛 𝒛 4𝑧 (𝑧 + 3) − 𝑧 (2𝑧 − 5)
𝟑. – =
𝟐𝒛 − 𝟓 𝒛 + 𝟑 (2𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 3)
4𝑧 2 + 12𝑧 − 2 𝑧 2 + 5 𝑧 2𝑧 2 + 17𝑧 𝑧 (2𝑧 + 17)
= =
(2𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 3) (2𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 3) (2𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 3)
73

Multiple Choice
 Multiplying Algebraic Expressions
Find the result of multiplying and algebraic expression by another
algebraic expression
1. (𝒙 + 𝟓 )𝟐 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25 (b)
𝟐. (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 4𝑦 2 − 12 𝑦 + 9 (C)
𝟐
𝟑 . (𝒛 − √𝟕) = 𝑧 2 − 2 √7𝑧 + 7 (C )
5. (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒛 ) (𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛) = 9 − 4 𝑧 2 (b)
6. (𝒚 + √𝟔) (𝒚 − √𝟔) = 𝑦 2 − 6 (b)
8. (𝟔 − 𝟒𝒚)(𝟏 − 𝟑𝒚) = 6 − 22 𝑦 + 12 𝑦 2 (C)
9. (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = 4𝑥 2 − 9
10. (𝒚 − 𝟐)(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 ) = 𝑦 3 − 8 (b)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 1
𝟏𝟐. ( − 𝒙 ) ( + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) = − 𝑥 3 (𝑎)
𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 27
13. (𝒛 − 𝟐)𝟑 = (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 2)2 = (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4)
= 𝑧 3 − 4 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 − 2𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 8 = 𝑧 3 − 6 𝑧 2 + 12𝑧 − 8 (b)
𝟏 𝟑 1 1 2
𝟏𝟒. (𝒚 + ) = (𝑦 + ) (𝑦 + )
𝟓 5 5
1 2 1
= (𝑦 + ) (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + )
5 5 25
2 1 1 2 1
= 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦+
5 25 5 25 125
3 2 3 1
= 𝑦3 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + (𝑏)
5 25 125

Factoring the Algebraic Expression by using a greater

74

Common Factor
Factoring each expression by using the greatest common factor
7. 𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 = 3 𝑥 (4𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 1) (b)
8. 𝟔𝒚𝟐 (𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒) + 𝟑𝟔 = 18 𝑦 3 – 24 𝑦 2 + 36 𝑦
= 6𝑦 (3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 6) (d)
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝟒. (𝒙 + 𝟗) − 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟗) = (𝑥 + 9) ( – 𝑥 2 ) (𝑎)
𝟒 𝟐 4 2
𝟔. 𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝟗 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 3𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 3) + 5 (𝑦 − 3)
= (𝑦 − 3)(3𝑦 2 + 5) (𝑐 )
𝟕. 𝟐𝒛𝟑 − √𝟏𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + √𝟐 𝒛 − √𝟔 = 2𝑧 3 − 2 √3 𝑧 2 + √2 𝑧 − √2√3
= 2𝑧 2 (𝑧 − √3) + √2 (𝑧 − √3) = (𝑧 − √3) (2𝑧 2 + √2) (b)
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 1 3
𝟗. 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝒛𝒙 = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + 2 (2 − 𝑥 )
𝟔 𝟑 6
1 3 1
= 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) − 2 (𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑥 3 − 2) (𝑎)
6 6

Factoring the Algebraic Expression by using Special Identities

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions

1. 𝟗 − 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 = (3 − 2𝑥 ) (3 + 2𝑥 ) (𝑏)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 1
𝟑. 𝒙 − 𝒙= (𝑥 2 − ) = (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 + ) (𝑎)
𝟔 𝟐𝟒 6 4 6 2 2
‫يمكن أن يحل بطريقة أخرى‬

1 1
𝑥 (4 𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
24 24
75

4. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 4 (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) = 4 (𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑑)

 2
𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 √𝟐 𝒛 + 𝟐 = (5 𝑧 − √2) (𝑏)

Factoring the Algebraic Expression of three terms by Trial

and Error

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions

𝟕. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 , 𝑏 𝑥 = 2 √(4𝑥 2 )(25) = 2 (2𝑥)(5) = 20𝑥 Perfect
square

𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟒𝟖 𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 , 𝑏 𝑥 = 2 √(64)(9 𝑦 2 ) = 2 (8 )(3𝑦) = 48𝑦

Perfect square
****************************
Write the missing term in the algebraic expression 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄
to become a perfect square
1. 𝒛𝟐 + … … . +𝟒𝟗 , 14 𝑧 (𝑎)
𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 + ⋯ , 4𝑥 2 (𝐶 )
3. 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎 𝒚 + … . , 25 (𝑏)
4. 𝟖𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 √𝟑 + … . . , 3 (𝑐)
###################################

Factoring the Algebraic Expression of three terms by Trial

and Error
76

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions

2. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟏𝟒𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = (12 − 𝑧)(2 − 𝑧) (d)
4. 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏 = (𝑦 + 7)(𝑦 − 3) (b)
6. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟗 𝒛 − 𝟖 𝒛𝟐 = (5 + 8𝑧)(3 − 𝑧) (𝑐)
8. 𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏 = (10𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) (d)
9. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟒𝒛𝟐 = (11 − 4𝑧)(2 + 𝑧) (c)
Put signs between the terms inside brackets to make the factoring
of the algebraic expression correct
10. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟔 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 13) (c)
11. 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = (2𝑦 + 3) (2𝑦 + 3 ) (2𝑦 − 4) (d)
12. 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟑𝟎 𝒛 + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 = (6 − 3𝑧)(8 − 𝑧) (a)
Factoring Algebraic Expressions Contains Sum of Two Cubes or
difference Between Two Cubes

Factor each of the following algebraic expressions in simplest form

𝟐. 𝟖 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 = (2𝑦 + 3)(4𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 𝑎) (c)
𝟐𝟕 𝟖 3 2 9 6 4
𝟒. + 𝟑=( + ) ( − = 2 ) (𝑐)
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒙 5 𝑥 25 5𝑥 𝑥
𝟏 𝟑 1 1
𝟔. 𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓 = (𝑦 3 + 125) = (𝑦 + 5) (𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 25) (𝑎)
𝟓 5 5
𝟕. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 + 𝒛𝟑 = (0.3 + 𝑧)(0.09 − 0.3 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 ) (𝑎)
𝟏𝟎. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 = (0.2 𝑥 − 1) (0.04 𝑥 2 + 0.2 𝑥 + 1) (𝑑)
Simplifying Rational Algebraic Expressions

Write each of the following expressions in simplest form

𝒚+𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟖
𝟐. 𝟐 ×
𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒
77
 (𝑦 + 2) (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 4 )
× =1 (𝑏)
(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 4) (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 2)

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗 𝒙−𝟕
𝟒. ÷
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑𝟓 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 − 7)
= ÷
(2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 7) (2𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 5)
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 7) (2𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 5)
× = 2𝑥 + 5 (𝑑 )
(2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 − 7)

𝟏 − 𝒛𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒛)𝟐 (1 − 𝑧)(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) (1 − 𝑧)(1 + 𝑧)

𝟓. ÷ = ×
𝟏 + 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 (1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) (1 − 𝑧)(1 − 𝑧)
= 1+𝑧 (𝑏)
𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒚
𝟖. –
𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏
2𝑦 2 + 1 𝑦 2𝑦 2 + 1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
= − =
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1) 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1 (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1)
(𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1) 1
= = (𝑐)
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1) 𝑦 − 1
𝟓 − 𝟒 𝒛𝟐 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟏
𝟗. +
𝟖𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏
5 − 4𝑧 2 2𝑧 − 1
= +
(2𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1) (4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1)
(5 − 4𝑧 2 ) + (2𝑧 − 1)(2𝑧 + 1) 5 − 4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 1
= =
(2𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1) (2𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1)
4
=
(2𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1)
78
 ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐𝒙𝟓 ‪𝟏𝟑𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 +‬‬
‫‪𝟏𝟎.‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫–‬
‫𝒙‪𝒙−𝟓 𝟓−‬‬ ‫𝟓𝟐𝟏 ‪𝒙𝟑 −‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪130 + 24 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫–‬
‫)‪𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 125‬‬
‫) ‪5(𝑥 2 + 5 𝑥 + 25) − (130 + 24 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪(𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25‬‬
‫‪5𝑥 2 + 25 𝑥 + 125 − 130 − 24 𝑥 − 5𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪(𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25‬‬
‫)‪(𝑥 − 5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫)‪(𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25‬‬

‫𝟒 ‪𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒚 −‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒚𝟖 ‪𝟏𝟎 +‬‬

‫‪𝟏𝟏.‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫𝟒 ‪𝒚 + 𝟒 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 −‬‬
‫‪3𝑦 + 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑦−4‬‬ ‫‪10 + 8𝑦 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪(𝑦 + 4) (3𝑦 − 1) (3𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 4‬‬
‫‪(3𝑦 + 1)(3𝑦 − 1) − (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4) − 10 − 8𝑦 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪(𝑦 + 4)(3𝑦 − 1‬‬
‫‪9𝑦 2 − 1 − 𝑦 2 + 16 − 10 − 8𝑦 2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)𝑎(‬
‫)‪(𝑦 + 4)(3𝑦 − 1‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑦 + 4)(3𝑦 − 1‬‬

‫أﺟﻌﻞ ھﺪﻓﻚ أﻣﺎﻣﻚ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻚ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﯿﻨﯿﻚ وﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﷲ‬

‫‪79‬‬
 ‫أﺛﺮاﺋﯿﺎت‬

Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

80
Find the result of multiplying and algebraic expression by another
algebraic expression
𝟏. (𝒙 + 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝑥 2 + 14 𝑥 + 49
𝟐. (𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49
𝟐
𝟑. (𝒗 + √𝟑) = 𝑣 2 = 2 √3 𝑣 + 𝑣 2
𝟒. (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
𝟏 𝟏 1 2 1
𝟓. ( 𝒚 + 𝟑) ( 𝒚 + 𝟑) = 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 9 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 9
𝟑 𝟑 9 9
𝟔. (𝒉 − √𝟑)(𝟑𝒉 − √𝟑) = 3ℎ2 − √3 ℎ − 3√3 ℎ + 3

= 3ℎ2 − 4 √3 ℎ + 3

𝟕. (𝒉 − 𝟓)(𝒉𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒉 + 𝟐𝟓) = ℎ3 + 5ℎ2 + 25 ℎ − 5 ℎ2 – 25ℎ − 125

= ℎ3 − 125
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝟖. ( – 𝒙) ( + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3
𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 25 5 25 5
1
= − 𝑥3
125
𝟏 𝟑 1 1 2
𝟗. (𝒉 + ) = (ℎ + ) (ℎ + )
𝟑 3 3
1 2 1
= (ℎ + ) (ℎ2 + ℎ + )
3 3 9
2 1 1 2 1
= ℎ3 + ℎ + ℎ + ℎ2 + ℎ +
3 9 3 9 27
1 1
= ℎ3 + ℎ2 − ℎ +
3 27
𝟑 2
𝟏𝟎. (𝒗 − √𝟑) = (𝑣 − √3) (𝑣 − √3)
81
 = (𝑣 − √3) (𝑣 2 + 2√3𝑣 + 3)

= 𝑣 3 + 2 √3 𝑣 2 + 3 𝑣 − √3 𝑣 2 − 6𝑣 − 3√3
= 𝑣 3 − 3√3 𝑣 2 − 3𝑣 − 3√3
𝟏𝟏. (𝒛 − 𝟐√𝟕)(𝟐𝒛 − √𝟕) = 2𝑧 2 − √7 𝑧 − 4 √7 𝑧 + 28
= 2𝑧 2 − 5 √7 𝑧 + 28
𝟏 𝟑 1 1 2
𝟏𝟐. (𝒚 + ) = (𝑦 + ) (𝑦 + )
𝟐 2 2
1 1
= (𝑦 + ) (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + )
2 4
1 1 2 1 1
= 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦+
4 2 2 8
3 3 1
= 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦 +
2 4 8
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 1
𝟏𝟑. ( √ + 𝒉) ( √ − √ 𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 ) = + ℎ3
𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 5

𝟏𝟒. (𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐)(𝒚 − 𝟓) − (𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎)

= 3𝑦 2 − 15 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 10 − 3𝑦 2 + 10 = 13 𝑦

Factor each of the following expressions

𝟏 ) 𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 = 3 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 6)

𝟐) 𝟒𝒉𝟐 (𝟐 𝒉 − 𝟒) + 𝟐𝟒 𝒉 = 8 ℎ3 − 16 ℎ2 + 24 ℎ
= 8ℎ (ℎ2 − 2 ℎ + 3)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 1 1
𝟑) 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛 + 𝟑 − 𝟔𝒛 = ( 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 ) + (3 − 6𝑧)
𝟑 𝟔 3 6
1
= 𝑧 2 (2𝑧 − 1) + 3 (1 − 2𝑧)
82

6
 1 2
= 𝑧 (2𝑧 − 1) − 3 (2𝑧 − 1)
6
1 3
( )
= 2𝑧 − 1 ( 𝑧 − 3)
6
‫يمكن اضافة للتحليل‬
1
= (2𝑧 − 1) ( 𝑧 3 − 18)
6
1 1 2 1 3 1 2
4) (2𝑣 3 + 30 )– 𝑣 − 6𝑣 = 𝑣 + 3 − 𝑣 − 6𝑣
10 10 5 10
1 1 2 1 2
( 𝑣3 − 𝑣 ) + (3 − 6𝑣) = 𝑣 (2𝑣 − 1) − 3 (1 − 2𝑣)
5 10 10
1 2 1
𝑣 (2𝑣 − 1) − 3 (2𝑣 − 1) = (2𝑣 − 1) ( 𝑣 2 − 3)
10 10

Determine which one of the following algebraic expressions

represents a perfect square , then factor it
1) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 + 𝟖𝟏
↓ ↓
𝑥 9
𝑏𝑥 = 2(𝑥 )(9) = 18 𝑥 → (𝑥 + 9)2 Perfect square
𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓
𝑏 𝑥 = 2 (𝑦) (5) = 10 𝑦 Not Perfect square
3) 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐𝟓 𝒕𝟐
𝑏𝑥 = 2(1) (𝑆𝑡) = 10𝑡 → (1 − 5𝑡)2 Perfect square

4) 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟒 ⇒ 𝑏 𝑥 = 2 (𝑧) (2) = 4𝑧 Not Perfect square

Write the missing term in the algebraic expression 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄

to become a perfect square
83
1) 𝒙𝟐 − … . +𝟐𝟓
𝑏𝑥 = 2 √(𝑎𝑥 2 )(𝑐) ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 )(5) = 10 𝑥

𝑥 2 − 10 𝑥 + 25 = (𝑥 − 5)2
𝟐) 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒚 + ⋯ , 𝑏𝑥 = 2 √𝑎𝑥 2 √𝑐
24 𝑦 = 2 √36 √𝑐 ⇒ 24 𝑦 = 2(6)√𝑐

24𝑦 12√𝑐
⇒ = ⇒ 2𝑦 = √𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 4 𝑦 2
12 12
36 + 24 𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = (6 + 2𝑦)2
Factor the following expressions in simplest form
𝟏. 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟖 = (𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 + 1)
2. 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟕𝒚 +𝟏𝟐 = (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 3)
3. 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔 𝒚 − 𝟐𝟕 = (𝑦 + 9) (𝑦 − 3)
4. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒 𝒛 − 𝟔 𝒛𝟐 = 2 (6 + 7𝑧 − 3𝑧 2 ) = 2 (3 − 𝑧) ( 2 = 3𝑧)
𝟓. 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖 𝒚 − 𝟏 = (9 𝑦 + 1 )(𝑦 − 1)
𝟔. 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟏 = (9 𝑥 − 1 )(𝑥 + 1)
𝟕. 𝟏𝟎 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑 𝒛 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = (2𝑧 − 3𝑥 ) (5𝑧 + 𝑥 )
𝟖. 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 = (7 + 𝑦) (3 − 𝑦)
𝟗. 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎 = (2𝑦 + 5)(𝑦 − 4)
𝟏𝟎. 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝟑 = (𝑥 + 7) ( 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 49)
11. 𝟏 + 𝟔𝟒 𝒗𝟑 = (1 + 4𝑣 )(1 − 4 𝑣 + 16 𝑣 2 )
𝟐𝟕 𝟖 3 2 9 6 4
𝟏𝟐. + = ( + ) ( − 𝑥 + )
𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑥 5 𝑥2 5 25
𝟏𝟑. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒚𝟑
84

= (0.4 𝑥 + 0.3𝑦) (0.16 𝑥 2 − 0.12 𝑥𝑦 + 0.09 𝑦 2 )

𝟏𝟒. 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 = (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 + 9)
𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝟏𝟓. + = 27 ( + ) = 27 ( + ) ( − + )
𝒛𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝑧 3 216 𝑧 6 𝑧 2 6𝑧 36
Write each of the following rational algebraic expressions in simplest
form
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓
𝟏) 𝟑 ÷ 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓
(𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 + 5) (𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 25) 1
× =
(𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 25) (𝑦 + 5) (𝑦 + 5) 𝑦+5

𝟖 − 𝒛𝟑 (𝟐 − 𝒛)𝟑
𝟐) ÷
𝟒 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟓𝒛 − 𝟏𝟒
(2 − 𝑧) (4 + 2𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) (𝑧 + 7) (𝑧 − 2)
×
(4 + 2𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) (2 − 𝑧)(2 − 𝑧)(2 − 𝑧)
(𝑧 + 7) (2 − 𝑧) (𝑧 + 7)
=
(2 − 𝑧)(2 − 𝑧) (2 − 𝑧)

√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟓√𝟐
𝟑) – + 𝟐
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙 −𝟗
√2 √2 5√2
– +
(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
√2(𝑥 − 3) − √2(𝑥 + 3) + 5 √2
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
√2 𝑥 − 3 √2 − √2 𝑥 − 3 √2 + 5√2 −√2
= =
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 − 𝟔 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔
𝟒) ÷
𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟖
85
 (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 2) 2 (𝑧 + 4) 1
× =
2 (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 4)(𝑧 + 4) 𝑧 − 4

86
 ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮة ‪....‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ اﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻚ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮاﺗﻚ واﺛﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ھﺪﻓﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﯿﮫ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻣﺴﯿﺮك او ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻓﺎن ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ وﺻﺒﺮ وﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﷲ وﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻻﻧﺠﺎح ﻣﻊ اﻟﯿﺄس وﻻﺗﻔﻮق‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻻﺣﺒﺎط ﻻﺗﺘﺮك اﻻﻣﻞ ﻻﺗﺘﺮك اﻟﺒﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻚ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﻠﻤﻚ ﻓﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎدر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﻨﺎص اﻟﻔﺮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻤﻸ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﺴﻌﺎدة ﻏﺎﻣﺮة‬
‫مع تحياتي‬

‫استاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪87‬‬
1
 Solving the System of Two Linear Equations with two
variables
Solving a System of two Linear Equations graphically

represent two ،Assume 𝐿1 : 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 , 𝐿2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

equations of first degree (linear) with two variables 𝑥 , 𝑦. To solve
this system graphically we follow:

1) Representing each of the two lines in the coordinate plane.

2) Finding a point of intersection the two lines by drawing two

columns from the point on the two axis X - axis and Y - axis then the
intersection point will represent the solution set.
‫حل نظام من معادلتين خطيتين بيانيا‬
‫𝐿 معادلتين من الدرجة‬2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝐶2 , 𝐿1 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 ‫لتكن‬
: ‫ لحل هذا النظام بيانياً نتبع ما يلي‬، 𝑥 , 𝑦 ‫االولى (خطيتين) بمتغيرين‬
‫) تمثيل كل من المستقيمين في المستوى االحداثي‬1
. ‫) ايجاد نقطة تقاطع المستقيمين والتي تمثل مجموعة الحل‬2
Ex.: Find a solution set for the system graphically in R
𝑥−𝑦 =1 𝑥+𝑦=3
𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 3 (0,3) 0 −1 (0, −1)

3 0 (3,0) 1 0 (1,0)

The solution set of the system is

𝑆 = {(2,1)}
2
 Solving two Linear Equations by Substitution method
We can summarize this method to solve a system of two linear with
tow variables x , y by transforming one of the two equations to an
equation with only one variable by finding a relation between x,y
from one of the two equations, then substituting it in the other
equation

‫حل نظام من معادلتين خطيتين بالتعويض‬

‫𝒚 نقوم بتحويل‬, 𝒙 ‫لحل نظام من معادلتين خطيتين بالتعويض والتي تحتوي على متغيرين‬
‫𝒚 من أحدى‬, 𝒙 ‫أحدى المعادلتين الى معادلة بمتغير واحد فقط بأيجاد عالقة بين‬
. ‫المعادلتين ثم نعوضها في المعادلة اآلخرى‬

𝐄𝐱. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐛𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟔
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 = 4𝑥 → 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 = −6 → −3𝑥 = −6 → 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 4(2) → 𝑦 = 8 , 𝑆 = {(2,8)}

***************************************

𝐄𝐱. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐛𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 … … (𝟏)

𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐 … … . . (𝟐) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 + 4𝑦 (1) ‫نعوضها في‬

2 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑦 = 10 ⇒ 12𝑦 = 10 − 2 ⇒ 12𝑦 = 8

8 2
𝑦= =
12 3
2 8 14 14 2
𝑥 = 2 + 4( )⇒ 𝑥 =2+ = , 𝑆 = {( , )}
3 3 3 3 3
3
 Solving the system of two linear Equations by Elimination method

This method can be summarized to solve a system of two equations

with two variables x , y by eliminating one of the two variables
through making the coefficient of one of them equaled in value and
different in sign in both equations

‫حل معادلتين خطيتين بالحذف‬

‫𝒚 يحذف أحد المتغيرين بجعل معامل‬, 𝒙 ‫لحل نظام من معادلتين خطيتين بمتغيرين‬
. ‫أحدهما متساوياً بالقيمة ومختلفاً باالشارة في كال المعادلتين‬

Ex.: Find the solution set for the system by using the elimination
method

1) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏 ×2 ⇒ 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 7𝑥 = 7
⇒ 𝑥=1
Substituting the value x in one of two equations to find the value of y

(y ‫)نعوض قيمة 𝑥 في أحدى المعادلتين اليجاد قيمة‬

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 1 + 2𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 5 − 1 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
𝑆 = {(1 , 2)}
**********************************

𝟐) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 × 3 9𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 30
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕 × 4 ⇒ ∓8𝑥 ∓ 12𝑦 = ∓28 ⇒ 𝑥=2
2(2) + 3𝑦 = 7 ⇒ 4 + 3𝑦 = 7 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 7 − 4 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 3 ⇒
𝑦=1 , 𝑆 = {(2,1)}
4
 Make sure of your understanding
Find a solution set of the system in R graphically

1) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟔 𝒙−𝒚=𝟑

𝑥 3𝑥 − 6 = 𝑦 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑥−3 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 3(0) − 6 −6 (0, −6) 0 0−3 −3 (0, −3)

= −6
1 −3 (1, −3) 1 1−3 −2 (1, −2)
3(1) − 6
= −3

1 1
𝑆 = {(1 , − 1 )}
2 2

2) 𝒚−𝒙=𝟑 𝒚+𝒙=𝟎

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 3 (0,3) 1 −1 (1, −1)

−3 0 (−3,0) −1 1 (−1,1)
5
 1 1
𝑆 = {(−1 , 1 )}
2 2

*****************************************

3) 𝒚=𝒙−𝟐 𝒚=𝟑−𝒙

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 −2 (0, −2) 0 3 (0,3)

1 −1 (1, −1) 1 2 (1,2)

1 1
𝑆 = {(2 , )}
2 2

6
Find the solution set of the system by using the method of
substitution, for each of the following

4) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏 … … … (𝟏)
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐)`
2𝑦
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 → 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = … … . (1) ‫نعوضها في‬
3
2𝑦 4𝑦
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 2 ( ) + 3𝑦 = 1 ⇒ + 3𝑦 = 1 ×3
3 3
3
⇒ 4𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 13𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 =
13
2 2 3 2
𝑥= 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥= ( )=
3 3 13 13
2 3
𝑆 = {( , )}
13 13
********************************

5) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 … (𝟏) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 11 ⇒ 𝑥 = 11 + 2𝑦

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 … (𝟐) (2) ‫نعوضها في‬

2(11 + 2𝑦) − 3𝑦 = 18 ⇒ 22 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 18
⇒ 𝑦 = 18 − 22 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 11 + 2 (−4)
⇒ 𝑥 = 11 − 8 = 3
𝑆 = {(3 , −4)}

6) 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10 + 5𝑥 (2) ‫نعوضها في‬

𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟖
10 + 5 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 − 10 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
7
 𝑦 = 10 + 5 (−1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 10 − 5 = 5
𝑆 = {(−1, 5)}

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Find the solution set of the system by using the elimination
method, for each of the following

7) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 1 2
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟔 × 2 ⇒ 10 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −12
13𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0

5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −6 ‫نعوض في احدى المعادلتين‬

5(0) + 2𝑦 = −6 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
𝑆 = {(0, −3)}
======================
8) 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔 × 2 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 12
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒 ∓ 2𝑥 ± 4𝑦 = ∓24
−12
−2𝑦 = −12 ⇒ 𝑦 = =6
−2
𝑥 ‫نعوضها في أحدى معادلتين اليجاد‬
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 6 + 3𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 + 3 (6) ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 + 18 = 24
𝑆 = {(24, 6)}
===============================

9) 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 7 = 0
𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 × −3 ⇒ −3𝑦 − 9𝑥 − 15 = 0
8

−11𝑥 − 22 = 0 ⇒ −11𝑥 = 22
 22
⇒ 𝑥= = −2
−11
𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 3(−2) + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 6 + 5 = 0
𝑦−1=0 ⇒ 𝑦 =1 𝑆 = {(−2 ,1)}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Find the solution set of the system, then check the e correction of
the solution
𝟐𝒙 𝒚
10) − = 𝟏 ] (6) (multiply the equation by LCM)
𝟑 𝟐
4𝑥 − 3 𝑦 = 6 … … . (1)
𝒙
𝒚− = 𝟒 ] (3) ⇒ 3𝑦 − 𝑥 = 12 … . (2)
𝟑
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 12 (1) ‫نعوضها في معادلة‬

4(3𝑦 − 12) − 3𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 12 𝑦 − 48 − 3𝑦 = 6
⇒ 9𝑦 = 6 + 48 ⇒ 9𝑦 = 54 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 3(6) − 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = 18 − 12 = 6
𝑆 = {(6 ,6)}
Check……
2𝑥 𝑦 2(6) 6
− = − =4−3=1
3 2 3 2
𝑥 6
𝑦− =6− =6−2=4
3 3
11) 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟒 0.2 𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 4
𝟎. 𝟏𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟐 ] (2) ⇒ ∓0.2 𝑥 ± 14 𝑦 = ±4
8𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
0.1 𝑥 − 7 (1) = −2 ⇒ 0.1 𝑥 = −2 + 7 ⇒ 0.1 𝑥 = 5
9
 ‫‪5‬‬
‫=𝑥‬ ‫‪= 50‬‬ ‫})‪𝑆 = {(50 , 1‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪Check…..‬‬

‫‪0.2 (50) − 6 (1) = 10 − 6 = 4‬‬

‫‪0.1 (50) − 7 (1) = 5 − 7 = −2‬‬
‫===============================‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫)‪12‬‬ ‫𝟐=𝒚 ‪𝒙+‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑦 ‪𝑥+‬‬ ‫)‪] (12‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟒‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 33 … (1‬‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫⇒ 𝟔=𝒚 ‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫=𝑦 ‪𝑥−‬‬ ‫)‪] (12‬‬
‫𝟒‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟒‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪3𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 75 ….(2‬‬

‫‪6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 33‬‬
‫‪108‬‬
‫= 𝑥 ⇒ ‪9𝑥 = 108‬‬ ‫نعوضها في معادلة )‪= 12 , (1‬‬
‫‪9‬‬

‫‪6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 33 ⇒ 6(12) + 8𝑦 = 33 ⇒ 72 + 8𝑦 = 33‬‬

‫‪−39‬‬
‫= 𝑦 ⇒ ‪⇒ 8𝑦 = 33 − 72 ⇒ 8𝑦 = −39‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪−39‬‬
‫‪Check …….‬‬ ‫( ‪6𝑥 + 8𝑦 ⇒ 6 (12) + 8‬‬ ‫‪) = 72 − 39 = 33‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪−39‬‬
‫( ‪3𝑥 − 8𝑦 ⇒ 3 (12) − 8‬‬ ‫‪) = 36 − 39 = 75‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪−39‬‬
‫‪𝑆 = {(12,‬‬ ‫})‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
Find the solution set of the system graphically

𝟏𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟒 𝒚+𝒙=𝟔

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)

0 4 (0,4) 2 4 (2,4)

-1 3 (-1,3) 3 3 (3,3)

𝑥 = 1, 𝑦=5
𝑆 = {(1,5)}

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

14) 𝒚=𝒙−𝟒 , 𝒙=𝟐−𝒚

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
0 -4 (0,-4) 2 0 (2,0)
2 -2 (2,-2) -1 3 (-1,3)

𝑆 = {(3, −1)}
11
Find the solution set of the system by using the method of
substitution, for each of the following
𝟏𝟓) 3𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐 … … . (1)
𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟖 … … (2) → 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 8
3(𝑦 + 8) + 2𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 3𝑦 + 24 + 2𝑦 = 2
⇒ 5𝑦 = 2 − 24 ⇒ 5𝑦 = −22
−22 −22 18
⇒ 𝑦= , 𝑥= +8 ⇒ 𝑥 =
5 5 5

18 −22
∴ 𝑆 = {( , )}
5 5
*************************************

16) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟒 … . . (𝟏) ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4

𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑 … … (𝟐)
3𝑥 − (2𝑥 + 4) = −4 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 4 = −4

⇒ 𝑥 = −4 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 2(0) + 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4

𝑆 = {(0 ,4)}

*******************************

Find the solution set of the system by using the method of

elimination, for each of the following

17) 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 22
𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −14
8𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦=1
3𝑥 = 22 − 4 (1) ⇒ 3𝑥 = 22 − 4 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 18 𝑥=6
12

𝑆 = {(6,1)}
18) 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 × 5 ⇒ 25𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 30
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −10 × 3 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 15𝑦 = −30
31𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0
2(0) + 5𝑦 = −10 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2

𝑆 = {(0, −2)}

Solve the problems

Weather : During January, the number of
days (𝒙) in which the temperature goes
down in Baghdad decreases about 10
Celsius , is nearly less in 9 days than the
number of days (𝒚) in which the
temperature goes up about 10 Celsius.
Write two equations represent this
situation, then find their solution by using the method of elimination
to find the number of days in each situation.

The number of days in which temperature goes down= 𝑥

The number of days in which temperature goes up= 𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 =9
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 31 (days of January)
40
2𝑦 = 40 ⇒ 𝑦 = = 20 days in which temperature goes up
2
𝑥 = 31 − 20 = 11 days in which temperature goes down

**********************************
13
Trade : A commercial shop had sold 25
fridges and washing machines. The
price of one fridge was million dinars
while price of one washer was 500000
dinars. If the total cost of fridges and
washers was 20millions dinars, then
how many appliances did the seller sell from each type? Write two
equations represent the problem, then solve them by using the
substitution method.

Assume the number of fridge = 𝑥, the price of fridge = 1000000

The number of washer = 𝑦 , the price of washer = 500000
[1000000𝑥 + 500000 𝑦 = 20000000 ] ÷ 500000
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40 ………..(1)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 ………..(2) ⇒ 𝑥 = 25 − 𝑦 (1) ‫نعوضها في‬
2(25 − 𝑦) + 𝑦 = 40 ⇒ 50 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 40 ⇒ 𝑦 = 50 − 40
⇒ 𝑦 = 10 number of washer
𝑥 = 25 − 10 = 15 the number of fridge
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Graduation party : Sajad and Anwer

held a party on the occasion of their
graduation from college. The number
of friends who were invited by Sajad is
more in three from the friends who
were invited by Anwer. The total
number of friends who came to the
party is 23 persons. How many persons did each of Sajad and Anwer
invite? Write two equations represent the problem, then solve them
to find the required.
Let the number of friends who were invited by Sajad = 𝑥
14

The number of friends who were invited by Anwer = 𝑦

 𝑥−𝑦 =3
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 23
26
2𝑥 = 26 ⇒ 𝑥= = 13 friends of Sajad
2

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 23
13 + 𝑦 = 23
𝑦 = 23 − 13 = 10 friends of Anwer

*****************************

Challenge: Find the solution set for the system

𝑖) 0.003𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 3
0.001𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 4 ] × 3
0.003 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 3
∓ 0.003 𝑥 ± 15 𝑦 = ∓12
−9
11 𝑦 = −9 ⇒ 𝑦 =
11
−9
0.001 𝑥 − 5 ( ) = 4
11
45 45 −1
0.001 𝑥 + = 4 ⇒ 0.001 𝑥 = 4 − ⇒ 0.001 𝑥 =
11 11 11
1 −1 −1000
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥 =
1000 11 11
−1000 −9
𝑆 = {( , )}
11 11
15
 2 1 9
𝑖𝑖) 𝑥− 𝑦=1 2𝑥 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥=
6 3 2
1 1 𝑥+𝑦 =6
𝑥− 𝑦 =1]×3
3 3
______________________ 9 9
+𝑦 =6 ⇒ 𝑦 =6−
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 …… (1)
3
1 1 𝑦=
2
𝑥+ 𝑦 =3 ] ×2
2 2 9 3
𝑆 = {( , )}
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 ….(2) 2 2
𝑥−𝑦 =3

Correct the mistake: Ahmed said that the solution set of the
𝟓 𝟓
system: Is the set {( , 𝟗)}
𝟏𝟔
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 Discover Ahmed’s mistake, then correct it
6𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 18 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 ] × 3
⇒
∓6𝑥 ∓ 4𝑦 = ∓2 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 ] × 2
16
5𝑦 = 16 ⇒ 𝑦 =
5
‫نعوض قيمة 𝑦 في أحدى المعادلتين‬
16 32
3𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2 ( ) = 1 ⇒ 3𝑥 + =1
5 5
32 −27 −27 −9
⇒ 3𝑥 = 1 − ⇒ 3𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
5 5 15 5
−9 16
𝑆 = {( , )}
16

5 5
Write: A solution set for the system 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒

Substitution method Elimination method

(2) ‫ من معادلة‬5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ] 5
𝑥 =4−2𝑦 (1) ‫نعوضها في‬
5𝑥 − 6 𝑦 = 0
5(4 − 2𝑦) − 6𝑦 = 0 ∓5𝑥 ∓ 10 𝑦 = ∓20
20 − 10 𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 0 −20 5
−16 𝑦 = −20 ⇒ 𝑦 = =
−16 𝑦 = −20 −16 4

−20 5 ‫ في أحدى المعادلتين اليجاد قيمة‬y ‫نعوض‬

⇒ 𝑦= =
−16 4
𝑥
𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
5
𝑥 =4−2 ( ) 5
4 𝑥 +2 ( )=4
4
5 3
𝑥 =4− = 5 5
2 2 𝑥+ =4 ⇒ 𝑥 =4−
2 2
3 5
𝑆 = {( , )} 3
2 4 𝑥=
2
3 5
𝑆 = {( , )}
2 4
17
 ‫رﲟﺎ ﺸﻌﺮ ﳌﻠﻞ وﺸﻌﺮ ﺑ ٔن ﺻﱪك ﺑﺪ ٔ ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﻞ رﲟﺎ ﻧﻔﺬ وﱂ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺴ ﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻ ﻣﺸﻮارك و ﺮﯾﺪ ان ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻓﲅ ﯾﻌﺪ‬
‫ﯾﻚ ذ ا اﻓﻊ اﻟﻘﻮي ا ي ﻛﻨﺖ ﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬
‫وﻃﻤﻮ ﻚ ﺑﺪ ٔ ﯾﱰاﺟﻊ ﺗﺪرﳚﯿﺎ واﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻻﺗﻄﯿﻖ ا راﺳﺔ ﺑﻞ‬
‫ورؤﯾﺔ اﻟﻜ ﺐ‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻧ ﻪ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻣﺸﻮارا ﻃﻮﯾﻼ‬
‫وﱂ ﯾ ﻘﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﻬﻞ ﺗﱰاﺟﻊ وﺗﺘ ﺎذل ا ﻠﺲ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ وراﺟﻊ ﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ وﻗﻌﺖ ﲠﺎ وﱂ ﺗﺼﺤﺤﻬﺎ ﳊﺪ‬
‫ن ا ﻦ ﻃﻤﻮ ﻚ وا ﻦ اﻣ ﯿﺎﺗﻚ وا ﻼﻣﻚ ﻫﻞ ﺗﺘ ﲆ ﻋﳯﺎ‬
‫اﱂ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺳ ٔﺣﻘﻖ ا ﻼﱊ واﻣ ﯿﺎﰐ وﺳ ٔﺷﻖ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﻲ راﻓﻌﺎ ر ٔﳼ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻔﻮﰶ وﳒﺎ ﺑﺪر ﺎﰐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ .......‬اﺑﺪ ٔ ﻣﻦ ن ﺪد ﺸﺎﻃﻚ واﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﻚ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ‬
‫واﻟﻔ ﻮر ﻓﻘﻠﯿﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﱪ واﳌﺜﺎﺮة ﺗﻨﺎل ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﻮ اﻟﯿﻪ‬
‫ﺑ ٔذن ﷲ‬
‫‪18‬‬
 Solving Quadratic Equations with one variable

Using difference between two squares to solve equations

The general equation of second degree with one variable

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where, a ≠ 0 and a,b,c ∈ R and solving it means
finding a values set of the variable (x) which satisfies the equation ,
by making it correct statement. We will study in this item solving the
equations consist of two terms by using the greater common factor,
difference between two squares and the property of zero-product.

‫حل المعادالت بالتحليل فرق بين مربعين‬

𝑎 ≠ 0 ، 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ‫المعادلة العامة من الدرجة الثانية بمتغير واحد‬

‫وأن حل المعادلة تعني ايجاد قيمة المتغير )𝑥( التي تحقق‬ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, ∈ 𝑅 ‫وإن‬
. ‫المعادلة فتجعلها عبارة صحيحة‬
.... ‫خطوات حل المعادلة‬
.‫) تبسيط المعادلة الى أبسط صورة بفتح االقواس او التخلص من الكسور‬1
‫) جعل جميع صور المعادلة بطرف واحد (اليسار) وجعل المعادلة = صفر‬2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ‫) ترتيب حدود المعادلة كما يلي‬3
.‫) استخراج العامل المشترك أن وجد‬4
𝑥 ‫ 𝑥( نجد قيم‬− 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 0 ‫) تحليل المعادلة الفرق بين مربعين لتصبح‬5
𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 ‫ 𝑥 أو‬− 𝑏 = 0 ‫بجعل‬
19
Learn: Zaqura is one of the Iraqi civilized
landmarks. It sites in south of Iraq. Basil drew a
square-shaped picture its area is 9 m2. Find the
side length of the picture.

Assume that the side length of picture is the

variable (x) and the equation which represents the area of picture is:

𝑥 2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑥−3=0 ⇒ 𝑥 =3 or 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 neglect
=================
Ex. Solve the following equation by using the difference between
two squares, then check the correct of solution.

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 16 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ (4 − 𝑦)(4 + 𝑦) = 0
4−𝑦 =0⇒ 𝑦 =4 𝑜𝑟 4 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4 ⇒ 𝑆 = {4, −4}
Check….
𝑦 = 4 , 𝐿. 𝑆 = 16 − (4)2 = 16 − 16 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆
𝑦 = −4 , 𝐿. 𝑆 = 16 − (4)2 = 16 − 16 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆
========================
Ex: Solve the following equations by using the difference between
two squares:

𝟏) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎
5
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (2𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
−5
𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −5 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
−5 5
𝑆={ , }
2 2
20
𝟐) 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎] ÷ 3

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑧 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 2) = 0
𝑧 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −2
𝑆 = {2 , −2}

𝟑) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 2

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑦 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − √3)(𝑦 + √3) = 0

𝑦 − √3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + √3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −√3

𝑆 = {√3 , −√3}

=============================

𝟒)(𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (𝑧 + 1 − 6)(𝑧 + 1 + 6) = 0 ⇒ (𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 7) = 0
𝑧 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −7
𝑆 = {−7, 5}
===========+++++++++++===========
21
 Using Square Root Property to Solve the Equations

You have learned in the previous item how to solve the equation of
second degree with one variable by the factoring method using the
difference between two squares. Now, we will find the solution set for
the second – degree equation with one variable by using the method
of square root property

‫حل المعادالت بأستخدام الجذر التربيعي‬

... ‫حل معادالت الدرجة الثانية بمتغير واحد بطريقة خاصية الجذر التربيعي‬

√𝑥 2 = |𝑥 | ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√𝑎 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅

: ‫خطوات الحل‬

𝑥 2 = 𝑎 ‫) تبسيط المعادلة وجعلها بصورة‬1

𝑥 = ±√𝑎 ‫) أخذ الجذر التربيعي للطرفين لتصبح‬2

‫ اليجاد قيمتيه نربع الطرفين وأن المعادلة الناتجة‬، ‫) إذا كان المتغير تحت الجذر التربيعي‬3
.‫تبقى صحيحة‬
2
√𝑥 = 2 ⇒ (√𝑥) = 22 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
22
Ex. Solve the following equations by using the property of square
root

𝟏) 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 ⇒ 𝑦 = ± 6 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−6 , 6}
𝟗 3 −3 3
𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 = ⇒ 𝑥=± 𝑆={ , }
𝟐𝟓 5 5 5
𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = −81
(there is no a real number has a negative square)

)‫ (اليوجد عدد حقيقي مربعه سالب في مجموعة االعداد الحقيقية‬R ‫ليس لها حل في‬
𝑆= ∅

7 7 7 7
𝟒) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 = 𝟕 ⇒ 𝑦2 = ⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ ⇒ 𝑆 = {−√ ,√ }
3 3 3 3

5 √5
𝟓) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=±
4 2
√5 √5
𝑆 = {− , }
5 2
Notice: If the two sides of a correct equation were quadrated, then
the resulted equation stills correct

‫ اذا ربع طرفي معادلة صحيحة فإن المعادلة الناتجة تبقى صحيحة وليس العكس‬:‫مالحظة‬

Ex. Solve the following equations

18
𝟔) 𝟑√𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖 ⇒ √𝑥 = ⇒ √𝑥 = 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 36
3
𝟕) √𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝑦+8=9⇒ 𝑦 =9−8⇒ 𝑦=1
49
23

𝟖) √𝟓𝒛 = 𝟕 ⇒ 5𝑧 = 49 ⇒ 𝑧=
5
 𝒙 𝑥
𝟗)√ =𝟏 ⇒ =1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 13
𝟏𝟑 13

Make sure of your understanding

Solve the following equations by using the difference between two
squares, then check the correction of solution

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ ‫ 𝑥 أما‬− 4 = 0 → 𝑥 = 4
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 ⇒ 𝑆 = {4 , −4}
Check…..

𝑥=4 ⇒ (4)2 − 16 = 16 − 16 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆

𝑥 = −4 ⇒ (−4)2 − 16 = 16 − 16 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆
=======================

𝟐) 𝟖𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (9 − 𝑦)(9 + 𝑦) = 0
9−𝑦 =0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 9 𝑜𝑟 9 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −9
Check…..
𝐿. 𝑆 = 18 − 𝑦 2 = 81 − (9)2 = 81 − 81 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆

𝐿. 𝑆 = 18 − 𝑦 2 = 81 − (−9)2 = 81 − 81 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆

𝟑) 𝟐𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 2

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑧 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 2) = 0

𝑧−2=0⇒ 𝑧 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −2
Check….
24
𝐿. 𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 − 8 = 2 (2)2 − 8 = 8 − 8 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆
𝐿. 𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 − 8 = 2 (−2)2 − 8 = 8 − 8 = 0 = 𝑅. 𝑆
Solve the following equations by using the difference between two
squares

𝟒) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0

3
2𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥=
2
−3 3 −3
𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −3 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝟓) 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 5 ⇒ 𝑦2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑦−2=0 ⇒ 𝑦=2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
𝑆 = {−2 , 2}
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

𝟔) (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 2 + 7)(𝑦 + 2 − 7) = 0
(𝑦 + 9)(𝑦 − 5) = 0

𝑦−5=0 ⇒ 𝑦=5 or 𝑦 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −9
𝑆 = {−9 ,5}

𝟕) (𝟑 − 𝒛)𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ (3 − 𝑧 − 1)(3 − 𝑧 + 1) = 0

⇒ 3−𝑧−1=0→ 2−𝑧 =0 ⇒ 𝑧=2

or 3 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 → 4 − 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧=4 𝑆 = {2 ,4}
##############################
25
𝟖) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 − √3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + √3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −√3

𝑆 = {−√3 , √3}
𝟏 1 1
𝟗) 𝒚𝟐 − =𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − ) (𝑦 + ) = 0
𝟗 3 3
1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑦− =0 ⇒ 𝑦= or 𝑦 + = 0 ⇒ 𝑦=−
3 3 3 3
1 1
𝑆 = {− , }
3 3
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Solve the following equations by using the rule of the square root

𝟏𝟎)𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±8 , 𝑆 = {−8 , 8}

𝟏𝟏) 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟕 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√7 , 𝑆{− √7 , √7 }

𝟒𝟗 49 7 −7 7
𝟏𝟐) 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=± ,𝑆 = { , }
𝟖 16 4 4 4

5 5
𝟏𝟑) 𝟔 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ 6𝑧 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑧2 = ⇒ 𝑧 = ±√
6 6

√5 √5 √5
⇒ 𝑧= ± , 𝑆 = {− , }
√6 √6 √6
========================

𝟏𝟒) 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐) = 𝟑𝟑 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 48 = 33 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 = 33 + 48

81 9 9 9
4𝑥 2 = 81 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=± , 𝑆 = {− , }
4 2 2 2
26

====================
 𝟐 𝟓 5 2 5−4 1
𝟏𝟓) 𝒛𝟐 + = ⇒ 𝑧2 = − ⇒ 𝑧2 = ⇒ 𝑧2 =
𝟑 𝟔 6 3 6 6
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑧=± , 𝑆 = {− , }
√6 √6 √6
15
𝟏𝟔) 𝟑√𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 ⇒ √𝑥 = ⇒ √𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 25
3

𝟏𝟕) √𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝑦−5=4 ⇒ 𝑦 =4+5 ⇒ 𝑦=9

36
𝟏𝟖) √𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 ⇒ 2𝑧 = 36 ⇒ 𝑧= ⇒ 𝑧 = 18
2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Solve the Exercises

19) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗 ⇒ 𝑥 = ∓7

20) 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎] ÷ 5 ⇒ 𝑦2 − 2 = 0

⇒ (𝑦 − √2)(𝑦 + √2) = 0

⇒ 𝑦 − √2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = √2

⇒ 𝑦 + √2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −√2

𝑆 = {−√𝟐, √𝟐}

Solve the following equations in R by using the difference between

two squares:
21) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎] ÷ 9 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2 , 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑆 = {−2,2}
27
𝟐𝟐) 𝟗(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) − 𝟕 = 𝟎 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 9 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
4
⇒ (3𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3
−4 −4 4
⇒ 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −4 ⇒ 3 𝑥 = ,𝑆 = { , }
3 3 3

𝟏 1 1
𝟐𝟑) 𝒚𝟐 − = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − ) (𝑦 + ) = 0
𝟑𝟔 6 6
1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑦 − = 0⇒ 𝑦 = , 𝑦 + = 0⇒ 𝑦 = −
6 6 6 6
−1 1
𝑆={ 6
, 6}

Solve the following equations by using the rule of the square root:

24) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 ⇒ 𝑥 = ∓11, 𝑆 = {−11,11}

25) 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎] ÷ 2 ⇒ 25 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 25
⇒ 𝑦 = ∓5, 𝑆 = {−5 ,5}
𝟏 1 −1 1
26) 𝒙𝟐 = ⇒ 𝑥=∓ , 𝑆={ , 8}
𝟔𝟒 8 8

27) 𝟕(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐) = 𝟓𝟎 ⇒ 7𝑥 2 − 14 = 50 ⇒ 7𝑥 2 = 50 + 14
64 8 8 8
⇒ 7𝑥 2 = 64 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=± , 𝑆 = {− ,}
7 √7 √7 √7
Solve the following equations:
30
𝟐𝟖) 𝟔√𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎 ⇒ √𝑥 = ⇒ √𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 25
6
𝟐𝟗) √𝟒𝒛 = 𝟖 ⇒ 4𝑧 = 64 ⇒ 𝑧 = 16
28
Solve the problems
Carpets: A rectangular- shaped carpet, its
length is 12 m and width 3m. It was divided
into parts to cover the floor of a square-
shaped room. write the equation which
represent the problem and find the side
length of the room?

Assume the side length of the room is 𝑥

𝐴 = 𝑥 2 (Area of the floor of the room)
(Area of the carpet)𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝑤
𝐴 = 12 × 3 = 36 𝑚2
Area of the floor = Area of the carpet

𝑥 2 = 36 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6𝑚 side length of the room

‫العدد السالب الناتج من الجذر التربيعي يهمل‬

==============================
Geometry: A piece of cardboard which was square 2
shaped, its side length is x cm. four equaled pieces were 2
cut from its four corners. The side length of each square
is 2cm. It was folded to form a box without cover. which
was a rectangular paralleled surfaces-shaped box, its
volume 32 cm3 write the equation which represent the problem and.
Find the side length of the origin cardboard.

The side length of cardboard is 𝑥

The side length of cardboard after cutting is 𝑥 − 4
29

𝐿 = 𝑥 − 4 (the length of the rectangular parallel)

𝑤 = 𝑥 − 4 (the width of the rectangular parallel)

ℎ = 2 (the height of rectangular parallel)

𝑉 = 𝐿 × 𝑤 × ℎ (the volume of rectangular parallel)
2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4) = 32 ] ÷ 2 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)2 = 16

By squared the both sides of the equation

⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = ±4
⇒ 𝑥−4=4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 + 4 = 8𝑐𝑚 side length of cardboard
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 4 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 + 4 = 0 neglect

Fountain: A square- shaped swimming pool

was designed in the center of a square-
shaped garden. Its side length is 3m.The
remained area of the garden which was
surrounded the pool was 40m2. Write the
equation which represent the problem and
the side length of the garden?

Assume the side length of the garden is 𝑥

The area of the garden is 𝑥 2
Area of the garden = area of swimming pool + remained area
𝐴 = (3)2 + 40 ⇒ 𝐴 = 9 + 40 ⇒ 𝐴 = 49
Side length of garden = √49 = 7𝑚
+++++======================+++++
30
Challenge: Solve the following equations

𝟏) 𝟗(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟑𝟒
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 9𝑥 2 + 9 = 34 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 = 34 − 9 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 = 25
25 5 5 5
𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=± , 𝑆 = {− , }
9 3 3 3

𝟐) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑥 − √3)(2𝑥 + √3) = 0

√3
⇒ 2𝑥 − √3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = √3 ⇒ 𝑥=
2
√3
or 2𝑥 + √3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = − √3 ⇒ 𝑥=−
2
−√3 √3
𝑆={ , }
2 2

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝟑) (𝒚 + ) − = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + − ) (𝑦 + + ) = 0
𝟐 𝟒 2 2 2 2
(𝑦)(𝑦 + 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 , 𝑆 = {0 , −1}

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Does the given set represent the solution set for the equation or
not?
3 −3
𝟏) (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 ,{ , }
√2 √2
By squared the both sides of the equation

2𝑦 + 1 = ±4
3
31

⇒ 2𝑦 + 1 = 4 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 4 − 1 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2
 −5
𝑜𝑟 2𝑦 + 1 = −4 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −4 − 1 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2
3 −5
𝑆={ , } ‫هي مجموعة الحل‬
2 2
******************************************
𝟒 −𝟒
, 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞: 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐢𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 { , √𝟓 }
√𝟓
represents the solution set for the equation 𝟓𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 , Discover
Salah’s mistake and correct it.
4 2 2 −2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 5𝑥 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=± , 𝑆={ , }
5 √5 √5 √5

=========================
Numerical sense: A positive integer consists of one digit, If one was
subtracted from it’s square, the result would be a number from the
multiplying of ten. What is the number?

𝑥 2 − 1 = 80

𝑥 2 = 80 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 81 ⇒ 𝑥 = 9
Write: The solution set for the equation: (8 − 3𝑦)2 − 1 = 0
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (8 − 3𝑦 − 1)(8 − 3𝑦 + 1) = 0
7
7 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 7 ⇒ 𝑦 =
3
9 7
𝑜𝑟 9 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 9 ⇒ 𝑦 = =3 , 𝑆={ , 3}
3 3

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
32
 Using Probe and Error to Solve the Quadratic Equations
(Experiment)

Solving the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

Use the factoring to solve the equations of second degree which
consist of three terms 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where b , c are real numbers
(factoring the expression to two brackets with two different signs or
two similar signs according to the sign of the absolute term and the
middle term).

‫حل المعادالت التربيعية بالتجربة‬

‫التحليل بطريقة التجربة في تحليل المعادالت من الدرجة الثانية والمؤلفة من ثالث حدود‬
‫ فيكون تحليل المقدار إلى‬.‫ أعداد حقيقية‬b , c ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝒂 حيث‬+ 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 ‫بصيغة‬
.‫قوسين بإشارتين مختلفتين أو بإشارتين متشابهتين بحسب إشارة الحد المطلق والحد األوسط‬

Learn: If the length of the basketball

court increases in about 2m more than
the double of its width, and its area is
480m2 . Find the two dimensions of the
court

Assume that the width of the court is the variable 𝑥,

so the length of the court will be 2𝑥 + 2

Court area = length × width

𝑥 (2𝑥 + 2) = 480
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 480 = 0 ] ÷ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 240 = 0
33
⇒ (𝑥 + 16) (𝑥 − 15) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −16 neglect
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15𝑚 the width

2(15) + 2 = 32 𝑚 the length.

Solve the following equations by factoring in experiment

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 ,

𝑆 = { 4 , 3}

𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 5)(𝑦 + 3) = 0
⇒ (𝑦 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5 𝑜𝑟 (𝑦 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3 ,
𝑆 = {−5, −3}

𝟑 ) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑧 + 6)(𝑧 − 5) = 0
(𝑧 + 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −6 𝑜𝑟 (𝑧 − 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 5 ,
𝑆 = {−6, 5}

𝟒) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
(𝑥 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 , 𝑆 = {4, −3}
=======================

Solving the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 0

You have previously learned how to solve an equation by experiment

method and the variable 𝑥 2 without coefficient. Now, you will learn
how to solve the same equation but with existence of coefficient for
the variable 𝑥 2
34
Ex. A swimming pool which its length is
less in three times of its width in 1 m. If the
area of the swimming pool is 140m2, find
its dimensions

Assume that the width of the swimming

pool is the variable x so the length of the
pool is 3x - 1

Area = width × length

𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1) = 140
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 140 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑥 + 20)(𝑥 − 7) = 0
−20
3𝑥 + 20 = 0 → 3𝑥 = −20 ⇒ 𝑥 = neglect
3
or 𝑥 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7𝑚 width
∴ 3(7) − 1 = 20𝑚 length
=========================
Solve the following equations by factoring in experiment
𝟏) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (4𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
2 1
4𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = =
4 2
1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 ∴ 𝑆 = { , 3}
2

=======================
𝟐) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎 ÷3

.‫ يمكن تبسيط المعادلة بقسمة الطرفين على العامل المشترك االكبر لالعداد فقط‬: ‫تذكر‬

𝑥2 + 6 𝑥 − 7 = 0
35

(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑆 = {1, −7}
_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_
𝟑) 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (4 + 𝑧)(5 + 2𝑧) = 0
−5 −5
4 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −4 𝑜𝑟 5 + 2𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = , 𝑆 = {−4 , }
2 2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

𝟒) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎 ÷ 3 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 − 8 = 0

⇒ (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 8) = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥
−1
=
3
−1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑆 = { , 8}
3
==========================

Make sure of your understanding

Solve the following equations by factoring in experiment:

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑆 = { 6 , 3}
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 , 𝑆 = {8 , −4}
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
𝟑) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒚 − 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 49)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 + 49 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −49 , 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 ,
36

𝑆 = {−49 , 1}
𝟒) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 12)(𝑦 − 3) = 0

⇒ 𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −12 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3
𝑆 = {−12 , 3}
================================

𝟓) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1 ,
𝑆 = {2 ,1}

𝟔) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − 11)(𝑦 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 − 11 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 11 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
𝑆 = {11, −3}
###############################
7) What is the number which its square is greater than its double in 35?

Assume the member is 𝑥

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 35
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 5) = 0

𝑥 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

8) What is the number that if we add its fourfold to it’s square, the
result will be 45?

Assume the member is 𝑥

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 45
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 45 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
37
 9) A carpet, its length is more than its width
in about 2m and its area is 48m2, what are
the dimensions of the carpet?

Assume the width = 𝑥

The length = 𝑥 + 2

Area = width × length

𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 48
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 48 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 = −8 neglect , 𝑥 = 6𝑚 width ⇒ length = 6 + 2 = 8𝑚

**********************************

Solve the following equations by factoring in experiment

𝟏𝟎) 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ (5𝑥 − 7)(3𝑥 + 2) = 0

7
⇒ 5𝑥 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑥 =
5
−2 −2 7
𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −2 ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑆 = { 3 , 5}
3

=========================

𝟏𝟏) 𝟔 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (3 + 5𝑥 )(2 − 𝑥 ) = 0

−3
⇒ 3 + 5𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥= , 𝑜𝑟 2 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =2,
5
−3
𝑆={ , 2}
5
==========================
38
𝟏𝟐) 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 2 ⇒ 21 + 32𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 = 0
−3
(3 + 2𝑦) (7 + 6𝑦) = 0 ⇒ 3 + 2 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2
−7 −7 −3
𝑜𝑟 7 + 6 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑆={ , }
6 6 2
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

𝟏𝟑) 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟕𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (12 − 𝑥 )(3 − 6𝑥 ) = 0

3 1
⇒ 12 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 12 , 𝑜𝑟 3 − 6𝑥 − 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = =
6 2
1
𝑆 = {12, }
2
*********************************

𝟏𝟒) 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (14 − 𝑦)(5 − 2𝑦) = 0

5
⇒ 14 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 14 𝑜𝑟 5 − 2𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = ,
2
5
𝑆 = {14, }
2
*********************************

15) A rectangular- shaped land, its

length is more than its width in 4m,
what are the two dimensions of
the land if its area is 60m2 ?

Assume the width = 𝑥

The length = 𝑥 + 4

Area = width × length

39
𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) = 60
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 60 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 + 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −10 neglect
or 𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6𝑚 width , Length = 6 + 4 = 10𝑚

=======================

Solve the Exercises

16) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 7) = 0

𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 , 𝑥 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7 , 𝑆 = {8,7 }

17) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 9)(𝑦 + 7) = 0

𝑦 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −9 , 𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −7 , 𝑆 = {−9, −7 }

18) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎

𝑥 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −16 , 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑆 = {−16,1 }

20) A rectangular- shaped metal, its width decreases in 2m from its

length. What are the two dimensions of the piece of metal? If its
area is 24m2 ?

Assume the length = 𝑥, The width= 𝑥 − 2

Area = width × length

𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) = 24
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 0

⇒ 𝑥−6=0⇒ 𝑥 =6𝑚 length

width = 6 − 2 = 4 𝑚
40

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 neglect
21) A dining hall, its length less from the twice of its width in 3m and
its area is 54m2 , what are the dimensions of the hall?

Assume the width = 𝑥, The length = 2𝑥 − 3

Area = width × length

𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3) = 54
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 54 = 0 ⇒ (2𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
−9
⇒ 2𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = neglect
2
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6𝑚 width
length = 2(6) − 3 ⇒ 12 − 3 = 9𝑚
================================
Find the solution set for the following equations
22) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑆 = {1,3 }

23) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −3 , 𝑆 = {−3,12 }

24) 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ÷ 𝟐 ⇒ 2 − 13𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 = 0

⇒ (2 − 𝑥 )(1 − 6𝑥 ) = 0
1
2 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 1 − 6𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 1 = 6𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 =
6
1
𝑆 = { ,1 }
6
41
 Solve the problems
Sport: If the length of a picture of football
stadium increases in 4m more than the
twice of its width, its area was 160m2.
What are the two dimensions of the
picture?

Assume the width = 𝑥, The length = 2𝑥 + 4

Area = width × length , 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 4) = 160

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 160 = 0 ] ÷ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 80 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 8) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −10 neglect

𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8𝑚 width , 2(8) + 4 = 20𝑚 length

Field of ostriches: If the length of a field for
breeding ostriches decreases in 4m than the
twice of its width. If its area was 96m2 , will
a 44m length fence be enough to surround
the field?

Assume the width = 𝑥, The length = 2𝑥 − 4

Area = width × length , 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 4) = 96

2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 96 = 0 ] ÷ 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 48 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8𝑚 width
2(8) − 4 = 12 𝑚 length ,
42

or 𝑥 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6 neglect
P= 2(𝐿 + 𝑤) = perimeter of rectangle

= 2 (12 + 8) = 40 𝑚
44m length fence be enough to surround the field

#####################################

Picture frame: Samir bought a picture frame, its length

is twice of its width. Samir needs to shorten the frame
in 2cm from both length and width to make it suitable
for picture. What are the dimensions of the frame
which Samir bought if the picture area is 40 cm2 ?

Assume the width = 𝑥, The length = 2𝑥

The width after shorten the frame = 𝑥 − 2

The length after shorten the frame = 2𝑥 − 2

Area = width × length

(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = 40 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 40 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 36 = 0] ÷ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 18 = 0

(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6𝑐𝑚 width

length = 2𝑥 = 2 (6) = 12 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 neglect

********************************

Challenge: Solve the following equations by factoring in experiment

𝟏) (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟏𝟒 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 − 14 = 0

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥−5=0 ⇒ 𝑥 =5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 ,
43

𝑆 = {5, −4}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

𝟐) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎 ⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 11𝑦 + 10 − 80 = 0

⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 11𝑦 − 70 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑦 + 10)(𝑦 − 7) = 0
−10
⇒ 3𝑦 + 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 7
3
10
𝑆 = {− ,7}
3
========================

Clarify. Does the given set represent a solution set for the equation
or not?

𝑖. 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 30
By check

−2 2 −2 4 4 16 4 16 − 20 −4
4( ) + 2 ( ) = 4( ) − = − = =
5 5 25 5 25 5 25 25
The given set does not represents a solution set for the equation

By solve the equation

4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 30 = 0 ] ÷ 2

= 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
−5
⇒ 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=
2
−5
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑆 = {, , 3}
2
7
ii. 42 – 33y + 6y 2 = 0 , {2 , }
2
44
 7
(7 − 2𝑦)(2 − 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ 7 − 2𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2
𝑜𝑟 2 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
7
S = {2 , } , The given set represents a solution set for the
2
equation

****************************
Write: An equation represents the following problem, then find its
solution:
What is the integer number which its square is less than its
twice in -35
Assume the number = 𝑥

2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −35 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 = 0
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7 , 𝑥 = −5

45
 Solving the Quadratic Equations by Perfect square
Use the factoring in solving equations by factoring the complete
square to find the solution set of the equation.

Learn : Jaguar ( Panthera onca ) is a

kind of tigers. The equation
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎 represents a
square region area in square meters
which is allocated to the tiger inside
a zoo. What is the expression which
represented the side length of the
squared area?

𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100 = 0
(𝑥 − 10)2 = 0 A perfect square because:
(the middle term =2× the first term root × the last term root)
‫ × جذر الحد االول × جذر الحد االول‬2 =‫المقدار يمثل مربع كامل الن الحد الوسط‬

⇒ 𝑥 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 10 (By squared the both sides of the

equation)

So the side length of the square region area which is allocated to

tiger is 10m

Solving the following equations by the perfect square

𝟏) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑥 + 5)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 5 = 0

−5
⇒ 2𝑥 = −5 ⇒ 𝑥=
2
==================================
46
 𝟐
𝟏 1 2 1 1
𝟐) 𝒚 − 𝒚 + = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − = 0 ⇒ 𝑦=
𝟒 2 2 2
√3
𝟑) 𝟑 − 𝟔√𝟑𝒛 + 𝟗𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (√3 − 3𝑧)2 = 0 ⇒ √3 − 3𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3

𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬

2
3 − 6√3𝑧 + 9𝑧 2 = 0 ÷ 3 ⇒ 1 − 2√3𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 = 0 ⇒ (1 − √3𝑧) = 0
1
⇒ 1 − √3𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 =
√3
======================

Solving Equations by completing the square

To solve an equation of second degree by completing the square:

1- We put the quadratic equation as follow: 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 = −𝒄 ،

where a ≠ 0 2- If a≠1, the equation will be divided by a.

3- We add the expression (quadrate of the half factor x) to the two

sides of the equation.
4- We factor the left side which becomes a perfect square after step
3 , then we simplify the right part.
5- We take the square root for the two sides, then we find the
values of x.

‫حل المعادالت بطريقة أكمال المربع‬

𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝒂 حيث‬+ 𝒃𝒙 = −𝒄 ‫) نضع المعادلة التربيعية بالصورة‬1

𝒂 ‫) إذا كان 𝟏 ≠ 𝒂 نقسم المعادلة على‬2
. )𝒙 ‫) نضيف الى طرفي المعادلة المقدار (مربع نصف معامل‬3
.‫) نحلل الطرف االيسر الذي اصبح مربع كامل ونبسط الطرف االيمن‬4
𝒙 ‫) ناخذ الجذر التربيعي لطرفي المعادلة ونجد قيم‬5
47
Solve the following equations by complete square

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 12
2 2
1 1
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + ( . 4) = 12 + ( . 4) ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 12 + 4
2 2
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = ∓4 ⇒ 𝑥−2=4 ⇒ 𝑥 =4+2=6
or 𝑥 − 2 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4 + 2 = −2 𝑆 = {6 , 2}

𝟐) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟑𝒚 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 = 3 ] ÷ 2
2 2
3 1 3 3 1 3
𝑦2 − 𝑦 + ( . ) = + ( . )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 9 3 9 3 24 + 9
𝑦2 − 𝑦 + = + ⇒ (𝑦 − ) =
2 16 2 16 4 16

3 2 33 3 √33
(𝑦 − ) = ⇒ 𝑦− =∓
4 16 4 4
3 + √33 3 − √33 3 + √33 3 − √33
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = ,𝑆 = { , }
4 4 4 4

*******************************

The length of a rectangle is greater than its width in

2cm estimate, the length and width of the rectangle
by nearing to the nearest integer n if its area was
36m2

Assume that the rectangular width is the variable x, then the

rectangle length is x+2.
48

𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 36 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 36 ‫ا‬
 2
1
2
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 36 + 1 ‫ ( للطرفين‬.2) = 1 ‫باضافة‬
2

⇒ (𝑥 + 1)2 = 37 ⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = √37 ⇒ 𝑥 + 1 ≃ √36 = 6

⇒ 𝑥 + 1 ≃ 6 ⇒ 𝑥 ≃ 5 the nearest width

5 + 2 ≃ 7𝑐𝑚 the nearest length

********************************

Make sure of your understanding

Solve the following equations by the perfect square

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 + 6)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6 , 𝑆 = {−6}
========================
𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − 5)2 = 0
𝑦−5=0 ⇒ 𝑦 =5 , 𝑆 = { 5}
=============================
𝟑) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
1 1
⇒ 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑆={ }
2 2
=============================
2
𝟒) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟕𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + √7) = 0
𝑦 + √7 = 0 , 𝑦 = −√7 , 𝑆 = {−√7}
===========================
𝟓) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 = −𝟔𝟒 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 64 = 0
(𝑥 + 8)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8 , 𝑆 = {−8}
==========================
49
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫𝟏 𝟏‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)𝟔‬ ‫‪− 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ ( − 𝑥) = 0‬‬
‫𝟐 𝟔𝟏‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫= 𝑥 ⇒ ‪−𝑥 =0‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫} {=𝑆‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫========================‬

‫‪Solve the following equations by complete square‬‬

‫تذكر‪ :‬في حل المعادلة التربيعية بأكمال المربع يجب جعل معامل ‪ 𝑥 2‬يساوي ‪. 1‬‬

‫⇒ 𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐 ‪𝟕) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 −‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 = 24‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫باضافة ‪ ( . 10) = 25‬لطرفي المعادلة‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 = 24 + 25 ⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 = 49‬‬ ‫بأخذ الجذر التربيعي‬

‫⇒ ‪𝑥 − 5 = ±7‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑥−5=7‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 = 7 + 5 = 12‬‬

‫⇒ ‪𝑥 − 5 = −7‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 = −7 + 5 = −2‬‬ ‫}‪, 𝑆 = {−2, 12‬‬
‫*******************************‬

‫⇒ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 ‪𝟖) 𝒚𝟐 −‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 3‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫باضافة ‪ ( . 2) = 1‬لطرفي المعادلة‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫⇒ ‪𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 3 + 1‬‬ ‫بأخذ الجذر التربيعي ‪(𝑦 − 1)2 = 4‬‬

‫‪𝑦 − 1 = ±2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪𝑦−1=2‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 =2+1=3‬‬
‫⇒ ‪𝑦 − 1 = −2‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = −2 + 1 = −1‬‬ ‫} ‪𝑆 = { −1,3‬‬
‫==============================‬
‫‪50‬‬
 ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪𝟗) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 −‬‬ ‫‪𝑥=4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3 2‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫( لطرفي المعادلة‬ ‫باضافة ‪. 4) = 64‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3 2 256 + 9‬‬
‫‪𝑥 − 𝑥+‬‬ ‫‪=4+‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫= ) ‪(𝑥 −‬‬ ‫⇒‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫‪3 2 265‬‬
‫= ) ‪(𝑥 −‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪√265‬‬ ‫‪3 √265‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑥−‬‬ ‫‪=±‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑥‬ ‫‪±‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪3 + √265 3 − √265‬‬
‫{=𝑆‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫===============================‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑦 ‪𝟏𝟎) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏 ] ÷ 3 ⇒ 𝑦 2 +‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫( لطرفي المعادلة‬ ‫= ) ‪.‬‬ ‫باضافة‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 2 3+1‬‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬
‫‪𝑦 + 𝑦+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇒ (𝑦 +‬‬ ‫) ‪⇒ (𝑦 +‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑦+‬‬ ‫‪= ±‬‬ ‫‪⇒ 𝑦= ± −‬‬ ‫=𝑦 ⇒‬ ‫= ‪−‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3 3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪−2 1‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=𝑦‬ ‫=𝑦 ⇒ ‪−‬‬ ‫} ‪= −1 , 𝑆 = { −1,‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫===============================‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝟔‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫‪1 6‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫= 𝒙 ‪𝟏𝟏) 𝒙 −‬‬ ‫( باضافة‬ ‫= ) ‪.‬‬
‫𝟓‬ ‫𝟓‬ ‫‪2 5‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
 2
6 9 1 9 3 2 5+9 3 √14
𝑥 − + = + ⇒ (𝑥 − ) = ⇒ 𝑥− =±
5 25 5 25 5 25 5 5
3 √14 3 + √14 3 √14 3 − √14
𝑥= + = , 𝑥= − =
5 5 5 5 5 5
3 + √14 3 − √14
𝑆={ , }
5 5

𝟏𝟐) 𝟓 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 5𝑦 2 + 15𝑦 = 30] ÷ 5

⇒ 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 = 6

1 2 9
( 2 . 3) = ‫باضافة‬
4

2
9 9 3 2 24 + 9
𝑦 + 3𝑦 + =6+ ⇒ (𝑦 + ) =
4 4 2 4
3 √33 3 √33 −3 + √33
𝑦+ = ± ⇒ 𝑦=− + ⇒ 𝑦=
2 2 2 2 2
3 √33 −3 − √33 −3 + √33 −3 − √33
𝑦=− − = , 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2 2 2

=====*****************=====

Solve the Exercises

Solve the following equations by the perfect square:

13) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 + 12)2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 + 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −12
2
𝟏𝟒 ) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒√𝟐𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 2√2) = 0
52

⇒ 𝑦 + 2√2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2√2
‫‪𝟏𝟓) 3𝒚𝟐 + 36 − 12 √𝟑 y = 0‬‬

‫𝟑 ÷ ]‪3𝒚𝟐 − 12 √𝟑 y + 36 = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑦 2 − 4√3 𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 + 2√3) = 0‬‬

‫‪𝑦 + 2√3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2√3‬‬

‫‪Solve the following equations by complete square:‬‬

‫)‪16‬‬ ‫𝟑 = 𝒚𝟑√𝟐 ‪𝒚𝟐 +‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫( لطرفي المعادلة‬ ‫باضافة ‪. 2√3) = 3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝟑 ‪𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟑 +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⇒ (𝑦 + √3) = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 + √3 = ±√6 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±√6 − √3‬‬
‫*************************‬
‫𝟎 = 𝒙𝟐 ‪17) 𝒙𝟐 −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫( لطرفي المعادلة‬ ‫باضافة ‪. 2) = 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟏 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = ±1‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑥 = ±1 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 + 1 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 + 1 = 0‬‬
‫} ‪𝑆 = { 0,2‬‬
‫**********************‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝟒 = 𝒙 ‪18) 𝒙𝟐 −‬‬
‫𝟑‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫( لطرفي المعادلة‬ ‫باضافة‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫= ) ‪𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + = 4 + ⇒ (𝑥 −‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪√37‬‬ ‫‪1 √37‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑥− = ±‬‬ ‫‪⇒ 𝑥= ±‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1 √37‬‬
‫‪𝑆={ ±‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪53‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
Solve the following equations by complete square, then find the
result by nearing to the nearest integer

𝟏𝟗) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 15 + 9

(𝑥 − 3)2 = 24 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = ∓√24 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 ≃ ±√25

𝑥 − 3 ≃ ±5 ⇒ 𝑥 =3+5 ≃8
𝑥 ≃ 3 − 5 ⇒ 𝑥 ≃ −2 , 𝑆 = {8, −2 }
=============================

𝟐𝟎) 𝒚(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐𝟖) = 𝟐𝟖 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 = 28] ÷ 2

𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 = 14
2
. 14) = 49 ‫باضافة‬
1
(
2

𝑦 2 + 14𝑦 + 49 = 14 + 49 ⇒ (𝑦 + 7)2 = 63

𝑦 + 7 = ±√63 ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 ≃ ±√64 ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 ≃ ± 8
𝑦 =8−7 ≃1, 𝑦 = −8 − 7 ≃ −15 , 𝑆 = {1 , −15}
============================

𝟐𝟕) 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒛 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 = −10

𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 + 25 = −10 + 25 ⇒ (𝑧 − 5)2 = 15

𝑧 + 5 = ± √15 ⇒ 𝑧 + 5 = ±√16 ⇒ 𝑧 + 5 = ±4
𝑧 = 4−5=1 ⇒ 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −4 − 5 = −9 , 𝑆 = {−9 ,1}
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
54
 ‫ال تقل ال استطيع فالمستحيل ليس له مكان‬
... ‫ والحلم حلمك‬... ‫فالهدف هدفك‬

‫أمض نحو حلمك وحقق هدفك وتجاوز العقبات‬

‫وصحح االخطاء ليرى حلمك النور‬

Solve the problems

Babylon city: It is Babylon in Latin. It is an Iraqi city
which sites nearby the river of Euphrates. It was the
capital of Babylonians during the reign of Hamoraby
(1750-1792) BC. Find the from the equation x2 - 28x
+ 196 = 0 which represents the length of the side of
one of the square – shaped hall

‫المساحة√ = طول الضلع‬ , 𝑥 = √𝐴

𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 196 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 14)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 14 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 14𝑚 the length of side hall
55
Panda bear: The area which was allocated to
the Panda bear in a zoo is a rectangular-
shaped area which is 126 m2 . its width is less
than the length in 8 m. find the dimensions of
the allocated area for panda by nearing to the
nearest integer
Let the width = 𝑥 , the length= 𝑥 + 8
A=L×w
𝑥 (𝑥 + 8) = 126 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = 126 = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = 126 + 16
(𝑥 + 4)2 = 142 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = √142 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 ≃ √144
𝑥 + 4 ≃ 12 ⇒ 𝑥 ≃ 12 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 ≃ 8𝑚 the width
8 + 8 ≃ 16 16 m the length
##################################
Whales: Some whales are swimming in
groups towards the beach and no one
know why because there is no scientific
illustration to these phenomena. Those
who interested in protecting the
environment try to return them to the
sea. Solve the equation x2 + 20x = 525 by the method of completing
the square to find the value of x which represents the number of
whales which swam toward the beach in Australia.

𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 = 525 ⇒
𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 100 = 525 + 100
⇒ (𝑥 + 10)2 = 625 ⇒ 𝑥 + 10 = 25
56

𝑥 + 10 = 25 ⇒ 𝑥 = 25 − 10 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15 the number of whales

Challenge: Solve the following equations by completing the square,
then find the result by nearing to the nearest integer

𝟏) 𝟒𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟔) = 𝟐𝟕 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 27] ÷ 4

27 27 1 2
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = +9 ( × 6) = 9
4 4 2
27 + 36 63
(𝑥 − 3)2 = ⇒ (𝑥 − 3)2 =
4 4
√63 √64 8
𝑥−3=± ⇒ 𝑥−3 ≃ ± ⇒ 𝑥−3 ≃ ±
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 ≃ ±4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 ≃ 7
𝑥 = 3 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑆 ≃ {7 , −1}

𝟐) 𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒚 = 𝟔 ÷ 6
2
2
𝑦 − 8𝑦 = 1 1
( × 8) = 16
2
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 1 + 16

(𝑦 − 4)2 = 17 ⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = ± √17

𝑦 − 4 ≃ ± √16 ⇒ 𝑦 − 4 ≃ ±4 ⇒ 𝑦 ≃ ±4 + 4
⇒ 𝑦 ≃4+4≃8 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≃ −4 + 4 ≃ 0
Correct the mistake: Sawsen solved the equation 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 by
the method of completing the square, then wrote the solution set for the
√𝟑 −√𝟑
equation as follows: 𝑺 = { , }
𝟒 𝟒
−3
4𝑥 2 − 4√3𝑥 = −3] ÷ 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 =
4
2
‫أضافة‬
1 3
57

( . √3) =
2 4
 3 −3 3
𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 + = +
4 4 4
2
√3 √3 √3
⇒ (𝑥 − ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑆={ }
2 2 2

Numerical sense:
Does the solution set of the equation 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 contains two
equaled values in the expression which one of them is positive and
the other is negative? Clarify your answer
‫ 𝑦 يمثل مربع كامل فأنه يحتوي على قيمة واحدة‬2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 ‫ بما أن المقدار‬: ‫الحل‬
: ‫ كما في المعادلة‬2 ‫موجبة وهي‬

𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2

=============================

Write: The solution set for the equation:

𝟏 𝟐
− 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟖𝟏 𝟗
2
1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: ( − 𝑧) = 0 ⇒ − 𝑧=0 ⇒ 𝑧= ∴ 𝑆={ }
9 9 9 9

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 58
 Using General Law to Solve Equations
You have previously learned how to solve an equation of second
degree by many methods, but there are equations which cannot be
solved by the previous methods, so we will solve them by the general
law (constitution) by finding the real roots for the quadratic equation,
as follow:
1) We put the quadratic equation in the general form (standard)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
2) We write the values of coefficients: a coefficient x 2, b coefficient x
with its sign, c represents the absolute term with its sign. Substitution
by the general law to find the two values of the variable.
‫حل المعادالت بالقانون العام‬
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
‫أن حل المعادالت التربيعية اليجاد الجذور الحقيقية للمعادلة‬

... ‫ 𝑥𝑎 نتبع الخطوات التالية‬2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

. 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ‫) نضع المعادلة التربيعية بالصورة العامة‬1

‫ 𝑏 معامل 𝑥 مع اشارته 𝑐 الحد المطلق مع‬, 𝑥 2 ‫ 𝑎 معامل‬: ‫) نكتب قيم المعامالت‬2

. ‫اشارته‬

. ‫𝑐 في القانون العام اليجاد قيمتي المتغير‬, 𝑏 , 𝑎 ‫) نعوض قيم‬3

Learn : An aisle was required to be paved on the two sides of a home

garden. It was paved with ceramics. The length of the garden is 7m
and its width is 5m. And the area of paving is 45 m2 find the width of
the aisle which was required to be paved with ceramics
59
Assume that the width of the aisle is 𝑥
then the area of the right part of the aisle equals7𝑥,
the area of the front part =5𝑥 ,
the area of the aisle angle = 𝑥 2 and the sum of the two area of the
paving is 45m2..
7𝑥 = ‫ مساحة الجزء االيمن‬، 𝑥 = ‫ عرض الممر‬: ‫الحل‬
7
𝑥 2 = ‫ مساحة زاوية الممر‬، 5𝑥 = ‫مساحة الجزء االمامي‬
5
45 = ‫مساحة الرصف الكلية‬

𝑥 2 + 7 𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 45 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 − 45 = 0
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 12 , 𝑐 = −45

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −12 ± √144 − 4(1)(−45)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(1)

−12 ± √144 + 180 −12 ± √324

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2
−12 + 18
⇒ 𝑥= = 3𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑒
2
−12−18
or 𝑥 = = −15𝑚 neglect
2

*******************************
60
Find the solution set for the following equations by using the general
law

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = −5

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥
2𝑎
3 ± √9 − 4(1)(−5) −3 ± √9 + 20
= ⇒
2(1) 2

3 ± √29 3 + √29 3 − √29

⇒ 𝑥= , 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2

**********************************

‫ فال أحد يستطيع ان يمنعك من تحقيق احالمك إال انت‬.... ‫انطلق وال تتردد‬

61
 The Discriminative (∆= 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 )
In the first part of this lesson, you have learned how to solve the
equation by the general law to find the real roots of the equation.
Now, we will talk about the discriminate of the quadratic equation

which ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

∆= 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ‫المقدار المميز‬

‫ 𝑥𝑎 لمعرفة مايلي‬2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ‫يستخدم مميز المعادلة التربيعية‬

‫) نوع جذري المعادلة‬1

‫ أم ال‬R ‫) هل للمعادلة حل في‬2

62
 ‫المقدار المميز‬
The discriminative
∆=b2 -4ac

∆>0 ∆<0
∆=0
Positive ‫موجب‬ Negative ‫سالب‬

‫جذرا لمعادلة‬ ‫جذرا المعادلة‬ ‫ليس للمعادلة حل في‬

R ‫للمعادلة حل في‬ ‫جذرا المعادلة غير‬
‫حقيقيان غير‬ R ‫للمعادلة حل في‬ ‫حقيقيان متساويان‬ )∅ = ‫ (مجموعة الحل‬R
‫حقيقيان‬
has a solution ‫متساويان‬ has a solution )‫(جذر حقيقي واحد‬ doesn’t have a two unreal
in R two not in R two equaled solution in R. roots
equaled roots. real roots S= ∅

‫مربع كامل‬ ‫ليس مربع كامل‬

‫جذرا المعادلة‬ ‫جذرا المعادلة غير‬
‫نسبيان‬ ‫نسبيان‬
two rational two irrational
real roots real roots

Determine the equation roots, firstly, then find the solution set if it
is possible

1) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = 3 , 𝑐 = −2

∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 9 − 4 (2)(−2) ⇒ ∆ = 9 + 16 ⇒ ∆
= 25 > 0
The discriminative expression is a perfect square that means the
equation has two rational roots

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 ± √9 − 4 (2)(−2)
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(2)
63
 −3 ± √25 −3 ± 5 −3 + 5 1
⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= =
4 4 4 2
−3 − 5
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = = −2
4
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −4 , 𝑐 = −9
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 16 − 4 (1)(−9)
⇒ ∆= 16 + 36 ⇒ ∆= 52 > 0
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots.

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 4 ± √52 4 + √52

𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
2𝑎 2(1) 2
4 − √52
=
2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

3) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟖𝒛 = −𝟏𝟔 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 + 16 = 0 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 8 , 𝑐 = 16

∆ = 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 64 − 4 (1)(16) ⇒ ∆= 64 − 64 ⇒ ∆
=0
The discriminative expression is zero , that means the equation has
two equaled real roots.

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −8 ± √64 − 64 −8
𝑧= ⇒ 𝑧= ⇒ 𝑧=
2𝑎 2 2
= −4
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
64
4) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = 10
∆ = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 4 − 4 (1)(10) ⇒ ∆= 4 − 40

⇒ ∆= −30 < 0

The discriminative expression is negative, therefore the •

equation doesn’t have a solution in R. S= ∅
*******************************
What is the value of the constant (K) which makes the two roots of
the equation 𝒙𝟐 − (𝑲 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 equaled? Check your answer.

The two roots of the equation will be equaled when the value of the
discriminative expression Δ equals zero

𝑎 = 1 ,𝑏 = 𝐾 + 1 ,𝑐 = 4
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝐾 + 1)2 − 4 (1)(4) = 0
(𝐾 + 1)2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ (𝐾 + 1)2 = 16 ⇒ 𝐾 + 1 = ±4
𝐾+1 =4 ⇒ 𝐾 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝐾 + 1 = −4 ⇒ 𝐾 = −5
Check…..

𝐾=3 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − (3 + 1) 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 4 𝑥 + 4 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=2
𝐾 = −5 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − (−5 + 1)𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + 4 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
65
 Make sure of your understanding
Find the solution set for the following equations by using the general
law

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −4 , 𝑐 = −5

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 4 ± √16 − 4 (1)(−5)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2
4 ± √16 + 20 4 ± √36 4±6
⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2 2
4+6 4−6
⇒ 𝑥= = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = = −1
2 2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 5 , 𝑐 = −1

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −5 ± √25 − 4 (1)(−1)

𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2
−5 ± √25 + 4 −5 ± √29
⇒ 𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2 2
−5 + √29 −5 − √29
𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =
2 2
𝟑) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒙 = −𝟐 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2 = 0 ,
𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = −9 , 𝑐 = 2

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 9 ± √81 − 4 (3)(2)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(3)

9 ± √81 − 24 9 ± √57
⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
6 6
66
 9 + √57 9 − √57
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
6 6
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

𝟒) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟔 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 − 6 = 0 ,
𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 8 , 𝑐 = −6

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −8 ± √64 − 4(4)(−6)

𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2(4)

−8 ± √64 + 96 −8 ± √160
⇒ 𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
8 8
−8 + √160 −8 − √160
𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =
8 8
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝟓) 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = −12 , 𝑐 = 9

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 9 ± √144 − 4 (4)(9)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(4)

12 ± √144 − 144 12 3
⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
8 8 2
********************************

𝟔) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑 = −𝟓𝒚 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 − 3 = 0 ,
𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = 5 , 𝑐 = −3

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −5 ± √25 − 4(2)(−3)

𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2(4)

−5 ± √25 + 24 −5 ± √49
⇒ 𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
67

4 4
 −5 ± 7 −5 + 7 1 −5 − 7
⇒ 𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦= = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = =3
4 4 2 4
############################################

Determine the roots of equation at firstly, then find the solution set
if it is possible

7) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟓 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 , 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = 3 , 𝑐 = −5

∆ = 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 9 − 4 (2)(−5) ⇒ ∆= 9 + 40
⇒ ∆ = 49
The discriminative expression is a perfect square that means the
equation has two rational roots

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 ± √49 −3 ± 7
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(2) 4
−3 + 7 4 −3 − 7 −10 −5
⇒ 𝑥= = = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = = =
4 4 4 4 2
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

𝟖) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −8 , 𝑐 = −12
∆ = 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 64 − 4 (1)(−12) ⇒
∆= 64 + 48 ⇒ ∆ = 112 > 0
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots.

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 8 ± √112
𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2(1)

8 + √112 8 − √112
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =
68

2 2
9) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = −7 , 𝑐 = 6
∆ = 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 49 − 4 (3)(6) ⇒ ∆= 49 − 72 = −23 < 0

The discriminative expression is negative; therefore, the equation

doesn’t have a solution in R.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

𝟏𝟎) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟗𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 9 , 𝑐 = 12
∆ = 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = 81 − 4 (1)(12) ⇒ ∆= 81 − 48 = 33
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots.

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −9 ± √33
𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
11) What is the value of the constant (k) which makes the two roots
of the equation 𝒙𝟐 − (𝒌 + 𝟐 )𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 equaled? Check your
answer

𝑥 2 − (𝑘 + 2 )𝑥 + 36 = 0 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 + 2 , 𝑐 = 36
The two roots of the equation equaled ⇒ ∆=0

𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 2)2 − 4(1)(36) = 0

(𝑘 + 2)2 − 144 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 2)2 = 144 ‫بالجذر التربيعي‬

⇒ 𝑘 + 2 = ±12
⇒ 𝑘 = 12 − 2 = 10 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −12 − 2 = −14
69
Check….

𝑘 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − (10 + 2)𝑥 + 36 = 0
𝑥 2 − 12 𝑥 + 36 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 6)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=6
𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −14 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − (−14 + 2)𝑥 + 36 = 0
𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 + 36 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 6)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6
%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*

12) What is the value of the constant (K) which makes the two roots
of the equation 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 = (𝒌 − 𝟓 )𝒚 equaled? Check your
answer.

4𝑦 2 + 25 = (𝑘 − 5 )𝑦 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 − (𝑘 − 5)𝑦 + 25 = 0
𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 − 5 , 𝑐 = 25
The two roots of the equation equaled ⇒ ∆=0

𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 5)2 − 4(4)(25) = 0

(𝑘 − 5)2 − 400 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 5)2 = 400 ⇒ 𝑘 − 5 = ±20

⇒ 𝑘 = 20 + 5 ⇒ 𝑘 = 25 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −20 + 5 ⇒ 𝑘 = −15
Check….

𝑘 = 25 ⇒ 4 𝑦 2 − (25 − 5)𝑦 + 25 = 0
⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ (2𝑦 − 5)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
5
⇒ 𝑦=
2
𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −15 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 − (−15 − 5)𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 + 20 𝑦 + 25 = 0
−5
(2𝑦 + 5)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 𝑦=
2
70
13) What is the value of the constant (K) which makes the two
roots of the equation 𝒛𝟐 − (𝒌 + 𝟒)𝒛 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 equaled? Check
your answer.

𝑧 2 − (𝑘 + 4)𝑧 + 16 = 0 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 + 4 , 𝑐 = 16

The two roots of the equation equaled ⇒ ∆=0

𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 4)2 − 4(1)(16) = 0
(𝑘 + 4)2 − 64 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 4)2 = 64 ⇒ 𝑘 + 4 = ±8
𝑘 + 4 = 8 ⇒ 𝑘 = 8 − 4 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 + 4 = −8 − 4 = −12
Check…
𝑘 = 4 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − (4 + 4)𝑧 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − 8𝑧 + 16 = 0
(𝑧 − 4)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 4

𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −12 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − (−12 + 4)𝑧 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 + 16 = 0

(𝑧 + 4)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −4
**********************************
14) Show that the equation z2 - 6z + 28 = 0 doesn’t have a solution
set in real number
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −6 , 𝑐 = 28 ⇒ ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

∆= (−6)2 − 4 (1)(28) ⇒ ∆= 36 − 112 ⇒ ∆= −76 < 0

The discriminative expression is negative, therefore the equation
doesn’t have a solution in R.
The solution set =∅
***********************************
71
24) What is the value of the constant (K) which makes the two
roots of the equation 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − (𝒌 − 𝟔)𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 equaled? Check
your answer.

4𝑦 2 − (𝑘 − 6)𝑦 + 36 = 0
𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 − 6 , 𝑐 = 36
The two roots of the equation equaled ⇒ ∆=0

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(𝑘 − 6)2 − 4 (4)(36) = 0
(𝑘 − 6)2 − 576 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 6)2 = 576

𝑘 − 6 = ±24 ⇒ 𝑘 = ±24 + 6
⇒ 𝑘 = 24 + 6 = 30 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −24 + 6 = −18
Check…

𝐾 = 30
4𝑦 2 − (30 − 6)𝑦 + 36 = 0
4 𝑦 2 − 24 𝑦 + 36 = 0
(2𝑦 − 6)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦=3
𝐾 = −18
4 𝑦 2 − (−18 − 6)𝑦 + 36 = 0
4𝑦 2 + 24 𝑦 + 36 = 0
(2𝑦 − 6)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 + 6 = 0
⇒ 2𝑦 = −6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
72
26) Show that the equation 2z2 - 3z + 10 = 0 doesn’t have a solution
set in real number

𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 10 ⇒ ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∆= (−3)2 − 4 (2)(10) ⇒ ∆= 9 − 80 ⇒ ∆= −71 < 0
The discriminative expression is negative, therefore the equation
doesn’t have a solution in R.
The solution set =∅
_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^

Solve the problems

Fireworks: In one of the occasions, a group
of fireworks was shot vertically, they
reached a certain height of 140m. Calculate
the time (t) second in which the fireworks
reached up to that height, if the following
equation 𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎

5𝑡 2 + 60𝑡 = 140 ⇒ 5𝑡 2 + 60 𝑡 − 140 = 0 ] ÷ 5

⇒ 𝑡 2 + 12 𝑡 − 28 = 0 ⇒ (𝑡 + 14)(𝑡 − 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑡 + 14 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = −14 neglect

𝑜𝑟 𝑡 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 2 second

**********************************
73
Trade: Samir calculates the cost of one men’s
suit, then he adds amount of profit and sell it in
120,000 dinars. If (P) in the equation p2 - 30p
+225 = 0 represents the amount of Samir’s profit
in one suit which is in thousands of dinars. What
is the cost of one suit?

𝑝2 − 30 𝑝 + 225 = 0
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −30 , 𝑐 = 225

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 30 ± √900 − 4 (1)(225)

𝑝= ⇒ 𝑝=
2𝑎 2
30 ± √900 − 900 30
𝑝= ⇒ 𝑝=
2 2
= 15 dinars amount of profit
120 − 15 = 105 dinars the cost of one suit

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Challenge: Determine the roots of the equation at firstly, then find

the solution set if it is possible:

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 18 𝑥 − 10 = 0 ,
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 8 , 𝑐 = −10
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ⇒ (8)2 − 4 (1)(−10) ⇒ ∆= 64 + 40 = 104 > 0
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −8 ± √104
74

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2
 −8 + √104 −8 − √104
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
2 2
*****************************

𝟐) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 3 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑦 − 14 = 0
, 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = −14
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = (−2)2 − 4 (1)(−14)
⇒ ∆= 4 + 56 = 0 ⇒ ∆ = 60 > 0
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 2 ± √60
𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦=
2𝑎 2
2 + √60 2 − √60
𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦=
2 2
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Numerical sense: Marrwa used the discriminative expression for
writing the two roots of the equation z2 - 8z + 16 = 0 without
factoring. Illustrate how Marrwa was able to write the two roots of
the equation
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −8 , 𝑐 = 16
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = (−8)2 − 4 (1)(16) ⇒ ∆= 64 − 64 = 0
The expression is a perfect square

(𝑧 − 4)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=4
**************************************
75
Write: The type of the two roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 100 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙 by
using the discriminative expression without solving it
𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100 = 0
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 20 , 𝑐 = 100
∆ = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = (−20)2 − 4 (1)(100) ⇒ ∆= 400 − 400 = 0
The discriminative expression is zero , that means the equation has
two equaled real roots
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

76
 ‫حل المعادالت التربيعية بمتغير واحد‬
Solving Quadratic Equations with one variable

‫استخراج العمل المشترك االكبر‬

GCF

‫ثالث حدود‬ ‫حدان‬

Three Tearms Two Tearms

‫فرق بين مربعين‬

‫قاعدة الجذر التربيعي‬
‫المربع الكامل‬ ‫التجربة‬ Difference
Square Root Between Two
Perfect Square Experiment
Property Squares

‫ التحل جميع المعادالت من الدرجة الثانية بمتغير واحد بالطرق اعاله‬:‫مالحظة‬

Note: there are quadratic equations with on variable which cannot
be solved by the previous methods
77
 ‫حل جميع المعادالت من الدرجة الثانية بمتغير واحد‬
Solving all the quadratic equations with
one variable

‫القانون العام‬
‫اكمال المربع‬
General Law
Completing the
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 Square
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂

78
 ‫‪Solving the Fractional Equations‬‬
‫‪You have previously learned how to simplify the fractional‬‬
‫‪algebraic expressions by dividing both the numerator and‬‬
‫‪denominator by a common factor. Now you will use the factoring of‬‬
‫‪algebraic expressions to solve fractional equations which have a‬‬
‫‪variable in its denominator by get rid of fractions, then solve them‬‬
‫‪by using one of the methods that you have previously learned.‬‬

‫حل المعادالت الكسرية‬

‫لحل المعادالت الكسرية التي تحتوي في مقامها على متغير باستعمال تحليل المقادير‬
‫الجبرية ثم جعل المعادلة الكسرية خالية من الكسور وتتم كما يلي ‪..‬‬
‫‪ -1‬تحليل المقادير في البسط والمقام‬
‫‪ -2‬نضرب طرفي المعادلة بالمضاعف المشترك ‪ LCM‬وذلك للتخلص من الكسور‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬تبسيط المعادلة الى أبسط صورة وجعلها في طرف واحد ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬استخدام احدى طرق التحليل ثم ايجاد قيمة المتغير ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬التحقق من صحة الحل بالتعويض قيم المتغير في المعادلة ويتم اهمال جميع القيم‬
‫التي تجعل المقام يساوي صفر ‪.‬‬
‫‪79‬‬
Learn: If the price of a masterwork is 2x + 3
thousands dinars, and the price of buying 6
pieces of masterworks is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
thousands dinars. So if the ratio of one
masterwork price to the price of three
𝟏
masterworks is , what is the price of buying
𝟑
one masterwork?.
2𝑥 + 3 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 2
= ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 3(2𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1) 3
Simplify the fraction by multiplying the two sides by the two middles.

)‫(حاصل ضرب الطرفين = حاصل ضرب الوسطين‬

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 6𝑥 + 9 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑥−5=0 ⇒ 𝑥=5 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 3 = 2(5) + 3 = 13 dinars

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 neglect

********************************

Find the solution set for the following equation, then check the
correction of the solution
𝑥−2 2
[5𝑥 + = ] (3𝑥) (multiply the two sides of the equation by LCM (3𝑥))
3𝑥 3

⇒ 15 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 15 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
⇒ 15 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 − 2) = 0
−1
⇒ 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥=
3
2
80

𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 5𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥=
5
 −1 2
Check: Substituting by the original equation when 𝑥 = and
3 5
−1
−1 − 2 −5 1 −5 + 1 + 6 2
𝐿𝑆 = 5 ( ) + 3 = + +2= = = 𝑅𝑆
3 −1 3 3 3 3
3( )
3
2 −8
2 −2 4 2
5 5
𝐿𝑆 = 5 ( ) + 2 =2+ 6 =2− = = 𝑅. 𝑆,
5 3( 5 ) 3 3
5
−1 2
𝑆={ , }
3 5

Note: You have previously learned how to simplify the adding of the
(fractional) relative algebraic expressions and subtract them by factoring
each of the numerator and denominator of the fraction to simplest form,
then doing the operation of adding and subtracting the fractional
expressions by using the least common multiple and simplify the
expressions to the simplest form. Now, you will use that to solve the
fractional equations to find the solutions set of the fractional equation.

‫ تعلمت ساااااابقاً كيمية جمع المقادير الجبرية النسااااابية (الكسااااارية) وطرحها وذلك‬:‫مالحظة‬
‫بتحليل كل من البساااااااط والمقام الى أبساااااااط صاااااااورة ثم أجراا عملية جمع وطر المقادير‬
‫الكسرية باستعمال المضاعف المشترك اال صغر وتبسيط المقدار الى أب سط صورة ويمكن‬
. ‫استعمال نفس الطريقة في حل المعادالت الكسرية اليجاد مجموعة الحل‬

Find the solution set for the equation

𝒙 𝟒𝒙 𝟏𝟖
𝟏) + = 𝟐
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙 −𝟗
multiply the two sides of the equation by LCM (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 4𝑥 18
[ + = ] (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
81

⇒ 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) + 4𝑥 (𝑥 − 3) = 18 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 18 = 0
⇒ 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 ⇒ (5𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
−6
⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
5
Check….
−6 −6 −6 −24
4( )
𝐿. 𝑆 = 5 + 5 = 5 = 5 = 6 − 8 = −50
−6 −6 −21 9 21 3 21
−3 +3
5 5 5 5
18 18 −18 −450 −50
𝑅. 𝑆 = = = = = ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆
−6 2 36
−9
189 189 21
( ) −9 25 25
5
We have to exclude the values which make the denominator of any
fractional term from the original equation terms, zero because it
leads to divide by zero and that considers impossible. So we exclude
𝒙−𝟑 𝟑
x=3 from the solution because ( = ), and the solution will be
𝒙 𝟎
−𝟔
only 𝒙 =
𝟓

‫= 𝑥 تتحقق‬ ‫ = 𝑥 من مجموعة الحل ألنها تجعل المقام يساوي صفر فأن‬3 ‫تستبعد‬
−6
5
−6
𝑆 = { 5 } . ‫حل المعادلة فقط‬

**************************
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 2 𝑥 𝑥2 + 4
𝟐) − = ⇒ + =
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
multiply the two sides of the equation by LCM (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝐿𝐶𝑀

2 𝑥 𝑥2 + 4
[ + = ](𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
2(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 + 4
82

2𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 ÷ 4 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 2 2
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 … . = =
𝑥−2 2−2 0
we exclude x=2 from the solution , S=∅

****************************

Make sure of your understanding

Find the solution set for each of the following equations and check
the correct of solution
𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 1 1 3
𝟏) + = 𝟐 ⇒ [ + = 2 ] 2𝑥 2
𝒙 𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝑥 2 2𝑥
multiply the two sides of the equation by LCM 2𝑥 2
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
Check….
−1 1 −2 + 3 1
𝑥 = −3 ⇒ + = = 𝐿. 𝑆
3 2 6 6
6 6 6 1
⇒ = = ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = 𝑅 𝑆
4𝑥 2 4(−3)2 4(9) 6
1 1 3
𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = + = ,
1 2 2
6 3
𝑅. 𝑆 = = ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = 𝑅 𝑆 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−3 , 1}
4(1) 2

𝒚 𝟕 𝟑
𝟐) − = ] 10𝑦 ⇒ 5𝑦 2 − 14 𝑦 − 3 = 0
𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝒚
−1 −1
83

(5𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑆 = { ,3}

5 5
 𝒙 + 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟑) = ⇒ 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) = −6 ⇒ [2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 6 = 0] ÷ 2
𝟐 𝟐𝒙
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
= −1
Check…
−3 + 4 1 −3 1
𝑥 = −3 , 𝐿𝑆 = = , 𝑅𝑆 = = , 𝐿𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆
2 2 3(−3) 2
−1 + 4 3 −3 3
𝑥 = −1 , 𝐿𝑆 = = , 𝑅𝑆 = = ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆
2 2 2(−1) 2
𝑆 = {−3 , −1}
𝒚+𝟏 𝟑
𝟒) = ⇒ 3𝑦 2 = 4𝑦 + 4 ⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝒚𝟐 𝟒
−2 −2
(3𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑆 = { , 2}
3 3
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 𝒙𝟐
𝟓)[ = ] (𝑥 − 5) 𝐿𝐶𝑀
𝒙−𝟓 𝒙−𝟓
⇒ 9𝑥 − 14 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 14 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
Check…
9(7) − 14 63 − 14 49
𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = = =
7−5 2 2
(7)2 49
𝑅 .𝑆 = ⇒ ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆
7−2 2
9(2) − 14 18 − 14 4
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = = =
2−5 −3 −3
(2)2 4
𝑅𝑆 = = ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 ⇒ 𝑆 = {2,7}
2 − 5 −3
84
 𝟏 𝟐
𝟔) 𝟐
= ⇒ 2𝑦 2 − 12 = 𝑦 + 3 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 12 − 3 = 0
𝒚 −𝟔 𝒚+ 𝟑

⇒ 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 15 = 0 ⇒ (2𝑦 + 5)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
−5
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 3
2
Check…
−5 1 1 1
𝑦= ⇒ 𝐿𝑆= = = =4
2 −5 2 25
−6
1
( ) −6 4 4
2
2 2
𝑅. 𝑆 = = =4 ⇒ 𝐿. 𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆
−5 1
+3 2
2
1 1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = = =
(3)2 − 6 9−6 3
2 2 1 −5
𝑅𝑆 = = = ⇒ 𝐿𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 ⇒ 𝑆={ ,3}
3+3 6 3 2
******************************

85
 *********************************
𝟗 𝟓
𝟖) – =𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟑
9 5
𝑠𝑜𝑙: [ – = 1 ] (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 3)

⇒ 9 − 5 (𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 9 − 5𝑥 − 10 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 + 5 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑆 = {−5 ,1}
******************************
86
 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
𝟗) + =𝟐
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 𝒚 + 𝟒
12 6
𝑠𝑜𝑙: [ + = 2 ] (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4)
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4) (𝑦 + 4)
⇒ 12 + 6 (𝑦 − 4) = 2 (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4)

⇒ 12 + 6𝑦 − 24 = 2(𝑦 2 − 16)
⇒ 6𝑦 − 12 = 2𝑦 2 − 32 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 32 + 12 = 0
⇒ [2𝑦 2 − 6 𝑦 − 20 = 0 ] ÷ 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 10 = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −2
𝑆 = {−2,5}
************************************

𝟑𝒚 𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟖
𝟏𝟎) + = 𝟐
𝒚−𝟏 𝒚−𝟔 𝒚 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟔
3𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑦 2 − 15 𝑦 + 8
𝑠𝑜𝑙: [ + = ](𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 − 1) 𝐿𝐶𝑀
(𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 − 6) (𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 − 1)
⇒ 3𝑦(𝑦 − 6) + 2𝑦 (𝑦 − 1) = 2𝑦 2 − 15 𝑦 + 8
⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 18𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑦 2 − 15 𝑦 + 8
⇒ 5𝑦 2 − 20 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 15 𝑦 − 8 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 − 8 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑦 − 8)(𝑦 + 1) = 0
8 8
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −1 , 𝑆 = { , −1}
3 3
=================================
87
 𝟑𝒚 𝟔 𝟏
𝟏𝟐) − + =𝟎
𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝒚 𝟒
3𝑦 1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: [ − + = 0 ] (4𝑦)
4 2𝑦 4
3𝑦 2 − 2 + 𝑦 = 0 we should arrange the terms

3𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 1) = 0
2
3𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦=
3
2
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−1 ,
}
3
====================================
𝟑 𝟐
𝟏𝟓) [ − = 𝟏 ] (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3)
𝒙−𝟒 𝒙−𝟑
3(𝑥 − 3) − 2 (𝑥 − 4) = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3)
3𝑥 − 9 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 𝑥 2 − 7 𝑥 + 12
𝑥 2 − 7 𝑥 + 12 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0

𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 + 13 = 0 ‫ال تحل بالتجربة‬

𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −8 , 𝑐 = 13

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 8 ± √64 − 4(1)(13)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(1)

8 ± √64 − 52 8 ± √12 8 ± 2√3

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2 2
2(4 ± √3)
𝑥= = 4 ± √3 ⇒ 𝑆 = {4 − √3 , 4 + √3 }
2
88
 ‫𝒙‪𝟔−‬‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫)𝟕𝟏‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫𝟏=‬
‫𝟒 ‪𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 +‬‬
‫𝑥‪6−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 ] (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3‬‬
‫)‪(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 4‬‬
‫)‪6 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 3) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3‬‬
‫‪6 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12‬‬
‫‪12 − 3 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12‬‬

‫‪𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 − 12 + 3 𝑥 = 0‬‬

‫‪𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 − 24 = 0‬‬ ‫ال يحل بالتجربة‬

‫‪𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 4 , 𝑐 = −24‬‬

‫𝑐𝑎‪−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4‬‬ ‫)‪−4 ± √16 − 4(1)(−24‬‬

‫=𝑥‬ ‫=𝑥 ⇒‬
‫𝑎‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−4 ± √16 + 96‬‬ ‫‪−4 ± √112‬‬ ‫‪−4 ± 4√7‬‬
‫=𝑥‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑥‬ ‫=𝑥 ⇒‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪2(−2 ± 2√7‬‬
‫=𝑥‬ ‫𝑆 ⇒ ‪= −2 ± 2 √7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫} ‪= {−2 − 2√7 , − 2 + 2√7‬‬
‫‪%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
 Solve the problems
Sports: If a cyclist wanted to cut a distance of 60 km between the
two cities A and B in certain speed. If his speed increases in about 10
km/h , then he will be able to cut this distance in an hour less than
the first time. Find his speed at first.

Assume the first speed =𝑣

The second speed = 𝑣 + 10
60
the first time =
𝑣
60
the second time=
𝑣+10
60 60
[ − = 1] 𝑣 (𝑣 + 10) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 ‫بضرب طرفي المعادلة في‬
𝑣 𝑣 + 10
⇒ 60(𝑣 + 10) − 60𝑣 = 𝑣 (𝑣 + 10)
⇒ 60𝑣 + 600 − 60𝑣 = 𝑣 2 + 10 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑣 2 + 10𝑣 − 600 = 0
⇒ (𝑣 + 30)(𝑣 − 20) = 0 ⇒ 𝑣 = −30 neglect
𝑜𝑟 𝑣 − 20 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣 = 20 𝑘𝑚 ∕ ℎ the speed at first

***********************************

Transporting passengers: One of the Iraqi

airlines planes cuts a distance of 350 km
from Baghdad to Erbil in a certain speed.
If the speed of the plane increases in 100
km/h, then the plane will be able to cut
the distance in time which will be less in
12 minutes from the first time. Find
approximate speed of the plane at first.

Assume the first speed =𝑣 The second speed = 𝑣 + 10

90
 ‫‪350‬‬
‫= ‪the first time‬‬
‫𝑣‬
‫‪350‬‬
‫=‪the second time‬‬
‫‪𝑣+10‬‬
‫المسافة‬
‫‪ ،‬يجب تحويل الدقائق الى ساعات‬ ‫الزمن =‬
‫السرعة‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ساعة‬ ‫‪ 10‬دقيقة = ‪ 60‬ساعة =‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫الزمن االول – الزمن الثاني =‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫[‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪= ] 6𝑣 (𝑣 + 10‬‬ ‫‪multply the epuation by LCM‬‬
‫𝑣‬ ‫‪𝑣 + 10‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫)‪2100 (𝑣 + 10) − 2100 𝑣 = 𝑣 (𝑣 + 10‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫𝑣 ‪2100 𝑣 + 21000 − 2100𝑣 = 𝑣 2 + 10‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫‪𝑣 2 + 10 𝑣 − 21000 = 0‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫‪(𝑣 + 150)(𝑣 − 140) = 0‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑣 + 150 = 0‬‬ ‫تهمل ‪𝑣 = −150‬‬

‫⇒ ‪𝑜𝑟 𝑣 − 140 = 0‬‬ ‫‪𝑣 = 140 𝑘𝑚 ∕ ℎ the speed at first‬‬

‫=‪=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-‬‬
‫‪91‬‬
Racing: Nawfel participated in triple
race which includes swimming, riding
bicycles and running, and he took two
hours to finish the race, as shown in
the nearby table, considering x
represents Nawfel’s speed average in
swimming. Find the average of his
approximate speed in swimming
racing

‫المسافة‬
= ‫الزمن‬
‫السرعة‬

The total time= 2ℎ

‫الزمن‬ km/h ‫السرعة‬ km ‫المسافة‬ ‫السباق‬

𝑡𝑆 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 = 1 ‫السباحة‬
𝑡𝑏 5𝑥 𝑑𝑏 = 20 ‫ركوب الدارجة‬
𝑡𝑟 𝑥+4 𝑑𝑟 = 4 ‫الجري‬

𝑇(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑆 + 𝑡𝑏 + 𝑡𝑟
1 20 4
⇒ [ + + = 2 ] 5𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 ‫بضرب المعادلة في‬
𝑥 5𝑥 𝑥 + 4
⇒ 5(𝑥 + 4) + 20 (𝑥 + 4) + 20𝑥 = 10 𝑥 (𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 5𝑥 + 20 + 20 𝑥 + 80 + 20 𝑥 = 10 𝑥 2 + 40 𝑥
⇒ 10 𝑥 2 + 40 𝑥 − 45𝑥 − 100 = 0
⇒ 10 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 100 = 0 (÷ 5) ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 0 = 0
‫يستخدم القانون العام لحل المعادلة‬
92
 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = −1 , 𝑐 = −0 , 𝑥=
2𝑎
1 ± √1 − 4(2)(−0) 1 ± √161
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2(2) 4
1+12.6
⇒ 𝑥 ≃ ≃ 3.42 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ approximate speed in swimming racing
4

1 − 12.6
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = neglect
4
*********************************
Challenge: Find the solution set for each of the following equations
𝟑 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒
𝟏) + =
𝒙+𝟓 𝟓−𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
3 4 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 14
[ − = ] (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 ‫بضرب المعادلة في‬
(𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5)

⇒ 3 (𝑥 − 5) − 4(𝑥 + 5) = 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 14
⇒ 3𝑥 − 15 − 4 𝑥 − 20 = 𝑥 2 − 15 𝑥 + 14

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 15 𝑥 + 14 + 𝑥 + 35 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 14 𝑥 + 49 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑆 = {7}
********************************
Correct the mistake: Nammeer used the discriminative expression
to show the roots of equation
2 1 2
× =1 ⇒ =1
𝑥−7 𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 1)
⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 1) = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 𝑥 + 7 − 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 + 5 = 0 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −8 , 𝑐 = 5
∆= 𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎 𝑐 ⇒ ∆= (−8)2 − 4 (1)(5) ⇒ ∆= 64 − 20
∆= 44 > 0
93
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

*************************************

Write: The solution set in real number

𝟏 𝟓
[ – = 𝟐 ] (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 6)
𝒙+𝟔 𝒙−𝟔
(𝑥 − 6) − 5 (𝑥 + 6) = 2 (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 6)

𝑥 − 6 − 5 𝑥 − 30 = 2(𝑥 2 − 36)
−4𝑥 − 36 = 2𝑥 2 − 72

2𝑥 2 − 72 + 4𝑥 + 36 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 − 36 = 0 ÷ 2

𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 − 18 = 0 ‫ال تحل بالتجربة‬

𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 2 , 𝑐 = −18

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −2 ± √4 − 4(1)(−18)
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2
−2 ± √4 + 72 −2 ± √76
𝑥= =
2 2
−2 ± 2√19 2(−1 ± √19)
𝑥= =
2 2
𝑥 = −1 ± √19 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−1 − √19 , −1 + √19 }

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
94
 Problem solving plan (Writing Equation)

Problems
Solve the following problems by the strategy of
(writing an equation)

Fountain: A square–shaped area was

planted with flowers in the middle of a
square- shaped garden of a hotel, its
side length is 4m. The remaining area
which surrounds it is 84 m2. What is the
side length of the garden?

UNDERSTAND

What is the data in the problem: A square–shaped area was

planted with flowers in the middle of a square- shaped garden of a
hotel
What is wanted in the problem: Write an equation represents
the side length of the garden
PLAN
Write an equation represents the problem, then solve it to find
the side length of the garden
SOLVE
Area of the flower in the garden = 42 = 16𝑚2
Area of the garden= Area of the flowers + Remaining area
‫ المنطقة المتبقية‬+ ‫مساحة الحديقة المربعة = مساحة منطقة الورود‬
𝐴 = 16 + 84 ⇒ A = 100 𝑚2
‫بأخذ الجذر التربيعي‬
⇒ Side length of the garden = 10 𝑚
95
‫‪CHECK‬‬

‫‪Side length of the garden= 10m ,‬‬ ‫‪Area of the garden= 100m2‬‬
‫‪Side length of the flower area= 4m , Area of the flower area=16 m2‬‬
‫‪The remaining area = Area of the garden − Area of the flower area‬‬
‫‪= 100 − 16 = 84 m2‬‬
‫‪So the solution is correct.‬‬
‫============================‬

‫إياك ثم اياك ان تدع مخاوفك تمنعك من تحقيق امنياتك واحالمك‬

‫فليس الفشل ان تخفق مرة او مرتين بل الفشل الحقيقي ان تترك‬
‫هدفك وال تسعى او تحاول من جديد في الوصول اليه فكن كشعاع‬
‫الشمس يشق طريقه كل يوم ليصل الينا‬

‫‪96‬‬
Babylon lion: It is a statue which was found
in Babylonian archeological city in Iraq in
1776.It was made of the solid black basalt
stone. It locates on a base in the middle of a
rectangular- shaped area which its length is
greater than its width in 2m and its area is
15 m2 . What are its dimensions?

Assume the width = 𝑥 , the length = 𝑥 + 2

𝐴=𝐿×𝑊 ‫مساحة المستطيل = الطول × العرض‬

𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑚 the width , the length= 3 + 2 = 5 𝑚

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5 neglect

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Lion: Lion is one of the strongest animals on earth. It is the king of

forest according to its strength. If the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 represents
the area which is under the control of the lion. What is the side
length of the area? which represented by x , if the area 175 km2 97

?
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 = 175 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 − 175 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 35)(𝑥 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 35 𝑘𝑚 the side length of the
area
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5 neglect
**********************************

Fireworks: In one occasion, a group of fireworks

was shot vertically. They reached up to 200m
height. Calculate the time in which the fireworks
reached up to that height if the following equation
2t2 + 30t = h represents the relation between
height, in meters (h), in which the fireworks reach
after t second

2𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 = 200 ⇒ [ 2𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 − 200 = 0] ÷ 2

⇒ 𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 − 100 = 0 ⇒ (𝑡 + 20)(𝑡 − 5) = 0

⇒ t = 5 the time in which the fireworks reached up

𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = −20 neglect

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
98
 Chapter Review
Solving a system of two Linear Equations in two variables

Find the set of solution of the system in R by using the elimination

for each of the following

𝒙+𝒚=𝟐
∓𝒙 ∓ 𝟓 𝒚 = ∓𝟒
−2 1 1 3
−4 𝑦 = −2 ⇒ 𝑦= = ⇒ 𝑥 =2− =
−4 2 2 2
3 1
𝑆 = {( , }
2 2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Solving Quadratic Equations with one variable

Solve the following equation by the difference between two squares

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎
⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 8) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −8 ، 𝑆 = {8, −8}
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Solve the following equation by the property of the square root

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗
⇒ 𝑦 = ±7 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−7 ,7}
******************************

Using Prob. and Error to solve the quadratic Equation

Solve the following equation by factoring in experiment

99

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑆 = { 7 , 3}

𝟐) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑦 + 9) (2𝑦 − 1) = 0

−9
⇒ 2𝑦 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −9 ⇒ 𝑦=
2
1 −9 1
𝑜𝑟 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦= ,𝑆 = { , }
2 2 2
***********************************

Solving the Quadratic Equations by the Perfect Square

Solve the following equations in the perfect square.

𝟏) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 𝒙 + 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (2𝑥 − 7)2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 7 = 0

7 7
⇒ 2𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑥= , 𝑆={ }
2 2

Solving the Quadratic Equations by completing the square

Solve the equation by the method of completing the square

𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 36 = 28 + 36 ⇒ (𝑥 − 6)2 = 64

⇒ 𝑥 − 6 = ±8 ⇒ 𝑥−6=8 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 + 6 = 14
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 6 = −8 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8 + 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 ⇒ 𝑆 = {14 , −2}
100
 Using General Law to Solve Equations
Find the solution set for the equation by using the general law:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = −8

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 3 ± √9 − 4(1)(−8)
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2
3 ± √41 3 + √41 3 − √41
⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Determine the equation roots 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = −7 , 𝑐 = −3
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎𝑐 ⇒ ∆ = (−7)2 − 4 (2)(−3)
⇒ ∆ = 49 + 24 ⇒ ∆ = 73 > 0
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots
********************************
Solving the Fractional Equations
Find the solution set for the equation and check the solution
2𝑥 𝑥 32
+ = 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 16
2𝑥 𝑥 32
+ = ] (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)
(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)

2𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) + 𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) = 32 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 8 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 − 32 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 32 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
8
⇒ 3𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4
3
101

، ‫ = 𝑥 يهمل ألنه يجعل المقام = صفر‬−4 ... ‫التحقق‬

8
𝑆={ }
3
 Multiple Choice
Solving a system of two linear equations with two variables

Find the set of solution of the system graphically in R

𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔، 𝒚 = 𝒙

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒚=𝒙

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 −6 (0, −6) 2 2 (2,2)

2 2 (2,2) −2 −2 (−2, −2)

𝑆 = {(2,2)} ∴

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

𝒚=𝒙−𝟑 𝒚=𝟑−𝒙

𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)

0 −3 (0, −3) 0 3 (0,3)

102

1 −2 (1, −2) 1 2 (1,2)

𝑆 = {(0,3)}

***********************************

Find the set of solution of the system in R by using the substitution

for each of the following
2𝑦
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐𝟔 … . . (1) 5𝑥 = 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥=
5
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎 … … . (2) (1) ‫نعوضها عن قيمة 𝑥 في معادلة‬

2𝑦 6𝑦
⇒ 3( ) + 4 𝑦 = 26 ⇒ + 4𝑦 = 26 (5)
5 5
130
⇒ 6𝑦 + 20𝑦 = 130 ⇒ 26𝑦 = 130 ⇒ 𝑦= =5
26
2(5)
𝑥= = 2 , 𝑆 = {(2 ,5)}
5
########################################

𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 … . . (1) 3(6𝑥 + 12) = 2𝑥 − 8

𝟑𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 … … . (2) 18𝑥 + 36 = 2𝑥 − 8
−44 −11
⇒ 18𝑥 − 2𝑥 = −8 − 36 ⇒ 16𝑥 = −44 ⇒ 𝑥= =
16 4
103
 −11 −33 −9
𝑦=6 ( ) + 12 ⇒ 𝑦= + 12 ⇒ 𝑦=
4 2 2
−11 −9
𝑆 = {( , )}
4 2
########################################
𝟑𝒙 𝒚
[ − = 𝟒] (4) … (1) 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 16 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 8
𝟒 𝟐
𝒚 𝒙
[ − = 𝟐] (4) … . (2) 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 8 (1)‫نعوضها في‬
𝟐 𝟒
⇒ 3(2𝑦 − 8) − 2𝑦 = 16 ⇒ 6𝑦 − 24 − 2𝑦 = 16
40
⇒ 4𝑦 = 16 + 24 ⇒ 4𝑦 = 40 ⇒ 𝑦= = 10
4
𝑥 = 2 (10) − 8 ⇒ 𝑥 = 12 ⇒ 𝑆 = {(10 , 12}
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Find the set of solution of the system in R by using the elimination

for each of the following
𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 7𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12
⇒
[𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟓] (𝟒) ∓12 𝑥 ± 4 𝑦 = ∓20
8
−5𝑥 = −8 ⇒ 𝑥=
5
8 24 −1
⇒ 3( )–𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 𝑦= ,
5 5 5
8 −1
𝑆={ , }
5 5
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
104
 ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫𝟐=𝒚 ‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫=𝑦 ‪⇒ [ 𝑥−‬‬ ‫)‪] (6‬‬
‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟔‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫)‪4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 14 … … . . (1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫[ ⇒ ‪𝑥− 𝑦=3‬‬ ‫)‪𝑥 − 𝑦 = ] (4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14 … . (2‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14‬‬
‫⇒‬
‫)‪4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 14 ] (2‬‬ ‫‪∓8 𝑥 ± 2𝑦 = ∓28‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫⇒ ‪−7𝑥 = −14‬‬ ‫=𝑥‬ ‫‪=2‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫⇒ ‪4(2) − 𝑦 = 14‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑦 = 8 − 14 = −6‬‬ ‫}‪𝑆 = {(2 , −6‬‬
‫&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&‬
‫𝟏𝟏 = 𝒚𝟒 ‪𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙 +‬‬ ‫‪0.5 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 11‬‬
‫⇒‬
‫)‪𝟎. 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟐 (5‬‬ ‫‪∓0.5 𝑥 ∓ 25 𝑦 = ±10‬‬
‫⇒ ‪−21 𝑦 = 21‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = −1‬‬
‫⇒ ‪0.5 𝑥 − 4 = 11‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪0.5 𝑥 = 11 + 4‬‬ ‫‪0.5 𝑥 = 15‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑥‬ ‫⇒ ‪= 30‬‬ ‫})‪𝑆 = {(30 , −1‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬

‫&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^‬

‫‪Solving Quadratic Equations with one variable‬‬

‫حل المعادالت التالية في ‪ R‬باستعمال العامل المشترك والفرق بين مربعين‬

‫⇒ ‪𝟏) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎 ÷ 3‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑥2 − 4 𝑥 = 0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 (𝑥 − 4 ) = 0‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫‪𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4‬‬ ‫} ‪𝑆 = {0,4‬‬
‫***********************************‬
‫‪105‬‬

‫⇒ 𝟎 = 𝟓 ‪𝟒) 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) −‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪4𝑥 2 − 4 − 5 = 0‬‬ ‫‪4𝑥 2 − 9 = 0‬‬

 3 −3
⇒ (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 2
3 −3
𝑆={ , }
2 2
************************************

𝟓) (𝒚 + 𝟕)𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 + 7 − 9)(𝑦 + 7 + 9) = 0

⇒ (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 16) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −16 ⇒ 𝑆 = {2 , −16}

************************************
𝟏 1 1
𝟕) 𝒚𝟐 − =𝟎 ⇒ (𝑦 − ) (𝑦 + ) = 0
𝟒𝟗 7 7
1 −1 1 −1
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = , 𝑆={ , }
7 7 7 7
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Solve the following equations in R by using the rule of square root
𝟗) 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ÷ 2 ⇒ 16 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 16
⇒ 𝑦 = ±4 , 𝑆 = {−4 ,4}
𝟐𝟓 25 5
𝟏𝟏) [ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = ]×2 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 = 25 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=±
𝟐 4 2
−5 5
𝑆={ , }
2 2
𝟏𝟐) 𝟒(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟒𝟓 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 4 = 45 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 = 45 + 4
49 7 −7 7
⇒ 4𝑦 2 = 49 ⇒ 𝑦2 = ⇒ 𝑦= ± , 𝑆={ , }
4 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 2
𝟏𝟑)[ 𝒛 = ] (18) ⇒ 9𝑧 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑧2 =
𝟐 𝟗 9
106
 √2 −√2 √2
⇒ 𝑧= ± ⇒ 𝑆={ , }
3 3 3
𝟏𝟑 𝟑
𝟏𝟒) [𝒙𝟐 − = ] (16) ⇒ 16 𝑥 2 − 13 = 3
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
⇒ 16 𝑥 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±1
𝑆 = {−1 , 1}
#############################

Solving the quadratic equations by the experiment

Solve the following equations in R by factoring in the experiment

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑆 = {5 ,3}

𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 + 4) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4 ⇒ 𝑆 = {9, −4}

𝟔) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎 ÷ 2 ⇒ 2𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 + 9 = 0
−3 −3
(2𝑦 + 3)(𝑦 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −3 , 𝑆={ , −3}
2 2
𝟖) 𝟔𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒛 − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟎 ÷ 6 ⇒ 𝑧2 + 6 𝑧 − 7 = 0
⇒ (𝑧 + 7) (𝑧 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−7 ,1}

𝟗) 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ÷ 2 ⇒ 11 − 10𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0
⇒ (11 + 𝑦) (1 − 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −11 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑆 = {−11 ,1}

𝟏𝟎) 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (8 − 3𝑥 )(4 + 3𝑥 ) = 0
8 −4 8 −4
107

⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑆={ , }
3 3 3 3
What is the number which its square increases in 42

Assume the number = 𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 42
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 42 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6) = 42

⇒ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −6
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Two numbers its product is 54 , one of them increases in 3 to the

other number , what are the two numbers?

Assume the first number = 𝑥

The second number = 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) = 54

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 54 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 6) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = −9 first number , −9 + 3 = −6 second number

or 𝑥 = 6 first number , 6 + 3 = 9 second number

#################################

Two numbers its product is 48 , one of them decreases in 8 to the

other number , what are the two numbers?

first number = 𝑥 , second number = 𝑥 + 8

𝑥 (𝑥 + 8) = 48 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 48 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 12)(𝑥 − 4) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = −12 first number ⇒ −12 + 8 = −4 second number

or 𝑥 = 4 first number ⇒ 4 + 8 = 12 second number

*******************************
108
Solving the quadratic equations by completing the square

Solve the following equations in R by completing Square

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 12 𝑥 + 36 = 13 + 36
⇒ (𝑥 − 6)2 = 49 ⇒ 𝑥 − 6 = ±7
⇒ 𝑥−6=7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7 + 6 = 13
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 6 = −7 ⇒ 𝑥 = −7 + 6 = −1 , 𝑆 = {13 , −1}
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
17
𝟐) [𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕] ÷ 4 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 =
4
17
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = + 16
4
81 9
⇒ (𝑦 − 4)2 = ⇒ 𝑦−4= ±
4 2
9 9 17
⇒ 𝑦−4= ⇒ 𝑦= + 4=
2 2 2
−9 −9 −1 17 −1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 4 = ⇒ 𝑦= + 4= , 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2 2 2
**************************************
𝟐 𝟗 2 1 9 1
𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + = +
𝟕 𝟕 7 49 7 49
1 2 63 + 1 1 2 64
⇒ (𝑥 − ) = ⇒ (𝑥 − ) =
7 49 7 49
1 8 1 8 9
⇒ 𝑥− = ± ⇒ 𝑥= + =
7 7 7 7 7
1 8 −7 9
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − = = −1 , 𝑆={ , −1}
7 7 7 7
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
109
𝟒) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐 √𝟓 𝒛 = 𝟒 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 2√5 𝑧 + 5 = 4 + 5
2
⇒ (𝑧 + √5 ) = 9 ⇒ 𝑧 + √5 = ±3

⇒ 𝑧 = 3 − √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −3 − √5

𝑆 = {3 − √5 , −3 − √5 }

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Solving the quadratic equations by the perfect square

Solve the following equations in R by perfect square

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥+3=0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3
2
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝟐) − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ ( – 𝑥) = 0 ⇒ – 𝑥=0
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 4 4
1
⇒ 𝑥=
4
𝟐𝟓 5 2 5
𝟑) 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 + =𝟎 ⇒ (3𝑦 + ) = 0 ⇒ 3𝑦 + =0
𝟑𝟔 6 6
5 5
⇒ 3𝑦 = − ⇒ 𝑦= −
6 18
Solve the following equations in R by completing the square, and
find the result by near it to a nearest integer:

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 8 + 16
⇒ (𝑥 − 4)2 = 24 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)2 ≃ 25 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = ±5
⇒ 𝑥 ≃ 4 + 5 = 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≃ 4 − 5 = −1 , 𝑆 ≃ {9, −1) }

^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%
110
𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒚 + 𝟑𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 18 𝑦 = −31
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 18𝑦 + 81 = −31 + 81 ⇒ (𝑦 − 9)2 = 50

⇒ (𝑦 − 9)2 ≃ 49 ⇒ 𝑦 − 9 ≃ ±7 ⇒ 𝑦 ≃9±7
⇒ 𝑦 ≃ 9 + 7 ⇒ 𝑦 ≃ 16 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≃ 9 − 7 ⇒ 𝑦 ≃2,
𝑆 ≃ {16,2 }

***********************************

What is the value of constant (K) which makes the two roots of the
equation 𝒚𝟐 − (𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎)𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 Equaled? Check your answer

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 + 10 , 𝑐 = 16

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 = 0 ∆= 0 ‫جذ ار المعادلة متساويان فان‬

⇒ (𝑘 + 10)2 − 4(1)(16) = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 10)2 − 64 = 0

⇒ (𝑘 + 10)2 = 64 ⇒ 𝑘 + 10 = ±8
⇒ 𝑘 = 8 − 10 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −8 − 10 = −18
**************************************

What is the value of constant (K) which makes the two roots of the
equation 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = (𝒌 − 𝟐)𝒙 Equaled? Check your answer

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 4𝑥 2 + 1 = (𝑘 − 2)𝑥 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 − (𝑘 − 2)𝑥 + 1 = 0

𝑎 = 4 ,𝑏 = 𝑘 − 2,𝑐 = 1
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 2)2 − 4(4)(1) = 0

⇒ (𝑘 − 2)2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 2)2 = 16

⇒ 𝑘 − 2 = ±4 ⇒ 𝑘 =2±4
111

𝑘 = 2 + 4 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 2 − 4 = −2
Determine the roots of equation by using the distinctive

∆ = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −6 , 𝑐 = −7
∆ = (−6)2 − 4 (1)(−7) ⇒ ∆ = 36 + 28 ⇒ ∆ = 64
The discriminative expression is a perfect square that means the
equation has two rational roots

𝟐) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = −8

∆ = (−3)2 − 4 (2)(−8) ⇒ ∆ = 9 + 64 ⇒ ∆ = 73 > 0

The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

𝟑) 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝑎 = 8 , 𝑏 = −8 , 𝑐 = 2
∆ = (−8)2 − 4 (8)(2) ⇒ ∆ = 64 − 64 ⇒ ∆ = 0
The discriminative expression is zero , that means the equation has
two equaled real roots.

************************************

Solving the Rational Equations

Find the solution for each of following equations in R

𝒚 − 𝟔 𝒚 + 𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔
𝟏) – = 𝟐
𝒚+𝟔 𝒚−𝟔 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟔
𝑦−6 𝑦+6 24 𝑦 2 + 6
⇒ [ – = ] (𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 + 6)
(𝑦 + 6) (𝑦 − 6) (𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 + 6)

⇒ (𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 − 6) − (𝑦 + 6)(𝑦 + 6) = 24𝑦 2 + 6

⇒ 𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 36 − 𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 − 36 = 24𝑦 2 + 6
112

⇒ 24𝑦 2 + 24𝑦 + 6 = 0 ÷ 6 ⇒ 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
 ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ‪(2𝑦 + 1)2 = 0‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪2𝑦 + 1 = 0‬‬ ‫= 𝑦 ⇒ ‪2𝑦 = −1‬‬ ‫} { = 𝑆‪,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&‬

‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬ ‫𝟏𝟖 ‪𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 +‬‬

‫)𝟐‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝟑‪𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟗 ‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬
‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 81‬‬
‫∶ 𝑙𝑜𝑠‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪](𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3‬‬
‫)‪(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 3) − 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 81‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 81‬‬

‫‪⇒ 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 81 + 6𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 81 = 0‬‬ ‫مربع كامل‬

‫⇒ ‪(𝑥 + 9)2 = 0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −9 ,‬‬ ‫}‪𝑆 = {−9‬‬

‫************************************‬

‫𝒚𝟑‬ ‫𝒚‬ ‫𝟖 ‪𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 +‬‬

‫)𝟑‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐 =‬
‫𝟐‪𝒚−𝟒 𝒚−‬‬ ‫𝟖 ‪𝒚 − 𝟔𝒚 +‬‬
‫𝑦‪3‬‬ ‫𝑦‬ ‫‪5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8‬‬
‫[ ‪𝑠𝑜𝑙:‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪] (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 2‬‬
‫)‪𝑦 − 4 𝑦 − 2 (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 2‬‬

‫‪⇒ 3𝑦 (𝑦 − 2) + 𝑦 (𝑦 − 4) = 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8‬‬

‫‪⇒ 3𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8‬‬
‫‪⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 = 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 8 − 4𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 = 0‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 8 = 0‬‬ ‫‪(𝑦 + 4)(𝑦 + 2) = 0‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫}‪𝑦 = −4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −2 , 𝑆 = {−4 , −2‬‬

‫‪113‬‬

‫&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&‬
 ‫𝟔‬ ‫𝒚𝟑‬
‫)𝟒‬ ‫=‬
‫𝟐)𝟏 ‪𝒚 + 𝟏 (𝒚 +‬‬

‫الحل ‪ :‬بضرب طرفي المعادلة في ‪ (𝑦 + 1)2‬أو ضرب الطرفين = ضرب الوسطين‬

‫)‪6(𝑦 + 1)2 = 3𝑦 (𝑦 + 1‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫𝑦‪6 (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1) = 3𝑦 2 + 3‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫‪6𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 6 = 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑦] ÷ 3‬‬
‫⇒ 𝑦 ‪⇒ 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 𝑦 2 +‬‬ ‫‪2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 0‬‬
‫‪⇒ 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 1) = 0‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫}‪𝑦 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −1 , 𝑆 = {−2 , −1‬‬

‫************************************‬

‫‪114‬‬
 ‫أثرائيات‬

Solving a system of two linear equations with two variables

𝟏) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟐)
by using the substitution

𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑦 … … … . (3) (2) ‫( نعوضها في‬1) ‫من معادلة‬

3(6 − 2𝑦) − 4𝑦 − 28 = 0 ⇒ 18 − 6𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 28 = 0
10
−10𝑦 − 10 = 0 ⇒ −10𝑦 = 10 ⇒ 𝑦= = −1
−10
𝑥 = 6 − 2 (−1) = 6 + 2 = 8 , 𝑆 = {(8 , −1))}

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

by using the elimination

𝟐) 𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ [−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 ] (2)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −7
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −7 ⇒ 𝑦−1=4 ⇒ 𝑦=5
𝑥=1 𝑆 = {(1 ,5)}
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
115
 ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟒‬
‫[ )𝟑‬ ‫=𝒚 ‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫⇒ )‪] (6‬‬ ‫‪3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 8‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫[‬ ‫)‪𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ] (4‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪4𝑥 = 8‬‬ ‫‪𝑥=2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪2 + 2𝑦 = 0‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪2𝑦 = −2‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = −1‬‬
‫}‪𝑆 = {2 , −1‬‬
‫********************************‬

‫)‪𝟒) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑 ………..(1‬‬

‫)‪[𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒 ] × 3………..(2‬‬

‫‪0.003𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 3‬‬
‫‪∓ 0.003 𝑥 ± 15 𝑦 = ∓ 12‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬
‫⇒ ‪11𝑦 = −9‬‬ ‫=𝑦‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫بالتعويض في معادلة )‪(1‬‬

‫‪−9‬‬
‫( ‪0.001 𝑥 − 5‬‬ ‫‪)=4‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫‪0.001 𝑥 +‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪=4‬‬ ‫‪0.001 𝑥 = 4 −‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1000‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫= 𝑥 ‪0.001‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑥‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪−1000 −9‬‬
‫({ = 𝑆‬ ‫}) ‪,‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪116‬‬
 Solve the following equations in R by using the greatest common
factor and the difference between two squares

𝟏) [𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 ] ÷ 3 ⇒ 𝑧2 − 2 = 0

⇒ (𝑧 − √2) (𝑧 + √2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = √2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −√2

𝟐) 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟐𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 29 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ (2𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 5) = 0
5 −5
2𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2
𝟒 1
𝟑 ) [𝟒𝒛𝟐 − =𝟎]÷4 ⇒ 𝑧2 − =0
𝟐𝟓 25
1 1 1 1
⇒ (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 + ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑧= 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −
5 5 5 5
𝟑 √3 √3
𝟒) 𝒛𝟐 − =𝟎 ⇒ (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 + ) = 0
𝟒𝟗 7 7

√3 √3
𝑧= 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −
7 7
################################

Solve the following equations in R by using the rule of square root

𝟏) 𝟒𝟗 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 49 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±7
𝟏 1 1
𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 − =𝟎 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥= ±
𝟏𝟔 16 4
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 3 √3
𝟑) 𝒚 = ⇒ 𝑦2 = ⇒ 𝑦= ±
𝟑 𝟐 2 √2
117

𝟒) 𝟖𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 81 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±9
 𝟏𝟔 16 4 2
𝟓) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = ⇒ 𝑦2 = ⇒ 𝑦2 = ⇒ 𝑦= ±
𝟏𝟎 20 5 √5
*************************************

Solving the quadratic equations by the experiment

𝟏) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒚 + 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎
(𝑦 + 7) (𝑦 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −4

𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
(𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3

𝟑) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎 ÷ 2

𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 3) = 0

⇒ (𝑦 − 3)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦−3=0 ⇒ 𝑦=3

𝟒) 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
−3
(11𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4
11
𝟓) 𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
4
(3𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −3
3
𝟔) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎
7 1
(6𝑥 − 7) (2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
6 2
**************************
118
What is the number which its square decreases in -2 to three times
the number ?

Assume the number= 𝑥

3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
************************************

Solve the following equations in R by the perfect Square:

𝟏) 𝟗 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
4
(3𝑥 − 4)2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=
3
2) 1 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0
(1 − 𝑦)2 = 0 ⇒ 1−𝑦 =0 ⇒ 𝑦=1

𝟑) 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎 √𝟐 𝒚 ⇒ 2 𝑦 2 − 10 √2 𝑦 + 25 = 0
2 5
(√2 𝑦 − 5) = 0 ⇒ √2 𝑦 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦=
√2
12 9
4) 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑦+ =0
5 25
3 2 3 3 3
(2𝑦 − ) = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 − =0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦=
5 5 5 10
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

Solve the following equations in R by completing the square

𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
2
‫ × ( الى الطرفين‬10 ) = 25 ‫ أضافة‬: ‫الحل‬
1
2
119

𝑥 2 + 10 𝑥 + 25 = 10 + 25 ⇒ (𝑥 + 5)2 = 35
𝑥 + 5 = ±√35 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±√35 − 5

⇒ 𝑥 = √35 − 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −√35 − 5 ,

𝑆 = {−√35 − 5 , √35 − 5 }

𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑦 = 1
2
‫( الى الطرفين‬ ‫أضافة‬
1 1
.1) =
2 4
1 1
𝑦2 − 𝑦 + =1+
4 4
2
1 5 1 √5
(𝑦 − ) = ⇒ 𝑦− = ±
2 4 2 2
√5 1 √5 + 1
⇒ 𝑦= ± + ⇒ 𝑦=
2 2 2
−√5 + 1 −√5 + 1 √5 + 1
⇒ 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = , 𝑆={ , }
2 2 2
*****************************

Solve the following equations in R by completing the square, and

find the result by near it to a nearest integer

𝟓𝒛 (𝒛 + 𝟒) − 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟎
5𝑧 2 + 20 𝑧 = 80 ÷ 5
2
‫( الى الطرفين‬ .4) = 4 ‫أضافة‬
1
2

𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4 = 16 + 4 ⇒ (𝑧 + 2)2 = 20

⇒ 𝑧 + 2 = ± √20 ⇒ 𝑧 = ± √20 − 2

𝑧 ≃ ± √20 − 2 ⇒ 𝑧 = √20 − 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −√20 − 2

120

𝑆 = {−√20 − 2 , √20 − 2}
Using General Law to Solve the Equations

𝟏) 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒ 7𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = 7 , 𝑏 = 4 , 𝑐 = −2

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −4 ± √16 − 4(7)(−2)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(7)

−4 ± √16 + 56 −4 ± √72
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
14 14
−4 + √72 −4 − √72
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
14 14
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟗𝒚 ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 + 12 = 0
𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 9 , 𝑐 = 12

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −9 ± √81 − 4(1)(12)

𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2𝑎 2
−9 ± √33 −9 ± √33
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2
−9 + √33 −9 − √33
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 2
The discriminative expression is not a perfect square, so the equation
has two irrational roots

**********************************
121
What is the value of constant (K) which makes the two roots of the
equation 𝒙𝟐 − (𝒌 + 𝟒)𝒙 = −𝟗 Equaled? Check your answer

𝑥 2 − (𝑘 + 4)𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 + 4 ,𝑐 = 9

∆ = 0 ‫جذ ار المعادلة متساويان‬

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 4)2 − 36 = 0

⇒ (𝑘 + 4)2 = 36 ⇒ 𝑘 + 4 = ±6 ⇒ 𝑘 = ±6 − 4
𝑘 =6−4=2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −6 − 4 = −10
Check….

𝐾=2
𝑥 2 − (2 + 4)𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 6 𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥−3=0 ⇒ 𝑥=3
𝑘 = −10
𝑥 2 − (−10 + 4)𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 6 𝑥 + 9 = 0
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)2 = 0

𝑥+3=0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3
))))))))))))))))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

What is the value of constant (K) which makes the two roots of the
equation 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 = (𝒌 − 𝟐)𝒚 Equaled? Check your answer

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 2 − (𝑘 − 2 )𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ , 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 𝑘 − 2 , 𝑐 = 25
∆=0
𝑏 2 − 4 𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 2)2 − 4(1)(25) = 0
122

(𝑘 − 2)2 − 100 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 − 2)2 = 100

⇒ 𝑘 − 2 = ±10 ⇒ 𝑘 = ±10 + 2
⇒ 𝑘 = 10 + 2 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = − 10 + 2 = −8
Check…..

𝑘 = 12
𝑦 2 − (12 − 2)𝑦 + 25 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 5)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦=5
𝑘 = −8
𝑦 2 — (−8 − 2)𝑦 + 25 = 0
𝑦 2 + 10 𝑦 + 25 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 + 5)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5
**********************************

Show that the equation 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟔𝒛 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎 doesn’t have a solution

set in real number.

𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −6 , 𝑐 = 18
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ⇒ (−6)2 − 4 (1)(−18) = 36 − 72

∆= −36 < 0
Two unreal roots (the solution set in R = ∅)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
123
Solving the Rational Equations

Find the solution for each of following equations in R

𝟑 𝟐
𝟏) [ − = 𝟒 ] (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
3(𝑥 − 1) − 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 4 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 − 3 − 2 𝑥 − 4 = 4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 − 7 = 4𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 − 8 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 − 𝑥 + 7 = 0
4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ (4𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
1 1
⇒ 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑆 = {−1 , }
4 4
*********************************

𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟖 + 𝟕 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
𝟐) + =
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
2𝑥 3𝑥 8 + 7 𝑥 + 3 𝑥2
[ + = ] (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) = 8 + 7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 8 + 7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 8 + 7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 8 − 7 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 6 𝑥 − 8 = 0 ÷ 2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 ‫يهمل ألنه يجعل المقام صفر‬

124

𝑆 = { 4}
125
 ‫احبائي اعزائي‬
‫لقد وعدتم ووفيتم وبذلتم قصارى جهدكم لتنالو كل الحب والتقدير‬
‫انتم تسيرون االن نحو حلمكم الذي سيتحقق قريبا باذن هللا فلم يبق اال‬
‫القليل فما عليكم اال القليل من الصبر الكثير من العزم‬
‫لكم انتظرت احلى خبر سأسمعه منكم‬

‫" لقد نلت نجاحي بل تفوقي نعم لقد حققت الوعد الذي قطعته‬
‫سأصل الى هدفي وسأطوي كل الم مررت به وامحو كل تعب‬
‫عشت فيه اليام‬
‫فها هي فرحتي بنجاحي ستنسيني كل معاناتي‬
‫فشكرا لك يا هللا لكم احسست بحبك وبقربك لي لقد غمرتني بلطفك فأنرت لي‬
‫طريقي وهديتني الى مستقبل افضل "‬

‫تحياتي لكم ‪.....‬‬

‫استاذ عماد صالح‬
‫‪126‬‬
Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Coordinate Geometric

Graphical Representation of the

Equations in the Coordinate Plane
Slope of the Line
The Equation of the Line
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Distance between Two Points
Trigonometric Ratios
Problems Solving Plan (Determine
Feasibility Answers)
1

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Graphical Representation of the Equations in the Coordinate Plane

‫التمثيل البياني للمعادالت في المستوى االحداثي‬
Graphical representation of the linear equation in the coordinate plane

Linear Equation: The general formula of linear equation is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ,

where a , b are not equal zero together . Its representation in the coordinate plane
is line .

‫التمثيل البياني للمعادلة الخطية في المستوي االحداثي‬

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 :‫ الصيغة العامة للمعادلة الخطية هي‬: ‫المعادلة الخطية‬

‫ فقط‬1 ‫ 𝑎 ال تساوي صف اًر معاً والمتغيرات فيها من الدرجة االولى أي أنها مرفوعة لقوة‬, 𝑏 ‫وأن‬
. ‫وتمثيلها بالمستوى االحداثي يمثل خط مستقيم‬

Ex.: represent the equation 2y-x= 0 in the coordinate plane we following: -

First step :- We make the equation in the form y =f(x) ( y denoted by x)

1
2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥
2

Second step :- Choose ,at least ,two values to the variable x , let x=4,x=2,
then we substitute them in the equation to get ordered pairs .
1
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = (2) = 1 ⇒ 𝑃1 (2,1)
2
1
𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = (4) = 2 ⇒ 𝑃2 (4,1)
2

Third step:- We make a table with the resulting values and represent the
ordered pairs in the coordinate plane and connect the two points ,the figure
that we get represents a
2

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬مثل المعادلة 𝟎 = 𝒙 ‪ 𝟐𝒚 −‬في المستوى االحداثي‬

‫لتمثيل هذه المعادلة في المستوى االحداثي نتبع ما يلي‬

‫‪ (1‬نجعل المعادلة على شكل )𝑥(𝑓 = 𝑦 (أي 𝑦 بداللة 𝑥)‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦‪2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2‬‬ ‫=𝑦‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ )2‬نختار في االقل قيمتين للمتغير 𝑥 ونعوضها في المعادلة للحصول على زوجين مرتبين ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⇒ ‪𝑥=2‬‬ ‫=𝑦‬ ‫)‪(2) = 1 ⇒ 𝑃1 (2,1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = (4) = 2 ⇒ 𝑃2 (4,1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ )3‬نعمل جدول بالقيم الناتجة ونمثل االزواج المرتبة في المستوى االحداثي ثم تصل بين النقطتين‪،‬‬
‫الشكل الناتج يمثل مستقيم‬

‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒚‬ ‫)𝒚 ‪(𝒙,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(2,1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(4,2‬‬

‫‪The equation of the line which passes‬‬

‫‪through the origin is without the absolute term‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ 07901767905‬كلية بغداد ‪07728117710‬‬

 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Ex.: Represent the following equations in the coordinate plane. What do

you notice?

1) 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 (𝒙, 𝒚)
1 𝑦 = 3(1) − 5 = −2 𝑝1 (0 , −2)
3 𝑦 = 3 (3) − 5 = 4 𝑝2 (3 ,4)

The line intersects X- axis, and Y- axis

and it does not through the origin

2) 𝑦 = 4

𝒙 𝒚=𝟒 (𝒙, 𝒚)
0 4 𝑝1 (0 , 4)
3 4 𝑝2 (3 ,4)
The line y= 4 parallel to the X- axis and
perpendicular to Y-axis at the point (0,4)

(0 ,4) ‫ عند النقطة المار بها‬Y ‫ وعمودي على المحور‬X ‫المستقيم يوازي المحور‬

3) 𝑥 = −3

𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
−3 0 𝑝1 (−3,0)
−3 3 𝑝2 (−3,3)

The line x=-3 parallel to the Y –axis and

perpendicular to X-axis at (-3,0)

(-3 ,0) ‫ عند النقطة المار بها‬X ‫ وعمودي على المحور‬Y ‫المستقيم يوازي المحور‬
4

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

‫العالقة بين المستقيم والمحورين االحداثيين‬

Equation The relation with the two axes

The line intersects the two axes and it does not
ax+by+c = 0 pass through the origin
‫المستقيم يقطع المحورين وال يمر بنقطة االصل‬
The line intersects the axes and passes through
ax+by =0 the origin
‫المستقيم يقطع المحورين ما ار بنقطة االصل‬
The line parallel to the X-axis and
perpendicularly to the Y- axis at the point (0,k)
y = k, k∈ R ‫ عند النقطة‬Y ‫ وعمودي على المحور‬X ‫المستقيم يوازي المحور‬
(0 ,k) ‫المار بها‬
The line parallel to the Y-axis and
perpendicularly to the X-axis at the point (h,0)
x = h, h∈ R ‫ عند النقطة‬X ‫ وعمودي على المحور‬Y ‫المستقيم يوازي المحور‬
(h ,0) ‫المار بها‬

******************************

The Graphical representation of the quadratic equation 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 in

the coordinate plane

The graphical representation of the equation will be

‫اذا كان معامل 𝑥 في المعادلة التربيعية موجب‬

‫اذا كان معامل 𝑥 في المعادلة التربيعية سالب‬

5

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Ex. Represent the equation

1) 𝑦 = −𝑥 2

𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 y (𝒙 , 𝒚 )
−2 −(−2)2 −4 (−2, −4)
−1 −(−1)2 −1 (−1, −1)
0 −(0)2 0 (0,0)
1 −(1)2 -1 (1, −1)
2 −(2)2 -4 (2 , −4)

2) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 5

𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚 )
−2 2(−2)2 − 5 3 (−2,3)
−1 2(−1)2 − 5 −3 (−1, −3)
0 2(0)2 − 5 −5 (0, −5)
1 2(1)2 − 5 −3 (1, −3)
2 2(2)2 − 5 3 (2 ,3)

07728117710 ‫ كلية بغداد‬07901767905

 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Make sure of your understanding

Represent the following linear equations in the coordinate plane, then explain
their relation with the two axes:

1) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 ,
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
0 𝑦 = 3(0) + 1 1 (0,1)
−1 𝑦 = 3(−1) + 1 −2 (−1, −2)

The line intersects the two axes

and it does not pass through the origin

*********************************

2) 𝑦 = −4 𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
1 𝑦 = −4 (1) −4 (1, −4)
−1 𝑦 = −4 (−1) 4 (−1, 4)

The line intersects the axes

and passes through the origin

3) 𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2
𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
0 𝑦 = −3(0) + 2 2 (0,2)
1 𝑦 = −3 (1) + 2 −1 (1, −1)

The line intersects the two

axes and it does not passes
through the origin
7

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

4) 𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
0 𝑦 = 1 − 3(0) 1 (0,1)
1 𝑦 = 1 − 3(1) −2 (1, −2)

The line intersects the two axes and it does

not pass through the origin

5) 𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5

𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟓 (𝒙, 𝒚)
0 −5 (0, −5)
1 −5 (1, −5)

The line parallel to the X-axis and

perpendicularly to the Y- axis at the point (0 , −5)

6) 𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5

𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟓 (𝒙, 𝒚)
5 0 (5,0)
5 1 (5,1)

The line parallel to the Y-axis and

perpendicularly to the X-axis at the point (5 ,0)
8

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

7) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
−2 𝑦 = (−2)2 + 4 8 (−2,8)
−1 𝑦 = (−1)2 + 4 5 (−1,5)
0 𝑦 = (0)2 + 4 4 (0,4)
1 𝑦 = (1)2 + 4 5 (1, 5)
2 𝑦 = (2)2 + 4 8 (2 ,8)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

8) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚 )
−2 𝑦 = (−2)2 4 (−2,4)
−1 𝑦 = (−1)2 1 (−1,1)
0 𝑦 = (0)2 0 (0,0)
1 𝑦 = (1)2 1 (1, 1)
2 𝑦 = (2)2 4 (2 ,4)

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

9) 𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑥 2
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚 )
−2 𝑦 = 1 − 3(−2)2 -11 (−2, −11)
−1 𝑦 = 1 − 3(−1)2 -2 (−1, −2)
0 𝑦 = 1 − 3(0)2 1 (0,1)
1 𝑦 = 1 − 3(1) 2 -2 (1, −2)
2 𝑦 = 1 − 3(2) 2 -11 (2 , −11)

10) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4
𝒙 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)

0 −(0) + 4 4 (0,4)

1 −(1) + 4 3 (1,3)

The line intersects the two axes and

it does not passes through the origin

11) 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)

0 0 (0,0)

1 1 (1,1)

The line intersects the two axes and passes

through the origin

******************************
10

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬
5
12) 𝑦 = −
2

𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
5 5
−1 − (−1, − )
2 2
5 5
1 − (1, − )
2 2

The line intersects the axes and passes

through the origin

14) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1

𝒙 𝒙𝟐 -1 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
−2 (−2)2 − 1 3 (−2,3)
−1 (−1)2 − 1 0 (−1,0)
0 (0)2 − 1 −1 (0, −1)
1 (1)2 − 1 0 (1, 0)
2 (2)2 − 1 3 (2 ,3)

11

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

**********************************

16) 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2

𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
−2 −3(−2)2 −12 (−2, −12)
−1 −3(−1)2 −3 (−1, −3)
0 −3(0)2 0 (0,0)
1 −3(1)2 −3 (1, −3)
2 −3(2)2 −12 (2 , −12)

15) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
−2 2(−2)2 + 3 11 (−2, 11)
−1 2(−1)2 + 3 5 (−1,5)
0 2(0)2 + 3 0 (0,3)
1 2(1)2 + 3 5 (1, 5)
2 2(2)2 + 3 11 (2 ,11) 12

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

17) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
−2 2(−2)2 8 (−2, 8)
−1 2(−1)2 2 (−1,2)
0 2(0)2 0 (0,0)
1 2(1)2 2 (1, 2)
2 2(2)2 8 (2 ,8)

Solve the problems

Temperatures: The equation F = 95 C + 32 shows

the relation between the Celsius temperatures
and Fahrenheit temperatures .Represent the
equation graphically.

𝑪 9 𝑭
F= C + 32 (𝒙, 𝒚)
X 5 y

9
0 (0) + 32 32 (0,32)
5
9
5 (5) + 32 41 (5,41)
5
13

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Geometry: A right – angled and isosceles triangle,

its length right side is x unit, f (x) represents its area.
i) Write the relation f (x) in terms of x. 𝑥
ii) Represent the relation f(x) in the coordinate plane.
𝑥

1
‫× القاعدة × االرتفاع‬ = ‫∴ مساحة المثلث‬
2
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2
2

𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
𝟐
1
0 (0)2 0 (0 ,0)
2
1
2 (2)2 2 (2 ,2)
2
1
4 (4)2 8 (4 ,8)
2

Physics : The law F =9.8𝑚 represents the power of the earth gravity on a
body, where F is the power in Newton, m is the body mass in Kg.
Represent the law in the coordinate plane.

𝒎 𝑭
X
F =9.8𝑚 y
(𝒙, 𝒚)

0 9.8(0) 0 (0,0)

1 9.8(1) 9.8 (1,9.8)

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Works : A company for construction equipment

takes 10,000 dinars as insurance, as well 5,000
dinars for every hour. Write the equation that
expresses the problem, and then represent it
graphically in the coordinate plane.
Assume the number of hours= 𝑥
The sums charged by the company= 𝑦
𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 10

𝒙 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)

0 5(0) + 10 10 (0,10)

1 5(1) + 10 15 (1,15)

2 5(2) + 10 20 (2,20)

**************************************

Discover the mistake: Mohammed represented the following linear

equation (y=-3x+9) in the nearby graphic figure. Discover Mohammed’s
. mistake, then correct it.
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 9

𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)

0 −3(1) + 9 9 (0,9)

1 −3(1) + 9 6 (1,6)

Represent the following equations in the

coordinate plane

1) 𝑦(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥(𝑦 − 2)
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙 , 𝒚)
1 −2(1) −2 (1, −2)
−1 −2(−1) 2 (−1,2)

**************************

2) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)
−2 (−2)2 − 4 0 (−2,0)
−1 (−1)2 − 4 −3 (−1, −3)
0 (0)2 − 4 −4 (0, −4) v v
1 (1)2 − 4 −3 (1, −3)
2 (2)2 − 4 0 (2 ,0) v v
v
16

*****************************

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Open problem: Give an example of linear equation as ax+by+c=0 for each

case :
𝑖) 𝑎 = 0
{2𝑦 = 6} ÷2 ⇒ 𝑦 =3
The line parallel to the X-axis and perpendicularly to the Y- axis at the point (0 ,3)

𝑖𝑖) 𝑏 = 0
{3𝑥 = 15} ÷3 → 𝑥 =5
The line parallel to the Y-axis and perpendicularly to the X-axis at the point (5 ,0)

𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑐 = 0

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = −3𝑥

𝑥 𝑦 = −3𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 , 𝑦)
0 −3(0) 0 (0,0)
1 −3(1) −3 (1, −3)
2 −3(2) −6 (2 , −6)

The line intersects the two axes and it does not passes through the origin

Challenge : The following ordered pairs (0,4) ,(1,6),(-1,2) had formed a

line, what is the intersection point of this line with the X – axis ?

the intersection point of this line with the

X – axis is (-2,0)
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

********************************

Justification: Show if the following ordered pairs represent a linear function

or quadratic one {(2,4), (1,1), (0,0), (−1,1), (−2,4)}

The ordered pairs represent a quadratic

function

Numerical sense : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 , 𝑦 =
𝑥 + 1 Which one represents a quadratic function ? clarify that

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 represents a quadratic function

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 represents a linear function

𝑥 2 ‫ 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑦 وأن وجود‬2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ‫من خالل تعريف الدالة التربيعية هي الدالة على صيغة‬
)‫ 𝑥 = 𝑦 معادلة تربيعية (دالة تربيعية‬2 + 1 ‫في هذه المعادلة يدل على انها دالة التربيعية أي أن‬
.
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Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Slope of Line ‫ميل المستقيم‬

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫الميل ‪ :‬يعرف الميل المستقيم غير رأسي بأنه النسبة بين التغير العمودي والتغير االفقي ‪ .‬وهو‬
‫كما يلي‬

‫التغير العمودي ‪ :‬هو التغير الصادي 𝟏𝒚 ‪𝒚𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝟏𝒙 ‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫التغير االفقي ‪ :‬هو التغير السيني‬

‫𝟏𝒚 ‪𝒚𝟐 −‬‬ ‫التغير الصادي‬

‫=𝒎‬ ‫الميل =‬
‫𝟏𝒙 ‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫التغير السيني‬

‫الميل 𝒎 ‪ :‬هو ميل المستقيم المار بنقطتين ) 𝟏𝒚 ‪ (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) , (𝒙𝟏 ,‬ويمكن أن يكون موجب ًا أو‬
‫سالباً ‪.‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ )1 :‬إذا كان المستقيم أفقياً أي يوازي محور السينات فأن ميله يساوي صفر ‪.‬‬

‫‪ )2‬إذا كان المستقيم عمودياً (رأسي ًا) يوازي محور الصادات فأن ميله غير محدد‬

‫‪Ex.: Find the slope of the line which passes through two points in each‬‬
‫‪of the following:‬‬

‫)‪1) 𝐴(5,7) , 𝐵(−2 ,1‬‬

‫‪𝑦2 − 𝑦1‬‬ ‫‪1−7‬‬ ‫‪−6 6‬‬
‫=𝑚‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪𝑥2 − 𝑥1‬‬ ‫‪−2 − 5‬‬ ‫‪−7 7‬‬

‫)‪The slope is positive (the line is to upward‬‬

‫‪when we move from left to right, values of y‬‬
‫‪are increasing‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

2) 𝐴(−1 , 5) , 𝐵(4 ,2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2−5 −3
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4+1 5

The slope is negative (the line is to down

ward) when we move from left to right,
values of y are decreasing.

3) 𝐴(1, −2), 𝐵( 4, −2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 + 2 0
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = = =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4−1 3

The slope is zero (the line is horizontal), it

parallel to the X-axis, the values of y are
constant.

4) 𝐴(−2,3), 𝐵(−2 , −3)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 − 3 −6
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −2 + 2 0

The slope is undefined (the line is vertical), it

parallel to the Y-axis, the values of x are
constant
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

The Intersection of the line with axes in Coordinate plane

You can easily represent the equation of the line by finding the two points
of line with the two axes.

X – Intercept: is the value of x from the intersection of the line with the X –axis by
substituting y= 0 and the interaction point is (x,0).

Y – Intercept: is the value of y from the interaction of the line with the Y- axis
by substituting x= 0 and the interaction point is (0,y).

‫تقاطع المستقيم مع المحورين في المستوى االحداثي‬

𝒚 = 𝟎 ‫ هو قيمة 𝒙 من تقاطع المستقيم مع محور السينات أي عندما‬: ‫ المقطع السيني‬1

. (𝒙, 𝟎) ‫(بالتعويض عن 𝟎 = 𝒚 ) ونقطة التقاطع هي‬

𝒙 = 𝟎 ‫ هو قيمة 𝒚 من تقاطع المستقيم مع محور الصادات عندما‬: ‫ المقطع الصادي‬2

.(𝟎 , 𝐲) ‫(بالتعويض عن 𝟎 = 𝒙) نقطة التقاطع هي‬

Ex.: Find the X-intercept and Y- intercept for the line 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15

Ex.: Find the X- intercept and Y- intercept if it is for each of the following:

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15
3𝑥 + 5(0) = 15 3(0) + 5𝑦 = 15
3𝑥 = 15 5𝑦 = 15 ÷ 5
𝑥=5 𝑦=3
the X-intercept is 5 the Y-intercept is 3
the point of the point of
intersection with the intersection with the
X-axis is (5, 0) Y- axis is (0, 3)
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑥 = −2
Represents X- intercept and the point of intersection is (-2,0),
The line // Y-axis

𝑦=4
Represents Y- intercept and the point of intersection is (0,4)
The line // X-axis
****************************

Make sure of your understanding

Find the slope of the line which through the two points. Is the slope
positive or negative or zero or undefined? Then determine the
direction of its movement for each of the following:

1) (−2 , −2), (−4 ,1)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 1+2 3
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = →𝑚= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −4 + 2 −2

The slope is negative (the line is to down ward)

when we move from left to right, values of y
are decreasing 23

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

2)(0 ,0), (3,2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2−0 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 3−0 3

The slope is positive (the line is to upward)

when we move from left to right, values of y
are increasing

3)(−4 ,4), (2 , −5)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −5 − 4 −9 −3
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2+4 6 2

The slope is negative (the line is to down

ward) when we move from left to right, values
of y are decreasing

****************************
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

4)(4,4), (2,3)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3−4 −1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−4 −2 2

The slope is positive (the line is to upward)

when we move from left to right, values of y
are increasing

5) (4,3), (4, −3)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 − 3 −6
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑚 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4−4 0

The slope is undefined (the line is vertical), it

parallel to the Y-axis, the values of x are
constant

6) (-6,-1) , (-2,-1)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 + 1
𝑚= = =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −2 + 6

The slope is zero (the line is horizontal), it

parallel to the X-axis, the values of y are
constant.
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Find the X-intercept and the Y- intercept for each the following:

7) 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 18
X- Intercept Y- Intercept
3𝑥 + 6(0) = 18 3(0) + 6𝑦 = 18
3𝑥 = 18 6𝑦 = 18
18 18
𝑥= =6 𝑦= =3
3 6
the X-intercept is 6 the Y-intercept is 3
the point of the point of
intersection with the intersection with the
X-axis is (6, 0) Y-axis is (0, 3)

8) 𝑦 + 2 = 5𝑥 − 4

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 + 4 → 5 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
5𝑥 − 0 = 6 5(0) − 𝑦 = 6
5𝑥 = 6 −𝑦 = 6
6 𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = = 1.2
5
the X-intercept is 1.2 the Y-intercept is -6
the point of the point of
intersection with the intersection with
X-axis is (1.2, 0) the Y-axis is (0, -6)
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

9) 𝑦 = −4 𝑥
X- Intercept Y- Intercept
0 = −4𝑥 y = −4(𝑥)
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

The line intersects the axes at the origin (0,0)

10) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 8 → 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
𝑥+0=8 0+𝑦 =8
𝑥=8 𝑦=8
the X-intercept is 8 the Y-intercept is 8
the point of the point of
intersection with the intersection with
X-axis is (8, 0) the Y-axis is (0, 8)

11) 5𝑥 = 𝑦 − 8 → 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = −8

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
5𝑥 − 0 = −8 5(0) − 𝑦 = −8
−8 −𝑦 = −8 → 𝑦 = 8
5𝑥 = −8 → 𝑥 = the Y-intercept is 8
5
the X-intercept is
−8 the point of
5 intersection with
the point of
the Y-axis is (0, 8)
intersection with the
−8
X-axis is ( , 0)
5
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

−3 3
12) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5 → 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5
4 4
X- Intercept Y- Intercept
3 3
𝑥 + 0 = −5 (0) + 𝑦 = −5
4 4
3𝑥 = −20 𝑦 = −5
−20
→𝑥=
3
−20
the X-intercept is the Y-intercept is -5
3
the point of the point of
intersection with intersection with
−20
the X-axis is ( 3 , 0) the Y-axis is (0, -5)

13) 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12) ÷ 2

→ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
𝑥 + 3(0) = 6 0 + 3𝑦 = 6
→𝑥=6 → 3𝑦 = 6 → 𝑦 = 2
the X-intercept is 6 the Y-intercept is 2
the point of the point of
intersection with intersection with
the X-axis is (6, 0) the Y-axis is (0, 2)
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

14) 𝑦 + 4 = 2𝑥 − 4 → 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
2𝑥 − 0 = 8 2(0) − 𝑦 = 8
→ 2𝑥 = 8 → 𝑥 = 4 → −𝑦 = 8 →
the X-intercept is 4 𝑦 = −8
the point of the Y-intercept is -8
intersection with the point of
the X-axis is (4, 0) intersection with
the Y-axis is (0, -8)

15) 𝑦 = −5𝑥 → 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
the X-intercept is 0 the Y-intercept is 0
the point of the point of
intersection with intersection with
the X-axis is (0, 0) the Y-axis is (0, 0)

The line intersects the axes at the origin (0,0)

16) 𝑥 = 4
Represents X- intercept and the point of intersection is (4,0),
The line // Y-axis

17) 3𝑦 = −6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
Represents Y- intercept and the point of intersection is (0,-2)

The line // X-axis

29

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬
−1
18) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4⇒ 2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
2

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
𝑥 + 2(0) = 8 2𝑦 = 8
→𝑥=8 𝑦=4
the X-intercept is 8 the Y-intercept is 4
the point of the point of
intersection with intersection with
the X-axis is (8, 0) the Y-axis is (0, 4)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Solve the Exercises

Find the slope of the line which through the two points. Is the slope
positive or negative or zero or undefined? Then determine the
direction of its movement for each of the following:

19) (6,2), (0,2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2−2
𝑚= = =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0−6

The slope is zero (the line is horizontal), it parallels to the X-axis, the
values of y are constant.

20) (-2,4) , (5,5)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 5−4 1
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 5+2 7

The slope is positive (the line is to upward) when we move from left to
right, values of y are increasing
30

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

21) (-2,-3),(2,4)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 4+3 7
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2+2 4

The slope is positive (the line is to upward) when we move from left to
right, values of y are increasing

22) (3,-5) , (0,0)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0+5 5
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0 − 3 −3

The slope is negative (the line is to down ward) when we move from left to
right, values of y are decreasing

********************************

Find the X-intercept and Y-intercept for each of the following :

23) 3𝑦 − 7𝑥 = 9

X- Intercept Y- Intercept
3(0) − 7𝑥 = 9 3𝑦 − 7(0) = 9
→ −7𝑥 = 9 3𝑦 = 9 → 𝑦 = 3
9 the Y-intercept is 3
→𝑥=
−7 the point of
9
the X-intercept is intersection with
−7
the point of the Y-axis is (0, 3)
intersection with
9
the X-axis is ( , 0)
−7
31

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

3
24) 𝑦 = − 𝑥
2

X- Intercept Y- Intercept The line intersects the axes at the

3 3 origin (0,0)
0= − 𝑥 y = − (0)
2 2
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

25) 𝑥 = −4
Represents X- intercept and the point of intersection is (-4,0),
The line // Y-axis

26) 0 = 𝑦 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
Represents Y- intercept and the point of intersection is (0,-3)

The line // X-axis

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Solve the problems

Physics: The nearby table represents the amount of liquid which flows from
a basin during certain time, find the slope of
The amount of leaky liquid
Time second Volume of liquid m3 the line which represented by the table, then
10 40 illustrate what it means.
13 52
16 64 to find the slop we can select any tow
19 76 points from the table: (10 ,40)،(19 ,76)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 76 − 40 36 4
𝑚= = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 19 − 10 9 1

the slop is 4, mean that the volume of leaky liquid is 4 m3/s

Plants: If the length of a plant is 30 cm, during each two months, it grows
in constant distance which is 4cm.

1) Time 0 2 4
length of plant 30 34 38

2) What is the slope of the line which represented by the relation between the
length of the plant and the time
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 34 − 30 4
𝑚= = = =2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−0 2

3) Write the linear function which represented by the table:

(𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 30
33

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

4) Represent the function in the coordinate

plane(4 ,38) , (2,34 ), (0,30)

Challenge: Find the value of (a) which makes the slope of the line which
1
passes through the two points (1,6), (-5,a) equals ( ).
2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
1 𝑎−6 1 𝑎−6
= ⇒ = ⇒ 2𝑎 − 12 = −6
2 −5 − 1 2 −6
⇒ 2𝑎 = −6 + 12 ⇒ 2𝑎 = 6 ⇒ 𝑎=3

Critical thinking: - Can you determine a

slope of a line passes through the two
points (3,7),(7,-3)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 − 7 −10 −5
𝑚= = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 7−3 4 2

The slope is negative (the line is to down

ward) when we move from left to right,
values of y are decreasing
34

***************************************

07728117710 ‫ كلية بغداد‬07901767905

 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Discover the mistake: The slope of the line which passes through the two
points ( , 0 3),( , 3 1- ), Discover the mistake and correct it.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 − 3 −4
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 3−0 3

**************************************
−1
Open problem: Mention two points on a line which its slope =
3

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3−2 1
𝑚= = = 𝐵 (−2 ,3) , 𝐴(1 ,2)
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −2 − 1 −3

***************************************

Critical thinking: From the nearby

graphical figure, determine the direction

The slope is negative (the line is to down

ward) when we move from left to right,
values of y are decreasing

Write: In your style the meaning of the slope equals zero and the slope is
undefined.

The slope is zero (the line is horizontal), it parallel to the X-axis, the values
of y are constant

The slope is undefined (the line is vertical), it parallel to the Y-axis, the
values of x are constant
35

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Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

36

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫معادلة المستقيم ‪The Equation of the line‬‬

‫‪Writing an Equation of line with two points of it‬‬

‫كتابة معادلة مستقيم بمعرفة نقطتين منه‬

‫معادلة المستقيم الذي يمر بنقطتين ) ‪𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )، 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1‬‬

‫𝟏𝒚 ‪𝒚 −‬‬ ‫𝟏𝒚 ‪𝒚𝟐 −‬‬

‫=‬
‫𝟏𝒙 ‪𝒙 −‬‬ ‫𝟏 𝒙 ‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫‪Writing Equation of line with the slope and one point of it‬‬
‫إيجاد معادلة المستقيم بمعرفة ميله ونقطة ينتمي اليه‬
‫‪𝑦2 −𝑦1‬‬
‫=𝑚‬ ‫ميل المستقيم المار بنقطتين‬
‫‪𝑥2 −𝑥1‬‬

‫معادلة المستقيم بمعرفة ميله ونقطة منه‬

‫) 𝟏𝒙 ‪𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 −‬‬

‫‪Writing Equation of line with the slope of it and one intercept with axes‬‬
‫إيجاد معادلة المستقيم بمعرفة ميله ومقطعه الصادي‬

‫‪𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒌 ,‬‬ ‫الصادي المقطع 𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑖 ‪ , 𝑘: 𝑌 −‬الميل 𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝑒‪𝑚 ∶ 𝑡ℎ‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Learn: A cyclist cuts a distance 20

Km in two hours and 50 Km in five
hours, what is the linear equation
which connects between the
distance and the time?

𝐵(5,50) , 𝐴(2,20)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= 𝑥1 = 2 , 𝑦1 = 20, 𝑥2 = 5 , 𝑦2 = 50
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 20 50 − 20
=
𝑥−2 5−2
𝑦 − 20 30
= ⇒ 𝑦 − 20 = 10𝑥 − 20 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10𝑥
𝑥−2 3
𝑦 − 10𝑥 = 0 the line equation
**********************************
Ex.: Use the equation of the slop and the point for each line to determine its
slope and the point in which it passes

1) 𝑦 − 3 = −5 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑚 = −5 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 , (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, 3) 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
*************************************
2
2) 𝑦 + 7 = 𝑥
5
2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − (−7) = (𝑥 − 0)
5
2
𝑚= , (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (0 , −7)
5
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬
1
𝑬𝒙. : Find the equation of the line which its slope ( ) and its
2
X − intercept equals (−1).

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑥1 = −1 , 𝑦1 = 0

𝑦 = 0 ‫فأن‬ −1 = ‫مالحظة المقطع السيني‬

1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = (𝑥 + 1)
2
1 1
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥+ equation of the line
2 2

****************************

Ex.: Use the equation of the slop and intercept for each line to determine its
slope and intercept

1) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 ⇒ [3𝑦 = −2 𝑥 + 6 ] ÷ 3

−2
𝑦= 𝑥+2
3
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 With compression with the equation of slop-intercept
−2
∴𝑚= ,𝑘 = 2
3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

5 8
2) 5𝑥 = 7𝑦 + 8 ⇒ 7𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 8 ] ÷ 7 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥−
7 7
5 −8
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑚= , 𝑘=
7 7
3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1𝑥 + 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 1 ,𝑘 = 0
39

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫⇒ ‪4) 𝑦 = 1‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑦 = 0𝑥 + 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑚 = 0,𝑘 = 1‬‬

‫⇒ ‪5) 𝑦 = 0‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑦 = 0𝑥 + 0‬‬ ‫‪𝑚 = 0 ,𝑘 = 0‬‬

‫⇒ ‪6) 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 5‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪𝑦 = −𝑥 + 5‬‬ ‫‪𝑚 = −1 , 𝑘 = 5‬‬

‫*********************************************‬
‫𝟐‪−‬‬
‫جد مقطعه ومعادلته ‪.‬‬ ‫مثال مستقيم يمر في نقطة )‪ (5 , -1‬وميله‬
‫𝟓‬

‫𝟐‪−‬‬
‫‪Ex.: A line passes through the point (5 , -1) and its slope‬‬ ‫‪, find its‬‬
‫𝟓‬
‫‪intercept and equation‬‬

‫‪The first solution‬‬ ‫‪The second solution‬‬

‫𝑘 ‪𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +‬‬ ‫) ‪𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1‬‬

‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫= ‪−1‬‬ ‫𝐾 ‪(5) +‬‬ ‫= )‪𝑦— (−1‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑥 − 5‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫𝑘 ‪−1 = −2 +‬‬ ‫‪5𝑦 + 5 = −2𝑥 + 10‬‬

‫‪𝑘=1‬‬ ‫‪5𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 5‬‬

‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=𝑦‬ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑞𝑒 𝑒‪𝑥 + 1 𝑡ℎ‬‬ ‫=𝑦‬ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑞𝑒 𝑒‪𝑥 + 1 𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫*********************************‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬يمكن كتابة او التعبير عن معادلة المستقيم بأي طريقة وبأي صورة كانت اال اذا حدد‬
‫الصورة التي تكتب بها المعادلة‬
‫‪40‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Make sure of your understanding

Find the line equation which each one of them passes through two
points in each of the following

1)(−3 ,1) , (2 , −1) 2) (0,2), (2 , −4)

𝑥1 = −3 , 𝑥2 = 2 𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑥2 = 2

𝑦1 = 1 , 𝑦2 = −1 𝑦1 = 2 , 𝑦2 = −4
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 =
= 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 2 −4 − 2
𝑦 − 1 −1 − 1 =
= 𝑥−0 2−0
𝑥+3 2+3
𝑦 − 2 −6
𝑦 − 1 −2 =
= 𝑥 2
𝑥+3 5
𝑦−2
5𝑦 − 5 = −2𝑥 − 6 = −3
𝑥
5𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 6 + 5 𝑦 − 2 = −3𝑥
5𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 1 𝑦 = − 3𝑥 + 2 ‫معادلة المستقيم‬
−2 1
𝑦= 𝑥− ‫معادلة المستقيم‬
5 5
∗) (−4 , −2), (−5 , −6)

𝑥1 = −4 , 𝑥2 = −5

𝑦1 = −2 , 𝑦2 = −6
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦 + 2 −6 + 2
= ⇒ =
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥 + 4 −5 + 4
𝑦 + 2 −4 𝑦+2
= ⇒ =4
41

𝑥 + 4 −1 𝑥+4

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑦 + 2 = 4𝑥 + 16 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 16 − 2

𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 14 ‫معادل المستقيم‬

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Use the equation of slope and point for each line to determine its slope
and the point which it passes through

‫ يمكن ايجاد كل من الميل والنقطة بعد ترتيب المعادلة وبالمقارنة مع معادلة‬:‫مالحظة‬

)‫المستقيم ( ميل ونقطة‬

3) 𝑦 − 1 = 2(𝑥 − 3) 4) 𝑦 + 1 = −𝑥 + 4
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚=2 , (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (3 , 1) 𝑦 + 1 = −1 (𝑥 − 4)
𝑚 = −1 , (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (4, −1)
####################################
−3 −3
∗) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦−0 = (𝑥 + 2)
4 4
−3
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ ,𝑚 = , (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−2 , 0)
4
****************************************
42

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫‪Find the line equation for each of the following, then find its intercept‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬بعد ايجاد معادلة المستقيم ( ميل ونقطة) نستطيع ايجاد المقطع بطريقتين كما يلي‬

‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5) (4 , 6),‬‬ ‫‪6) (−1 , −3) ,‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫) ‪𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1‬‬ ‫) ‪𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1‬‬

‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪𝑦−6‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑥 − 4‬‬ ‫=‪𝑦+3‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑥 + 1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪3𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 + 1‬‬
‫=‪𝑦−6‬‬ ‫‪𝑥+‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪3𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 − 9‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫=𝑦‬ ‫‪𝑥+ +6‬‬ ‫‪3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 8‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫=𝑦‬ ‫‪𝑥+‬‬ ‫معادلة المستقيم‬ ‫=𝑦‬ ‫معادلة المستقيم ‪𝑥 −‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫𝑘 ‪𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +‬‬ ‫𝑘 ‪𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +‬‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪−8‬‬
‫=𝑘‬ ‫‪y − intercept‬‬ ‫𝑘‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪y − intercept‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫***********************************‬
‫‪∗) (0 , 0), −6‬‬
‫⇒ ) ‪𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1‬‬ ‫)‪𝑦 − 0 = −6 (𝑥 − 0‬‬

‫⇒ معادلة المستقيم 𝑥 ‪𝑦 = −6‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 0‬‬

‫⇒ 𝑘 ‪𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +‬‬ ‫المقطع الصادي ‪𝑘 = 0‬‬

‫‪43‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Use the equation of the slope and point for each line to determine its
slope and intercept

‫ يمكن ايجاد كل من الميل والنقطة بعد ترتيب المعادلة وبالمقارنة مع معادلة‬:‫مالحظة‬

) ‫المستقيم ( ميل ومقطع‬

7) 5𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 1 8) − 𝑦 = 7𝑥
−2 1 − 𝑦 = 7𝑥 (−1)
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥−
5 5
𝑦 = −7𝑥 + 0
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘
−2 −1
⇒ 𝑚= ,𝑘 = 𝑚 = −7 , 𝑘 = 0
5 5

∗) − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 = 16 ⇒ −4𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 16 ÷ −4

⇒ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘

𝑚 = −2 , 𝑘 = −4

***************************************

Solve the Exercises

Find the line equation which each one of them passes through two
points in each of the following:

9) (0,0),( 3,7)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 7−0 𝑦 7
= ⇒ = ⇒ 3𝑦 = 7𝑥
𝑥−0 3−0 𝑥 3
44

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

10) (0,7 ) ,(-5 ,0 )

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦−7 0−7 𝑦 − 7 −7 𝑦−7 7
= ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 0 −5 − 0 𝑥 −5 𝑥 5

⇒ 5𝑦 − 35 = 7𝑥 ⇒ 5𝑦 − 7𝑥 = 35

*********************************

Use the equation of slope and point for each line to determine its slope
and the point which it passes through
3
11) 𝑦 + = −5(𝑥 − 8)
2
3
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ), 𝑚 = −5, (8, − )
2

12) 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 − 8 = (𝑥 − 0)

𝑚 = 1, (0,8)

**********************************

Find the line equation for each of the following then find its intercept

13) (-3,7) , -3

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝑦 − 7 = −3(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑦 − 7 = −3𝑥 − 9 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 9 + 7

⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 2

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = −2
45

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬
−1
14) (1,-4) ,
2
−1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 + 4 = (𝑥 − 1)
2
−1 1 −1 7
⇒𝑦= 𝑥+ −4⇒ 𝑥−
2 2 2 2
7
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = −
2

**********************************

Use the equation of the slope and point for each line to determine its
slope and intercept

15) 𝑦 + 7 = 3𝑥 + 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 − 7 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑚 = 3, 𝑘 = −2
1
16) 𝑦 = −5𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = −15𝑥 − 3
3

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑚 = −15, 𝑘 = −3

46

07728117710 ‫ كلية بغداد‬07901767905

 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Solve the problems

Biology: Elephant’s ivory is continuously
growing at a rate of 1cm monthly.
Assuming that you start monitoring an
elephant which its ivory length was
100cm.Write in the form of slope-point, an
equation represents the growing of the
elephant ivory after (n) months of the
monitoring.

the equation of slope and point

(0,100). 𝑚 = 1

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 100 = 1(𝑥 − 0)

𝑦 − 100 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 100

*********************************

Physics: The nearby graphic representation

represents the amount of leaky water from a tank
during certain time. Write in the form of two
points, an equation represents the leakage of the
water after (n) seconds

From the nearby graphic, select any two points (10 ,20), (5 , 10), (ℎ ,2ℎ)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 10 20 − 10
= ⇒ =
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥−5 10 − 5
𝑦 − 10 10 𝑦 − 10 2
⇒ = ⇒ =
𝑥−5 5 𝑥−2 1
47

⇒ 𝑦 − 10 = 2𝑥 − 10 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 ‫معادلة تسريب المياه‬

07728117710 ‫ كلية بغداد‬07901767905

 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Money: A person wants to pay 30 million dinars as monthly installments

which will not exceed 1.5 million dinars, the
following linear equation, where y represents the
remaining value from the money, x represents the
number of months. Use the equation of slope and
intercept to determine its slope and intercept.

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑦 = −1.5 𝑥 + 30 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘

𝑚 = −1.5 the slope , 𝑘 = 30 intercept

*************************************

Health: In a new study, a man

pack of
loses two hours of his age when he 1 2 3 4
cigarettes
smokes a pack of cigarettes. Write
the equation which represents that Time 2 4 6 8
and represent it graphically.

(4,8) , (1,2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−2 8−2 𝑦−2 6
= ⇒ =
𝑥−1 4−1 𝑥−1 3
𝑦−2 2
= ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑥−1 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥

*********************************
48

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Geometry: Use the data in the nearby figure and then find the line equation
in the following cases: i) Two points, ii) Slope-point, iii) Slope-Y-intercept

i) Two points : (3, 0), (0,2)

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 2 0 − 2 𝑦 − 2 −2
= → =
𝑥−0 3−0 𝑥 3
3𝑦 − 6 = −2𝑥

⇒ 3𝑦 − 6 = −2𝑥 ⇒ 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 6

ii) Slope-point (3,0), (0,2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0 − 2 −2
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 3 − 0 3

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

‫يمكن ايجاد معادلة ميل – نقطة‬

−2
(0,2), 𝑚=
3

−2
𝑦−2= (𝑥 − 0)
3
−2
⇒ 𝑦−2= 𝑥 ⇒ 3𝑦 − 6 = −2𝑥
3
⇒ 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 6 ‫معادلة المستقيم‬

iii) Slope-Y-intercept
(0,2) ، 𝑚 =
−2
3
−2
𝑥 + 2 ‫معادلة المستقيم‬
49

𝑦=
3

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Critical thinking: Is it possible to find a line which its slope is 4 and

passes through the two points(5 , 7) , (8 , −2)? If
it is possible to find a line like this, then write an
equation, otherwise illustrate your answer
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 7+2 9
𝑚= = = = −3
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 5 − 8 −3

The slope of the line is -3 passes through the points (8 , −2) , (5 , 7)

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Challenge: A line, its horizontal intercept represents the additive inverse of
its vertical intercept. It passes through the point, write the equation of the
slope-point for this line.

p1(0,k) , p2(-k,0)

‫يمكن ايجاد معادلة الميل – نقطة‬

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0−𝑘 −𝑘
𝑚= = = =1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −𝑘 − 0 −𝑘

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝑦 − 3 = 1(𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦−3=𝑥−2

⇒ 𝑦−𝑥 =1 ‫معادلة المستقيم‬

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
3
Write: the equation of the line which its slope is passes though (−1 , 7)
5
3
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦−7= (𝑥 + 1)
5
⇒ 5𝑦 − 35 = 3𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 5𝑦 − 3 𝑥 = 3 + 35 ⇒ 5𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 38
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Parallel lines

Any two lines will be paralleled when they have two equaled slopes but
they must not be perpendicular. The mathematical formula

‫ أي مستقيمين متوازيين فأن ميلهما متساوي وبالعكس اذا كان ميال مستقيمان‬: ‫شرط التوازي‬
‫متساو فانهما متوازيان‬

⃡𝑳𝟏 // ⃡𝑳𝟐 ⟺ 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐

##########################################

Ex. : Show if the points 𝐴(−2,3), 𝐵(−1, 4), 𝐶 (2, −1), 𝐷(1, −2) are
vertices of the parallelogram ABCD by using the slope
𝐵
𝐴

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐶

𝐷 4−3 1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = =1
−1 + 2 1
−2 + 1 −1
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = = =1
1−2 −1
−2−3 −5 −1−4 −5
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = = , 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = =
1+2 3 2+1 3

𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 , 𝑚𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶

∴ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ∕∕ 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ∕∕ 𝐵𝐶
, 𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
51

∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a paralellogram

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Ex. : Prove that the points 𝐴(−2, −1), 𝐵(−1,0), 𝐶 (2,3) are collinear
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0+1 1
𝑚= ⇒ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = =1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 + 2 1
𝐶 3−0 3
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = =1
2+1 3
𝐵
∴ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒
𝐴

∴ A, B, C are collinear

#########################################

Ex. Find the equation of the line which passes through the point C (5,3) and
parallel to line which passes through the two points 𝐴(4,5), 𝐵(2, −3)
𝐴
A B ‫ نجد ميل المستقيم‬: ‫الحل‬
𝐶
⃡𝐿1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
⃡𝐿2 −3 − 5 −8
𝐵 𝐴
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = ⃡1
=4= 𝑚𝐿
2−4 −2
⃡ 1 /⁄𝐿
𝐿 ⃡ 2 ⇒ 𝑚𝐿
⃡2 =4

(5, 3) ‫معادلة مستقيم ميل – نقطة‬

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 3 = 4(𝑥 − 5)

𝑦 − 3 = 4𝑥 − 20 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 17 ‫معادلة المستقيم‬

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
52

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

⃡ 1 : 𝑦 = −5 𝑥 + 4 , ⃡𝐿 : 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 4 ,
𝑬𝒙. 𝐿 ⃡𝐿3 : 𝑦 = −5 𝑥 − 4 ,
3 2 3 3

Which of the following lines are parallel? Why?

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ‫باستخدام ميل المستقيم ومقطعه الصادي‬

−5 −5
⃡ 1: 𝑦 =
𝐿 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑚1 = , 𝑘1 = 4
3 3
5 5
⃡𝐿2 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑚2 = , 𝑘2 = 4
3 3
−5 −5
⃡𝐿3 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 ⇒ 𝑚3 = , 𝑘3 = −4
3 3
⃡ 1 // ⃡𝐿3
𝑚1 = 𝑚3 ⇒ 𝐿

53

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Perpendicular Line ‫المستقيمات المتعامدة‬

The two lines will be perpendicular when the slope of them represents
the inverse of the slope of the other and the contrary of the sign

. ‫شرط المستقيمات المتعامدة من خالل ميالهما‬

‫ ال يوازي أي منهما المحورين االحداثيين‬1

‫ ميل احدهما يساوي مقلوب ميل االخر بعكس االشارة‬2

−𝟏
⃡𝑳𝟏 ⊥ ⃡𝑳𝟐 ⟺ 𝒎𝟏 = ‫ 𝟏𝒎 او‬. 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒎𝟐

Ex. Show the points 𝐴(2,4) , 𝐵(−4,2), 𝐶(−2, −4) are vertices of a right
– angled triangle. Determine the right
A angle.
B
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 −𝑥1

2−4 −2 1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = =
−4 − 2 −6 3
C
−4 − 4 −8 2
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = = =
−2 − 2 −4 1
−4 − 2 −6 −3
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = =
−2 + 4 2 1
1 −3
𝑚𝐴𝐵 × 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = × = −1 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
3 1
𝑚 < 𝐵 = 90

################################
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Ex.: Find the equation of the line which passes through the point 𝐶(3, −4)
and perpendicular to line which passes through the two points 𝐴(0,3), 𝐵 (2, −2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 − 3 −5
𝑚= ⃡1 =
⇒ 𝑚𝐿 =
𝐴 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2−0 2
⃡1
𝐿
2
⃡ 1 ⊥ ⃡𝐿2 ⇒ 𝑚 ⃡𝐿2 =
∴ 𝐿
5
𝐵
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥−𝑥1 )
𝐶 ⃡𝐿2
2
⇒ 𝑦+4= (𝑥 − 3)
5
5𝑦 + 20 = 2𝑥 − 6 ⇒ 5𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 6 − 20 ⇒ 5𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 26
2 26
𝑦= 𝑥− ‫معادلة المستقيم‬
5 5
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Ex.: Find the value of (a) which makes the slope of the line which
passes through the two points (3, 1), (a,-4) is perpendicular of the
−1
line its slope is
5

−1 ⃡𝐿2
𝑚 ⃡𝐿2 =
5
⃡ 1 ⊥ ⃡𝐿2 ⇒ 𝑚 𝐿
𝐿 ⃡1 = 5
(3,1)
−4 − 1
𝑚= =5
𝑎−3 ⃡1
𝐿
⇒ 5𝑎 − 15 = −5 ⇒ 5𝑎
(2, −4)
= −5 + 15 ⇒ 5𝑎 = 10
⇒𝑎=2
55

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Make sure of your understanding

1) The line AB passes through the two points A(-2, 4), B(a,6) parallel
to the line CD which passes through the two points C(6,-6) , D(2,-7),
find the value of a.
−7 + 6 −1 1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = =
2−6 −4 4
1
⃡𝐴𝐵 // ⃡𝐶𝐷 ⇒ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 =
4
6−4 1 2
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = ⇒ =
𝑎+2 4 𝑎+2
⇒ 𝑎+2=8 ⇒ 𝑎 =8−2=6

2) Find the value of (a) which makes the slope of the line which
−1
passes through the two points (3, 2), (6 , a) equals to 4

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
−1 2 − 𝑎 −1 2 − 𝑎
= ⇒ = ⇒ 8 − 4𝑎 = 3
4 3−6 4 −3
5
⇒ 4𝑎 = −3 + 8 ⇒ 4𝑎 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 =
4
56

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

3) Prove that the figure ABCD is a parallelogram, where

𝐵 𝐴 (3,0) , 𝐵 (0,4) , 𝐶 (−3,0) , 𝐷 (0, −4)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝐶 𝐴
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
4−0 4
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = ,
𝐷 0 − 3 −3
−4 − 0 −4
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = =
0+3 3
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 ⇒ AB // CD
−4 − 0 −4 4 0−4 −4 4
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = = = , 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = =
0−3 −3 3 −3 − 0 −3 3
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒ AD // BC
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram
4( Prove that the triangle ABC, is a right – angled triangle where
𝐴(−5, −7), 𝐵 (−8, −2) , 𝐶(−4, −3) then determine the right angle
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 −𝑥1

−2 + 7 5
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = ,
−8 + 5 −3

𝐵
−3 + 7 4
𝐶 𝑚𝐴𝐶 = =
−4 + 5 1
𝐴 −3 + 2 −1
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = =
−4 + 8 4
4 −1
𝑚𝐴𝐶 × 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = × = −1 ⇒ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
1 4
∴ 𝑚 < 𝐶 = 90°
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

5) Prove that the points (A(0,-1) B(4,2), C(8,5) are collinear

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐶
2+1 3 5−2 3
𝐵 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = , 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = =
4−0 4 8−4 4
𝐴 ∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒

∴ the points A,B,C are collinear

6) Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (−4,0) and
perpendicular to line which passes through
the two points (3, −2), (6,0)
𝐿2
𝐿1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
0+2 2
𝑚 𝐿1 = =
6−3 3
−1 −3
⃡ 1 ⊥ ⃡𝐿2 ⇒ 𝑚𝐿 =
∵ 𝐿 =
2
𝑚𝐿2 2

. ‫معادلة المستقيم ميل – نقطة‬

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−3 −3
𝑦−0= (𝑥 + 4) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥−6
2 2
58

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

7) The line AB where A(0, 2), B(3,0) , the line CD where C(6,-2),
D(9,-4) and the line EF where E(0,-5), F(2,-2), what is the relation
of AB with the other two lines CD and EF? Explain that
0 − 2 −2 −4 + 2 −2 −2 + 5 3
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = , 𝑚𝐶𝐷 = = , 𝑚𝐸𝐹 = =
3−0 3 9−6 3 2−0 2

∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 ⇒ ⃡𝐴𝐵 // ⃡𝐶𝐷

−2 3
∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 × 𝑚𝐸𝐹 = × = −1
3 2

⇒ ⃡𝐴𝐵 ⊥ ⃡𝐸𝐹

==========================

8) Do the points A(0,-7), B(1,-1) , C(2,3) are collinear? Explain that

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
−1 + 7 6 3+1 4
𝐶 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = , 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = =
1−0 1 2−1 1
𝐵 ∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒

∴ the points A,B,C are not collinear

𝐴
59

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

9) Prove that the figure ABCD is a rectangle, where

𝐴(1,4), 𝐵(2,6), 𝐶 (8,3), 𝐷 (7,1)
6−4 2
𝑚AB = = =2
2−1 1
𝐵
1 − 3 −2
𝐶 𝑚𝐶𝐷 = = =2
𝐴 7 − 8 −1
𝐷 ∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 // 𝐶𝐷
1−4 −3 −1
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = = = ,
7−1 6 2
3 − 6 −3 −1
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = =
8−2 6 2
∵ 𝑚𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 // 𝐵𝐶
2 −1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 × 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = × = −1 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ 𝑚 < 𝐵 = 90°
1 2
∴ ABCD is a rectangle

) ‫(المستطيل هو متوازي اضالع أحدى زواياه قائمة‬

10) Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1,-1) and
parallel to line which passes through the two points (3,-2), (6, 0)

0+2 2
𝑚𝐿1 = =
6−3 3
𝐋𝟐 2
⃡ 1 // ⃡𝐿2
𝐿 ⇒ 𝑚𝐿1 = 𝑚𝐿2 =
3
𝐋𝟏
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ‫معادلة المستقيم ميل ـ نقطة‬

2 2 2
𝑦+1 = (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 𝑥−
3 3 3
2 2 2 5
𝑦= 𝑥− −1 ⇒𝑦= 𝑥− ‫معادلة المستقيم‬
3 3 3 3
===========================

Solve the problems

Physics: The nearby table represent the Flowing water
amount of water which flow from one of Time (S) Water Volume 𝑚3
the dams during certain time .Do the data 5 75000
of the table represent a line? Explain that 10 150000
(5, 75000), (10, 1500000), (15, 225000) 15 225000
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
150,000 − 75000 75000
𝑚1 = = = 15000
10 − 5 5
225000 − 150000 75000
𝑚2 = = = 15000
15 − 10 5
∵ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ⇒ ∴ The data of the table represent a line
***********************
61

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Geometry : Prove that the figure ABCD is a trapezoid , where the

coordinates of the upper base are (4,5) ,(6,2) and the lower base coordinates
are (2,-1),(-2,5). Does it have a right
𝐶 𝐵
angle? Explain that.
𝐴
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐷

5 − 2 −3
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = ‫ميل القاعدة العليا‬
4−6 2
—1−5 6
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = =
2+2 −4
−3
= ‫ميل القاعدة السفلى‬
2
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷

⇒ ABCD is a trapezoid ‫ القاعدة السفلى‬/ / ‫القاعدة العليا‬

— 1 − 2 −3 3 5−5 0
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = = , 𝑚𝐴𝐷 = = =0
2−6 −4 4 −2 + 4 −6
𝑚AD × 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ≠ −1 , 𝑚AB × 𝑚𝐴𝐷 ≠ −1

∴ The figure ABCD is a non-right-angled trapezoid

Map: Use the nearby map to show that:

i) The first path parallel to the second one.
ii) The second path is perpendicular to the
third path.
iii) Is the first path perpendicular to the third
path? Explain that
2−0 2
62

⃡ 1 ∶ (−3,0), (2,2),
𝐿 𝑚𝐿1 = =
2+3 5

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

−2 − 0 −2 2
⃡𝐿2 ∶ (4,0), (−1, −2), 𝑚𝐿2 = = =
−1 − 4 −5 5
5−0 5
⃡𝐿3 ∶ (2,0), (0 ,5), 𝑚𝐿3 = =
0−2 −2
// 𝐿2 The first path parallel to the second one𝑚𝐿1 = 𝑚𝐿1 ⇒ 𝐿1
2 5
The second path is perpendicular to the third path𝑚𝐿2 × 𝑚𝐿3 = × −2 = −1
3

2 5
The first path perpendicular to the third path𝑚𝐿1 × 𝑚𝐿3 = × −2 = −1
5

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Challenge: Do the following points (−2, −1) (−1,0) (4,5) (2,3) are
collinear? Explain that.
0+1 1
𝑚1 = = =1
−1 + 2 1
5−0 5
𝑚2 = = =1
4+1 5
3 − 5 −2
𝑚3 = = =1
2 − 4 −2
∵ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 The points are collinear∴

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦: The two rquations: 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 15 , 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 20

Represent two parallel line . What are the similarity and differences
between them? Explain that.

3y − 5𝑥 = 20 , 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 15
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5 20 5 15
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥+ ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥+
3 3 3 3
5
The two lines are equal in slope ( ) so they are parallel lines, they are
3
15 20
deferent in y-intercept K 2 = , K1 = .
3 3

######################################

Justification: Why do the following points lie on a line parallel to the X- axis
:(−1,4), (0,4), (2,4)
4−4 0
𝑚1 = = =0
2−0 2
4−4 0
𝑚2 = = =0
0+1 1
The slope is zero (the line is horizontal), it
parallels to the X-axis, the values of y are
constant (Horizontal change: Is the X- change which equals x2 -x1, the values
of Y are constant).

‫أي مستقيم ميله يساوي صفر فأن يوازي محور السينات‬

********************************
2
Which one is correct: Sarah said that the slope of line 5y+2x=10 is ( )
5
2
and its intercept is 2, Mohanned said that the slope is (− ) and the
5
intercept is 2. Show which answer is correct?
−2
5𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 5𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥+2
5
−2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑚 = , 𝑘 = 2 , Mohammed’s answer is correct
5
64

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Open problem: What are the similarities and differences between any two
parallel lines?
1) Paralleled lines: they have two equaled slopes and different in y-intercept
2) Perpendicular lines: the slope of them represents the inverse of the
slope of the other and the contrary of the sign
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Open problem: ABCD is a rhombus, its vertices

𝐴(0,3), 𝐵(3,4), 𝐶 (2,1), 𝐷(−1,0) prove that its two diameters are perpendicular

𝐵
1 − 3 −2
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = = = −1
𝐴 2−0 2

𝐷 𝐶 0−4
𝑚𝐵𝐷 = =1
−1 − 3
𝑚𝐴𝐶 × 𝑚AD = −1 × 1 = −1

∴ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐷 ‫القطران متعامدان‬

𝐴𝐶 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅

65

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‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫معاً لنصل الى التفوق‬

‫ندرك بان الحياة صعبة وخيوطها متشابكة والسير‬

‫بطرقها المتشعبة ربما لن نصل الى ما نصبو اليه‬
‫بسهولة ولكن أن عرفنا وقررنا أن نسير بخطى ثابتة‬
‫وحددنا هدفنا وحددنا طريقة الوصول الى التفوق‬
‫وبدات مالمحه واضحة أمامنا اال وهي جهدنا‬
‫وصبرنا ورغبتنا الجادة ومثابرتنا سندرك بأن هدفنا قد‬
‫تحقق وأحالمنا قد رأت النور وأملنا الذي نصبو اليه‬
‫قد أصبح حقيقة بأذن هللا ‪..‬‬
‫تحياتي ‪....‬‬

‫‪66‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Distance between two Points ‫المسافة بين النقطتين‬

The distance between two points on the X-axis

|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 | ‫المسافة بين نقطتين على محور السينات‬

The distance between two points on the Y-axis

|𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 | ‫المسافة بين نقطتين على محور الصادات‬

The distance between two points on the coordinate plane

𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 ‫المسافة بين نقطتين في المستوى االحداثي‬

=========================

Learn: Three friends went out in a journey of

discovery, their sites were determined as in the
B
nearby figure. Mohammed is away from Ahmed
in 3 Km and Mohanned is away from Ahmed in 4
Km. how can you find the distance between
Mohammed and Mohanned?
A
The site of Mohammed is the point A(3,0) and the
site of Mohanned is the point B(0,4).

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐴𝐵 = √(0 − 3)2 + (4 − 0)2

𝐴𝐵 = √9 + 16 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √25 = 5𝑘𝑚

The distance between Mohammed and Mohanned is 5 Km

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Ex.: By using the formula of distance, prove that

the points 𝐴(−3, −2), 𝐵(0,1), 𝐶(3,4) are collinear

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐴𝐵 = √(0 + 3)2 + (1 + 2)2 = √9 + 9

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √18 = 3 √2

𝐵𝐶 = √(3 − 0)2 + (4 − 1)2 = √9 + 9 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √18 ⇒ 3 √2

𝐴𝐶 = √(3 + 3)2 + (4 + 2)2 = √36 + 36 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √72 ⇒ 6 √2

3√2 + 3√2 = 6 √2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶

∴ the points A, B, C are collinear (All equal the sum of parts)

Ex.: Show the type of the triangle which its vertices are
𝐴(3, −4), 𝐵(5, −2), 𝐶(5, −6) in term of
its sides. Is the triangle a right –angled
one?

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵 = √(5 − 3)2 + (−2 + 4)2
𝐴
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √4 + 4 = √8 = 2 √2
𝐶
𝐵𝐶 = √(5 − 5)2 + (−6 + 2)2

⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √0 + 16 = √16 = 4

𝐴𝐶 = √(5 − 3)2 + (−6 + 4)2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √4 + 4 = √8 = 2 √2

∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ The triangle is an isosceles triangle

On the converse of Pythagorean Theorem

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬
2 2
(4)2 = (√8) + (√8) ⇒ 16 = 8 + 8 ⇒
The triangle is right – angled triangle in A
Ex.: By using the formula of the distance, show if the following points
represent vertices of a parallelogram
𝐵
𝐴(−2,3) , 𝐵(−1,4), 𝐶(2, −1), 𝐷(1, −2)
𝐴

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = √(−1 + 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵
𝐷
= √1 + 1 = √2

𝐷𝐶 = √(2 − 1)2 + (−1 + 2)2 ⇒ 𝐷𝐶

= √1 + 1 = √2

∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶

𝐴𝐷 = √(1 + 2)2 + (−2 − 3)2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = √9 + 25 = √34

𝐵𝐶 = √(2 + 1)2 + (−1 − 4)2 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √9 + 25 = √34

∴ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶
So the figure ABCD is a parallelogram
(the properties of the parallelogram are each two opposite sides is equaled.)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
69

The Midpoint Formula ‫قانون نقطة المنتصف‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

The midpoint: is the point which lies on two equaled distance of two parts
of a segment, and it belongs to it.

‫ هي النقطة الواقعة على بعدين متساويين عن طرفي قطعة مستقيم وتنتمي اليه‬: ‫نقطة المنتصف‬

‫ أحداثيات نقطة المنتصف‬Coordinates of midpoint

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

********************************
Ex.: Find the coordinate of midpoint of the segment AB, which connects
between 𝐴(3, −8), 𝐵(3,6)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 3 + 3 −8 + 6
𝑀=( , ) ⇒ 𝑀 =( , ) ⇒ 𝑀 = (3, −1)
2 2 2 2
============================
Ex.: If M (1,-3) is the midpoint of AB and A(-1,-2) , then find the
coordinates of the point B
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 −1 + 𝑥2 −2 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , ) ⇒ (1, −3) = ( , )
2 2 2 2
−1 + 𝑥2
⇒ 1= ⇒ −1 + 𝑥2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 2 + 1 = 3
2
−2+𝑦2
−3 = ⇒ −2 + 𝑦2 = −6 ⇒ 𝑦2 = −6 + 2 = −4g
2

Coordinates of B are: 𝐵 (3, −4)

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Ex.: By using the formula of the midpoint, show if the points represent
vertices of a parallelogram.

𝐵
𝐴(−2,3)𝐵(−1,4), 𝐶 (2, −1), 𝐷(1, −2)
𝐴 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
𝐶 −2 + 2 3 − 1
𝑀𝐴𝐶 = ( , ) = (0,1)
𝐷 2 2
−1 + 1 4 − 2
𝑀𝐵𝐷 = ( , ) = (0,1)
2 2
𝑀𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵𝐷 , The figure ABCD is a parallelogram

(the properties of the parallelogram are one of its two diameters is dividing
the other into two parts.)

=========================

Ex.: The points A (3, 1), B(5,3), C (5, -1) are vertices of a triangle, the
point M is the midpoint of BC . Find the
𝐵 length of AM.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐴 𝑀 𝑀=( , )
2 2
𝐶 5+5 3−1
⇒ 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = ( , ) = (5,1)
2 2

‫ في قانون المسافة‬AM ‫∴ نجد طول قطعة‬

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐴𝑀 = √(5 − 3)2 + (1 − 1)2 = √4 = 2

71

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Make sure of your understanding

1) Find the distance between each two points of the following

1) (−3, −1), (1, −4)

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(1 + 3)2 + (−4 + 1)2

𝑑 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5

2) (−1, −2), (3, −4)

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(3 + 1)2 + (−4 + 2)2

𝑑 = √16 + 4 = √20 = 2√5

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

2) Find the midpoint of the branches

1) (−3, −1), (1, −4)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑦2 −3 + 1 −1 − 4
𝑀=( , )= ( , )
2 2 2 2
−2 −5 −5
𝑀 =( , ) = (−1 , )
2 2 2
2) (−1 , −2), (3, −4)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑦2 −1 + 3 −2 − 4
𝑀=( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
2 −6
𝑀= ( , ) = (1, −3)
2 2
72

===========================

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

3) By using the formula of the distance between two points, prove that the
points 𝑨(−𝟐, −𝟏), 𝑩(−𝟏, 𝟎), 𝑪(𝟒, 𝟓) are collinear
𝐶

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
6√2 5√2

𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = √(−1 + 2)2 + (0 + 1)2

𝐴
√2 = √1 + 1 = √2

𝐵𝐶 = √(4 + 1)2 + (5 − 0)2

= √25 + 25 = 5√2

𝐴𝐶 = √(4 + 2)2 + (5 + 1)2 = √36 + 36 = 6√2

∵ 6√2 = √2 + 5√2 ⇒ ∴ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
The points A, B, C are collinear ∴
=========================
4) Show the type of the triangle which
its vertices
𝐴
√40 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟒), 𝑩(−𝟒, 𝟐), 𝑪 (−𝟏, −𝟐) in term of
𝐵 the sides, it is a right –angled triangle?
√45

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
√25
𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = √(−4 − 2)2 + (2 − 4)2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √36 + 4 = √40

𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 + 4)2 + (−2 − 2)2 = √9 + 16 = √25

𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 2)2 + (−2 − 4)2 = √9 + 36 = √45

𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐶 ≠ 𝐴𝐶 the triangle is Scalene
On the converse of Pythagorean Theorem
73

(𝐴𝐶)2 ≠ (𝐴𝐵 )2 + (𝐵𝐶)2 , The triangle ABC is non right-angled

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

5) Show if the points 𝐴(4,0), 𝐵(6, −6), 𝐶 (−8,0), 𝐷(−10,6) represent

vertices of a parallelogram
𝐷
i) By using the formula of the distance
√232
√40
between two points
𝐴
𝐶 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
√40
√232

𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = √(6 − 4)2 + (−6 − 0)2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √4 + 36 = √40

𝐶𝐷 = √(−10 + 8)2 + (6 − 0)2 ⇒ √4 + 36 = √40

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷

𝐵𝐶 = √(−8 − 6)2 + (0 + 6)2 = √196 + 36 = √232

𝐴𝐷 = √(−10 − 4)2 + (6 − 0)2 = √196 + 36 = √232

∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷
So the figure ABCD is a parallelogram
(the properties of the parallelogram are each two opposite sides is equaled.)

ii) By using the midpoint formula.

𝐷
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
(-2,0)
𝐴 4− 8 0+0 −4 0
𝐶 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = ( , ) =( , )
2 2 2 2

𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = (−2,0)
6 − 10 −6 + 6 −4 0
𝑀𝐵𝐷 = ( , )=( , )
74

2 2 2 2

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑀𝐵𝐷 = (−2,0)

∴ The figure ABCD is a parallelogram 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵𝐷 ∵

(the properties of the parallelogram are one of its two diameters is

dividing the other into two parts.)

######################################

6) If M (-2,0) is the midpoint of and A(4,0),find the two coordinates of the point B

Let the coordinates of B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2
4 + 𝑥2 0 + 𝑦2
(−2,0) = ( , )
2 2
4 + 𝑥2
⇒ = −2 ⇒ 4 + 𝑥2 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥2 = −4 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥2 = −8
2
𝑦2
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 0
2
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 (−8, 0)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

10) What is the type of the triangle which its vertices

𝑨(𝟐, −𝟏), 𝑩(𝟐, 𝟏), 𝑪 (−𝟏, −𝟏) in term of its
sides .Is it a right –angled triangle?

𝐵 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐶 𝐴
𝐴𝐵 = √(2 − 2)2 + (1 + 1)2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √4
75

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𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 2)2 + (−1 − 1)2

⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √9 + 4 = √13

𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 2)2 + (−1 + 1)2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √9

𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐶 ≠ 𝐴𝐶 the triangle is Scalene

On the converse of Pythagorean Theorem

2
(√13)2 = (√9) + (√4)2

13=9+4 ⇒ (𝐴𝐶)2 = (𝐴𝐵 )2 + (𝐵𝐶)2

So the triangle is a right-angled in A
*******************************
11) Show is the point 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟓), 𝑩(𝟐, 𝟕), 𝑪(𝟏, 𝟗), 𝑫(−𝟒, 𝟕)

𝐶 i) by using the formula of the distance

𝐷 𝐵 between two points
𝐴
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐴𝐵 = √(2 + 3)2 + (7 − 5)2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √25 + 4 = √29

𝐶𝐷 = √(−4 − 1)2 + (7 − 9)2 ⇒ √25 + 4

= √29

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷

𝐵𝐶 = √(1 − 2)2 + (9 − 7)2 = √1 + 4 = √5

𝐴𝐷 = √(−4 + 3)2 + (7 − 5)2 = √1 + 4 = √5

76

∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

So the figure ABCD is a parallelogram

(the properties of the parallelogram are each two opposite sides is equaled.)

ii) By using the midpoint formula

𝐶
𝐷 𝐵
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
𝐴
2 2
−3 + 1 9+5 −2 14
𝑀𝐴𝐶 = ( , ) =( , )
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝐴𝐶 = (−1,7)
2−4 7+7 −2 14
𝑀𝐵𝐷 = ( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝐵𝐷 = (−1,7)

𝑀𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵𝐷

The figure ABCD is a parallelogram

(The properties of the parallelogram are one of its two diameters is

dividing the other into two parts.)

*********************************
6) If M (4,-2) is the midpoint of and B (5, 1), find the two coordinates of the point B

Let the coordinates of A (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
𝑥1 + 5 𝑦1 + 1
(4, −2) = ( , )
2 2
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑥1 + 5
⇒ = 4 ⇒ 𝑥1 + 5 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 8 − 5 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 3
2
𝑦1 + 1
⇒ = −2 ⇒ 𝑦1 + 1 = −4 ⇒ 𝑦1 = −4 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦1 = −5
2
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 (3, −5)
*******************************

Solve the problems

Geometry: ABC is a triangle, its vertices

𝐵 𝐺(2,5) are (6,4), 𝐵(−2,6), 𝐶 (0, −4) , check if the
𝐴
length of the segment which connects the
two midpoints sides of the triangle, is equal
𝐻(3,0)
to the half of the third side.
𝐶
‫ مثلث رؤوسه‬ABC :‫هندسة‬
‫(𝐴 تحقق من أن طول‬6,4), 𝐵(−2,6), 𝐶 (0, −4)
. ‫القطعة المستقيمة الواصلة بين منتصفي ضلعين فيه يساوي نصف طول الضلع الثالث‬

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
2 2

6 + (−2) 4 + 6 6+0 4−4

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = ( , )
2 2 2 2

4 10 6 0
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) = (2,5) = 𝐺 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = ( , ) = (3,0) = 𝐻
2 2 2 2
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𝐺𝐻 = √(3 − 2)2 + (0 − 5)2 = √1 + 25 = √26

𝐵𝐶 = √(0 + 2)2 + (−4 − 6)2 = √4 + 100 = √104 = 2√26

𝐵𝐶 = 2√26 = 2(𝐺𝐻)

GH ‫ ضعف القطعة المستقيمة‬BC ‫∴ طول الضلع‬

the two midpoints sides of the triangle, is equal to the half of the third side.

=============================

Determine a site: Mahmood’s house is in the point (-4,0)and the site of his
school is in the point (0,-3).What is the distance which Mahmood cut when
he go to school, and you should know that the side length of each square in
the coordinate plane represents one Km?

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(0 + 4)2 + (−3 − 0)2 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5 𝑘𝑚

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Challenge: A circle, the following points

A(-1.1) , B(5,1) represent the two ends of
𝐴
𝑀
𝐵 its diameter. Find

i) The coordinates of its center.

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
−1 + 5 1 + 1
) = (2,1) ‫أحداثيات المركز‬
79

𝑀 =( ,
2 2

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫‪ii) Its area.‬‬

‫‪to find the area of the circle we should find the length of the radius‬‬
‫‪MA or MB‬‬ ‫اليجاد مساحة الدائرة يجب أن نجد طول نصف القطر‬

‫‪𝑀𝐴 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(−1 − 2)2 + (1 − 1)2 = √9 = 3‬‬

‫‪𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 × 9 = 28.26‬‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬

‫‪Discover the mistake: Shahad had found the coordinates of the midpoint‬‬
‫‪of the segment which its two ends are(6,1), (8,3), she wrote as follow‬‬
‫‪8−6 3−1‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪, 2‬‬ ‫‪= (1,1), discover Shahad’s mistake, then correct it‬‬

‫‪𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2‬‬ ‫‪8+6 3+1‬‬ ‫‪14 4‬‬

‫(=𝑀‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫(= )‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫(= ⇒ )‬ ‫)‪, ) = (7,2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬

‫^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^‬

‫أكتب عالقة قانون نقطة المنتصف بايجاد الوسط الحسابي‬

‫تذكر ان الوسط الحسابي لقيمتين هي مجموع القيمتين مقسوماً على ‪ 2‬فأن‬

‫الوسط الحسابي لالحداثي السيني هو مجموع االحداثي السيني مقسوماً على ‪2‬‬

‫الوسط الحسابي لالحداثي الصادي هو مجموع االحداثي الصادي مقسوماً على ‪2‬‬

‫‪%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%‬‬
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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫النسب المثلثية ‪Trigonometric Ratios‬‬

‫حساب المثلثات ‪ :‬هي دراسة العالقة بين زوايا المثلث وأضالعه ‪.‬‬
‫النسب المثلثية ‪ :‬هي النسبة بين طول ضلعين من أضالع المثلث القائم ‪.‬‬
‫النسب االساسية ‪ :‬هي الجيب 𝑛𝑖𝑠 ‪ ،‬الجيب تمام ‪ ، cos‬الظل 𝑛𝑎𝑡‬
‫جيب الزاوية 𝜃‪ :‬ويرمز له 𝜃 ‪ sin‬وهي النسبة بين الضلع المقابل للزاوية 𝜃 والوتر‬
‫المقابل‬
‫= 𝜃 ‪sin‬‬
‫الوتر‬
‫جيب تمام الزاوية 𝜃 ويرمز له 𝜃 ‪ : cos‬وهي النسبة بين الضلع المجاور للزاوية 𝜃 والوتر‬
‫المجاور‬
‫= 𝜃 ‪cos‬‬
‫الوتر‬
‫ضل الزاوية 𝜃 ويرمز له 𝜃 ‪ : tan‬وهي النسبة بين الضلع المقابل للزاوية 𝜃 والضلع المجاور لها‬
‫المقابل‬
‫= 𝜃 ‪tan‬‬
‫المجاور‬
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

‫ الوتر‬hyp ‫رسم تخطيطي لمثلث قائم الزاوية‬

𝜃‫ مقابل‬opp ‫ هي أحدى الزوايا الحادة في المثلث قائم الزاوية‬: 𝜃

𝜃
𝜃‫ مجاور‬adj

Ex.: From the nearby figure, find the three values of the trigonometric
ratios of the angle.
A
5cm

𝜃
B C
4cm

Use Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the side AB (opposite).

(𝐴𝐶 )2 + (𝐴𝐵 )2 = (𝐵𝐶 )2

(5)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (4)2

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 25 − 16 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √9 = 3𝑐𝑚

opp 3 adj 4 opp 3

sin 𝜃 = = , cos 𝜃 = = , tan 𝜃 = =
hyp 5 hyp 5 adj 4

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

15
Ex.: The triangle ABC has a right –angle in B, if tan 𝐴 = , find
8
C
i) sinA , ii) cosA

15k

15
B
8k
A tan 𝐴 = 8

8𝑘 = A ‫المجاور لزاوية‬ 15𝑘 = A ‫بالمقارنة نجد أن المقابل لزاوية‬

Use Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the side AC (opposite).

(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶 )2

(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (8𝑘)2 + (15𝑘)2 ⇒ (𝐴𝐶 )2 = 64𝑘 2 + 225𝑘 2

⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √289𝑘 2 = 17𝑘
opp 15𝑘 15 adj 8𝑘 8
∴ sin 𝐴 = = = ‫ و‬cos 𝐴 = ⇒ =
hyp 17𝑘 17 hyp 17𝑘 17

**************************************
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

The Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles

𝑬𝒙. : prove that sin 60 cos 30 + cos 60 sin 30 = sin 90

√3 √3 1 1 3 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆: ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ⇒ + =1
2 2 2 2 4 4

𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∶ sin 90 = 1

𝐿 𝐻 𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Ex.: A man stood in front of a building in a distance which is 12 m from its

base, he looked at the top of the building in an angle which is (30°). Find
the height of the building.

ℎ
tan 30 =
12

1 ℎ 12 √3
= ⇒ℎ= ×
√3 12 √3 √3
12√3
= = 4√3
3

144
𝑜𝑟 √ = √48 = 4√3 𝑚 the height of the building
3
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

‫ عالقات النسب المثلثية‬Relations of Trigonometric Ratios

Trigonometric
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
ratio
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
Its inversion 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
‫قاطع تمام‬ ‫قاطع‬ ‫ظل تمام‬

The angle 𝜽 0 30 45 60 90

sin 𝜽 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
0 1
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝜽 = Not 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 2 √𝟐 1
defined √𝟑

cos 𝜽 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
1 0
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = 𝟐 Not
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 1 √𝟐 2
√𝟑 defined

tan 𝜽
𝟏 Not
0 1 √𝟑
√𝟑 defined
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 = Not 𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 √𝟑 1 0
defined √𝟑
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

√3
Ex.: A triangle has a right angle in B, if 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = , find
√11
sec 𝐴 csc 𝐴 cot 𝐴
√3 adj
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = = ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √3 , 𝐴𝐶 = √11
√11 hyp
A
(𝐴𝐶)2 = (𝐴𝐵) + (𝐵𝐶)2 2

2 √11
(𝐵𝐶)2 = (√11) − (√3)2 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √11 − 3 = √8 √3

√3 1 √11 C B
𝑖) cos 𝐴 = ⇒ sec 𝐴 = = √8
√11 cos 𝐴 √3

√8 1 √11
𝑖𝑖) sin 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝐴 = =
√11 sin 𝐴 √8

√8 √3
𝑖𝑖𝑖) tan 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 =
√3 √8
=======================

Ex.: Find the numerical value for the expression:

(sin 45) (𝑠𝑒𝑐45) − (tan 60) (𝑐𝑜𝑡30) + 2𝑐𝑠𝑐90

1 1
sec 45 = = = √2
cos 45 1
√2
1 1 1
( ) (√2) − (√3) (√3) + 2 (1) cot 30 = = = √3
tan 30 1
√2 √3
1 1
⇒1−3+2=0 csc 90 =
sin 90
=
1
=1
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Make sure of your understanding

1) From the nearby figure, find the following trigonometric ratios

sin 𝐴 , cos 𝐶 , cotc , sec 𝐴 A

(𝐴𝐶)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶)2

5cm
(𝐴𝐶) = (4)2 + (3)2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5
2
4cm

𝑜𝑝𝑝 3 𝑎𝑑𝑗 3
sin 𝐴 = = , cos 𝐶 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 5 ℎ𝑦𝑝 5 B C
3cm
1 1 3
cot 𝐶 = = =
tan 𝐶 4 4
3
1 1 5
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = = =
cos 𝐴 4 4
5

==========================

2) The triangle ABC has a right angle in B, if 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 = √𝟑 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝

tan 𝐴 , sin 𝐴 , csc 𝐴 , sec 𝐴 , cos 𝐴
cot 𝐴 = √3 A

1 1 ‫ = 𝐶𝐵 المقابل‬1
tan 𝐴 = =
cot 𝐴 √3 ‫√ = 𝐵𝐴 المجاور‬3 2cm cm√3
2 2 2
(𝐴𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵) + (𝐵𝐶)
2
(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (√3) + (1)2 C B
1cm

(𝐴𝐶)2 = 3 + 1 ⇒ (𝐴𝐶)2 = √4 = 2
𝑜𝑝𝑝 1
87

tan 𝐴 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 √3
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝑜𝑝𝑝 1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 √3
sin 𝐴 = = , cos 𝐴 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 2 ℎ𝑦𝑝 2
1 1 1 1 2
csc 𝐴 = = =2 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = = =
sin 𝐴 1 cos 𝐴 √3 √3
2 2

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Prove the following :

−5
1) (𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐45)(sin 60 + sec 45) =
4
√3 1 1
cos 30 = , csc 45 = = √2 , sec 45 = = √2
2 sin 45 cos 45

2
√3 √3 √3 2 3 −5
( − √2) ( + √2) = ( ) − (√2) = −2=
2 2 2 4 4

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝟐) 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟎 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟔𝟎

1 2 2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ∶ 2 ( ) ( ) = ( ),
2 √3 √3
1 1 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∶ csc 60 = = =
sin 60 √3 √3
2
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝟑) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝟓 − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟒𝟓)(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓)(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟗𝟎) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓

𝐿𝐻𝑆: 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 = , 𝑐𝑠𝑐45 = = √2
√2 sin 45
1 1−2 −1
( − √2) (1)(1) = − = 1
tan 45 = 1 , 𝑐𝑠𝑐90 = =1
√2 √2 √2 sin 90

1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = − cos 45 = − ⇒ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
√2
*****************************************

1 − cos 60
4) √ = sin 30
2

1
√1 − 2 = √ 1 = 1 , 𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∶ sin 30 = 1 ⇒ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
2 4 2 2

4) A Kite had raised (𝟑√𝟑𝒎 ) from the surface of the land, if the string
which was connected with it formed an angle of 𝟔𝟎° with the surface of
the land. Find the length of the string

‫المقابل‬ √3 3√3
sin 60 = ⇒ =
‫الوتر‬ 2 𝐿 𝐿
3√3𝑚

6√3
⇒𝐿= = 6𝑚 length of the string 60°
√3
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

5) From the nearby figure, find the following trigonometric ratios

cot 𝐴 , cot 𝐶 , sec 𝐶 , csc 𝐴
(𝐴𝐶)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶)2 A

(13)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (12)2 ⇒ 169 = (𝐴𝐵 )2 + 144

13cm

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √169 − 144 = √25 = 5 𝑐𝑚 5cm

B C
12cm

1 1 5 1 1 12
cot 𝐴 = = = cot 𝐶 = = =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 12 12 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 5 5
5 12
1 1 13 1 1 13
sec 𝐶 = = = csc A = = =
cosC 12 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 12 12
13 13

6) The triangle ABC has a right angle in B, if 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝑨 = √𝟐

A
sin 𝐴 , cot 𝐶 , csc 𝐴 , cos 𝐶
1 𝑎𝑑𝑗
sec 𝐴 = √2 ⇒ cos 𝐴 = = √2
√2 ℎ𝑦𝑝 1
A
A

‫ = 𝐵𝐴 المجاور‬1 , ‫√ = 𝐶𝐴 الوتر‬2 C B
1
2 2 2 2 )2 2
(𝐴𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵) + (𝐵𝐶) ⇒ (√2) = (1 + (𝐵𝐶) A

2 = 1 + (𝐵𝐶)2 ⇒ (𝐵𝐶)2 = 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √1 = 1

𝑜𝑝𝑝 1 1 1
sin 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐶 = = =1
ℎ𝑦𝑝 √2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 1
90

cos 𝐶 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 √2

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

1 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝐴 = = = √2
sin 𝐴 1
√2
******************************

Prove the following:

𝟒
𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟔𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟔𝟎 =
√𝟑
1 2 √3 cos 60 =
1
, csc 60 =
1
=
1
=
2
( ) ( ) + ( ) (2) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑚 60 √3 √3
2 √3 2 2
√3 1 1
1 1+3 4 sin 60 =
2
, sec 60 =
cos 60
=
1
=2
⇒ + √3 = = 2
√3 √3 √3
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝟐) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒𝟓 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟒𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟐 1 1

sin 45 = , sec 45 = = √2
√2 cos 45
1 1 1 1
csc 45 = = √2 , sin 45 =
( ) (√2) + ( )=1+1=2 sin 45 √2
√2 √2

𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟒𝟓 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝟎 √𝟑
𝟑) = cot 45 =
1
=
1
= 1 , sin 90 = 1
𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑𝟎 𝟐 tan 45 1
1 2
1+1 2 √3 sec 30 = =
= = cos 30 √3
2 2 2 2 2
√3 √3

#######################################
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Solve the problems

Sport: A sporty appliance for practicing walking was inclined in angle of

30°, if the height of its edge is 1.5m from the land surface. How long is the
appliance belt?

1.5 1 1.5 x
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = ⇒ = 1.5m
𝑥 2 𝑥
30°
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 × 1.5 = 3 𝑚 the length of the belt

Skiing: In a position for skiing, the height of the main hill is 500m and the
angle of its inclination from the surface of the land is 60° .How long is the
skiing surface?

500 √3 500 𝑥
sin 60 = ⇒ = 500m
𝑥 2 𝑥
1000
⇒ 𝑥= ≈ 588.2𝑚 ‫طول سطح التزلج‬ 60°
√3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

A ladder of firefighting: The long of a ladder of firefighting is 20m and .

the measurement of the angle which it creates with the land is
45°. Find the height of long of ladder on the building
20m
ℎ 1 ℎ 20 √2 ℎ
sin45 = ⇒ = ⇒ℎ= ×
20 √2 20 √2 √2
92

45°

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

⇒ ℎ = 10√2 𝑚

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Garden : Benan stood in a distance of 25m far from base of a tree which its
height is 25m. What is the measurement of the angle which she forms with
the top of the tree?

‫المقابل‬ 25 25m
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
‫المجاور‬ 25 𝜃
25m
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Challenge: In the nearby figure, find the indicated values (?) by using the
trigonometric ratios
A
𝐴𝐵 √3 𝐴𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛60 =
𝐴𝐶
⇒
2
=
4
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 2√3 ‫؟‬
‫؟‬ 4cm

𝐵𝐶 1 𝐵𝐶 60°
𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑐𝑚 B C
𝐴𝐶 2 4 ‫؟‬
𝑚∡𝐴 = 90 − 60 = 30° (B ‫) مثلث 𝐶𝐵𝐴 قائم الزاوية في‬

‫يمكن ايجاد قيمة 𝐴∡ باالعتماد على النسب المثلثية‬

𝐵𝐶 2 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = = = ⇒ 𝑚∡𝐴 = 30°
𝐴𝐶 4 2
𝐴𝐵 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = = ⇒ 𝑚∡𝐴 = 30°
𝐴𝐶 2
93

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

√3
Open problem: The triangle ABC has a right angle is B, sin 𝐴 = , how
2
can you find the value of the angle C ? A

√3
∵ ⇒ ∴ 𝑚∡𝐴 = 60°
2
B C
∴ 𝑚∡𝐴 = 90 − 60 = 30°
######################################

Problem Solving Plan (Determine Feasibility)

Problems ‫مسائل‬
Solve the following problems by strategy (determine feasibility answer)
1
1) Jomana said that of distance between the two points A,B as in the
3
nearby graphical figure approximately equals 3 cm and her sister sally said
1
that of distance between the same two
A 2
points approximately equals 2cm. Whose
‫ ؟‬answer is feasibility?

B 𝐴(4,5), 𝐵 (−2, −1)

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵
= √(−2 − 4) + (−1 − 5)2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √36 + 36 = √72 = 6√2

1 1
𝐴𝐵 = (6√2) = 2√2 = 2 (1.4) = 2.8 𝑐𝑚 ‫توقع جمانة‬
3 3
1 1
𝐴𝐵 = (6√2) = 3√2 = 3(1.4) = 4.2𝑐𝑚 ‫توقع سالي‬
2 2
94

3𝑐𝑚 ‫أجابة جمانة معقولة ألنها أقرب الى‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2) Dose the coordinate point (-3,-2) nearest to midpoint of the segment
which connects between A(5,1), B(3,-5) or
the point (4,-1) ?
A 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2
5+3 1−5
=( , )
2 2
B 𝑀 = (4, −2)
the point(4,-1) nearest to the point (4, −2)

^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

3) The distance between two cities is 2280 Km, dose the ratio 20% of the
distance between two cities approximately 69 Km or 50 Km?
20
20% × 280 = × 280 = 56 𝑘𝑚
100
‫ هي االقرب‬50𝑘𝑚 ‫المسافة‬

95

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Chapter Review ‫مراجعة الفصل‬

Graphical Representation of the Equations in the Coordinate Plane

Exercise 1:Represent the equation y=2x+1 in the Coordinate plane.

𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚)
−1 2(−1) + 1 = −1 (−1, −1)
0 2(0) + 1 = 1 (0,1)
1 2(1) + 1 = 3 (1,3)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Exerscise 2: Represent the equation y=3x2

+1 in the Coordinate plane

𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚)
−2 2(−2) + 1 = 13 (−2,13)
−1 3(−1)2 + 1 = 4 (−1,4)
0 3 (0)2 + 1 = 1 (0,1)
1 3(1)2 + 1 = 4 (1,4)
2 3 (2)2 + 1 = 13 (2,13)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Exercise 3: Represent the equation y=3

in the Coordinate plane.

𝒙 𝒚=𝟑 (𝒙, 𝒚)
−1 3 (−1,3)
0 3 (0,3)
1 3 (1,3)

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Exercise 4: Represent the equation x=3

in the Coordinate plane.

𝒙 𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
3 −1 (3, −1)
3 0 (3,0)
3 1 (3,1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Slope of the Line

Exercise 1: Find the slope of the line which passes through the two points:

1) (−2,1), (6,7)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 7 − 1 6
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 6 + 2 8
97

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫)‪2) (4,2), (1,2‬‬

‫‪𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 − 2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫=𝑚‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4 − 1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪3) (4,2), (4, −1‬‬

‫‪𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 − 2 −3‬‬
‫=𝑚‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫غير محدد‬
‫‪𝑥2 − 𝑥1‬‬ ‫‪4−4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&‬

‫‪Exercise 2: Find the X-intercept and Y-intercept for each the following:‬‬

‫‪1) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −4‬‬

‫‪𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 0 = −4 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −4‬‬

‫المقطع السيني عند النقطة )‪⇒ 𝑥 = −2 , (−2,0‬‬

‫‪ 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2(0) − 𝑦 = −4 ⇒ −𝑦 = −4‬المقطع السيني‬

‫‪⇒ 𝑦 =4,‬‬ ‫المقطع الصادي عند النقطة )‪(0,4‬‬

‫يمثل المقطع الصادي عند النقطة )‪2) 𝑦 = −5 , (0, −5‬‬

‫‪3) 𝑥 = −5 ,‬‬ ‫)‪(−5 , 0‬‬ ‫يمثل المقطع السيني عند النقطة‬

‫‪$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$‬‬
‫‪98‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

The Equation of the Line

Exercise 1: Find the equation of the line which passes through the two
points (3,4), (−2,1)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−4 1−4 𝑦−4 −3
= ⇒ =
𝑥 − 3 −2 − 3 𝑥−3 −5
5𝑦 − 20 = 3𝑥 − 9

⇒ 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −11
−1
Exercise 2: Fine the equation of the line it’s slope is ( ) and X-intercept
3
equal (7).
−1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = (𝑥 − 7)
3
−1 7
𝑦= 𝑥+
3 3

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Exercise 3: Find the slope and Y-intercept for the line it’s equation is
2x-4y=8.

−4𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8 ÷ −4
1 1
𝑦= 𝑥−2 , (−2) ‫ المقطع الصادي‬, ‫الميل‬
2 2

**************************************
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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Exercise 1: Prove that the figure ABCD which it’s vertices are A(3,1),
B(-1,3), C(-3,-1), D(1,-3) is a Parallelogram.

B
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3−1 2 1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = = =− A
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − 3 −4 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 + 1 −2 1 C
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = = = =−
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1+3 4 2
D

𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵// 𝐶𝐷

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 − 1 −4
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = = = =2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1−3 −2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 − 3 −4
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = = =2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −3 + 1 −2

𝑚𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷// 𝐵𝐶

‫∴ الشكل 𝐷𝐶𝐵𝐴 متوازي اضالع‬

Exercise 2: Show if the points (1,-6), (4,0), (6,4) are collinear?

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0 + 6 6
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = = =2 C
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4 − 1 3
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 4 + 6 10
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = = = =2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 6 − 1 5 B

𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝐷 ‫∴ النقط على استقامة واحدة‬

100

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟑: Show the triangle which its vertex 𝐴(0, −4), 𝐵(−1,0), 𝐶 (7,2)
right angled-triangle

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0+4 4
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = = = −4
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − 0 −1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 4 6
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = = =−
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 7 − 0 7
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 − 0 2 1
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 7 + 1 8 4
1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 × 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = −4 × = −1
4

∴ 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 𝐵 ‫∴ المثلث قائم الزاوية في‬

*********************************
101

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

Distance between two points

B

𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟏: Find the midpoint for the

5
(1 , )
2

𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐵, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴(−2,0), 𝐵(4,5)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = ( , )
2 2
−2 + 4 0 + 5 5
=( , ) = (1 , )
2 2 2

2: Does the poings 𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐴(0,1), 𝐵(3, −1), 𝐶 (−2, −2) represent

vertices of the right-angled triangle

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 A

𝐴𝐵 = √(3 − 0)2 + (−1 − 1)2 = √9 + 4 = √13 B

C
𝐴𝐶 = √(−2 − 0)2 + (−2 + 1)2 = √4 + 9 = √13

𝐵𝐶 = √(−2 − 3)2 + (−2 + 1)2 = √25 + 1 = √26

2
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (√13) = 13
2
(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (√13) = 13
102

2
(𝐵𝐶 )2 = (√26) = 26

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

(𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐴𝐶 )2 = (𝐵𝐶 )2 ‫حيث 𝐶𝐵 هو الوتر‬

13 + 13 = 26 ‫أطوال أضالع المثلث‬

26 = 26 , ABC is a right-angled triangle in A

Trigonometric Ration

1: If the ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 has a right −𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 = 1 , find

angled in B, if

cot C, sin C, csc C , cos A

‫المقابل‬ 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐 = =
‫المجاور‬ 1

𝐴𝐵 = 1 , 𝐵𝐶 = 1

𝐴𝐶 = √1 + 1 = √2
1
cot 𝐶 = =1
tan 𝐶

‫المقابل‬ 1
sin 𝐶 = =
‫الوتر‬ √2

1
csc 𝐶 = = √2
𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝐶
103

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 ‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫المجاور‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫= 𝐴 ‪cos‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= 𝐴 ‪, sec‬‬ ‫‪= √2‬‬
‫الوتر‬ ‫‪√2‬‬ ‫𝐴 ‪cos‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬يمكن معرفة 𝐶 ≮ من خالل ‪𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 = 1‬‬

‫‪∴ 𝑚 ≮ 𝐶 = 45°‬‬

‫ويمكن ايجاد باقي النسب المثلثية باالعتماد على قيامه زاوية ‪. C‬‬

‫⇒ ‪tan 𝐶 = 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑚 ≮ 𝐶 = 45°‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐶 ‪cot‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫𝑐𝑛𝑎𝑡‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪sin 𝐶 = sin 45‬‬
‫‪√2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐶 𝑠𝑐𝑠‬ ‫‪= √2‬‬
‫𝐶 ‪sin‬‬

‫⇒ ‪𝑀 ≮ 𝐶 = 45‬‬ ‫‪𝑚 ≮ 𝐴 = 45‬‬ ‫مثلث متساوي الساقين‬

‫) ‪(𝑚 ≮ 𝐴 = 90 − 45 = 45‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪cos 𝐴 = cos 45‬‬
‫‪√2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐴 ‪sec‬‬ ‫‪= √2‬‬
‫𝐴 ‪cos‬‬

‫‪%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%‬‬
‫‪104‬‬

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 Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric ‫ عماد صالح‬: ‫االستاذ‬

𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟐: Find the numerical value of the expression

(tan 60)2 + (cot 45)2 + (sec 30)2 + (sin 45)2

2 2
2 2 1 1 1
(√3) + (1)2 + ( ) + ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 60 = √3 , cot 45 = = =1
tan 45 1
√3 √2
1 1 2 1
sec 30 = = = , sin 45 =
cos 30 √3 √3
4 1 35 2
√2
3+1+ + =
3 2 6
𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟑: Prove

1) (csc 30)2 + (cot 30)2 = 7 1 1

csc 30 = = =2
sin 30 1
2
2
(2)2 + (√3) = 4 + 3 = 7 1 1
cot 30 = = = √3
tan 30 1
√3
2) 2 sin 45 cos 45 = sin 90
1 1
2( )( )=1
√2 √2
1
2( ) = 1
2
1=1
1
3) (cos 60)2 − (sin 60)2 = −
2
2
1 2 √3 1 3 −2 −1
( ) − ( ) = − = =
2 2 4 4 4 2
105

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‫‪Chapter Four : Coordinate Geometric‬‬ ‫االستاذ ‪ :‬عماد صالح‬

‫حاول ان تنسى كل اتعابك و تجعل‬

‫جميع العقبات التي تمنعك من تحقيق‬
‫حلمك وراء ظهرك فلتجعل نصب‬
‫عينيك هدفك الذي رسمته من زمن‬
‫بعيد وتسعى جاهدا لتحقيقه‬
‫لم يبق اال القليل لترى هدفك قد تحقق‬
‫وتتكحل عينيك فرحا برؤيته‬
‫فليطمأن قلبك ولتهدا روحك فقد‬
‫قطعت اشواطا طويلة واجتزت‬
‫مصاعب عديدة فما هي اال نهاية‬
‫سعيك ستكون سعيدة بأذن هللا‬

‫مع اجمل امنياتي‬

‫استاذ عماد صالح‬
‫‪106‬‬

‫‪ 07901767905‬كلية بغداد ‪07728117710‬‬

Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Geometric and Measurement

Polygons and polyhedrons (Pyramid and Cone)

Triangles
Proportion and Measure in Triangles
The Circle
Triangle and Circle, Segments and Circle
Angles and Circle
Problem solving Plan (Drawing)

1 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫)‪Polygons and Polyhedrons (Pyramid and cone‬‬
‫‪Regular Polygons‬‬

‫المضلعات المنتظمة‬
‫محيط الضلع المنتظم =عدد االضالع × طول الضلع‬
‫𝑳×𝒏=𝑷‬
‫مساحة المضلع المنتظم = مساحة المثلث × عدد أضالعه‬
‫𝟏‬
‫𝒏×𝑯×𝑳 = 𝑨‬
‫𝟐‬
‫(المثلث الذي راسه مركز المضلع وقاعدته ضلع المضلع)‬
‫‪ : L‬طول ضلع المضلع‬
‫‪ : H‬العمود النازل من مركز المضلع على احد أضالع المضلع (العامد)‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫القاعدة × االرتفاع‬ ‫مساحة المثلث =‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝟏‬
‫=𝑨‬ ‫𝑯×𝑳‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝟏‬
‫= ‪The triangle area‬‬ ‫‪×Base × height ( H: Apothem),‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫‪Ex. Find the perimeter and the area of the regular hexagonal, its side length‬‬
‫‪is 4m and the length of the apothem is2√3 m.‬‬

‫𝑚 ‪𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑃 = 𝑛 × 𝐿 = 6 × 4 = 24‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=𝐴‬ ‫𝑛×𝐻× 𝐿‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2√3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 4 × 2√3 × 6 = 24√3𝑚2‬‬ ‫‪4m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫‪Ex. Find the square area which its apothem length is 4 cm‬‬

‫نجد طول ضلع المربع 𝐿 ‪𝐿 = 4 × 2 = 8𝑐𝑚 .‬‬

‫(طول ضلع المربع = ضعف طول العامد)‬

‫𝒎𝒄𝟒‬
‫يمكن ايجاد مساحة المربع بطريقتين‬

‫الطريقة )‪ :(1‬باستعمال قانون مساحة المضلع المنتظم‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=𝐴‬ ‫⇒ 𝑛×𝐻× 𝐿‬ ‫= 𝐴‬ ‫‪× 8 × 4 × 4 = 64 𝑐𝑚2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الطريقة )‪ :(2‬باستعمال قانون مساحة المربع (طول الضلع × نفسه)‬

‫⇒ 𝐿× 𝐿=𝐴‬ ‫‪𝐴 = 8 × 8 = 64 𝑐𝑚2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Pyramid and Cone ‫الهرم والمخروط‬

4 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
‫ مساحة القاعدة‬+ ‫المساحة الكلية = المساحة الجانبية‬

The total area = the lateral area + the base area

Ex. Find the lateral area and the total area for a regular pyramid which its
lateral height is 8 cm and the side length of its square base is 3cm

𝑃 × ℓ 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ‫المساحة الجانبية‬

1
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝐴 =
2

1
𝐿𝐴 = × (4 × 3) × 8 𝟒 × ‫محيط المربع = طول الضلع‬
2
𝐿𝐴 = 48𝑐𝑚2
1
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑃 × ℓ + 𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ‫المساحة الكلية‬
2
𝑇𝐴 = 48 + (3 × 3) ‫مساحة المربع = مربع طول الضلع‬
)‫(طول الضلع × نفسه‬
= 48 + 9 = 57 𝑐𝑚2

Ex. Use the nearby figure to find i) The lateral area ii)The total area
iii)The volume
1. 𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ ⇒ 𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 × 3 × 5
= 15𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 lateral area

2. 𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝜋 𝑟 2
𝑇𝐴 = 15𝜋 + 9𝜋 = 24𝜋𝑐𝑚2 total area
1 1
3. 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟2 × ℎ ⇒ 𝑉 = ×𝜋×9×4
3 3
= 12𝜋𝑐𝑚3 the volume

5 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex. Find the volume of the nearby pyramid

‫(مجموع القاعدتين المتوازيتين) × االرتفاع‬ = ‫مساحة شبه المنحرف‬

𝒉 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝒃 × 𝒉 ‫مساحة القاعدة × االرتفاع‬ = ‫حجم شبه المنحرف‬
𝟏
𝒃 𝑽=
𝟑 𝟑
1
𝑏= (𝑔𝑓 + 𝑏𝑑) × 𝑓𝑒
2

1
= (9 + 18) × 6 = 81𝑚2
2
1 1
𝑉= 𝑏 × ℎ = 𝑥81 × 20 = 540 𝑚3
3 3

Ex. Find the volume of the nearby compound polyhedron.

To find the volume of the compound polyhedron, we firstly find the volume
of the cylinder and the cone, after that, we add
the volumes to find the volume of the
compound polyhedron.

𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑉1 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉1 = 𝜋 (6)2 × 20 = 720 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (V of Cylinder)

1 2
𝑉2 = 𝑟 𝜋×ℎ
3
(height of Cone ℎ = 50 − 20 = 30𝑐𝑚)
1
𝑉2 = × 36𝜋 × 30 = 360𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (V of Cone)
3
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
= 720 𝜋 + 360 𝜋 = 1080𝜋 𝑐𝑚3

6 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Make sure of your understanding
Find the perimeter and the area for each regular polygon

1. 𝑃 = 𝑛 × 𝐿 = 5 × 2.9 = 14.5 𝑐𝑚 perimeter

1 1
𝐴= 𝐿 × 𝐻 × 𝑛 = × 2.9 × 2 × 5 = 14.5 𝑐𝑚2 area
2 2
*******************************
2. 𝑃 = 𝑛 × 𝐿 = 7 × 3 = 21 𝑐𝑚 perimeter
1 1
𝐴= 𝐿 ×𝐻×𝑛 = × 3 × 2√3 × 7 = 21√3 𝑐𝑚2 area
2 2
**********************************
3. Find the volume, the lateral area and the total area for each of the
following
i) Right circular cone: its base area is 225 𝝅 cm2, its base perimeter is
30 𝝅 cm, its height is 20 cm and its lateral height is 25 cm.
ℓ2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ (25)2 = (20)2 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ 625 = 400 + 𝑟 2

𝑟 = √625 − 400 = √225 = 15 𝑐𝑚 the base radius

1 1
𝑉= 𝜋 𝑟2 × ℎ = × 225𝜋 × 20 = 1500 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 , the volume
3 3
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = 𝜋 × 15 × 25 = 375 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 lateral area

𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 375 𝜋 + 225 𝜋
= 600 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 Total area

7 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
ii) A pyramid; its base area is 𝟓𝟒 √𝟑 cm2, its perimeter is 36cm , its
height is 𝟑 √𝟔 cm and its lateral height is 9 cm.
1 1
𝑉= 𝑏 × ℎ= × 54 √3 × 3 √6 = 54 √18
3 3
= 54 (3√2) = 108 √2𝑐𝑚3 volume
1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃 ×ℓ= × 36 × 9 = 18 × 9 = 162 𝑐𝑚2 latral area
2 2
1
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑃 × ℓ + 𝑏 = 162 + 54 √3 = 162 + 54 (1.7)
2
= 253.8 𝑐𝑚2 total area
=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=\=
4. Find the volume and the lateral area and the total area for each of
the following:

i )Right circular cone; its radius is 7 cm, its height is √𝟒𝟓𝒄𝒎 cm and its
lateral height is 10 cm.
1 1 1 22
𝑠𝑜𝑙 ∶ 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋 (7)2 (√45) = × × 49 × 3√5
3 3 3 7
= 154 √5 𝑐𝑚3
22
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = × 7 × 10 = 220 𝑐𝑚2
7
22
𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝑟 2 𝜋 = 220 + 49 × = 220 + 154 = 374 𝑐𝑚2
7

8 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
ii) A pyramid has a square base, the length of its side is 12 cm, its
height is 8 cm and its lateral height is 10cm.
1 1 1
𝑉= 𝑏× ℎ= × (12)2 × 8 = × 144 × 8 = 384 𝑐𝑚3
3 3 3
)‫(مساحة المربع = مربع طول الضلع‬

1 1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃×ℓ= × (4 × 12) × 10 = × 48 × 10 = 240 𝑐𝑚2
2 2 2
)4 × ‫(محيط المربع = طول الضلع‬

1
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑃 × ℓ + 𝑏 = 240 + (12)2 = 240 + 144 = 384 𝑐𝑚2
2
5. Find the volume and the lateral area and the total area for each
of the following by using the figures below:

𝑖) ℓ = 13𝑐𝑚 , ℎ = 12𝑐𝑚 , 𝑟 = 5 𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋 × 25 × 12 = 100 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
3 3
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = 𝜋 × 5 × 13 = 65 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 65 𝜋 + 25 𝜋 = 90 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
𝑖𝑖) ℓ =? , ℎ = 4 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑟 = 3 𝑐𝑚

ℓ2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ ℓ2 = 16 + 9 ⇒ ℓ = √25 = 5𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋 × 9 × 4 = 12 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
3 3

9 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = 𝜋 × 3 × 5 = 15 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 15 𝜋 + 9 𝜋 = 24 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

iii) ℓ = 3𝑐𝑚 , ℎ =? , 𝑟 = √3 𝑐𝑚

ℓ2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ 9 = ℎ2 + 3 ⇒ ℎ = √9 − 3 = √6𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋 × 3 × √6 = √6 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
3 3
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = 𝜋 × √3 × 3 = 3 √3 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3√3 𝜋 + 3𝜋 (‫(لتقدير القيمة العددية للمساحة الكلية‬

= 3(1.7) 𝜋 + 3𝜋 = 5.1 𝜋 + 3𝜋 = 5.1 𝜋 + 3𝜋 = 8.1 𝜋

*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+
6. Find the volume and the lateral area and the total area for each of
the following by using the figures below:
ℓ = 5𝑐𝑚 , ℎ = 3𝑐𝑚 , 𝐿 = 8 𝑐𝑚
𝑏 = 𝐿 × 𝐿 = 8 × 8 = 64 𝑐𝑚2 base area
1 1
𝑉= 𝑏 ×ℎ = × 64 × 3 = 64 𝑐𝑚3
3 3
𝑃 = 4 × 𝐿 = 4 × 8 = 32 𝑐𝑚 base perimeter
1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃 ×ℓ= × 32 × 5 = 80𝑐𝑚2
2 2
1
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑃 × ℓ + 𝑏 = 80 + 64 = 144 𝑐𝑚2
2

10 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
ℓ = 13 𝑐𝑚 , ℎ = 12 𝑐𝑚 , 𝐿 = 5 𝑐𝑚
√3 √3 25 √3
𝑏= × 𝐿2 = × 25 = 𝑐𝑚2 base area
4 4 4

1 1 25 √3
𝑉= 𝑏 ×ℎ = × × 12 = 25 √3 𝑐𝑚3
3 3 4
𝑃 = 3 × 5 = 15 𝑐𝑚 base perimeter
1 1 195
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃×ℓ= × 15 × 13 =
2 2 2
2
= 97.5 𝑐𝑚

1 25√3
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑃 × ℓ + 𝑏 = 97.5 +
2 4
25 (1.7) 42.5 432.5
= 97.5 + = 97.5 + = = 108.125 𝑐𝑚2
4 4 4

L ‫) ارتفاع المثلث متساوي االضالع طول ضلعه‬1 : ‫مالحظة‬

√𝟑
𝒉= 𝑳
𝟐
L ‫) مساحة المثلث متساوي االضالع طول ضلعه‬2
√𝟑 𝟐
𝑨= 𝑳
𝟒
)()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()(
7. Find the lateral area of the pyramid which has a square- shaped
base, its side length is 8 cm and its lateral height is 7.2 cm.
𝐿 = 8𝑐𝑚 . ℓ = 7.2 𝑐𝑚
𝑃 = 4 × 𝐿 = 4 × 8 = 32 𝑐𝑚 base perimeter
1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃×ℓ= × 32 × 7.2 = 115.2 𝑐𝑚2 lateral area
2 2

11 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
8. Find the lateral area of the pyramid which has a base of a regular
octahedral polygon, its side length is 1.16 cm and its lateral height is
2cm

ℓ = 2𝑐𝑚 ، 𝐿 = 1.16 𝑐𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑛 × 𝐿 = 8 × 1.16 = 9.28𝑐𝑚 base perimeter

1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃×ℓ= × 9.28 × 2 = 9.28 𝑐𝑚2 lateral area
2 2
~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~
9. Find the lateral area and the total area of a right circular cone which
its diameter is 35m and its lateral height is 20m, and write the answer
by π .
35
radius 𝑟 = = 17.5 𝑐𝑚
2
𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ = 𝜋 × 17.5 × 20 = 350 𝜋𝑐𝑚2 lateral area

𝑇𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ + 𝑟 2 𝜋 = 350 𝜋 + (17.5)2 𝜋
= 350 𝜋 + 306.25 𝜋 = 656.25 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^
10. Find the volume of a pyramid which its base is a regular triangle
and its side length is 6 cm and its height is 13cm

√3 2 √3
𝑏= 𝐿 = × 36 = 9√3 𝑐𝑚2 base area
4 4
1 1
𝑉= 𝑏 ×ℎ = × 9√3 × 13 = 39√3 𝑚3 volume
3 3

12 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
11. Find the volume of the nearby figure Composite form.

1 2 1
𝑉1 = 𝑟 𝜋 ×ℎ = 𝑥 4 𝜋 × 6 = 8𝜋 𝑚3 volume of the small cone
3 3
1 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑟 𝜋 ×ℎ = 𝑥 81 𝜋 × 18 = 486 𝜋 𝑚3 volume of the larg cone
3 3
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑉 = 8𝜋 + 486 𝜋 𝑚2
)()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()(

Solve the problems

Science: A volcanic model in a shape of a right circular cone, its
radius length is 3 cm, if the model volume is about 203 cm3, what is
its height?
𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚 , 𝑉 = 203 𝑐𝑚2 , ℎ = ?
1 2
𝑉= 𝑟 𝜋 ×ℎ
3
1
203 = × 9 × 3.14 × ℎ ⇒ 203 = 9.42ℎ
3
203
⇒ ℎ= = 21.55 𝑐𝑚 the height area
9.42
^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~

13 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Construction: The height of the Arab tower is 321m and it represents an
arched pyramid, calculate the approximate area of its base if the pyramid
volume which represents it is 1904000m3
1
𝑉= 𝑏×ℎ
3
1
1904000 = 𝑏 × 321 ⇒
3
1904000 = 107 𝑏
1904000
⇒ 𝑏= = 17794.4
107
the approximate area of its base
*************************************
Geometry: Find the lateral area of the pyramid which has a square-shaped
base, as it is shown in the nearby figure. 𝐿 = 4𝑐𝑚 . ℓ = 8𝑐𝑚
𝑃 = 4 × 𝐿 = 4 × 4 = 16 𝑐𝑚 base perimeter
1 1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃 ×ℓ= × 16 × 8
2 2
= 64 𝑐𝑚3 lateral area

×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

‫اشراق شمس النجاح بدأت تتراى من بعيد‬

14 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Challenge: A cone and a cylinder have the same base and volume, the
cylinder diameter is 40 cm and its height is 7 cm, what is the lateral area of
the cone?
40
radius of cylinder , 𝑟 = = 20 𝑐𝑚 , ℎ = 7𝑐𝑚
2
volume of cylinder, 𝑉 = 𝑟 2 𝜋 ℎ = (20)2 𝜋 × 7
= 400 𝜋 × 7 = 2800 𝜋
volume of cylinder = volume of cone=2800 𝜋
1
volume of cone = 𝑟2 𝜋 𝑥 ℎ
3
1
2800 𝜋 = (20)2 𝜋 × ℎ ⇒
3
1
2800 𝜋 = × 400 𝜋 × ℎ
3
8400 𝜋 = 400 𝜋 × ℎ
8400 𝜋
ℎ= = 21𝑐𝑚 height of the cone
400 𝜋
ℓ2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ ℓ2 = (21)2 + (20)2 = 441 + 400 = 841

ℓ = √841 = 29 𝑐𝑚 letral height

𝐿𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 × ℓ ⇒ 𝐿 𝐴 = 𝜋 × 20 × 29 = 580 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 letral area

^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+
Discover the mistake: Which of the two solutions is wrong? Clarify your
answer

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
1
𝑉= ×𝑏 ×ℎ
3
𝑏 = 𝑟 2 𝜋 = (6)2 𝜋 = 36 𝜋
1
𝑉= × 36 𝜋 × 8 = 96 𝜋 𝑚3 the first solution is
3

************************************

𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 ‫المثلثات‬

The median of a triangle: it is a segment, its two

ends represent one of the triangle’s vertices and
the midpoint of the side which is opposite of that
vertices. Each triangle has three median
intersect in one point which is called the
meeting point of the median of the triangle (the
triangle center).

‫ هي قطعة مستقيمة طرفاها أحد رؤوس المثلث ونقطة منتصف الضلع‬:‫القطعة المتوسطة للمثلث‬
‫المقابل لذلك الرأس ولكل مثلث ثالث قطع متوسطة تقاطع في نقطة واحدة تسمى نقطة تالقي‬
)‫القطع المتوسطة للمثلث (مركز المثلث‬

The triangle height: is the vertices descending

column from one vertex of the triangles on the line
which contains the side which is opposite of that
vertices, each triangle has three heights which are
intersected in one point called (the meeting point
of the heights)

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
‫ هو العمود النازل من أحد رؤوس المثلث على الضلع المقابل لذلك الرأس ولكل‬: ‫ارتفاع المثلث‬
) ‫مثلث ثالثة ارتفاعات تتقاطع في نقطة واحدة تسمى (ملتقى االرتفاعات‬

**************************************

Sides and Angles in the triangle

Theorem: If two sides of a triangle were variated, C
then the two opposite angles will be variated too,
the great one will be opposite of the great side
and vice versa

، ‫لهم ًا‬ ‫ إذا تباين ضلع ًا مثلث تباينت الزاويتان المقابلتان‬: ‫مبرهنة‬ A B
. ‫فأكبرهما تقابل الضلع االكبر وبالعكس‬
𝑩𝑪 > 𝑨𝑪 ↔ 𝒎∠𝑨 > 𝒎∠𝑩

#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#

Ex. : In the triangle below, arrange the angles from the smallest to the
greatest B

the shortest side AB, then the small angle is ∠C 6

4
the longest side is AC, then the great angle is ∠B
the arrangement is 𝑚∠𝐶 , m∠A, m∠𝐵 A C
8
&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: In the triangle below, arrange the sides from A
the shortest to the longest and calculate the 73
measure of m∠C

𝑚∠𝐶 = 180 − (73 + 45) = 62° 45

B C
𝑚∠𝐵 < 𝑚∠𝐶 < 𝑚∠𝐴

the arrangement is ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Theorem: The bisectors of the triangles

angles meet in one point which is in
equidistant from its sides.
If OA, OB, OC, are bisectors of the angles A,
B, C respectively, they meet in the point O ,

‫ منصفات زوايا المثلث تتالقى بنقطة واحدة‬: ‫مبرهنة‬

. ‫متساوية االبعاد عن اضالعه‬
𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 ‫̅̅̅̅ منصفات الزوايا‬
𝑶𝑨 , ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑶𝑪 ‫إذا كان‬
𝑶𝑩 , ̅̅̅̅
𝑶 ‫على الترتيب تلتقي بنقطة‬
Then
OD= OE = OF ,
𝑶𝑫 ⊥ 𝑩𝑪 , 𝑶𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩 , 𝑶𝑭 ⊥ 𝑨𝑪

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: In the nearby triangle, find the value of 𝑥
̅̅̅̅ bisects ∠𝐵 , 𝐶𝑂
𝐵𝑂 ̅̅̅̅ bisects ∠𝐶

∵ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑂 bisects ∠𝐵 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑂 bisects ∠𝐶
∴ O is the meeting point of the bisectors of the
angles of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1
∴ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑂 bisects ∠𝐴 ∴𝑥= 𝑚∠𝐴
2

∵ 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180

𝑚∠𝐴 = 180 − (70 + 60) = 50°
∴ 𝑥 = 25°

Theorem: In each triangle, the medians of the

triangle are meet in one point called the center
of triangle gravity. It divides each of them in a
2
ration of from the vertices.
3

‫ القطع المستقيمة المتوسطة تتالقى في نقطة واحد‬: ‫مبرهنة‬

𝟐
‫من‬ ‫واحدة تسمى مركز ثقل المثلث تقسم كل منها بنسبة‬
𝟑
‫جهة الرأس‬

3 2 1
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑂 𝐴𝑂 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑂𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷
2 3 3
3 2 1
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 𝐴𝑂 = 𝑂𝐷 𝑂𝐷 = 𝐴𝑂
1 1 2

19 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Ex.: The triangle ABC in which the two

medians AD, CE meet in the point O,
CE=9 cm, AD=6 cm, find the length of
AO, OE
1 1
𝑂𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸 ⇒ 𝑂𝐸 = (9) = 3 𝑐𝑚
3 3

2 2
𝐴𝑂 = 𝐴𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝑂 = (6) = 4 𝑐𝑚
3 3
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

20 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
‫ تشابه المثلثات‬Similar Triangles
The two similar triangles: are triangles which their sides are proportioned
and their angles are congruent, we refer to the similarity by (∼)
‫ هما مثلثان تتناسب اضالعهما وتتطابق زواياهما‬: ‫المثلثان المتشابهان‬

theorem: If two angles in a triangle are congruent with two angles in

another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
‫إذا تطابقت زاويتان في مثلث مع زاويتين في مثلث أخر فأن المثلثين متشابهان‬
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝒎∠𝑫 , 𝒎∠𝑪 = 𝒎∠𝑭

⇒ ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~ ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭

*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*
Theorem: If three sides of a triangle are proportioned with three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.

‫ إذا تناسبت ثالثة أضالع من مثلث مع ثالثة أضالع من مثلث أخر فأن المثلثين‬: ‫مبرهنة‬
. ‫متشابهان‬

𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪 𝑩𝑪
= = ⇒ ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~ ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭
𝑫𝑬 𝑫𝑭 𝑬𝑭

21 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: Show if the two triangles in the nearby figure are similar, and write the
ratio of the similarity.

𝐴𝐵 6 2
=9= 𝐵𝐶 3
𝐷𝐸 3 =
𝐸𝐹 10
𝐴𝐶 4 2
= = 𝐴𝐵 4 2
𝐸𝐹 6 3 = =
𝐷𝐹 6 3
𝐵𝐶 4 2
= = 𝐴𝐶 4 2
𝐹𝐷 6 3 = =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐷 6 3
∴ = = 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐹𝐷 ∴ ≠
𝐸𝐹 𝐷𝐹
Then the two triangles are Then the two triangles are not
2
similar , the ratio of similarity similar
3
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Theorem: If two sides of a triangle the angle were proportioned with the two
sides of another triangle and the angle between then is congruent with the
angle of the other triangle and the sides, then the two triangles are similar.

‫ وتطابقت الزاوية المحصورة‬،‫ اذا تناسب ضلعان في مثلث مع نظائرهما في مثلث آخر‬:‫مبرهنة‬
.‫بينهما مع نظيرتها فان المثلثين يتشابهان‬

𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪
= , 𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝒎∠𝑫 ⇒ ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~ ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭
𝑫𝑬 𝑫𝑭

𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝐷
Ex.: In the nearby figure if =
𝐹𝐷 𝐷𝐵
𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑚∠ 𝐹𝐷𝐵 , find the value of x.

Since the two triangles BFD, DEC are similar, then

their symmetric sides are proportion
𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝐷
∵ = ⇒ ∆ 𝐵𝐹𝐷 ∼ ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶
𝐹𝐷 𝐷𝐵

their symmetric sides are proportion

𝑥−1 9
= ⇒ 3𝑥 − 3 = 18
2 3

⇒ 3𝑥 = 21 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7

********************

23 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Make sure of your understanding
Arrange the sides from the shortest to the longest
1

1. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180

𝑚∠𝐵 = 180 − (90 + 68) = 22°
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝑚∠𝐵 , 𝑚∠𝐶 , 𝑚∠𝐴

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∶ ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 , ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&
2. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180
𝑚∠𝐵 = 180 − (45 + 38) = 97°
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝑚∠𝐶 , 𝑚∠𝐴, 𝑚∠𝐵

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∶ ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶

Arrange the angles from the smallest to the greatest

24 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
3. The shortest side is ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 , the longest side is ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∶ ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝑚∠𝐶 , 𝑚∠𝐵 , 𝑚∠𝐴
^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&^&
4. The shortest side is ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 , the longest side is ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∶ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝑚∠𝐵, 𝑚∠𝐴, 𝑚∠𝐶

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

5. In the nearby triangle, if AO, BO,CO are

bisectors of the angles A,B,C find m∠𝑥
𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180
𝑚∠𝐴 = 180 − (45 + 80) = 55°
1 1
∴𝑥= 𝑚∠𝐴 = (55) = 27.5°
2 2

+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+
6. ABC is a triangle, O represent a point of
intersection of its median, if BO =12cm, Find
the length of the median which one of it’s to
ends is the point B.
BF is the median of the triangle ABC
2 2
𝐵𝑂 = 𝐵𝐹 ⇒ 12 = 𝐵𝐹
3 3
36
𝐵𝐹 = = 18 𝑐𝑚
2

25 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
7. In the triangle ABC, O is the point of meeting the medians, find the
length of AD if your knew that 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐵 = 90° , ̅̅̅̅𝐴𝑂 ∩ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = {𝐷} ,
𝐵𝐶 = 6 𝑚
∆𝐵𝑂𝐶 is a right angled triangle in O
O is a point of intersection of its medians
AD is the median
∴ D is the midpoint of BC
1 1
∴ 𝑂𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 = (6) = 3 𝑐𝑚
2 2
‫ القطعة المستقيمة الواصلة من رأس القائمة الى منتصف الوتر طولها‬، ‫(في المثلث قائم الزاوية‬
) ‫يساوي نصف طول الوتر‬

(In a right-angled triangle, the segment connecting from the right

angle to the middle of the hypotenuse is equal to half the length of
the hypotenuse)

1 1
𝑂𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 ⇒ 3 = 𝐴𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 9𝑐𝑚
3 3
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
8. In the nearby figure: Show that:
i) The two triangles ABC, BDE are
similar.
ii) Find the value of x.
iii) Find the ratio of the similarity.

∵ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ (given)

𝐴𝐶 //𝐷𝐸
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐸 (alternate angle)
𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐷 (alternate angle)
∴ ∆ 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ∼ ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐸

26 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐵 9 𝑥−1
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 72 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 72 = 0
𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐷 𝑥 8
(𝑥 − 9)(𝑥 + 8) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 9 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑥 = −8 neglected
𝐴𝐵 9 𝐶𝐵 8
= =1 , = = 1 the ratio of similarity
𝐵𝐸 9 𝐵𝐷 8

^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

Solve the exercises

13. Show if the two triangle ABC, DEN, in the nearby figure, are similar,
and write the ratio of similarity,
then name the pairs of the
congruent angles.
𝐴𝐶 8 4 𝐵𝐶 8
= = , =
𝐷𝑁 6 3 𝑁𝐸 6
4 𝐴𝐵 8 4
= , = =
3 𝐷𝐸 𝐵 3
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
∴ = = ⇒ ∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ ∆ 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝐷𝑁 𝑁𝐸 𝐷𝐸
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐷 , 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐸 , 𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝑁
14. Show if the two triangles ABC, ADE, in
the nearby figure, are similar, and write the
ratio of the similarity
𝐴𝐷 4 2 𝐴𝐸 8 2
= = , = =
𝐴𝐵 6 3 𝐴𝐶 12 3
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
𝑚∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸

27 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
2
The ration of similarity is
3
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

Solve the problems

Geometry: If you knew that ∆ ABF ∼ ∆ DEF,
AB // ED use the information in the nearby
figure to find the value of x.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐹 ∼ ∆ 𝐸𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐹 𝐵𝐹 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥+9
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐹𝐷 𝐹𝐸 15 20
⇒ 40𝑥 − 40 = 15 𝑥 + 135
⇒ 40𝑥 − 15 𝑥 = 135 + 40
⇒ 25𝑥 = 175 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7
*****************************************
Building: A building which its height
represented by a side right_ angled triangle
as it is shown BE is triangle ABD high in the
nearby figure, prove that:
i) ∠ EBA ≅ ∠ D
ii) ∆ABE ∼ ∆ DBE
∆𝐷𝐵𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐸, BE height of the triangle ABD
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐸 ≃ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷
𝑚 < 𝐸 = 𝑚 < 𝐸 = 90° )‫(خواص المثلث‬
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 ≃ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸
∴ ∆ 𝐴 𝐵𝐸 ≃ ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐷
∴ ∆ 𝐴 𝐵𝐸 ∼ ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐷

28 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
∴ ∠𝐸𝐵𝐴 ∼ ∠𝐷
#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+
In the nearby figure, the two triangle KAB, KMH are similar, find the two
coordinates of M and the ratio of the similarity.
∆ 𝐾𝐵𝐴 ∼ ∆ 𝐾𝑀𝐻
𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝐵
∴ =
𝐾𝑀 𝐾𝐻
2 4 6×2
= ⇒ 𝐾𝑀 = =3
𝐾𝑀 6 4
∴ the coordinate of M is (3,0)
2
The ratio of the similarity is
3
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Discover: What is the length of AB in
the nearby figure? If you knew that
∴ ∆ 𝐶𝐸𝐷 ∼ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐹

∆𝐶𝐸𝐷 ∼ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐹
𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐶 60 60
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐵 80 𝐴𝐵
60 × 80
𝐴𝐵 = = 80
60
Challenge: (x,15,6) and (10,5,2) are the lengths of the corresponding sides
in two similar triangles, what is the value of x?
10 5 150
= ⇒ 5𝑥 = 150 ⇒ 𝑥 = = 30
𝑥 15 5
Numerical sense: Find the value of x in the
nearby figure.If the two tringle ABD , EBC are
similar EC // ED

29 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 ∼ ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐶 (given)
𝐵𝐸 𝐸𝐶 3 4
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐷 3+𝑥 𝑥+5
12 + 4 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 + 15
4𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 15 − 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3

******************************

30 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Proportion and Measure in Triangles

Proportion in Triangles

Ex.: Find the length of the segment AE, if you knew that in the nearby figure
𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐹
=
𝐴𝐸 𝐹𝐵
9 12 4×9
= ⇒ 𝐴𝐸 = = 3𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝐸 4 12

31 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Ex.: In the nearby figure, prove MK//NJ, find

the ratio of the proportional parts
𝐻𝐽 35 7 𝐻𝑁 42 7
= = , = =
𝐽𝐾 15 3 𝑁𝑀 18 3
𝐻𝐽 𝐻𝑁 7
∴ = = the ratio of the proportional parts
𝐽𝐾 𝑁𝑀 3
∴ 𝑀𝐾//𝑁𝐽 (converse the theorem of the triangular proportion)

32 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Ex.: An architect had used the perspective to

draw initial lines to help him in drawing parallel
columns of communication, he checked his
drawing in measuring the distance between the
columns, how long FH?
𝐴𝐵 𝐸𝐹
AE//BF//CJ//DH → =
𝐵𝐷 𝐹𝐻

BD=BC+CD=2.2 + 1.4=3.6
4.2 6.3 6.3 × 3.6
= → 𝐹𝐻 = = 5.4
3.6 𝐹𝐻 4.2

33 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫‪Proportion and Measures‬‬

‫التناسب والقياس‬

‫وأن نسبة‬ ‫فأن نسبة المحيطين للمثلثين تساوي‬ ‫مبرهنة ‪ :‬إذا تشابه مثلثان بنسبة تشابه‬
‫𝒂‬ ‫𝒂‬
‫𝒃‬ ‫𝒃‬
‫𝟐𝒂‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫المساحتين للمثلثين تساوي‬
‫𝟐𝒃‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬تستخدم هذه المبرهنة اليجاد نسبة المحيطين ونسبته المساحتين لمثلثين متشابهين ‪.‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬إذا كان المثلثان متشابهين فأن النسبة بين محيطيهما تساوي النسبة بين أطوال‬
‫االضالع المتناظرة ‪.‬‬

‫‪*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%*%‬‬

‫𝐶𝐵𝐴∆ ‪Ex.: If ∆ 𝑊𝑉𝑇 ∼ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , find the perimeter of the‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪Assume P1 is the perimeter of ∆WVT‬‬
‫𝐶𝐵𝐴 ∆ ‪𝑃2 the perimeter of‬‬
‫𝑚𝑐‪𝑃1 = 8 + 5 + 4 = 17‬‬
‫𝐵𝐴 ‪𝑃2‬‬ ‫‪𝑃2 5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑉𝑊 ‪𝑃1‬‬ ‫‪17 8‬‬
‫‪5 × 17‬‬
‫= ‪𝑃2‬‬ ‫𝑚 ‪= 10.625‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Dilation in the Coordinate Plane
Dilation: is a transformation which change the measures of the
geometric shapes without changing their structure. In the dilation, the
pre image and its image will always be similar, the proportion center is
the origin, if you deal with a dilation with scale factor M, you will be
able to find the image of the point by multiplying its coordinates by M
(x,y) → ( Mx,My)

.. ‫مالحظة‬

.‫ الدوران) تحافظ على الهيئة والقياسات‬، ‫ االنعكاس‬، ‫التحويالت الهندسية (االنسحاب‬

‫ هو تحويل يغير مقاييس االشكال دون تغير هيئتها فالشكل وصورته بالتناسب‬:‫التناسب الهندسي‬
‫الهندسي يكونان دائماً متشابهين وأن مركز التناسب هو نقطة االصل‬

‫التناسب الهندسي احداثيا‬

‫أن التناسب الهندسي على المستوى االحداثي إذا تعاملت مع تناسب هندسي معاملة الهندسي‬
M ‫ تجد صورة النقطة بضرب أحداثيها في‬،M

(𝒙, 𝒚) → (𝑴𝒙 , 𝑴𝒚)

35 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: the nearby figure shows a position of a picture
in the internet, draw the limits of the picture after
transform it in a dilation its ratio is
5
3

5 5
𝐴(3,4) ⇒ ( × 3 , × 4) ⇒ 𝐴̅ (5 , 6.6)
3 3
5 5
𝐵 (0,4) ⇒ ( × 0 , × 4) ⇒ 𝐵̅ (0 , 6.6)
3 3
5 5
𝐶 (0,0) ⇒ ( × 0 , × 0) ⇒ 𝐶̅ (0,0)
3 3
5 5
𝐷 (3,0) ⇒ ( ̅ (5 , 0)
× 3 , × 0) ⇒ 𝐷
3 3

*********************************

36 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Make sure of your understanding

Find the length of the unknown segment in the following figures

̅̅̅̅̅ ⁄∕ ̅̅̅̅
1. 𝑊𝐿 𝑆𝑇
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑊 16 12
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑆 𝐿𝑇 9
16 4 16 × 3
= ⇒ 𝐿𝑇 = = 12
𝐿𝑇 3 4
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+

𝑊𝐿 ⁄∕ ̅̅̅̅
2. ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑆𝑇
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑊 42 70
= ⇒ =
𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑆 30 𝑊𝑆
70 × 30
𝑊𝑆 = = 50
42
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

37 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
3. In the triangle MQP, 𝑀𝑄 = 12.5 , 𝑀𝑅 = 4.5 , 𝑀𝑃 = 25 , 𝑀𝑁 = 9, does
𝑅𝑁 ⁄∕ ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝑄𝑃 or not ? Explain your answer
𝑁𝑃 = 𝑀𝑃 − 𝑀𝑁
𝑁𝑃 = 25 − 9 = 16
𝑅𝑄 = 𝑀𝑄 − 𝑀𝑅 = 12.5 − 4.5 = 8
𝑀𝑁 9 𝑀𝑅 4.5 45 9
= , = = =
𝑁𝑃 16 𝑅𝑄 8 80 16
N
𝑀𝑁 𝑀𝑅
∴ = 𝑅𝑁 ⁄∕ ̅̅̅̅
⇒ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑄𝑃
𝑁𝑃 𝑅𝑄

4. In the nearby figure, find the length of KN, MN.

⃡𝑀𝐴 ⁄ ⁄ ⃡𝑁𝐵 ⁄ ⁄⃡𝐾𝐶
𝑥
𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝑁 2 𝑥
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐶 𝑁𝐾 𝑥−4 𝑥+4
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ =
2𝑥 − 8 𝑥+4
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 12) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 neglected 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 12
∴ 𝑀𝑁 = 12 , 𝐾𝑁 = 12 + 4 = 16
5. The two triangles ABC, HKM are similar, the area of ∆ABC is the
double of the area of △HKM , what is the length of AB?

38 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
𝒂𝟐
‫ نسبة تشابه مساحتي مثلثين‬: ‫مبرهنة‬
𝒃𝟐

𝐴1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐾𝑀𝐻
𝐴1 2
𝐴1 = 2𝐴2 ⇒ =
𝐴2 1
𝐴1 (𝐴𝐵 )2 2
= ⇒
𝐴2 (𝐻𝐾 )2 1
(𝐴𝐵 )2
= 2
⇒ (𝐴𝐵)2
(8)
= 2 × 64

𝐴𝐵 = √128 = 8√2
##################################
6. The two triangles ABC, KMH are similar, find the area and the perimeter
of the triangle ABC, it should be taken in consideration that the perimeter
of the triangle KMH equals18 cm and its area 15 cm2.
Assume 𝑃1 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐾𝑀𝐻
𝑃2 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

‫ نسبة تشابه محيطي مثلثين‬:‫مبرهنة‬

𝑎
𝑏

6
The ration =
8
𝑃1 𝑀𝐻 18 6 18 × 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑃2 = = 24𝑐𝑚
𝑃2 𝐵𝐶 𝑃2 8 6

39 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Assume A1 is the area of ∆ 𝐾𝑀𝐻
A2 is the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝒂𝟐
‫ نسبة تشابه مساحتي مثلثين‬: ‫مبرهنة‬
𝒃𝟐

𝐴1 (𝑀𝐻 )2 15 (6)2 15 36 15 × 64
= 2
⇒ = 2
⇒ = ⇒ 𝐴2 = = 26.6𝑐𝑚2
𝐴2 (𝐵𝐶 ) 𝐴2 (8) 𝐴2 64 36

********************************
𝟑
7. ABC is a triangle, where A(6,0), B(−𝟑 , ), C(3, -6), find its image after
𝟐
𝟏
minimizing it in ,it is worth to be mentioned that the proportion center
𝟑
is the origin.
(𝒙, 𝒚) → (𝒎𝒙 , 𝒎𝒚)
1 1
𝐴 (6,0) ⇒ ( × 6 , × 0) ⇒ 𝐴̅ (2,0)
3 3
3 1 1 3 1
𝐵 (−3 , ) ⇒ ( × −3 , × ) ⇒ 𝐵̅ (−1 , )
2 3 3 2 2
1 1
𝐶 (3 , −6) ⇒ ( ×3, × −6) ⇒ 𝐶̅ (1, −2)
3 3
###################################
If the two triangles are similar, then the ration of their two perimeter equals
𝑎 𝑃1
the ratio between the lengths of the corresponding sides ( = )
𝑏 𝑃2

‫نسبة التشابه للمحيطين = نسبة التشابه للمثلثين‬

###################################

40 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Solve the exercises
𝐵𝐸 ⁄ ⁄̅̅̅̅
8. In the triangle ACD, ̅̅̅̅ 𝐶𝐷 , find the
value of x and ED if 𝐸𝐷 = 3𝑥 − 3,
𝐵𝐶 = 8 , 𝐴𝐸 = 3 , 𝐴𝐵 = 2
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸
𝐵𝐸 ∕⁄̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝐶𝐷 ⇒ = 𝐸𝐷
𝐵𝐶

2 3 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 3𝑥 − 3 = 12
8 3𝑥 − 3 4 3𝑥−3
⇒ 3𝑥 = 12 + 3 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
𝐸𝐷 = 3(5) − 3 = 15 − 3 = 12
9. Determine if ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ⁄ ⁄̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾 in the nearby figure
𝐶𝐵 18 𝐶𝐴 4.5
= =3, = =3
𝐵𝑀 6 𝐴𝐾 1.5
𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐴
= ⇒ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ∕⁄̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾
𝐵𝑀 𝐴𝐾

*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*
10. The area ratio of the triangle ABC to the area ratio of the triangle KMH
16
equals , what is the ratio of the similarity between the two triangles,
25
and what is the ratio of the similarity between their two perimeters?
𝐴1 𝑎2 16 𝑎 √16 4
= 2= ⇒ = = the ratio of similarity
𝐴2 𝑏 25 𝑏 √25 5
If the two triangles are similar, then the ration of their two perimeter equals
𝑎 𝑃1
the ratio between the lengths of the corresponding sides ( = )
𝑏 𝑃2

‫نسبة التشابه للمحيطين = نسبة التشابه للمثلثين‬

41 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
11. Find the image of the triangle ABC, where A(−1, −1), B(1, −2), C(1,2)
under the effect of the proportion of its factor 2.
(𝑥, 𝑦) ⇒ (𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦)

𝐴(−1, −1) ⇒ (2 × −1 , 2 × −1) ⇒ 𝐴̅ (−2, −2)

𝐵 (1, −2) ⇒ (2 × 1 , 2 × −2) ⇒ 𝐵̅ (2, −4)

𝐶 (1, 2) ⇒ (2 × 1 , 2 × 2) ⇒ 𝐶̅ (2, 4)

**************************

Solve the problems

Roads: The nearby map represents some of the parallel streets
and two ways crossing them, what
C
is the length of the first way B
between the street number 62 and A

the street number 52? D

𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐸 54 81 E
= ⇒ = F
𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐹 𝐵𝐶 27
54 × 27
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = = 18𝑚
81
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @

Geometry: Find the image of the quadrangle, where

𝐴(2,6), 𝐵(−4,0), (−4, −8), 𝐷(−2, −12) under the effect of the
1
proportion of its factor
4

(𝑥, 𝑦) ⇒ (𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦)

1 1 1 3
𝐴(2,6) ⇒ ( × 2 , × 6) ⇒ 𝐴̅ ( , )
4 4 2 2

42 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫( ⇒ )‪𝐵 (−4,0‬‬ ‫)‪× −4 , , 0) ⇒ 𝐵̅ (−1 ,0‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫( ⇒ )‪𝐶 (−4, −8‬‬ ‫)‪× −4 , × −8) ⇒ 𝐶̅ (−1 , −2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫( ⇒ )‪𝐷 (−2, −12‬‬ ‫( ̅‬
‫𝐷 ⇒ )‪× −2 , × −12‬‬ ‫)‪, −3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬إذا علمت أن طول القطعة المستقيمة الواصلة رأس القائمة الى منتصف الوتر تساوي‬

‫نصف الوتر ‪.‬‬

‫‪Challenge: In the nearby figure, M is the‬‬

‫̅̅̅̅ ‪midpoint of‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ‪𝐴𝐵 , and K is the midpoint of‬‬
‫𝐵𝐻‬
‫‪, the angles ∠𝑍 , ∠𝐴𝐵𝐻 , ∠𝐶 are right angles,‬‬
‫‪𝐾𝑍 2‬‬ ‫‪(𝐵𝑍)2 +(𝑍𝐻)2‬‬
‫( ‪prove that‬‬ ‫‪) = (𝐵𝐶)2 + (𝐶𝐴)2‬‬
‫𝑀𝐶‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑍𝐾‬ ‫‪𝐵𝐻 ,‬‬ ‫= 𝑀𝐶‬ ‫𝐵𝐴‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑍𝐾‬ ‫𝐻𝐵‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑀𝐶‬ ‫𝐵𝐴‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝐾𝑍 2 (𝐵𝐻 )2‬‬
‫= ) (‬
‫𝑚𝑐‬ ‫‪(𝐴𝐵)2‬‬
‫‪𝐾𝑍 2 (𝐻𝑍)2 + (𝐵𝑍)2‬‬
‫= ) (‬
‫𝑀𝐶‬ ‫‪(𝐴𝐶 )2 + (𝐵𝐶 )2‬‬

‫ال تجعل للحزن طريقا ً الى قلبك يعيقك عن تحقيق غايتك ‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

The Circle ‫الدائرة‬

‫ القوس والوتر‬Arch and chord
The concept of the circle: it is a set of the connected points in the
plane which have the same distance from a fixed point called the
circle center
The radius r: is a segment connects between
the circle center and a point on the circle
The circle chord: is a segment which its two ends
are on the circle
The diameter: is a chord passes through the circle center.
The central angle: It is the angle whose vertex is the center of the
circle, and its sides are two radiuses in the circle

‫ هي مجموعة من النقاط المتصلة في المستوى والتي لها البعد نفسه عن نقطة ثانية تسمى‬: ‫الدائرة‬
o ‫مركز الدائرة‬

‫ هو قطعة مستقيمة تصل بين مركز الدائرة‬: r ‫نصف قطر الدائرة‬

. ‫ونقطة على الدائرة‬
‫ هو قطعة مستقيمة طرفاها على الدائرة‬: ‫وتر الدائرة‬
‫ هو وتر في الدائرة يمر بمركز الدائرة‬: ‫قطر الدائرة‬
‫ هي الزاوية التي رأسها مركز الدائرة وضلعاها نصفا قطرين في الدائرة‬: ‫الزاوية المركزية‬
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

44 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Types of the arcs in the circle

Ex.: Find the measure of the angles and the unknown arcs in the nearby
figure
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 30°
1) 𝑚 𝐵𝐶
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 90°
2) 𝑚 𝐷𝐶
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 30 + 90 = 120°
3) 𝑚 𝐵𝐶𝐷

̂ = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 180°
4) 𝑚 𝐵𝐸𝐴
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 180 − (30 + 90) = 60°
5) 𝑚 𝐴𝐷
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

45 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: The nearby circle is divided into three congruent parts, find the
̂ , 𝐴𝐵
measure of the following arcs: 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ̂

There are three congruent central angles, its sum is 360

360
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 =
𝑚 𝐴𝐵 = 120°
3
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 360 − 120 = 240°
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 240°
𝐴𝐵𝐶
************************************

Theorem of arcs and chords and central angles

If two central angles are congruent, then ∠1 ≅ ∠2 ↔ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
their two chords will be congruent and vice
versa
If two central angles are congruent, then their ∠1 ≅ ̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
∠2 ↔ 𝐴𝐵 ̂
two arcs will be congruent and vice versa
If two arcs are congruent, then their two chords ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ↔ 𝐴𝐵 ̂
will be congruent and vice versa.

. ‫إذا تطابقت زاويتان مركزيتان تطابق وتراها وبالعكس‬

∠1 ≅ ∠2 ↔ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
. ‫إذا تطابقت زاويتان مركزيتان تطابق قوساهما وبالعكس‬
∠1 ≅ ∠2 ↔ 𝐴𝐵 ̂ ≅ ̂
𝐴𝐶
‫إذا تطابق قوسان تطابق وتراهما وبالعكس‬
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ↔ 𝐴𝐵 ̂

46 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: Use the theorem of the arcs and the chords to prove that the triangle
ABC is an equilateral triangle in the nearby circle, it is worth to be
̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
mentioned that: 𝐴𝐵 ̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐵 ̂

̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
∵ 𝐴𝐵 ̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐵
̂ (given)

∴ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐶𝐵̅̅̅̅
∴ ABC is an equilateral triangle
**********************************

Theorem of the perpendicular diameter in each circle

Ex.: Use the theorem of the perpendicular diameter to find the chord AB, if
you knew that the radius OD equals 5 cm and that DE= 2cm
𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵 = 5𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝑂𝐸 = 5 − 2 = 3𝑐𝑚
(𝐸𝐵)2 + (𝐸𝑂)2 = (𝑂𝐵)2 , 𝑂𝐵 = 5𝑐𝑚

(𝐸𝐵)2 + (3)2 = (5)2 ⇒ (𝐸𝐵)2 = 25 − 9

(𝐸𝐵)2 = 16 ⇒ 𝐸𝐵 = 4

47 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
∵ E is a midpoint of AB
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐸𝐵 = 2 × 4 = 8𝑐𝑚
**********************************

Tangent ‫المماس‬

48 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫مبرهنة ‪ :‬هو المستقيم الذي يالقي الدائرة في نقطة واحدة تعرف بنقطة التماس ويكون عمودياً على‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫نصف القطر في نقطة التماس‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫𝐵𝐴⃡ مماس للدائرة يالقي الدائرة بنقطة التماس‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐵𝐴⃡‬
‫𝐶𝑂‬ ‫𝐶𝑂 نصف القطر‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^‬
‫المماس المشترك لدائرتين ‪ :‬هو مستقيم (مماس) لكل من الدائرتين ‪.‬‬

‫مماس مشترك‬ ‫مماس مشترك داخلي‬ ‫مماس مشترك خارجي‬

‫‪%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%‬‬

‫مبرهنة ‪ :‬القطعتان المماستان المرسومتان لدائرة من نقطة خارجة عنها متطابقتان‪.‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ قطعتان مماستان للدائرة من نقطة ‪C‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ‪𝐶𝐵 ,‬‬
‫𝐴𝐶‬
‫‪O.‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ∴‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶‬
‫𝐴𝐶‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪49‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: A circle, in the nearby figure, its center is
O, and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is a tangent of the circle at A and the
measure of the angle ABO equals 35°, find the
measure of the angle AOB, then find the length
of the segment BC.

𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 35 ، ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 , ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 = 12𝑐𝑚

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝑂 ( 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
∴ 𝑚∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 90
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 180 − (90 + 35) = 55°
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = 12 𝑐𝑚 (theorem of two tangents)
^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_

‫مهما كانت العقبات في طريق التفوق والنجاح فالبد من اجتيازها‬

‫بهمة عالية ورغبة اكيدة لنيل ما تصبو اليه‬

50 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Make sure of your understanding
In the circle below, find the measure of the angles
and the arcs in each of the following
1. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 90°
2. 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐵 = 90 − 43 = 47°
3. ̂ = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐸
𝐷𝐵𝐸
= 43 + 180 = 223°
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
4. 𝐷𝐴𝐵
= 90 + 180 = 270°
∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
A circle is divided into 6 identical parts, find the measure each arc of the
following

5. ̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 360 ÷ 6 = 60°

𝐴𝐵
6. ̂ = 2 × 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2 × 60 = 120°
𝐴𝐵𝐶
7. ̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 180°
𝐴𝐵𝐷

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
8. The nearby circle is divided into 4 identical
parts, prove that the figure ABCD is a square
𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 360 ÷ 4 = 90°
𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐴 = 90°

∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 (Theorem of arcs and chords)

∴ the figure ABCD is a square
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

51 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
..... ‫حل أخر‬

̂ ≅ 𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐴 ̂ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
̂ )‫(معطى‬

‫𝐷𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 ∴ مبرهنة االقواس واالوتار‬

‫𝐷𝐶𝐵𝐴 فأن الشكل‬ ‫مربع‬

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
9. In the nearby figure, use the theorem of the perpendicular diameter, and
find the length of the segment AB in the nearby circle. Approximate the
result to the nearest tenth.

̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 ‫نرسم نصف القطر‬

̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = 2.3 + 1.7 = 4𝑐𝑚

(𝑂𝐷)2 + (𝐵𝐷)2 = (𝑂𝐵)2 ‫مبرهنة فيثاغورس‬ D

(2.3)2 + (𝐵𝐷)2 = (4)2

5.29 + (𝐵𝐷)2 = 16

⇒ (𝐵𝐷)2 = 16 − 5.29 ⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = √10.71 ≃ 3.2 𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐷 = 2 × 3.2 ≃ 6.4 𝑐𝑚
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
10. Use the tangent theorem to find the length
of the two segments AB, AD in the nearby
figure.

̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐶 = 6 𝑐𝑚 )‫(أنصاف االقطار‬

(𝑂𝐵)2 + (𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝑂𝐴)2

52 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
(6)2 + (𝐴𝐵 )2 = (10)2 ⇒ 36 + (𝐴𝐵)2 = 100

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 100 − 36 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √64 = 8𝑐𝑚

̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐷 = 8𝑐𝑚 )‫(مبرهنة المماسين‬

𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅

$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$

Find the measure of the angles and the arcs in the following

11. ∠𝐶𝑂𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐷 − (𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 )

= 180 − (40 + 74) = 180 − 114 = 66°
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐸 = 180 + 90 = 270°
12. 𝐷𝐵𝐸
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 40 + 66 = 106°
13. 𝐵𝐴𝐶
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐴 = 74 + 66 = 140°
14. 𝐷𝐶𝐴
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
The circle is divided into 8 identical parts, find the measure of each arc in
the following:
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 360 ÷ 8 = 45°
15. 𝐴𝐵
̂ = 2𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2 × 45 = 90°
16. 𝐴𝐵𝐶
̂ = 𝑚∠𝐺𝑂𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐸
17. 𝐺𝐷𝐸

= 180 + 45 + 45 = 270°
+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_++_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+

53 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
18. The nearby circle is divided into 6 identical parts, prove that the figure
ABCDEF is a regular hexagonal
𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 360 ÷ 6 = 60° central angle
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐷
= 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐸𝑂𝐹 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐹
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴
∴ the figure ABCDEF is a regular hexagonal
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
19. Use the theorem of the tangent to find the length of the two line
segments AB, AC in the nearby circle.
𝑂𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 (theorem of the tangent)

(𝑂𝐵)2 + (𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝑂𝐴)2 )‫(مبرهنة فيثاغورس‬

(5)2 + (𝐴𝐵)2 = (13)2

25 + (𝐴𝐵)2 = 169 ⇒ (𝐴𝐵 )2 = 169 − 25 = 144

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √144 = 12 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 12𝑐𝑚 (theorem of two tangent)
#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#++#+#+#+#+

54 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Solve the problems
Geography (volcanos): The vent of the
Hulaii volcano rises from the level of the see
surface in 2.52 km, calculate the distance
between the top of the volcano and the level
of the horizon, if you knew that the radius of
the land is 6437 km, approximate the result
to the nearest kilometer.

A
A: vent of volcano )‫(فوهة البركان‬ A
2.52

B: level of the horizon )‫مستوى االفق (المماس للكرة االرضية‬ B

6437
O: center of the land ‫مركز االرض‬
O

AO = 6437 + 2.52 = 6439.52

𝑂𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 (tangency theorem ‫(نصف القطر عمود على المماس‬

(𝐴𝑂)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝑂𝐵)2 ⇒ (𝐴𝑂)2 − (𝑂𝐵)2

(𝐴𝐵)2 = (6439.52)2 − (6437)2

= 41467417.83 − 41434969

𝐴𝐵 = √32449.83 ≃ 180 𝑘𝑚 .
*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*()*

55 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Space station: Russian station, mir
rises from the level of the see surface
in about 390 km, what is the distance
between the station and the horizon,
approximate the result, if you know
that the radius of the land is 6437 km
to the nearest kilometer.

A :Mir station ‫محطة مير الفضائية‬

B: Level of horizon )‫مسستوى االفق (المماس للكرة االرضية‬

A

O: center of the land ‫مركز االرض‬ 390

𝐴𝑂 = 6437 + 390 = 6827𝑘𝑚 B 6437

𝑂𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 )‫(المماس عمود على نصف القطر‬ O

(𝐴𝑂)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝑂𝐵)2 ⇒ (𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐴𝑂)2 − (𝑂𝐵)2

(𝐴𝐵)2 = (6827)2 − (6437)2

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 46607929 − 41434969 = 5172960

𝐴𝐵 = √5172960 = 2274.41 ≃ 2274 𝑘𝑚

*****************************************
Challenge: Use the theorem of the two tangents
to find the length of AB in the nearby circle.

4𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 11 )‫(مبرهنة المماسين‬

4𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 11 + 1
⇒ 2𝑥 = 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6
𝐴𝐵 = 4(6) − 1 = 23

56 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Numerical sense: If the two angles COB, AOB are congruent, find the
length of CB in the nearby circle

∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝐵 (given)

∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐴 )‫(مبرهنة االقواس واالوتار‬

⇒ 8𝑦 − 8 = 6𝑦 ⇒ 8𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 8
̅̅̅̅ = 8𝑦 − 8
⇒ 2𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4 , ∴ 𝐶𝐵
̅̅̅̅ = 8(4) − 8 = 24
⇒ 𝐶𝐵
(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)
Write: The required steps to find the measure of the angle ABC in the
nearby figure, if you knew that BO bisects the angle AOC which its
measure equals 140.

̅̅̅̅ bisects ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 )‫(معطى‬

𝐵𝑂
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 140 ÷ 2 = 70°
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵
∴ 𝑚∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 90°
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 180 − (90 + 70)
= 180 − 160 = 20°
By the same way we can find 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝑂 = 20°
∴ m∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 20 + 20 = 40°
***************************************

‫ قم وابدأ من جديد‬... ‫التيأس ان تعثرت خطواتك‬

‫بعزم اقوى وثقة اكبر وطموح لن يلين‬
‫بب‬

57 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Triangle and Circle, Line Segments and Circle

Triangle and Circle ‫المثلث والدائرة‬

(The median of the triangle)

(The axes of the three sides of the triangle intersect in one point) And by
them, we can draw the circumscribed circle of the triangle.

The circumscribed circle

The circumscribed circle: of each triangle has one circumscribed circle,
its center is a point of intersection the three axes.
The axes: are the perpendiculars on sides of a triangle from their midpoint,
and they meet in one point (O) which has the same distance from its
vertices, this point is the center of the circle which passes through the
vertices of the triangle.

. ‫ تتقاطع محاور االضالع الثالثة في نقطة واحدة‬: ‫مبرهنة المحاور‬

‫ لكل مثلث دائرة واحدة تحيط به مركزها‬:‫الدائرة المحيطية‬

. ‫نقطة تقاطع المحاور الثالثة‬

‫ هي االعمدة المقامة على أضالع مثلث‬:‫المحاور‬

‫من منتصفاتها تلتقي بنقطة واحدة )𝑂( تكون متساوية البعد عن رؤوس المثلث وهذه‬
. ‫النقطة هي مركز الدائرة التي تمر برؤوس المثلث‬

58 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Ex.: Find the point of intersection of the axes of the triangle ABC as in the
nearby figure, and draw the circumscribed circle.
The axis of AB passes through the midpoint of AB and parallels BC. The
axis of BC passes through the midpoint of BC and parallels AB
Then the three axes meet in the midpoint of AC which represent the center
of the circumscribed circle of the triangle.

̅̅̅̅ ‫̅̅̅̅ ويوازي‬

𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 ‫̅̅̅̅̅ يمر في منتصف‬
𝐴𝐵 ‫محور‬

𝐴𝐵 ‫𝐶𝐵 ويوازي‬
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ‫𝐶𝐵 يمر في منتصف‬
̅̅̅̅ ‫محور‬

AC ‫∴ المحاور الثالثة تلتقي في منتصف‬

. ‫والتي تمثل مركز الدائرة المحيطة بالمثلث‬

======================================

Inscribed circle of the triangle

From the theorem of the bisectors of the triangle›s angles to draw the
inscribed circle of the triangle
The bisectors of the triangle´s angles intersect in one point.
The point of intersection of the bisectors of the angles locates on the same
distance from the three sides.
In every triangle, there is a circle inside the triangle which is tangent to its
three sides and it is called the inscribed circle. OL = OK = OM

59 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬

‫من مبرهنة منصفات زوايا المثلث‬

‫‪ ‬يمكن رسم الدائرة المحاطة للمثلث‬
‫‪ ‬تقاطع منصفات زوايا المثلث في نقطة واحدة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نقطة تقاطع منصفات الزوايا تقع على المسافة نفسها من االضالع الثالثة‬
‫‪ ‬في كل مثلث توجد دائرة داخل المثلث مماسة ألضالعه تسمى الدائرة المحاطة‬
‫𝑀𝑂 = 𝐾𝑂 = 𝐿𝑂‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬
‫‪Ex.: The circle which its center is O surrounded by the triangle ABC, prove‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ‪that‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ‪𝐵𝑂 bisects ∠𝐿𝑂𝐾 and the axis of‬‬
‫𝐿𝐾‬
‫̅̅̅̅‬
‫𝐿𝐾‬ ‫̅̅̅̅ منصف 𝐾𝑂𝐿∠ والمحور‬
‫مثال الدائرة التي مركزها ‪ O‬محاطة بالمثلث ‪ ، ABC‬برهن أن 𝑂𝐵‬

‫𝐿𝐵 = 𝐾𝐵 (مبرهنة المماسين)‬

‫𝐿𝑂 = 𝐾𝑂 (نصفا قطري الدائرة)‬
‫)‪The triangles 𝐵𝑂𝐾 , 𝐵𝑂𝐿 are congruent (SSS‬‬
‫‪∴ 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠2‬‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ∴‬
‫𝐾𝑂𝐿∠ ‪𝐵𝑂 bisects‬‬
‫)‪The triangles 𝐾𝑂𝐵, 𝐿𝑂 are congruent (SAS‬‬
‫(من خواص المثلث متساوي الساقين) 𝑂𝐵‬
‫̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐿𝐾‬
‫̅̅̅̅‬
‫𝐿𝐾 ‪̅̅̅̅ axis of‬‬
‫𝑂𝐵 ∴‬ ‫̅̅̅̅‬ ‫‪L‬‬

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Segments and Circle ‫القطع المستقيمة والدائرة‬

Ex.: Find the value of x and the length of each chord

𝐻𝑀 × 𝐻𝐾 = 𝐻𝐵 × 𝐻𝐴
8×𝑥 =3×2
6 3
8𝑥 =6 ⇒ 𝑥 = =
8 4
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐻 + 𝐻𝐵 = 2 + 3 = 5
3 3
𝑀𝐾 = 𝑀𝐻 + 𝐻𝐾 = 8 + =8
4 4

61 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
̅̅̅̅̅ , 𝐵𝑀
Ex.: Find the value of x and the length of 𝐴𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐶 × 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐷 × 𝑀𝐵
3 × (3 + 𝑥 ) = 2 × 9
9 + 3𝑥 = 18
3𝑥 = 18 − 9 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
𝐴𝑀 = 3 + 3 = 6
𝐵𝑀 = 2 + 7 = 9
***************************************

The tangent and the secant in circle

‫المماس والقاطع في الدائرة‬

62 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Ex.: Find the length of the tangent AB .

𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝑀 = (𝐴𝐵)2
4 × 8 = (𝐴𝐵)2

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 32 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √32 = 4√2

***********************************

63 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Make sure of your understanding

1. The triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle, AB=AB, N is the midpoint of
BC , KA≅ KC , prove that K is the point of intersection of axes of the
triangle ABC, then draw the circumscribed circle. A

∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐵𝑁 = 𝑁𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝑁 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 K
∴ AN is the axis of the triangle
K is the point lies on AN B C
N
∴ the three axes meet in the midpoint of AN in K
∴ K is the center of circumscribed circle of the triangle

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

2. ABC is a regular triangle, the length of its side is 12cm, determine the
point of intersection of its axes, then draw the circumscribed circle, and
find the length of its diameter.
∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a regular triangle (equilateral
triangle)
𝐴𝐸 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶, E is a midpoint of BC
𝐵𝐹 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶, F is a midpoint of AC
𝐶𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵, D is a midpoint of AB
∴ O is the point of intersection of the axes
of the triangle ABC
∴ O is the center of circumscribed circle of the triangle

64 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪....‬‬
‫‪(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (𝐴𝐸 )2 + (𝐸𝐶 )2‬‬
‫المثلث متساوي االضالع فأن االعمدة المقامة على‬
‫‪(12)2 = (𝐴𝐸 )2 + (6)2‬‬
‫أضالعه تنصفها وتلتقي في نقطة واحدة هي نقطة‬
‫‪144 = (𝐴𝐸 )2 + 36‬‬
‫تقاطع محاوره ‪.‬‬
‫‪(𝐴𝐸 )2 = 144 − 36 = 108‬‬
‫نقطة تقاطع المحاور هي مركز الدائرة المحيطة به‬
‫𝑚𝑐 ‪𝐴𝐸 = √108 = 6√3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐸𝑂‬ ‫𝐸𝐴‬ ‫) قطعة متوسطة 𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑡 𝑒‪(𝐴𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(6√3) = 2√3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪(𝑂𝐶 )2 = (𝑂𝐸 )2 + (𝐸𝐶 )2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(𝑂𝐶 )2 = (2√3 ) + (6)2 = 12 + 36‬‬

‫نصف قطر الدائرة 𝑚𝑐 ‪𝑂𝐶 = √48 = 4√3‬‬

‫^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^=^‬
‫‪Find the value of x and the length of each unknown segments of the‬‬
‫‪following‬‬

‫𝐷𝐸 × 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐵𝐸 × 𝐸𝐴 ‪3.‬‬ ‫(مبرهرنة القاطعين)‬

‫‪(4𝑥 )(𝑥 ) = 2 × 8‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫‪4 𝑥 2 = 16‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫= ‪𝑥2‬‬ ‫‪=4 ⇒ 𝑥=2‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑥 + 𝑥 = 4(2) + 2 = 8 + 2 = 10‬‬

‫‪65‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح ‪07728117710‬‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

D
𝟒. 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐷𝐸 × 𝐸𝐶
12𝑥 = 9 × 4 ⇒ 12𝑥 = 36 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 E
C
𝐴𝐵 = 12 + 𝑥 = 12 + 3 = 15

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

𝟓. 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵 × 𝐷𝐵
𝑥 (5 + 𝑥 ) = 9 × 4
5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 36
𝑥 2 + 5 𝑥 − 36 = 0 C
D
(𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −9 ‫يهمل‬
E
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 5 + 𝑥 == 5 + 4 = 9
*********************************

𝟔. (𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐴𝐶 ) × (𝐴𝐷)

𝑥 2 = 16 × 12
D
2
𝑥 = 192 ⇒ 𝑥 = √192 = 8 √3
C
𝐴𝐵 = 8√3
*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+

𝟕. 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷 = (𝐴𝐶 )2 C

(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 ) = 36

66 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
⇒ (2𝑥 + 1)𝑥 = 36 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 36 = 0
(2𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 4) = 0

2𝑥 + 9 = 0 ‫ يهمل‬, 𝑥=4

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
8. ABC is a right-angled and isosceles triangle, the length of each of two
sides is 6cm, draw the circle that surrounded by the triangle ABC and find
the area of the circle.

‫ ارسم الدائرة التي يحيط‬، 6𝑐𝑚 ‫𝐶𝐵𝐴 مثلث قائم الزاوية متساوي الساقين وطول كل من ساقيه‬
. ‫بها المثلث 𝐶𝐵𝐴 وجد مساحة الدائرة‬

(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶 )2

(𝐴𝐶 )2 = (6)2 + (6)2

(𝐴𝐶 )2 = 36 + 36 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √72 = 6√2

𝑂𝑁 = 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑟
} 𝐵𝑀 = 𝐵𝑁,
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑟 A
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 = 6√2 3√2 3√2

𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶 = 3√2 )‫(خواص المثلث متساوي الساقين‬

D
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑀 = 3√2 )‫(مبرهنة القطعتان المماسيتان‬ r O 3√2
M
r r
𝑟 = 𝑀𝐵 = 6 − 3√2 = 6 − 3 (1.4) = 1.8
B r N C
2 )2
𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝜋(1.8 ⇒ 𝐴 = 3.24 𝜋 6
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~**~*~*~*~*~*

67 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
̅̅̅̅ . Determine the
9. ABC is a right-angled and isosceles triangle, its chord is 𝐵𝐶
intersection point of the axes of this triangle and draw circumscribed of it

∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right-angled triangle in A and A

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 , ∴ 𝐴𝑀 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
∴ AM is the axis of the triangle B C
M
∴ M is a point of intersection of the axes
∴ M is the center of the circumscribed circle of the triangle

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ‫𝐶𝐵𝐴 ∆ قائم الزاوية في 𝐴 فيه‬

‫العمود النازل من رأس زاوية قائمة‬ 𝐴𝑀 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶

‫ أحد محاور المثلث وهي مركز الدائرة التي يمر برؤوس‬AM ‫ فان‬. ‫في مثلث متساوي الساقين‬
. ‫المثلث‬

‫∴ النقطة 𝑀 منتصف الوتر 𝐶𝐵 فتكون نقطة التقاء محاور المثلث وهي مركز الدائرة التي يمر‬
. 𝐵𝐶 ‫برؤوس المثلث 𝐶𝐵𝐴 وقطرها‬

**************************************

‫ وهناك من ينتظر فشلي‬، ‫هناك من ينتظر نجاحي‬

....... ‫وهناك ربي يحقق لي أمنيتي‬
**************************************

68 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Find the value of x and the length of the unknown segments of the
following
𝟏𝟎. 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝐸
𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) = 10 × 4
𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 = 40 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 40 = 0 E

(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 5) = 0 D

𝑥 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −8 ‫يهمل‬

𝑥−5=0 ⇒ 𝑥 =5
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^
𝟏𝟏. 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐶𝐸 × 𝐸𝐷
2(𝑥 + 3) = 3 × 5
E
2𝑥 + 6 = 15
2𝑥 = 15 − 6 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 9
9 1
𝑥= =4
2 2
1 1
𝐴𝐵 = 2 + 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 2 + 4 +3=9
2 2
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

69 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
12. 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝐶 )2
3(𝑥 + 3) = (6)2
3𝑥 + 9 = 36 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 36 − 9
3𝑥 = 27 ⇒ 𝑥 = 9
𝐴𝐵 = 3 + 𝑥 = 3 + 9 = 12
+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

𝟏𝟑. (𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐶
𝑥 2 = 3 × (3 + 9) D

𝑥 2 = 3 × 12 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 36
𝑥=6

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

Solve the problems

Construction: A bridge bases on an arc a
circle, as it is shown in the nearby figure, AB
axis of DC, AB=60m, DC=150m, what is the
diameter of the circle?
AB axis of DC passes through the midpoint B A

∴ 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐷𝐶 , 𝐴𝐸 is a diameter B 60
D C
75 75
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 )‫(مبرهنة القاطعين‬ 𝑥
5625
60𝑥 = 75 × 75 ⇒ 60𝑥 = 5625 ⇒ 𝑥 =
60 E
= 93.75𝑚
∴ the diameter 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐸 = 60 + 93.75 = 153.75𝑚

70 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Space: A satellite rotates around the earth in a height of 8200km, if the
diameter of the earth is about 12800 km, what is the distance which
separates the satellite from the point B in the nearby figure
A
(𝐴𝐵 )2 = 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝐷
𝑥 2 = (8200 + 12800) × 8200 8200 𝑘𝑚
𝑥
𝑥 2 = 21000 × 8200 D

𝑥 2 = 172200000 B
12800𝑘𝑚

𝑥 = √17200000 = 13123 𝑘𝑚
C

Geometry: O is an intersection point of the axes of the triangle ABC, find

the perimeter of the triangle ABC by using the nearby figure
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐹 = 3 𝑐𝑚
D F
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐵𝐷 = 5 𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝐹 = 𝐶𝐸 = 7𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐵 = 3 + 5 = 8 E

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐶𝐹 = 3 + 7 = 10𝑐𝑚
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐸𝐶 = 5 + 7 = 12
The perimeter = 8 + 10 + 12 = 30𝑐𝑚
()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()

71 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Discover the mistake: Below are two solutions to find the value of X in the
nearby figure, which solution is wrong? Explain your answer.

𝑥 2 = 10 × 4

𝑥 2 = 40 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 √10

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Challenge: In the nearby figure, AB=10 and it is the tangent of the circle,
find the value of x.

(𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐶 )2 = (𝐴𝐶 )2 ‫مبرهنة فيثاغورس‬

(10)2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 = (15)2

⇒ 100 + 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 + 4 − 225 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 121 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −4 ± √16 − 4 × 121 −4 ± √500

𝑥= = =
2𝑎 2 2
−4 ± 10√5
𝑥 == = −2 + 5 √5 ≃ −2 + 5 (2.2) ≃ −2 + 11
2
⇒ 𝑥=9
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^

72 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Open problem: In the nearby figure, a circle its center O and AC. BC. BD
are tangents of the circle, find the length of the segment BC.

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐸 = 10 )‫(مبرهنة المماسان‬

𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 13
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐸𝐶 = 13 + 10 = 23
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

73 07728117710 ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬ ‫كلية بغداد‬

 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Angles and Circle ‫والــدائــــرة‬ ‫الــزوايا‬

The inscribed angle: it is an angle which its vertices is a point of the circle
points and its two sides are chords in the circle.

. ‫هي الزاوية التي رأسها نقطة الدائرة وضلعاها وتران في الدائرة‬:‫الزاوية المحيطية‬

Theorem of the inscribed angles

Ex.: Find the measure of the following inscribed angles in the nearby
figure.
1 1
1. 𝑚∠𝐷 = ̂=
𝑚 𝐸𝐶𝐴 (140) = 70°
2 2

1
2. 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ̂
𝑚 𝐵𝐷
2
1
𝑚∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 = ̂
𝑚 𝐵𝐷
2
∴ 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 = 30°
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
The theorem of the inscribed angles which intercepted the same arc
All the inscribed angles which intercept the same arc are congruent.
‫مبرهنة الزوايا المحيطية المواجهة للقوس نفسه‬

. ‫كل الزوايا المحيطية التي تواجه قوساً مشتركاً على الدائرة تتطابق‬

𝟏
𝒎∠𝑨 ≅ 𝒎∠𝑩 ≅ ∠𝑪 ≅ ∠𝑫 ≅ ̂
𝒎 𝑬𝑭
𝟐

There is a special case for the inscribed angle

When it is a right angle each inscribed angle faces a semicircle is a right
angle
Each right- inscribed angle faces opposite diameter.
A
‫حالة خاصة للزاوية المحيطية‬
. ‫كل زاوية محيطية تواجه نصف دائرة تكون قائمة‬
B . C
. ‫كل زاوية محيطية تواجه قط اًر تكون قائمة‬
. ‫كل زاوية محيطية قائمة تواجه قط اًر‬
.‫كل زاوية محيطية قائمة تواجه نصف دائرة‬
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎∠𝑨 = ̂ =
𝒎 𝑩𝑪 (𝟏𝟖𝟎) = 𝟗𝟎°
𝟐 𝟐

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
̅̅̅̅ , intersects 𝐻𝐿
Ex.: A circle, its diameter is 𝐾𝐻 ̅̅̅̅ in N and intersects 𝐾𝐿
̅̅̅̅
in M, as in the nearby figure, prove that ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝑀 and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑁 are altitudes in the
triangle HKL.

An inscribed angle HNK opposite the diameter KH is a right angle

∴ 𝑚∠𝐻𝑁𝐾 = 90°
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑁 is an altitude in the triangle HKL.
An inscribed angle HNK opposite the diameter KH is a right angle
∴ 𝑚∠𝐻𝑀𝐾 = 90
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝑀 is an altitude in the triangle HKL

‫̅̅̅̅̅ ارتفاعات‬ 𝐾𝑁 ‫ برهن أن‬. M ‫̅̅̅̅ في‬

𝐻𝑀 , ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐾𝐿 ‫ وتقطع‬N ‫̅̅̅̅ في‬
𝐻𝐿 ‫̅̅̅̅ تقطع‬
𝐾𝐻 ‫مثال دائرة قطرها‬
. 𝐻𝐾𝐿 ‫في المثلث‬

𝑚∠𝐻𝑁𝐾 = 90° ، 𝐾𝐻
̅̅̅̅ ‫زاوية محيطية تواجه القطر‬

𝐻𝐾𝐿 ‫̅̅̅̅̅ ارتفاع المثلث‬

𝐾𝑁 ∴

𝑚∠𝐻𝑀𝐾 = 90 ، ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐻 ‫زاوية محيطية تواجه القطر‬

𝐻𝐾𝐿 ‫̅̅̅̅̅ ارتفاع المثلث‬

𝐻𝑀 ∴

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

Tangential Angle
Tangential angle: Is the angle which is formed by the tangent of
the circle with another line passes through the point of tangency.

‫ هي الزاوية التي يشكلها مماس الدائرة مع مستقيم يمر في نقطة التماس‬:‫الزاوية المماسية‬

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Theorem of the tangent angle

𝟏
𝒎∠𝑨 = ̂
𝒎 𝑨𝑫𝑪
𝟐

**************************************
Ex.: By using the theorem of the tangent angles and
the nearby figure, find the measurement of the
following:
1 1
1. 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚 𝐶𝐴̂ = (144) = 72°
2 2
̂ = 2𝑚∠𝑀𝑁𝐶 = 2(82) = 164°
2. 𝑚 𝑁𝐶

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

Internal and Exterior Angels in the Circle

Ex.: Find the measure of the exterior angle x in each of the following
i) By using the theorem of the exterior angle in
the circle and by the substitution of the arcs
value, in the figure, we find the measure of the
angle x.
1
𝑚∠𝐷 = (𝑚 𝐴𝐵̂ − 𝑚 𝐾𝑁 ̂)
2
1
= (172 − 90)
2
1
𝑚∠𝑥 = (82) = 41°
2

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
ii) By using the theorem of the exterior angle in the circle and by the
̂ by 360, we find the
substitution of the value 𝐾𝐴𝑁
measure of the angle x.
̂ = 360 − 𝑚 𝐾𝑁
𝑚 𝐾𝐴𝑁 ̂

= 360 − 130 = 230

1
𝑚∠𝑥 = ̂ − 𝑚 𝐾𝑁
(𝑚 𝐾𝐴𝑁 ̂)
2
1
= (230 − 130) = 50°
2
***************************************

Ex.: Find the measure ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 , using theorem of the interior angle in the
1
circle ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = ̂ + 𝑚 𝐾𝑁
(𝑚 𝐴𝐵 ̂)
2

1 146
= (44 + 102) = = 73°
2 2

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Circular quadrinomial.
A circle passes through the four vertices a quadrinomial

𝒎∠𝑨 + 𝒎∠𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝒎∠𝑩 + 𝒎∠𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Ex.: Find the value of x, and (a) in the nearby figure

𝑎 + 81 = 180 ⇒ 𝑎 = 180 − 81 = 99°
2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 180 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 180
180
⇒ 𝑥= = 60°
3
()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Make sure of your understanding

Find the measure of each of the following

̂ = 2𝑚∠𝐵𝐷𝐸
1) 𝑚 𝐵𝐸
= 2(80) = 160°
1
3) 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = ̂
𝑚 𝐵𝐶
2
1
= (60) = 30
2
=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
1 1
2) 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ̂ = (25) = 12.5
𝑚 𝐴𝐶
2 2
4) 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 90 − 12.5 = 77.5
̂ = 2𝑚∠𝐵𝐶𝑁 = 2 (40) = 80°
5) 𝑚 𝐵𝑁
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

6) 𝑚∠𝐶𝐾𝐴 = 90 )‫(زاوية محيطية مرسومة في نصف دائرة‬

1
8) 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐴 = (55)
2
= 27.5° )‫(مبرهنة الزاوية المحيطية‬

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement

1
7) 𝑚∠𝑀𝑁𝐵 = ̂ (‫)مبرهنة الزاوية المماسة‬
𝑚 𝐵𝐾𝑁
2
1
= (256) = 128°
2
̂ = 2(52)
9)𝑚 𝐵𝑁 )‫(مبرهنة الزاوية المماسية‬

= 104°
^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^+^
̅̅̅̅̅ is the diameter of
10) If you knew that M is a center of the circle 1 and 𝑀𝐾
the circle 2, prove that ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐴 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐵 are two tangents to the circle1.

‫̅̅̅̅ مماسان‬
𝐾𝐴 ، ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐵 ‫ برهن أن‬2 ‫̅̅̅̅̅ قطر في الدائرة‬
𝑀𝐾 ، 1 ‫ مركز الدائرة‬M ‫) إذا علمت ان‬10
1 ‫للدائرة‬

MA and MB are two radius of the circle 1

MK is a diameter of the circle 2
∴ 𝑚∠𝑀𝐴𝐾 = 90 , 𝑚∠𝑀𝐵𝐾 = 90
̅̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐾𝐴
∴ 𝑀𝐴 ̅̅̅̅ , 𝑀𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐾𝐵
̅̅̅̅

∴ KA and KB are two tangents of the circle 1

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Find the measure for each of the following
1
11) 𝑚∠𝐾𝑁𝐴 = ̂ + 𝑚 𝐵𝐶
(𝑚 𝐾𝐴 ̂)
2
1
= (204 + 20) = 112°
2

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 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐵∠𝑚 )‪12‬‬ ‫𝐸𝐷𝑚 ‪̂ −‬‬
‫𝐶𝐴 𝑚(‬ ‫)̂‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫= ‪25‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑥 − 30‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪50 = 𝑥 − 30 ⇒ 𝑥 = 50 + 30 = 80°‬‬

‫(مبرهنة الزاوية الخارجية)‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐶𝐵𝐻∠𝑚 )‪13‬‬ ‫𝐾𝐴 𝑚 ‪̂ +‬‬
‫𝐶𝐻 𝑚(‬ ‫)̂‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(102 + 35‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(137‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 68.5‬‬
‫&‪%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%‬‬
‫‪̂ = 360 − (180 + 140) = 360 − (180 + 140) = 40‬‬
‫𝐶𝐵 𝑚 )‪14‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑥∠𝑚‬ ‫𝐶𝐵 ‪̂ −‬‬
‫𝐶𝐴(‬ ‫)̂‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(180 − 40‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(140) = 70°‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
15) 𝑚∠1 = 180 − 92 = 88°
𝑥 + ∠1 = 180
𝑥 + 88 = 180 ⇒ 𝑥 = 180 − 88 = 92°
𝑚∠2 + 116 = 180
1 2
𝑚∠2 = 180 − 116 = 64
𝑦 = 180 − 𝑚∠2
𝑦 = 180 − 64 = 116°
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Solve the problems

Glass: one of the artists had drawn the 42
nearby diagram on glass. Find the measure
30
𝑚∠ADE if you knew that 𝑚∠BCE = 30° and
the measure of AB̂ = 42 1
2

1 1
̂
𝑚∠1 = 𝑚 𝐴𝐵 = (42) = 21
2 2
𝑚∠2 = 𝑚 < 𝐵𝐶𝐸 = 30°
∴ 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2
= 21 + 30 = 51°

~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~

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 Chapter 5 Geometric and Measurement
Space: A satellite rotates around the earth, and when it reaches to the point
M, its height will be 14000 km above the earth. What is the measure of the
arch that we can see by the camera of the satellite on the earth?
̂ = 360 − 𝑥
𝑚 𝐴𝐷𝐵
1
𝑚∠𝑀 = ̂ − 𝑚 𝐴𝐵
(𝑚𝐴𝐷𝐵 ̂)
2
1
32 = (360 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 )
2
1
32 = (360 − 2𝑥 )
2

32 = 180 − 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 180 − 32 ⇒ 𝑥 = 148°
*************************************
Discover the mistake
1
𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐴 = (2𝑥 + 20 − 𝑥 )
2
2𝑥 + 20 + 𝑥 + 130 = 360
3𝑥 + 150 = 360
3𝑥 = 360 − 150
210
3𝑥 = 210 ⇒ 𝑥 = = 70
3
1 1
∴ 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = (70 + 130) = (200) = 100°
2 2
^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^%^^%^%^%^%^%^

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 ‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬
‫‪Numerical sense: Find the value of the unknown angles‬‬

‫)مبرهنة الزاوية المحيطية( ‪𝑚∠O‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝐵∠𝑚‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(90) = 45°‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐷 = 180°‬‬

‫(مبرهنة الرباعي الدائري) ‪∴ 𝑚∠𝐷 = 180 − 45 = 135°‬‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬

‫مبرهنة الزاوية الداخلية‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑥∠𝑚‬ ‫𝐷𝐸 𝑚 ‪̂ +‬‬
‫𝐶𝐵 𝑚(‬ ‫)̂‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫مبرهنة الزاوية الخارجية‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑦∠𝑚‬ ‫𝐷𝐸 𝑚 ‪̂ −‬‬
‫𝐶𝐵 𝑚(‬ ‫)̂‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑥∠𝑚 ‪𝑚∠𝑦 ,‬من خالل المقارنة بين‬

‫𝑦∠𝑚 > 𝑥∠𝑚نجد أن‬

‫‪+=+=+=++=+=+=++=+=+=++=+=+=++=+=+=+‬‬

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‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬

‫اعلم ‪ ...‬مهما كانت المسافة بعيدة عن نيل ما كنت‬

‫تحلم به ولكن كن على يقين بأن هللا سيحقق لك‬
‫امنيتك ويصبح حلمك حقيقة‬

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‫‪Chapter 5‬‬ ‫‪Geometric and Measurement‬‬

‫ال تقل الطريق طويل‬

‫التقل لن يحالفني الحظ‬
‫التقل لن انجح‬
‫التقل سأصاب باالحباط‬
‫التقل تعبت‬
‫التقل ‪ ...‬التقل‪ ...‬التقل‪...‬‬
‫كلمات تجعلك تتردد او تتعثر او تنهزم‬
‫كلمات ستجعلك تفشل حتما بل لربما تتوقف في منتصف‬
‫الطريق‬

‫بل قل سأتوكل على هللا وامضي قدما في طريقي ولن تهزني‬

‫كلمات تطلق هنا وهناك لتثنيني من تحقيق حلمي سابذل‬
‫قصارى جهدي وساصبر النتظر فرحة نجاحي بأذن هللا‬

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Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Design a Survey Study

Designing a Survey Study
And Analysis its Results
Statistics and Probabilities
Design a Survey Study and Analysis its
results
Graphs and Misleading Statistic
Permutations and Combinations
Experimental Probability and Theoretical
Probability
Compound Events

07901767905 ‫ ثانوية كلية بغداد‬07728117710

 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Design a Survey Study

Designing a Survey Study
And Analysis its Results
Sample: - It is a subset from the society. By analyzing the results of the
sample, we can get conclusions about the society as a whole. The conclusions
would be more representative to the society in any of the following two cases:
• Size of sample is biggest.
• Using more samples.

Type of the sample has an effect on its conclusions which be got, and they
are two types:
The biased sample: If each one has the same probability of choice.
The unbiased sample: If each one has different probabilities of choice

.
‫تصميم دراسة مسحية‬
‫ ومن خالل تحليل نتائج العينة يمكن التوصل إلى‬،‫ هي مجموعة جزئية من المجتمع‬: ‫العينة‬
. ً‫استنتاجات حول المجتمع كامال‬
‫تكون االستنتاجات أكثر تمثيالً للمجتمع في الحالتين‬
‫حجم العينة أكبر‬ 
. ‫استعمال عينات أكثر‬ 
: ‫نوع العينة‬
. ‫ إذا كان لكل فرد منها االحتمال نفسه في االختيار‬: ‫العينة المتحيزة‬
. ‫ إذا كان الفرادها احتماالت مختلفة في االختيار‬: ‫العينة غير المتحيزة‬
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
2

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Example: A school headmaster distributed 100 questionnaires to the students

to know their opinions about the quality of food in school shop stall.
i)Determine the sample and the society which the sample was taken from.
ii)Describe the method of gathering data which the headmaster used.
iii)Determine if the sample was biased or unbiased.
‫ ورقة استبانة على طالب مدرسته للتعرف الى جودة المواد الغذائية‬100 ‫ وزع مدير مدرسة‬: ‫مثال‬
. ‫في حانوت المدرسة‬
‫) حدد العينة والمجتمع الذي اختير فيه‬1
. ‫) صف اسلوب جمع البيانات الذي استعمله المدير‬2
. ‫) حدد ما إذا كانت العينة متحيزة ام غير متحيزة‬3

i) The sample: The students who received the questionnaires, their number
was 100 students.
Society: All students of school.
ii) Method of gathering data is a survey study, where they would be taken
from the answers of students who represent the sample.
iii) The sample is unbiased: because this sample consists of the students
who were chosen randomly.
‫ طالب‬100 ‫ الطالب الذين تسلموا االستبانات وعددهم‬: ‫ العينة‬-1
. ‫ جميع طالب المدرسة‬: ‫المجتمع‬
‫ اسلوب جمع البيانات هو دراسة مسحية إذ تؤخذ البيانات من اجابات افراد العينة نحو االستبانة‬-2
. ً‫ ألن هذه العينة تتكون من طالب اختيروا عشوائيا‬: ‫ العينة غير متحيزة‬3
3

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Example: A shop seller wants to give a gift for every customer shopping from
his shop, so he stood in front of the shop and asked 20 customers about the
type of gift that everyone wish to be presented to him.
i)Determine the sample and the society that the shop seller chose.
ii)Determine the method of gathering data which the shop seller used.
iii) Determine if the sample was biased or unbiased.
‫ يريد صاحب متجر أن يقدم هدية لكل زبون يتسوق من متجره فوقف عند باب المتجر وسأل‬: ‫مثال‬
. ‫ متسوقاً عن نوع الهدية التي يود ان تقدم له‬20
. ‫) حدد العينة والمجتمع الذي أختاره صاحب المتجر‬1
.‫) صف أسلوب جمع البيانات الذي أستعمله صاحب المتجر‬2
‫) حدد ما إذا كانت العينة متحيزة ام غير متحيزة‬3

i) The sample: The customers who were asked, their number was 20.
Society: The customers who visited the shop.
ii)The method of gathering data is a survey study, where the answers were
taken from the selected sample ( 20 people)
iii)The sample is unbiased because people who visited the shop were
chosen randomly
ً‫ متسوقا‬20 ‫ المتسوقون الذين سألوا وعددهم‬: ‫ العينة‬-1
.‫ المتسوقون الذين دخلوا المتجر‬: ‫الجتمع‬
. ‫ دراسة مسحية إذ تؤخذ البيانات من أفراد العينة المختارة‬: ‫ اسلوب جمع البيانات‬-2
. ً‫ العينة غير متحيزة ألن االشخاص الذين دخلوا المتجر أختيروا عشوائيا‬-3

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
4

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Example: Ten persons, who were in a restaurant for kabab, were asked
about their favorite meals
i)Determine the sample and the society who were chosen by the owner of
the restaurant.
ii)Describe the method of gathering data which the owner of restaurant
used
iii)Determine if the sample was biased or unbiased.
. ‫ اشخاص دخلوا مطعم كباب عن االكالت التي يفضلونها‬10 ‫ سأل‬: ‫مثال‬

i) The sample: The ten persons who entered the restaurant.

Society: All people who entered the restaurant.
ii)The method of gathering data is a survey study, where the answers were
taken from the selected sample.
iii)The sample is biased: Because the favorite meal for the persons who
were sitting in the restaurant is kabab.
‫ االشخاص العشرة الذين دخلوا المطعم‬: ‫ العينة‬.1
. ‫ جميع االشخاص الذين دخلوا المطعم‬: ‫المجتمع‬
.‫ دراسة مسحية تؤخذ االجابات من افراد العينة المختارة‬: ‫ أسلوب جمع البيانات‬.2
.‫ العينة متحيزة ألن االكلة المفضلة لالشخاص الموجودين في مطعم الكباب هي الكباب‬.3

.‫ يمكن الرجوع إلى تعريف العينة المتحيزة والعينة غير المتحيزة لمعرفة الفرق بينهما‬: ‫مالحظة‬
. ‫ إذا كان جميع أفراد العينة لهم نفس االختيار‬: ‫العينة المتحيزة‬
. ‫ إذا كان افراد العينة لهم أختيارات مختلفة‬: ‫العينة غير المتحيزة‬

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Analysing the results‬‬

‫‪After gathering the data by the survey study, the data would be summarized‬‬
‫‪to be meaningful. All that will be done by using the Measurements of the‬‬
‫‪Central Tendency (arithmetic mean, median, the mode) which was studied‬‬
‫‪previously in different ways and choosing the suitable measurement to‬‬
‫‪represent the data.‬‬

‫تحليل النتائج‬

‫أن تلخيص البيانات يتم عن طريق استعمال مقاييس النزعة المركزية‬

‫(الوسط الحسابي‪ ،‬الوسيط‪ ،‬المنوال)‬
‫متى يفضل استعماله‬ ‫النوع‬
‫الوسط الحسابي عندما ال توجد قيم متطرفة في مجموعة البيانات‬
‫عندما توجد قيم متطرفة في مجموعة البيانات ولكن ال توجد فجوات كبيرة في‬
‫الوسيط‬
‫وسط البيانات (عدم وجود فجوة كبيرة وسط البيانات)‬
‫عندما يوجد اعداد متكررة ( او عدد واحد فقط اكثر تك اررا) في مجموعة البيانات‬ ‫المنوال‬
‫‪6‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫)‪Example: Which of the measurements of central tendency is (if there is‬‬

‫‪more suitable to represent the data in each of the following:‬‬
‫مثال ‪ :‬أي مقاييس النزعة المركزية (أن وجدت) هو األنسب لوصف البيانات‬
‫‪i) The nearby data show the weights of 10 boxes in kg:3,2,3,6,5,5,21,4,3,5‬‬
‫‪Arithmetic mean: is not suitable to represent the data because there is a big‬‬
‫‪extreme value which is: 21‬‬
‫‪The mode: is unsuitable to represent the data because there are more then‬‬
‫‪one Mode: 3, 5‬‬
‫‪Median : is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is‬‬
‫‪no big gap in the middle of set 2,3,3,3,4,5,5,5,6,21‬‬
‫‪ .1‬البيانات تمثل أوزان ‪ 9‬صناديق بالكيلو غرام‪3,2 ,3 ,6, 5, 5 ,21 , 4 , 3 , 5 :‬‬
‫* الوسط الحسابي غير مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لوجود قيمة كبيرة متطرفة هي ‪ 21‬تؤثر في قيمة‬
‫الوسط الحسابي ‪.‬‬
‫* المنوال غير مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لوجود أكثر من منوال هما ‪3,5‬‬
‫* الوسيط هو المقياس األنسب لتمثيل البيانات لعدم وجود فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات‬
‫‪2, 3, 3, 3 , 4 , 5 , 5, 5, 6 , 21‬‬
‫مجموع القيم‬
‫ويرمز له بالرمز ̅‬
‫×‬ ‫الوسط الحسابي=‬
‫عدد القيم‬

‫الوسيط ‪ :‬ترتيب القيم تصاعدياً أو تنازلياً ويرمز له ‪ME‬‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا كان عدد القيم فردياً فأن قيمة الوسيط في المنتصف‬
‫‪ .2‬إذا كان عدد القيم زوجياً فأن قيمة الوسيط هي مجموع القيمتان الوسيطيتان مقسوما على ‪.2‬‬
‫المنوال ‪ :‬هي العدد االكثر تك ار اًر ويرمز له ‪MO‬‬

‫‪########################################‬‬
‫‪7‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

ii) Mohammed had got the following marks in five tests of Maths. :
90 , 93 , 85, 86 , 91
Arithmetic mean: 89 is a suitable measurement to represent the data
because there is no extreme value
90 + 93 + 85 + 86 + 91 445
̅=
× = = 89
5 5
because there is no extreme value
Median: 90 is a suitable measurement for representing the data because it
comes in the middle of data and no big gap is there
85 , 86 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 𝑀𝐸 = 90
The Mode: there is no mode because there is no repetition in the data.

90 , 93 , 85 , 86 , 91 : ‫ حصل محمد على الدرجات التالية‬: ‫مثال‬

‫* الوسط الحسابي هو مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لعدم وجود قيمة متطرفة‬
90 + 93 + 85 + 86 + 91 445
̅=
× = = 89
5 5
‫ هو مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات ال توجد فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات‬: ‫* الوسيط‬
85 , 86 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 𝑀𝐸 = 90
‫ اليوجد منوال لعدم وجود تكرار في البيانات‬: ‫* المنوال‬
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
8

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Make sure of your understanding

Determine the sample and the society, then describe the style of gathering
data and differentiate the biased sample from the unbiased one in each of
the following, illustrate your answer
‫حدد العينة والمجتمع ثم صف أسلوب جمع البيانات وميز العينة المتحيزة عن العينة غير المتحيزة‬
... ‫في كل مما يلي‬

1. 30 persons entered a library, the sixth person from each six persons was
asked about his or her favorite hobby.
i) The sample: The five persons was asked
Society: 30 persons who entered a library.
ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study, where the answers were
taken from the selected sample.
iii) The sample is biased: Because the sample has the same hobby.

. ‫ شخص مكتبة عامة وسئل كل سادس شخص يدخل المكتبة عن هوايته المفضلة‬30 ‫ دخل‬.1
)‫ أشخاص (شخص واحد من كل ستة اشخاص‬5 ‫ االشخاص الذين سألوا وعددهم‬: ‫* العينة‬
30 ‫ جميع الذين دخلوا المكتبة وعددهم‬: ‫* المجتمع‬
. ‫ دراسة مسحية تؤخذ من أجابات افراد العينة‬: ‫اسلوب جمع البيانات‬
. ‫* العينة منحازة ألن العينة تتكون من اشخاص لهم نفس الهواية فهي القراءة‬

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
9

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

2. 100 questionnaires were distributed to a group of workers in a factory.

They were asked about the conditions of work inside the factory.
i) The sample: 100 workers who received the questionnaires
Society: All workers of the factory.
ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study, where the answers were
taken from the selected sample.
iii) The sample is unbiased: Because the workers (the sample) have chosen
randomly
‫ استبانة على مجموعة من عمال احد المصانع تتضمن سؤاالً حول ظروف العمل‬100 ‫ وزعت‬.2
. ‫في المعمل‬
100 ‫ العمال الذين تسلموا االستبانات وعددهم‬: ‫* العينة‬
‫ جميع عمال المعمل‬: ‫المجتمع‬
. ‫ دراسة مسحية تؤخذ البيانات من أجابات افراد العينة نحو االستبانة‬: ‫* اسلوب جمع البيانات‬
. ً‫ ألن هذه العينة تتكون من عمال اختيروا عشوائيا‬: ‫* العينة غير متحيزة‬

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~~*~*~*~*

3. In a zoo, animals were distributed; the animal from each group was chosen
randomly to make tests on it.
i) The sample: the animal from each group.
Society: All the animals in a zoo.
ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study, to make tests
iii) The sample is unbiased: Because the animals (the sample) have chosen
randomly

‫ وزعت الحيوانات في أحدى حدائق الحيوانات ثم اختيروا حيوان من كل مجموعة بصورة‬.3

. ‫عشوائية الجراء فحوصات عليه‬
. ‫ حيوان من كل مجموعة أختير بصورة عشوائية‬: ‫العينة‬
10

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫المجتمع ‪ :‬جميع الحيوانات في حديقة الحيوانات ‪.‬‬

‫* أسلوب جمع البيانات ‪ :‬دراسة مسحية الجراء فحوصات‬
‫* العينة غير متحيزة ‪ :‬ألن العينات المختارة عشوائية وان الفحوصات مختلفة من حيوان ألخر‪.‬‬

‫****************************‬
‫‪Which measurement of central tendency (if there is) is suitable represent‬‬
‫‪the following data? Illustrate your answer:‬‬
‫أي من مقاييس النزعة المركزية (أن وجدت) هو االنسب لوصف البيانات التالية ‪.‬‬

‫‪𝟒.‬‬ ‫‪8 , 10 , 14 , 8, 13, 6‬‬

‫‪8 + 10 + 14 + 8 + 13 + 6‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫مجموع القيم‬
‫=̅‬
‫×‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 9.83‬‬ ‫الوسط الحسابي =‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫عدد القيم‬
‫‪Arithmetic mean: is a suitable measurement to represent the data because‬‬
‫‪there is no big extreme value, Arithmetic mean: 9.83‬‬
‫‪The mode: is suitable to represent the data because there one repeated date‬‬
‫‪Mode: 8‬‬
‫‪Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is‬‬
‫‪no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 9‬‬
‫‪8 + 10‬‬
‫= 𝐸𝑀‬ ‫‪=9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫الوسط الحسابي ‪ 9.83 :‬هو مقياس مناسب لعدم وجود قيمة متطرفة ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑀𝑂 = 8‬‬ ‫المنوال ‪ :‬هو مقياس مناسب لوجود قيمة واحدة متكررة‬
‫‪6, 8 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 14‬‬ ‫الوسيط ‪ :‬ترتيب القيم تصاعدياً‬
‫هو مقياس مناسب حيث ال توجد فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات ‪.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

𝟓. 8 , 10 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 4 , 6 , 54
Arithmetic mean: is unsuitable measurement to represent the data because
there is a big extreme value which is 54
The mode: is suitable to represent the data because there one repeated date
Mode: 8
Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is
no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 8.2
8+9 17
𝑀𝐸 = = = 8.2
2 2

54 ‫ غير مناسب لوجود قيمة كبيرة متطرفة هي‬: ‫الوسط الحسابي‬

8 ‫ هو مقياس قياس لوجود قيمة واحدة متكررة هي‬: ‫المنوال‬
4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 54 ً‫ ترتب القيم تصاعديا‬: ‫الوسيط‬
‫ هو مقياس مناسب ال توجد فجوة كبيرة وسط البيانات‬8.5
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
6. 8 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 10 , 9 , 11,13 ,14 , 8 , 6 , 7 ,19

Arithmetic mean: is a suitable measurement to represent the data because

there is no big extreme value, Arithmetic mean: 9.84
8 + 9 + 8 + 6 + 10 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 14 + 8 + 6 + 7 + 19 128
̅=
× = = 9.84
13 13
The mode: is suitable to represent the data because there one repeated date
Mode: 8
Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is
no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 9

9.84 ‫الوسط الحسابي هو مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لعدم وجود قيمة متطرفة‬
8 ‫ هو مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لوجود قيمة واحدة متكررة ثالث مرات هي‬: ‫المنوال‬
12

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪6 , 6 , 7 , 8,8, 9 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 19‬‬ ‫الوسيط ‪ :‬ترتيب القيم تصاعدياً‬

‫‪𝑀𝐸 = 9‬‬ ‫هو مقياس مناسب ال توجد فجوة كبيرة‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬
‫‪ )7‬يريد صاحب معمل التحقق من أن العمال يعملون بشكل جيد فراقب أحد العمال لمدة ساعتين‬
‫العينة ‪ :‬أحد عمال المعمل ‪.‬‬
‫المجتمع ‪ :‬جميع العمال داخل المعمل ‪.‬‬
‫اسلوب جمع البيانات ‪ :‬دراسة مسحية لمراقبة أداء العمال ‪.‬‬
‫العينة غير متحيزة ‪ :‬ألن العامل أختير عشوائياً ‪.‬‬

‫‪A factory owner wants to check if the workers work well or not. He‬‬
‫‪watches a worker for two hours.‬‬
‫‪The sample: a worker of the factory‬‬
‫‪Society: All workers of the factory.‬‬
‫‪ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study to check if the workers‬‬
‫‪work‬‬
‫‪iii) The sample is unbiased: Because the worker (the sample) has chosen‬‬
‫‪randomly‬‬
‫!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!~‬
‫‪ .8‬يقف عدد من الطالبات عند مدخل المدرسة ويسألن كل عاشر طالبة عن هوايتها المفضلة ‪.‬‬
‫العينة ‪ :‬الطالبة العاشرة من الطالبات‬
‫المجتمع ‪ :‬جميع طالبات المدرسة‬
‫أسلوب جمع البيانات ‪ :‬دراسة مسحية لجميع البيانات عن هوايات الطالبات ‪.‬‬
‫العينة غير متحيزة ‪ :‬أفراد العينة ثم اختيارهم عشوائياً ‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

A number of students stands at the main gate of school; they were asked the
tenth placed student who entered school about her favorite hobby.

The sample: a tenth student who entered school

Society: All the student of the school.
ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study about her favorite hobby
iii) The sample is unbiased: Because the students (the sample) have chosen
randomly

‫تدرب وحل مسائل حياتية‬

‫ في ندوة تعريفية في مستشفى مدينة الطب يتم أختيار طبيب من كل قسم عشوائياً ليقدم‬:‫مستشفى‬
‫نبذة عن خدمات قسمه في المستشفى‬
‫ اختيار طبيب من كل قسم‬: ‫العينة‬
. ‫ جميع أطباء مستشفى مدينة الطب‬: ‫المجتمع‬
‫ دراسة مسحية لجمع‬: ‫أسلوب جمع البيانات‬
. ‫البيانات حول خدمات االقسام‬

ً‫ االطباء الذين تم أختيارهم عشوائيا‬: ‫العينة غير متحيزة‬

Solve the problems

Hospital: Medical city hospital is a complete medical center that offers its
services to all citizens in Baghdad and other governorates. In an introductive
seminar, a doctor was selected randomly to present an overview about the
services that his department offers within the hospital. Describe the sample
and the society. Is the sample biased or not? Illustrate that

The sample: a doctor who selected form each department

14

Society: All the doctors of the hospital

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

ii) The method of gathering data is a survey study about the services
iii) The sample is unbiased: Because the doctors (the sample) have chosen
randomly
#####################################
‫ يبين الجدول عدد الزبائن الذين يرتادون محل بيع االجهزة الكهربائية في كل ساعة في أحد‬:‫تسوق‬
. ‫ أي مقاييس النزعة المركزية هو االنسب لوصف البيانات‬. ‫االيام‬

‫ عدد الزبائن‬Number of customers

79 71 86 86
88 32 79 86
71 69 82 70
85 81 86 86

32 ‫ غير مناسب لوجود قيمة متطرفة وهي‬: ‫الوسط الحسابي‬

. 86 ‫ مقياس مناسب لوصف البيانات لوجود قيمة واحدة متكررة وهي‬: ‫المنوال‬
81+82
𝑀𝐸 =
2
= 81.5 ً‫ بعد ترتيب القيم تصاعديا‬: ‫الوسيط‬
‫مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات ال توجد فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات‬

Shopping: The table below shows the number of customers who visit a shop
for selling electric appliances in each hour of a day. Which measurement of
the central tendency is more suitable to represent the data.

Arithmetic mean: is unsuitable measurement to represent the data because

there is a big extreme value which is 32
The mode: is suitable to represent the data because there one repeated date
Mode: 86
Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is
15

no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 81.5

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫تغذية ‪ :‬يبين الجدول السعرات الح اررية لبعض الخض اروات‬

‫في طبق لكل نوع ‪ ،‬أي مقياس النزعة المركزية هو‬
‫االنسب لوصف البيانات‬

‫السعرات‬ ‫الخض اروات‬ ‫السعرات‬ ‫الخض اروات‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫خيار‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫بصل‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫ذرة‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫فلفل‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫سبانخ‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫ملفوف‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫كوسا‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫جزر‬

‫الوسط الحسابي ‪ :‬غير مناسب لوجود قيمة متطرفة هي ‪66‬‬

‫المنوال ‪ :‬مقياس مناسب لوصف البيانات لوجود قيمة واحدة متكررة هي ‪.17‬‬
‫الوسيط ‪ :‬بعد ترتيب القيم تصاعدياً فأن الوسيط هو ‪. 17‬‬
‫مقياس مناسب لوصف البيانات ألنه يتوسط البيانات وال توجد فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات‬
‫‪Feeding: the table below shows the calories for some vegetables in the .‬‬
‫‪plate for each sample. Which measurement of the central tendency is more‬‬
‫‪suitable to represent the data.‬‬

‫‪Arithmetic mean: is unsuitable measurement to represent the data because‬‬

‫‪there is a big extreme value which is 66‬‬
‫‪The mode: is suitable to represent the data because there one repeated date‬‬
‫‪16‬‬

‫‪Mode: 17‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is

no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 17
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Correct the mistake: Snaria says that the arithmetic mean is the more
suitable measurement of the central tendency to represent data 3,5,4,8,20.
Determine Snaria,s mistake, then correct it

Arithmetic mean: is unsuitable measurement to represent the data because

there is a big extreme value which is 20
The Mode: there is no mode because there is no repetition in the data.
Median: is the suitable measurement to represent the data because there is
no big gap in the middle of set, Median: 5

‫ تقول سناريا ان الوسط الحسابي هو أنسب مقياس النزعة المركزية لتمثيل البيانات‬: ‫أصحح الخطأ‬
‫ حدد خطأ سناريا‬20, 8 , 4 , 5, 3
‫ تؤثر في قيمة الوسط‬20 ‫الوسط الحسابي غير مناسب لتمثيل البيانات لوجود قيمة متطرفة هي‬
. ‫الحسابي‬
. ‫ غير مناسب لعدم وجود قيمة متكررة‬: ‫المنوال‬
𝑀𝐸 = 5 3,4 , 5 , 8 , 20 ً‫ ترتيب القيم تصاعديا‬: ‫الوسيط‬
.‫هو مقياس مناسب لتمثيل البيانات ألنه يتوسط البيانات وال توجد فجوة كبيرة في وسط البيانات‬
17

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Discrimination the Misleading Graphs

‫البيانات االحصائية المضللة‬

The misleading data: Represent the data which focus on a certain item
of the goods in an extreme way by showing facts in a way that would
misleading the customers and encourage them to buy goods.
‫ هي البيانات التي تبرز صفة معينة كسلعة على نحو مبالغ فيه وعرض‬:‫البيانات المضللة‬
. ‫الحقائق بشكل يولد لدى الناظر أنطباعاً يروق لصاحب االعالن وتضلل المستهلك‬

Example: An owner of a factory thinks

to apply a new system at work. He
distributed a questionnaire in which he
asked the workers their opinions in the
new system. Does the representation, in
the nearby figure, give the correct form
about the outcomes of the
questionnaire?

At the first time, it seems that most workers are agree with the new system,
although it is knowing that the longest period of grading is inconstant

Note: there are 450 workers either not agree with this new system or they are
never agreeing with this system, while the number of workers who said yes
is more than 300 workers. So, the nearby graphic diagram considers
misleading one, and the conclusion is untruthful.

Note: (the graphic diagram may be misleading, by extending or shortening

the periods among the values of data to give a certain impression)
18

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬يفكر صاحب مصنع تطبيق نظام جديد في‬

‫العمل‪ .‬فوزع استبانة على العمال يسألهم عن‬
‫رأيهم في النظام الجديد هل التمثيل باالعمدة‬
‫يعطى الصورة الصحيحة حول نتائج االستبانة ‪.‬‬
‫يبدو للوهلة األولى أن معظم العمال موافقون‬
‫على تطبيق النظام الجديد لكن يوجد ‪ 450‬عامل‬
‫غير موافقين أو غير موافقين جداً على هذا النظام الجديد وأن عدد الموافقين يزيد قليالً على ‪300‬‬
‫عامل فقط‪ ،‬وعليه فأن التمثيل البياني المعروض مضلل واالستنتاج غير صادق ‪.‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬الرسم البياني قد يكون مضلالً باطالة أو تقصير الفترات بين قيم البيانات وذلك‬
‫العطاء انطباع معين ‪.‬‬
‫‪$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$‬‬
‫‪Example: The nearby graphic diagram shows the‬‬
‫‪relation between the two lengths of the big white‬‬
‫‪shark and the Mako fish. Show if the graphic‬‬
‫‪diagram is misleading, explain that.‬‬

‫‪ From the nearby figure, we see that the‬‬

‫‪length of the upper column is twice the‬‬
‫– ‪length of the lower column double.‬‬
‫‪ But the corresponding value to the length of the upper column is 4.9‬‬
‫‪and value to the length of the lower column is 4, and certainly the value‬‬
‫‪4.9 is not double the value 4. So the nearby graphic diagram is‬‬
‫‪19‬‬

‫‪misleading.‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫)‪Note: (when the graphic diagram started from zero, it will not be misleading‬‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬الرسم البياني المجاور يوضح العالقة‬

‫بين طولي القرش البيضاء الكبيرة وطول‬
‫سمكة القرش ماكو هل الرسم البياني مضلل‪.‬‬
‫نالحظ العمود العلوي ضعف العمود السفلي‬
‫لكن القيمة المناظرة لطول العمود العلوي هي ‪4‬‬
‫لكن قيمة ‪ 4.9‬ليست ضعف ‪ ،4‬عليه فأن الرسم‬
‫البياني المجاور مضلل ‪.‬‬
‫مالحظة‪ :‬عندما يبدأ الرسم البياني من الصفر يصبح الرسم غير مضلل‬

‫‪20‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Discrimination Misleading Statistics

‫تمييز االحصاءات المضللة‬

The misleading statistics: in addition to the misleading diagrams, the

misleading statistics use to promote of a company or certain goods. By
looking carefully at the given information of the advertisement we can
discriminate the misleading statistics
‫ تستعمل االحصاءات المضللة بهدف الترويج لشركة أو صناعة معينة بانعام‬: ‫االحصاءات المضللة‬
‫النظر جيداً في معطيات االعالن يمكن تميز االحصاءات المضللة‬

Example: An owner of a men, s suits shop put the following advertisement

(New men’s suits, the average of price is 45000 dinars) There are five types
of the suits inside the shop which their prices reach up to (in thousands
dinars) 53, 48,20,50,54
‫ وضع صاحب محل للمالبس الرجالية‬: ‫مثال‬
: ‫االعالن االتي‬
)‫ الف دينار‬45 ‫( بدالت رجالية جديدة متوسطة السعر‬
‫ نماذج من البدالت اسعارها بااللف‬5 ‫في المحل‬
54 , 50 , 20 , 48 , 53

54 + 50 + 20 + 48 + 53
= 45
5
The average price of suits is 45000 dinars, but there is only one suit which
its price is less than this average, and that will make the customer pay more
than this price for the suit
21

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

20 ‫ الف دينار اال ان سعر بدلة واحدة فقط سعرها‬45 ‫الحظ أن متوسط اسعار البدالت الخمس‬
. ‫الف دينار حيث يقل سعرها المتوسط مما يجعل الزبون يدفع اكثر من هذا السعر‬
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Example: A survey had been done on 800 students from the preparatory
stage, 70 students wished to join the engineering college, while 50 student
wished to enter the college of medicine. The results reveal that students
prefer engineering college.
‫ منهم انهم يرغبون دخول كلية الهندسة‬70 ‫ افاد‬، ‫ طالب اعدادية‬800 ‫ في استطالع على‬: ‫مثال‬
‫ جاء في نتائج االستطالع ان الطالب‬،‫ منهم بانهم يرغبون في دخول كلية الطب‬50 ‫فيما قال‬
. ‫يفضلون الهندسة على الطب‬

120
to the percentage of students who participated in the survey = × 100
800
college of medicine. The real number (50 + 70) = 120 of students who
participated in the survey is 120 students from 800 students, which means
that the random sample was so small
‫ طالب‬800 ‫ طالب من أصل‬50 + 70 = 120 ‫أن مجموع الطالب الذين شملهم االستطالع هو‬
‫أي ان العينة العشوائية كانت صغيرة جداً النسبة المئوية للطالب الذي شملهم االستطالع‬
. 15% ‫وتساوي‬
120
× 100
800

******************************
the graphic diagram may be misleading if does not start from zero
and the length of the period is not fixed
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫يكون الرسم البياني مظلالً إذا كان رسم االعمدة ال يبدأ من الصفر وعدم ثبوت طول‬
‫الفترة‬

Make sure of your understanding

‫تأكد من فهمك‬

Clarify how can the following two graphic diagrams give a misleading
impression?
‫ال‬
ً ‫وضح كيف يمكن أن يولد كل من الرسمين البيانين انطباع ًا مضل‬
1. The graphic diagram may be
misleading, by extending or shortening
the periods among the values of data
‫الختالف الفترات بين قيم البيانات‬
Or
the graphic diagram may be
misleading if does not start from zero
and the length of the period is not fixed
23

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

***********************************
2. The graphic diagram may be
misleading, by extending or shortening
the periods among the values of data
(irregular staging)
‫فأن الرسم البياني يعطي انطباع مضلل لعدم انتظام التدريج‬
Or
the graphic diagram may be misleading
if does not start from zero and the
length of the period is not fixed

*************************************
Illustrate why the following statistics are misleading
‫فسر لماذا االحصاءات التالية مضللة‬

3. An article was shown to 20 persons to evaluate it, 13 persons were

admired in the article. According to that, the person who wrote the
article announced that the article is durable for publishing because the
ratio of people who support the article is 13 to 7.
‫ منهم اعجابهم بالمقال بناءاً على ذلك صرح‬13 ‫ ابدى‬، ‫ شخصاً لتقويمه‬20 ‫عرض مقال على‬
. 7 ‫ الى‬13 ‫صاحب المقال بأن المقال صالح للنشر ألن نسبة الذين فضلوه كانت‬

The random sample was so small (20 persons)

ً‫( شخصا‬20) ‫ ال تمثل نسبة موثوقاً بها ألن العينة صغيرة‬7 ‫ الى‬13 ‫النسبة‬

~*~*~*~~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪4. sport store sold for a certain period 390 sport suits, while a store for‬‬
‫‪entertainment sold for the same period 90 sport suits‬‬
‫باع مخزن مالبس رياضية مدة زمنية معينة ‪ 320‬بدلة رياضية في حين باع مخزن لبيع‬
‫االلعاب والمالبس الرياضية وللمدة نفسها ‪ 90‬بدلة رياضية ‪.‬‬
‫‪The first store for sport‬‬
‫‪suits only but the second‬‬
‫‪store for entertainment‬‬

‫المخزن االول لبيع المالبس‬

‫الرياضية اما المخزن الثاني لبيع‬
‫االلعاب والمالبس الرياضية‬

‫‪Clarify how can the following two graphic diagrams give a misleading‬‬
‫‪impression:‬‬
‫انطباع مضلالً‬
‫ً‬ ‫وضح كيف يمكن أن يولد الرسم البياني‬

‫‪5. The graphic diagram may be‬‬

‫‪misleading, by extending or‬‬
‫‪shortening the periods among the‬‬
‫‪values of data‬‬
‫)‪(irregular staging‬‬

‫االعمدة توضح أن هناك فرق بين البضاعتين ولكن الواقع بين أن الفرق بينهما ‪ 9‬طن الشكوالته‬
‫تقابل ‪ 90‬طن أما البسكويت فأنه يقابل ‪ 1‬طن ‪ ،‬الرسم البياني مضلالً لعدم انتظام التدريج ‪.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

*******************************
6. The drawing suggests the convergence of things in terms of number.
As for the real, there is a large difference between the presented
numbers

‫الرسم يوحي بتقارب االشياء من حيث العدد أما‬

‫الحقيقية فهناك اختالف كبير بين االعداد‬
. ‫المعروضة‬

7. In a survey for 6 persons about reading a daily newspaper, 4 of them

said that they prefer reading the newspaper (x), at the end of the survey
the following sentence was mentioned: 2 from 3 persons prefer reading
the newspaper (x), why does this advertisement consider misleading?
‫ اشخاص حول مطالعة جريدة‬6 ‫في استطالع شمل‬
‫ منهم أن يفضلون الجريدة )𝑥( في‬4 ‫ أفاد‬، ‫يومية‬
‫نهاية االستطالع وردت الجملة االتية‬
)) (𝑥) ‫ مطالعة الجريدة‬3 ‫ من كل‬2 ‫(( يفضل‬
.ً‫لماذا يعد هذا االعالن مضال‬

The advertisement considers misleading the random sample was so small (6

persons).
)‫ اشخاص‬6( ً‫االعالن مظلل ألن العينة العشوائية صغيرة جدا‬
**********************************
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

8. 100 students were asked about the way they preferred to come to school.
60 students of them their answer were as the followings. 32 of them prefer
coming by taxis, 18 students prefer walking and 10 students prefer their
own cars. conclude that half of the students prefer taxis. Illustrate why the
statistics are misleading.
‫ طالب الطريقة التي يفضلونها في القدوم الى‬100 ‫سأل‬
: ‫ منهم على النحو التالي‬60 ‫المدرسة فكانت أجابات‬
. ‫ يفضلون القدوم بواسطة سيارة االجرة‬32
‫ يفضلون القدوم‬10 ‫ يفضلون المشي‬18
‫بسياراتهم الخاصة‬
the random sample was so small
. ‫االحصاءات مضلله تصغر حجم العينة‬

Solve the Problems

Biology: the nearby graphic diagram represents

the ability to stop breathing for Hippo and other.
Why the data in the diagram are misleading?
Clarify that.

‫ الرسم البياني المجاور يمثل القدرة على كتم النفس لفرس النهر وثعلب المياه ولماذا‬.. ‫االحياء‬
‫البيانات في الرسم مضلله ؟‬
The graphic diagram may be misleading, by extending or shortening the
periods among the values of data (irregular staging)
. ‫البيانات مضللة لعدم انتظام التدريج‬
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
27

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Reading: The nearby graphic diagram

represents people who prefer reading
literate, scientific and art books.
Illustrate why the data are misleading?

‫فسر‬. ‫ الفنية‬،‫ العلمية‬،‫ الرسم المجاور يمثل اشخاص يفضلون مطالعة الكتب االدبية‬... ‫مطالعة‬
‫لماذا البيانات في الرسم مضللة؟‬
The graphic diagram may be misleading, by extending or shortening the
periods among the values of data (irregular staging)
. ‫الرسم البياني مضلالً لعدم انتظام التدريج‬
**********************************

Transportation: the profits of the aviation company A reached to 5500

million dinars in the two months July and August. While the profits of the
aviation company B were 7500 million dinars in the two months April and
May. Illustrate why the statistics are misleading?
A ‫ بلغت ارباح شركة الطيران‬...‫مواصالت‬
‫ مليون دينار فيما‬5500 ‫لشهري تموز وآب‬
‫ لشهري نيسان‬B ‫بلغت ارباح شركة الطيران‬
‫ مليون دينار فسر لماذا‬7500 ‫ومايس‬
.‫االحضائات مضللة‬
The statistical data is misleading due to the difference in the travel season.
. ‫البيانات االحصائية تعتبر مضللة وذلك الختالف موسم السفر‬
********************************
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Feeding: the pack of broccoli contains

477mg of potassium, a big carrot contains
230mg, while the cauliflower contains
803mg of potassium. Illustrate why the
statistics are misleading?

‫ من‬477mg ‫ تحتوي قصبة البروكلي على‬... ‫تغذية‬

803 mg ‫ من البوتاسيوم في حين يحتوي رأس القرنبيط على‬230𝑚𝑔 ‫البوتاسيوم والجزرة الكبيرة‬
‫ فسر لماذا االحصاءات مضللة ؟‬، ‫من البوتاسيوم‬

The statistics are misleading that the comparison of foodstuffs is different

and not of one type and the mass are different.
‫االحصاءات تعتبر مضللة ألن المقارنة بين المواد الغذائية مختلفة وليست من نوع واحد وأن الكتل‬
. ‫مختلفة‬
Discover the mistake: Mohammed says that the diagram will not be
misleading if it started from zero for columns regardless of proving the long
of periods. Discover Mohammed s mistake.

1. the graphic diagram may be misleading, by extending or shortening

the periods among the values of data to give a certain impression
2. when the graphic diagram started from zero, it will not be misleading
29

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫حس عددي‪ ...‬حصل أحد الباعة على العموالت‬

‫التالية باالف الدنانير شباط ‪ . 965‬إذار ‪ ،170‬نيسان‬
‫‪ ، 120‬تموز ‪ ، 125‬مايس ‪ 100‬أخبر أصدقائه أن‬
‫متوسط عمولته الشهرية ‪ 265‬الف دينار ‪ ،‬فسر لماذا‬
‫هذا االحصاء مضلل ؟‬

‫‪He used the arithmetic mean is unsuitable measurement to represent the‬‬

‫‪data because there is a big extreme value which is 965‬‬

‫الوسط الحسابي‬
‫‪965 + 170 + 120 + 125 + 100‬‬
‫‪= 256‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ألنه استعمل الوسط الحسابي وتوجد قيمة متطرفة هي ‪ 965‬لذلك الوسط الحسابي ال يعد مقياساً‬
‫مناسباً وأن هناك أربع قيم هي ‪ 170 , 120 , 125 , 100‬أقل من الوسط الحسابي )‪(256‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪:‬يكون الرسم البياني مظلالً إذا كان رسم االعمدة ال يبدأ من الصفر وعدم ثبوت طول‬
‫الفترة‬ ‫‪30‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Permutations and Combinations‬‬

‫التباديل والتوافيق‬

‫‪Factorial‬‬
‫‪If n is any positive integer, then‬‬
‫‪𝒏! = 𝒏 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) … . . (𝟑)(𝟐)(𝟏) ,‬‬ ‫‪𝒏 ∈ 𝒁+‬‬

‫المضروب ‪ :‬إذا كان ‪ n‬عدداً صحيحاً غير سالب فان مضروب العدد 𝒏 برمز له !𝒏 ويعرف‬
‫بالعالقة التالية‬
‫‪𝒏! = 𝒏 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) … . . (𝟑)(𝟐)(𝟏) ,‬‬ ‫‪𝒏 ∈ 𝒁+‬‬

‫‪Example: Four persons entered a room contains a four-chairs row. They were‬‬
‫‪asked to sit down on those chairs. How many ways can they follow to sit‬‬
‫?‪down on the chairs‬‬
‫‪the number of the possible ways for sitting down equals 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24‬‬
‫مثال ‪ :‬دخل ‪ 4‬اشخاص الى غرفة تحتوي على ‪ 4‬كراسي وطلب اليهم الجلوس على تلك الكراسي‬
‫كم طريقة يمكن ان يجلسون ؟‬
‫‪4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24‬‬ ‫عدد الطرق الممكنة هي‬
‫الحظ انك حصلت على النتيجة السابقة بضرب اعداد متتالية تبدأ من العدد (‪ )4‬وتتناقص حتى‬
‫تصل الى العدد(‪ )1‬تسمى مثل هذه الصورة مضروب العدد (‪ )4‬ويرمز لها بالرمز !‪4‬‬

‫********************************‬
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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫مالحظة ‪:‬‬
‫‪5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1‬‬
‫‪4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1‬‬
‫‪3! = 3 × 2 × 1‬‬
‫‪2! = 2 × 1‬‬
‫‪1!=1 , 0!=1‬‬
‫‪𝑛! = 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … ..‬‬
‫‪(𝑛 + 1)! = (𝑛 + 1)𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … ..‬‬
‫‪-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-‬‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬جد قيمة كل مما يأتي ‪...‬‬

‫‪1) 4 ! − 2! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 − 2 × 1 = 24 − 2 = 22‬‬

‫‪7! 7×6×5×4×3×2×1‬‬
‫)‪2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 7 × 6 = 42‬‬
‫!‪5‬‬ ‫‪5×4×3×2×1‬‬
‫حل أخر‬
‫!‪7! 7×6×5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 7 × 6 = 42‬‬
‫!‪5‬‬ ‫!‪5‬‬

‫‪3) 3 ! × 2 ! = (3 × 2 × 1)(2 × 1) = 6 × 2 = 12‬‬

‫! )‪(6 − 2‬‬ ‫!‪4‬‬ ‫‪4×3×2×1‬‬

‫)‪4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 24‬‬
‫!‪0‬‬ ‫!‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫!‪6‬‬ ‫‪6×5×4 ×3×2×1‬‬

‫)‪5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 40‬‬
‫‪3×6‬‬ ‫‪3 ×6‬‬
‫‪32‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫التباديل 𝒓𝒏𝑷 𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒓𝒆𝑷‬

‫!𝑛‬
‫= 𝑛𝑟𝑃‬ ‫عدد التبادل لعناصر 𝑛 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ‪0‬‬
‫! )𝑟 ‪(𝑛 −‬‬
‫عدده ‪ n‬مأخوذه ‪ r‬في كل مرة‬
‫‪𝑃0𝑛 = 1‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫𝑛 = 𝑛‪𝑃1‬‬ ‫!𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑃 ‪,‬‬ ‫مالحظة ‪:‬‬
‫*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~‬
‫‪Example: Find the value of each of the following:‬‬
‫!‪7‬‬ ‫!‪7‬‬ ‫! ‪7 ×6 ×5‬‬
‫= ‪1) 𝑃27‬‬ ‫! )‪(7−2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 7 × 6 = 42‬‬
‫!‪5‬‬ ‫𝑖‪5‬‬

‫ويمكن ايجاد القيمة بطريقة مباشرة ‪ 𝑃27 = 7 × 6 = 42‬اي نأخذ عددين من العدد ‪ 7‬ابتداءا‬
‫من العدد ‪7‬‬
‫!‪7‬‬ ‫!‪7‬‬ ‫! ‪7 ×6 ×5×4‬‬
‫= ‪2) 𝑃37‬‬ ‫! )‪(7−3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 210‬‬
‫!‪4‬‬ ‫𝑖‪4‬‬

‫ويمكن ايجاد القيمة بطريقة مباشرة ‪ 𝑃37 = 7 × 6 × 5 = 210‬اي نأخذ ثالث اعداد من العدد‬
‫‪ 7‬ابتداءا من العدد ‪7‬‬
‫الفرع ‪ 5 , 4 , 3‬تحل مباشرة بتطبيق المالحظة‬

‫‪3) 𝑃19 = 9‬‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪4) 𝑃010 = 1 ,‬‬ ‫‪5) 𝑃33 = 3 ! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Example: The digits plate of cars: to make digits plates for cars which consist‬‬
‫‪of five digits from the series 1 to 9. What is the number of the possible‬‬
‫?‪different orderings‬‬
‫مثال ‪ :‬لوحة أرقام ‪ ..‬لعمل لوحات ارقام مكونة من خمسة أرقام من بين االرقام من ‪ 1‬إلى ‪ 9‬ما‬
‫عدد الترتيبات المختلفة الممكنة‬
‫‪Since the ordering of digits is important, then this case represents‬‬
‫‪ .‬بما ان ترتيب االرقام مهم فهذه الحالة تمثل تباديل ‪permutations‬‬
‫𝑖𝑛‬
‫= 𝑛𝑟𝑃‬
‫!)𝑟 ‪(𝑛 −‬‬
‫!‪9‬‬ ‫!‪9‬‬ ‫!‪9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4‬‬
‫= ‪𝑃59‬‬ ‫= =‬ ‫‪= 15120‬‬
‫!‪(9 − 5)! 4‬‬ ‫!‪4‬‬
‫او بطريقة اخرى‬
‫(نأخذ خمسة اعداد ابتداءا من العدد ‪𝑃59 = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 = 15120 )9‬‬

‫مالحظة ‪ ...‬في التباديل الترتيب مهم‬

‫مالحظات مهمة على المسائل التي تحل بالتباديل‬
‫‪ .1‬إذا ذكر في السؤال الترتيب مطلوب‬
‫‪ .2‬أختيار لجنة مع تحديد الوظائف أو المناصب‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬حل مجموعة اسئلة دون ترك سؤال‬
‫‪ .4‬ترتيب أو تكوين عدد أو اعداد مختلفة من بين مجموعة ارقام‬
‫‪ .5‬سحب كرات او أقراص مرقمة ‪…. , 2 , 1‬‬
‫‪ .6‬جلوس مجموعة اشخاص بخط مستقيم أو ترتيبهم بخط مستقيم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬تكوين مجموعة كلمات من بين مجموعة احرف‬
‫=‪=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-‬‬
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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫التوافيق 𝒓𝒏𝑪 ‪Combinations‬‬

‫عدد التوافيق لعناصر عددها 𝑛 مأخوذة 𝑟 في كل مرة‬

‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬
‫!𝑛‬
‫= 𝑟𝐶 = ) (‬ ‫𝑟 ≤ ‪,0‬‬ ‫𝑛≤‬
‫𝑟‬ ‫!𝑟 ! )𝑟 ‪(𝑛 −‬‬
‫‪𝐶0𝑛 = 1 𝐶1𝑛 = 𝑛 , 𝐶𝑛𝑛 = 1‬‬ ‫مالحظة ‪:‬‬
‫في التوافيق الترتيب غير مهم غير مطلوب‬

‫‪Example: Find the value of each of the following:‬‬

‫!‪8‬‬ ‫!‪8‬‬ ‫! ‪8×7×6‬‬
‫!)‪1) 𝐶28 = (8−2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 28‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬ ‫!‪6! 2‬‬ ‫‪6 ! ×2×1‬‬

‫ويمكن ان تحل بطريق مباشرة ( ناخذ عددان من العدد ‪( 8‬تباديل) ‪ /‬مضروب العدد ‪) 2‬‬
‫‪𝑃28‬‬ ‫‪8×7‬‬
‫‪𝐶28‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 28‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬ ‫‪2×1‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫‪2) 𝐶17‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬

‫‪3) 𝐶19 = 9‬‬ ‫حسب المالحظة‬

‫‪4) 𝐶050 = 1‬‬
‫‪35‬‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Jobs: A company announced 4 jobs, 10 persons were applied for, how many‬‬
‫?‪methods, the vacancies can be filled the four jobs‬‬
‫وظائف ‪ ...‬أعلنت شركة عن ‪ 4‬وظائف شاغرة فتقدم ‪ 10‬أشخاص ‪ ،‬بكم طريقة يكن يمكن شغل‬
‫الوظائف االربع ‪.‬‬
‫‪Since the ordering of jobs is not important, that this case represents a‬‬
‫‪combination.‬‬
‫بما أن الترتيب غير مهم فهذه الحالة تمثل توافق‬
‫𝑖𝑛‬
‫= 𝑛𝑟𝐶‬
‫! 𝑟 !)𝑟 ‪(𝑛 −‬‬
‫!‪10‬‬ ‫!‪10‬‬ ‫! ‪10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6‬‬
‫= ‪𝐶410‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 210‬‬
‫!‪(10 − 4)! 4 ! 6 ! 4‬‬ ‫‪6! ×4×3×2×1‬‬

‫يمكن ان تحل بصورة مباشرة‬

‫‪10 × 9 × 8 × 7‬‬
‫= ‪𝐶410‬‬ ‫‪= 210‬‬
‫‪4×3×2×1‬‬

‫~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~‬

‫مالحظات مهمة على المسائل التي تحل بالتوافيق‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا كان الترتيب غير مهم ‪ ،‬غير مطلوب‬
‫‪ .2‬أختيار لجنة دون تحديد الوظائف أو المناصب ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬سحب كرات أو اقراص غير مرقمة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬حل مجموعة اسئلة مع وجود ترك‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬
‫‪36‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Make sure of your understanding

Find the value of each of the following:

𝟏) 𝟒 ! × 𝟐 ! = (4 × 3 × 2 × 1)(2 × 1)

= (24)(2) = 48

𝟐) (𝟑 + 𝟐) ! = 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
𝟗! 9×8 ×7×6!
𝟑) = = 504
𝟔! 6!
𝟒) (𝟕 − 𝟓) ! = 2 ! = 2 × 1 = 2

𝟓) 𝟑 ! + 𝟐! = (3 × 2 × 1) + (2 × 1) = 6 + 2 = 8
𝟏𝟎 ! 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5!
𝟔) = = 1260
𝟒 ! × 𝟓! 4×3×2×1×5!
𝟕) 𝑷𝟖𝟖 = 𝟖 ! = 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 40320

10 ! 10 ! 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 !
𝟖) 𝑷𝟏𝟎
𝟒 = = = = 5040
(10 − 4) ! 6! 6!

𝟗) 𝑷𝟐𝟎
𝟎 =1

8! 8! 8×7×6 ×5!
𝟏𝟎) 𝑪𝟖𝟑 = = = = 56
(8 − 3) 3 ! 5 ! 3 ! 5 ! × 3 × 2 × 1
𝟗
𝟏𝟏) ( ) = 𝐶09 = 1
𝟎
𝟏𝟐) 𝑪𝟖𝟖 = 1

*********************************
37

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

: ‫مالحظة‬

𝑛 ! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2) ….
(𝑛 − 1) ! = (𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2) (𝑛 − 3)
(𝑛 + 1) ! = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2) … …
(𝑛 − 2) ! = (𝑛 − 2) (𝑛 − 3) (𝑛 − 4) ….
(𝑛 − 1) ! = (𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2) ….
!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!

Committees: - In how many ways can we choose a triple committee among

a group consists of 5 persons?
‫ أشخاص‬5 ‫ بكم طريقة يمكن اختيار لجنة ثالثية من بين هيئة مكونة من‬: ‫لجان‬
) ‫) عدم تحديد المناصب وان الترتيب غير مهم فانها توافيق‬
(Since the ordering is not important, that this case represents a combination)

5! 5! 5×4×3!
𝐶35 = = = = 10 ‫طريقة‬
(5 − 3) ! 3 ! 2 !3 ! 2 ×1 ×3!

*****************************
38

07901767905 ‫ ثانوية كلية بغداد‬07728117710

 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Committees: - In how many ways can we choose a triple committee which

consists of, president, vice- president and treasurer among a group consists
of 5 persons?
‫ بكم طريقة يمكن اختيار لجنة ثالثية مكونة من رئيس ونائب الرئيس وأمين الصندوق من‬: ‫لجان‬
. ‫ أشخاص‬5 ‫بين هيئة مكونة من‬
) ‫) ان تحديد المناصب فان الترتيب مهم فانها تباديل‬
(Since the ordering is important, then this case represents permutations)

5! 5×4×3×2!
𝑃35 = = = 60 ‫طريقة‬
(5 − 3) ! 2!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

Chess:- In the final qualification

of the chess tournament which
held in a school among four
students. How many games can
be held during the qualification?
‫ في التصفية النهائية لبطولة‬: ‫شطرنج‬
‫الشطرنج في أحدى المدارس بين أربعة‬
‫طالب كم عدد المباريات التي يمكن أجراءها للتصفية‬

) ‫) الترتيب غير مهم فانها توافيق‬

(Since the ordering is not important, the case represents a combination)

4! 4! 4×3 ×2!
𝐶24 = = = = 6 ‫مبارات‬
(4 − 2) ! 2 ! 2 !2 ! 2!×2 ×1
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
39

07901767905 ‫ ثانوية كلية بغداد‬07728117710

 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Paintings: - An artist drew 7 paintings. In how many ways can we select 5

paintings to be shown in an exhibition?
‫ بكم‬، ‫ لوحات فنية‬7 ‫ رسم فنان‬: ‫لوحات‬
‫ لوحات منها‬5 ‫طريقة يمكنه أختيار‬
. ‫لعرضها في المعرض الفني‬

) ‫) الترتيب غير مهم فانها توافيق‬

(Since the ordering is not important,
the case represents a combination)

7! 7! 7×6×5!
𝐶57 = = = = 21 ‫طريقة‬
(7 − 5) ! 5 ! 2 !5 ! 2 ×1 ×5!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Test: - A questions paper contains 12 questions; it is required to answer 10
questions. In how many methods can the questions be selected?

ً‫ سؤال‬12 ‫ ورقة أسئلة تحتوي على‬: ‫أختبار‬

‫ بكم طريقة يمكن‬،‫ أسئلة‬10 ‫والمطلوب االجابة عن‬
‫أختيار االسئلة‬
‫) لعدم وجود شرط او عدم وجود ترك فان الترتيب‬
) ‫غير مهم فانها توافيق‬
(Since the ordering is not important, the case
represents a combination)

12! 12 ! 12 × 11 × 10 !
12
𝐶10 = = = = 66 ‫طريقة‬
(12 − 10) ! 10 ! 2 ! 10 ! 2 × 10 !
40

07901767905 ‫ ثانوية كلية بغداد‬07728117710

 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Sports:- The sport teacher wanted to choose 9 players for forming a

basketball team. In how many ways can the teacher form the team?
‫ العباً بكم طريقة يمكنه تشكيل‬9 ‫ اراد مدرس الرياضة أختيار فريق لكرة السلة من أصل‬: ‫رياضة‬
‫الفريق ؟‬
) ‫) لعدم وجود شرط في االختيار فان الترتيب غير مهم فانها توافيق‬
(Since the ordering is not important, the case represents a combination)

9! 9! 9×8×7×6×5!
𝐶59 = = = = 126 ‫طريقة‬
(9 − 5) ! 5 ! 4 !5 ! 4×3×2×1×5!

*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*
41

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Juices:- How many choices does Tamara have to choose 3 cups from many
cups containing the juices of the following fruit: lemons, apples, grapes and
bananas
3 ‫ كم خيار لدى تمارة الختيار‬: ‫عصائر‬
‫اقداح من اقداح تحتوي على عصير الفواكه‬
‫ موز‬، ‫ عنب‬، ‫ تفاح‬، ‫ ليمون‬: ‫التالية‬

4! 4!
𝐶34 = =
(4 − 3) ! 3 ! 1 !3 !
5×3!
= =4
1 ×3!

=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Challenge: Find the value:

15! 9! 15 × 14 ! × 9 ! 15 3
𝑖) = = =
14! 10! 14 ! × 10 × 9 ! 10 2
5! 6! 5×4×3! 6×5!
𝑖𝑖) × = × =5
3! 1! 5!×4! 3!×1 5! ×4×3×2×1
!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!

Which one is correct? Four students from seven students were chosen to
form a committee, the number of choices either 𝑃47 or 𝐶47 . Illustrate your
answer.
‫𝑃 أو‬47 ‫ طالب فأن عدد االختيارات اما‬7 ‫ طالب من مجموعة‬4 ‫ أختيار لجنة من‬: ‫إيهما أصح‬
. ‫𝐶 فسر اجابتك‬47
‫ الترتيب غير مهم يتم بصورة عشوائية فأنها تحل بالتوافيق‬:‫الحل‬
42

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

(Since the ordering is not important, the case represents a combination)

7! 7! 7×6×5×4!
𝐶57 = = = = 35
(7 − 4) ! (4) ! 3 !4 ! 3×2 ×1 ×5!

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Justification:- When the statements 𝐶𝑟𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑚 can be happened

𝐶𝑟𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑚 ‫ متى تكون العبارة‬: ‫تبرير‬

The statements can be happened only when
𝑟=0 , 𝑟=1 , 𝑛=𝑚 ‫تكون العبارة الصحيحة‬

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Critical thinking: - What is the relation among 3 orderings out of 5?, and 3
combinations out of 5? Write the relation by calculating each of them
‫ أكتب هذه العالقة‬، 5 ‫ من أصل‬3 ‫ وتوافق‬5 ‫ من أصل‬3 ‫ ما العالقة بين تراتيب‬: ‫تفكير ناقد‬
‫من خالل حساب لكل منهما‬
5! 5! 5×4×3×2!
𝑃35 = = = = 60
(5 − 3) ! 2! 2!
5! 5! 5×4×3!
𝐶35 = = = = 10 ⇒ P35 = 6 𝐶35
(5 − 3) 3 ! 2!3! 2 × 1 × 3!
⇒ P35 = 3 ! 𝐶35
𝑃𝑟𝑛 = 𝑟! 𝐶𝑟𝑛 ‫بصورة عامة‬
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
𝑛
Numerical Problem:- Find the value n which makes (𝑛−1) = 9
!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)!
=9 ⇒ 𝑛=9
(𝑛 − 1 ) !
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

‫االحتمال التجريبي واالحتمال النظري‬

Experimental Probability: You can guess the probability by number of

repeating experiment several times, and then counting the number of times
satisfies the event.

Number of times satisfies the event

Experimental Probability ≈
Total number of experiments

‫ تقدير ارجحية الحدث بتكرار التجربة مرات عدة ثم عدد المرات التي تتحقق‬: ‫االحتمال التجريبي‬
‫فيها الحدث‬

‫عدد المرات التي يتحقق فيها الحدث‬

= ‫االحتمال التجريبي‬
‫العدد الكلي للتجارب‬
Theoretical Probability: is used to guess probabilities of event, by using
counting principles without need to repeat the experiment, and then all
possible outcomes are equal in experiment

Number of outcomes satisfies event

Theoretical Probability =
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠)

‫تقدير احتماالت الحدث باستعمال قوانين العد دون اللجوء إلى تكرار التجربة‬: ‫االحتمال النظري‬
‫وعندما تكون كل النتائج الممكنة متساوية في أحتمال حدوثها‬

‫عدد النتائج التي تحقق فيها الحدث‬

= ‫االحتمال النظري‬
(‫عدد النتائج الممكنة كلها )عدد عناصر فضاء العينة‬
44

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Learn ….

. ‫ رمى مهند قطعتي نقود وسجل النتائج كما مبين في الجدول‬: ‫تعلم‬

‫النتائج‬ ‫التكرار‬ (𝐻 ,𝑇 )‫عدد ظهور‬

= ‫أوجد النسبة‬
H,H 7 ‫عدد عناصر فضاءالعينة‬
H,T 3 (𝐻 ,𝑇 )‫عدد ظهور‬
T,H 1 = ‫اوجد النسبة‬
‫عدد مرات التجربة‬
T ,T 2

The sample space for the experiment of tossed two coins is:
Ω={(H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T,T)}
Then, the elements number of the sample space equals 4
1
Then, the theoretical probability 𝑃 (𝐻 , 𝑇) =
4

The ratio in the second question. In the table, the number of times, in which
the event (H,T) appeared, equals 3
The number of times of the experiment equals 13
3
Then the experimental probability 𝑃(𝐻, 𝑇) =
13
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

4 ‫𝐻({ عددها‬, 𝐻 ), (𝐻, 𝑇), (𝑇, 𝐻 ), (𝑇, 𝑇)} ‫فضاء العينة‬

‫هي االحتماالت النظرية‬ ‫النسبة‬
1 1
𝑃 (𝐻 , 𝑇) =
4 4
13 ‫ وأن عدد مرات التجربة‬3 ‫ 𝐻( هي‬, 𝑇) ‫من الجدول أن عدد مرات ظهور‬
. ‫𝐻(𝑃 تسمى االحتماالت التجريبية‬, 𝑇) = ‫فأن النسبة الثانية تكون‬
3
13

The theoretical probabilities: provide us with the results of experiment

without implementing it (depending on the sample space of
experiment)
The experimental probability: provide us with the results of experiment
by repeating it many times (depending on the repeating of experiment)

‫االحتماالت النظرية تزودنا بنتائج التجربة دون الحاجة الى أجراءها (تعتمد على فضاء‬
. )‫العينة للتجربة‬
. )‫االحتماالت التجريبية تزودنا بنتائج التجربة بتكرارها عدة مرات (تعتمد على تكرار التجربة‬

~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!~!
Example: A researcher found in a factory of cars batteries that probability
3
in which the battery is not good is , is the probability theoretical or
20
experimental. and if the factory wants to
get 240 batteries which are not good. How
many batteries the factory has to produce?
46

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫هل هذا‬ ‫مثال ‪ :‬وجد باحث في مصنع السيارات أن احتمال كون البطارية غير صالحة هو‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫االحتمال نظري أم تجريبي ؟ وإذا اراد المصنع الحصول على ‪ 240‬بطارية غير صالحة فكم‬
‫بطارية كان على المصنع انتاجه ؟‬
‫‪1. This probability is experimental, because it depends on each 3‬‬
‫‪batteries out of 20 are not good.‬‬
‫‪2. 240 batteries are not good out of x batteries produced by if factory‬‬
‫‪ .1‬هذا االحتمال تجريبي ألنه يعتمد على كون ثالثة بطاريات من أصل ‪ 20‬بطارية غير صالحة‬
‫‪ 240 .2‬بطارية غير صالحة من اصل 𝑥 بطارية ينتجها المعمل‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪240‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫‪4800‬‬
‫= 𝑥 ⇒ ‪3𝑥 = 4800‬‬ ‫‪= 1600‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫لذا يجب أن ينتج المعمل ‪ 1600‬بطارية ‪the factory must produce 1600 batteries‬‬
‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬

‫‪Example: When rolled the two dices at once, Find the probability of :‬‬
‫‪i) The event: we get the sum 5 on the two faces of the dices.‬‬
‫‪ii) The event: the digit on the face of the first dice is the double of the digit‬‬
‫‪on the face of the second dice.‬‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬عند رمي حجري النرد مرة واحدة جد أحتمال‬

‫‪ .1‬الحدث ‪ :‬الحصول على المجموع ‪ 5‬على وجهي‬
‫الحجرين‬
‫‪ .3‬الحدث ‪ :‬الرقم على وجه الحجر األول ضعف‬
‫الرقم على وجه الحجر الثاني ‪.‬‬
‫‪47‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

This is a theoretical probability: because the two dices were at once. The
number of digits of the first dice=6
the number of digits of the second dice=6
Then, according to the fundamental counting principle: the elements
number of the sample space equals 6x6=36
‫االحتمال نظري ألن الحجرين رميا مرة واحدة‬
6 = ‫ عدد ارقام الحجر الثاني‬، 6 = ‫عدد ارقام الحجر األول‬
)‫ (حسب قانون العد االساسي‬36 = 6 × 6 = ‫عدد عناصر فضاء العينة‬

Ω = {(1 ,1) , (1,2), … . (1, 6), (2,1), (2,2) . . . , (2,6), (3,1), … . , (3,6)}

𝑛 = 36

𝑖) 𝐸1 = {(1,4), (4,1) , (2,3) , (3,2)} , 𝑚=4

𝑚 4 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = =
𝑛 36 9
𝑖𝑖) 𝐸2 = {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3)} , 𝑚=3
𝑚 3 1
𝑝 (𝐸2 ) = = =
𝑛 36 12

*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪Disjoint Events‬‬

‫االحتماالت المتنافية ‪ :‬هي حدثان ال يمكن ان يتحققا معاً في تجربة واحدة ‪.‬‬
‫إذا كان ‪ 𝐸2 , 𝐸1‬حدثين متنافيين فأن احتمال وقوع ‪ 𝐸1‬أو وقوع ‪ 𝐸2‬يساوي مجموع احتمالي‬
‫الحدث أي ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪𝑃(𝐸1 𝑜𝑟 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2‬‬
‫~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~‬
‫‪Example: When rolled the dice for one time, find the probability of getting‬‬
‫‪the number 3 or an even number.‬‬

‫مثال ‪ :‬عند رمي حجر النرد مرة واحدة ‪ ،‬جد احتمال‬

‫الحصول على العدد ‪ 3‬أو على عدد زوجي ‪.‬‬

‫‪Because it is impossible that the number 3 appears on the face of dice, and‬‬
‫‪at the same time an even number appears too! then these two events are‬‬
‫‪disjoint‬‬
‫أن هذين العددين متنافيين ألنه ال يمكن ان يظهر العدد ‪ 3‬والعدد زوجي مرة واحدة‬
‫}‪ Ω = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 , 5, 6‬فضاء العينة‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) ‪𝑃(𝐸1‬‬ ‫احتمال الحصول على العدد ‪3‬‬
‫‪49‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

3
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = ‫احتمال الحصول على عدد زوجي‬
6
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑜𝑟 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ) ‫أحتماالت الحوادث المتنافية‬
1 3 4 2
= + = =
6 6 6 3
Then, the Probability of appearing the number 3 or an even number when
2
the dice was rolled equals
3
2
.‫ أو ظهور عدد زوجي من رمي حجر النرد مرة واحدة‬3 ‫هو احتمال ظهور العدد‬
3
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

Example: If we rolled the two dice for once, find the Probability of getting
two equaled numbers or the sum of two equaled numbers is 3

‫ عند رمي حجري نرد مرة واحدة جد احتمال‬: ‫مثال‬

‫الحصول على عددين متساويين أو مجموع عددين‬
3 ‫يساوي‬

The number of the sample space elements when the two dice are rolled is 36
36 ‫عدد عناصر فضاء العينة عند رمي حجري نرد يساوي‬

𝐸1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3, ), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

𝐸1 ‫عدد عناصر‬ 6
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
‫فضاء العينة‬ 36
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

2
𝐸2 = {(1,2), (2,1)} , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
36

‫𝐸 حدثان متنافيان ال توجد عناصر مشتركة بينهما‬2 , 𝐸1

𝑃(𝐸 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )

6 2 8 2
= + = =
36 36 36 9
################################

In the experiment of rolled the two dices for once, find the probability of
happening the following events
. ‫في تجربة رمي حجري النرد مرة واحدة جد احتمال حدوث االحداث‬
1. The two numbers on the face of the two dice are equaled
‫العددان على وجهي الحجرين متساويان‬
sample space 36 = 6 × 6 = ‫فضاء العينة‬
𝐸 = {(1, 1), (2,2), (3,3), (4, 4) , (5,5), (6,6)} 𝑚 = 6 . 𝑛 = 36
𝑚 6 1
𝑃(𝐸) = = =
𝑛 36 6
2. The number on the face of the first dice represents the half of the second
dice number
‫العدد على وجه الحجر األول نصف العدد على وجه الحجر الثاني‬
𝐸 = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6)} 𝑚 = 3 , 𝑛 = 36
𝑚 3 1
𝑃(𝐸 ) = = =
𝑛 36 12
51

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

3. The sum of the two numbers on the faces of the two dices is 10.
10 ‫مجموع العددين على وجهي الحجرين يساوي‬
𝐸 = {(4,6), (6,4), (5,5)} 𝑚 = 3 , 𝑛 = 36
𝑚 3 1
𝑃(𝐸 ) = = =
𝑛 36 12

4. The sum of the two numbers on the faces of the two dices is less than 5.
5 ‫مجموع العددين على وجهي الحجرين أقل من‬
𝐸 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2, 1), (2,2), (3,1)} 𝑚 = 6 , 𝑛 = 36
𝑚 6 1
𝑃(𝐸 ) = = =
𝑛 36 6

5. Are the previous probabilities experimental or theoretical?

‫االحتماالت السابقة تجريبية ام نظرية ؟‬
The previous probabilities are theoretical because it depending on the
sample space
‫االحتماالت السابقة نظرية ألنها تعتمد على فضاء العينة‬
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
6. A sack contains 4 red balls and green ball, how many blue balls should
2
be added to the sack to make the probability of pulling a red ball is ? is
3
the probability experimental or theoretical?
‫ كرة خضراء كم كرة زرقاء يجب أن تضاف الى الكيس لكي يكون‬، ‫ كرات حمراء‬4 ‫كيس فيه‬
‫؟ أنظري االحتمال ام تجريبي ؟‬ ‫احتمال سحب كرة حمراء‬
2
3
Read balls 4 = R ‫نفرض عدد الكرات الحمراء‬
Grean balls 1 = 𝐺 ‫عدد الكراء الخضراء‬
Blue balls B ‫عدد الكرات الزرقاء‬
‫العدد الكلي‬
52

𝑅+𝐺+𝐵 =4+1+𝐵 =5+𝐵

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝐵‬

‫= ) 𝑅(𝑃‬ ‫= ) 𝐺( 𝑃 ‪,‬‬ ‫= )𝐵( 𝑃 ‪,‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝐵‪5+‬‬ ‫𝐵‪5+‬‬
‫‪𝑃(𝑅 ) + 𝑃(𝐺 ) + 𝑃 (𝐵) = 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝐵‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫𝐵‪3 5+𝐵 5+‬‬
‫𝐵‪1+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝐵‪1+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫𝐵‪5+‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝐵‪5+‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫𝐵 ‪3 + 3𝐵 = 5 +‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫⇒ ‪3𝐵 − 𝐵 = 5 − 3‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪2𝐵 = 2‬‬ ‫عدد الكرات الزرقاء ‪𝐵 = 1‬‬
‫‪The total number of balls becomes 6 when we added one blue ball.‬‬
‫العدد الكلي للكرات يصبح ‪ 6‬كرات بأضافة كرة واحدة زرقاء‬
‫االحتمال نظري ‪The bribability is theoretical‬‬

‫حل اخر‪.....‬‬
‫يمكن معرفة عدد الكرات التي يجب ان تضاف الى مجموع الكرات لتصبح نسبة الكرات الحمراء‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫= ) 𝑅(𝑃‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪𝑥=6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫اي ان العدد الكلي للكرات هو ‪ 6‬كرات‬
‫فان عدد الكرات الزرقاء هو كرة واحدة فقط‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬
‫‪53‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

7. A man was standing at one of Baghdad ҆s squares, he counted 25 cars: 13

cars are yellow, 7 cars are white and 5 cars are grey. Guess that the next car
which crosses the square is yellow one, and what is the probability
experimental or theoretical? Write the ratio in form of decimal fraction and
percentage
7 ،‫ سيارة صفراء اللون‬13 ‫ سيارة منها‬25 ‫وقف شخص في أحدى تقاطعات مدينة بغداد فاحصى‬
‫ قدر احتمال ان تكون السيارة التالية صفراء اللون‬، ‫ سيارات رصاصية اللون‬5 ،‫سيارة بيضاء اللون‬
. ‫؟ ما نوع االحتمال نظري أم تجريبي ؟ أكتب النسبة بشكل كسر عشري ونسبة مئوية‬
𝐸 = 13 ‫ سيارة‬25 ‫فضاء العينة‬

13
𝑃(𝐸 ) = = 0.52
25
13 13 × 4 52
= = = 52 %
25 25 × 4 100

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
8. When two dices are rolled, find the probability of getting two numbers
which their sum is 5 or 11, are the two events disjoint? Explain that.
‫ هل‬11 ‫ أو مجموعهما‬5 ‫عند رمي حجري نرد جد احتمال حصول على عددين مجموعهما‬
‫الحدثان متنافيان بين ذلك ؟‬
sample space 36 = 6 × 6 ‫فضاء العينة‬

𝐸1 = {(1,4), (4,1), (2,3), (3,2)} 𝑚 = 4 , 𝑛 = 36

𝑚 4
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
𝑛 36
𝐸2 = {(5,6), (6,5)} 𝑚 = 2 , 𝑛 = 36 these two events are disjoint
𝑚 2
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = =
54

𝑛 36

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫الحدثان متنافيان ال توجد عناصر مشتركة بينهم‬

𝑃(𝐸1 + 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )

4 2 6 1
= + = =
36 36 36 6

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
In the experiment of rolled the two dices at the once, find the probability of
happening the following events:

9. The sum of the two numbers on the two faces of the two dices is more
than 8.
8 ‫مجموع العددين على وجهي الحجرين أكثر من‬

𝐸 = {(5,5), (5,6), (6,5), (6,6)(4,5), (5,4} 𝑚 = 6 , 𝑛 = 36

𝑚 6 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = =
𝑛 36 6
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
10. The sum of the two numbers on the two faces of the two dices equal 12.
12 ‫مجموع العددين على وجهي الحجرين يساوي‬
𝐸 = {(6,6)} 𝑚 = 1 , 𝑛 = 36
𝑚 1
𝑃(𝐸 ) =
=
𝑛 36
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

11. A study includes 100 persons had been done, 15 persons side that they
use their left hands. If this study involves 400 persons, then according to
your expectation how many persons use their left hands?
‫ منهم أنهم‬15 ‫ شخص فأجاب‬100 ‫أجريت دراسة على‬
400 ‫يستعملون اليد اليسرى فإذا أجريت دراسة على‬
‫شخص فكم تتوقع عدد االشخاص الذين يستعملون اليد‬
‫اليسرى؟‬
15
𝑚 = 15 , 𝑛 = 100 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐸 ) =
100
𝑚
𝑚 =? , 𝑛 = 400 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐸 ) =
100
𝑚 15 400 × 15
= ⇒ 𝑚= = 4 × 15 = 60
400 100 100

The probability of the persons who used the left hand

‫أحتمالية االشخاص الذين يستعملون اليد اليسرى‬
60
𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
400
*********************************
12. Find the probability of pulling a card with an odd number or with a
number which represents the multiples of 2 from a group of cards which
were numbered from 1 to 9.
‫ من بطاقات‬2 ‫جد احتمال سحب بطاقة تحمل عدداً فردياً أو تحمل عدداً من مضاعفات العدد‬
. 9 ‫ الى‬1 ‫مرقمة من‬
sample space Ω = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4, 5 , 6, 7 , 8, 9} , 9 = ‫فضاء العينة‬
probability of pulling a card with an odd number 𝑚 = 5 ‫فردياً عدداً تحمل بطاقة سحب أحتمال‬
𝑚 5
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
𝑛 9
56

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

probability of pulling a card with a number which 2‫أحتمال سحب بطاقة من مضاعفات العدد‬
represents the multiples of 2 𝑚=4
𝑚 4
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = =
𝑛 9

these two events are disjoint ‫الحدثان متنافيان‬

𝑃(𝐸1 𝑜𝑟 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )
5 4 9
= + = =1
9 9 9

***************************
Solve the Problems

Entertainment: In which colour we can paint the space to say that the
1
probability of coming the spinner to this colour is
4
‫ بأي لون يجب تلوين الفراغ بحيث يكون‬: ‫تسلية‬
‫احتمال أن يأتي المؤشر عند هذا اللون‬
1
4

the colour is green ‫يلون الفراغ باللون االخضر‬

𝑚 2 1
𝑚 = 2 ,𝑛 = 8 𝑃(𝐸 ) = = =
𝑛 8 4
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Stamps: Mohannad likes to collect stamps; among 60 stamps he collected
25 stamps from the Arab countries, 15 stamps from African countries and 20
stamps from European countries. Guess the probability that the next stamp
will be European one.
57

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫طوابع ‪ :‬يهوى مهند جمع الطوابع فمن بين ‪ 60‬طابعاً جمع ‪ 25‬طابعاً للدول العربية ‪ 15‬طابعاً‬
‫للدول االفريقية ‪ 20 ،‬طابعاً لدول اوربية قدر احتمال ان الطابع الذي سيجمعه أوربياً‬
‫‪Sample space = 60, European stamps = 20‬‬
‫‪𝑚 = 20 , 𝑛 = 60‬‬
‫‪𝑚 20‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= = ) 𝐸(𝑃‬ ‫=‬
‫‪𝑛 60‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~‬
‫‪Sport: In a training of basketball, the player scored 15 balls from 25 throws,‬‬
‫‪what is the experimental probability in which the basketball player will score‬‬
‫‪the next throw? Write the answer as a fraction, a decimal number and‬‬
‫‪percentage.‬‬
‫رياضة ‪ :‬في التدريب على كرة السلة اصاب العب السلة ‪ 15‬كرة من ‪ 25‬رمية ما أحتمال التجريبي‬
‫ألن يصيب العب السلة في الرمية التالية ؟ أكتب الجواب على صورة كسر وعدد عشري ونسبة‬
‫مئوية ‪.‬‬
‫فضاء العينة (عدد الرميات) ‪sample space 𝑛 = 25‬‬
‫عدد الرميات التي أصاب السلة ‪player scored 𝑚 = 15‬‬
‫‪𝑚 15‬‬
‫= = ) 𝐸(𝑃‬ ‫‪= 0.6‬‬
‫‪𝑛 25‬‬
‫‪15 4‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 60%‬‬
‫‪25 4‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~‬
‫‪58‬‬

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Study: A man said that there are three persons in his family have blue eyes
from each 22 persons. If he expected a new born, what is the probability that
the new baby eyes will be blue?
‫ إذا رزق رجل بمولود‬،ً‫ فردا‬22 ‫ افراد عيونهم زرقاء من كل‬3 ‫ أحصى رجل في عائلته‬: ‫دراسة‬
‫ ما احتمال أن تكون عيناه ليست زرقاء ؟‬، ‫جديد‬
sample space (number of the family) 𝑛 = 22 = )‫فضاء العينة (عدد افراد العائلة‬
the persons have blue eyes 3 = ‫عدد االفراد الذين عيونهم زرقاء‬
the persons their eyes are not blue ‫عدد االفراد الذين لون عيونهم ليست زرقاء‬

22 − 3 = 19
𝑚 19
𝑃(𝐸 ) = =
𝑛 22
‫حل أخر‬
3
𝑃(𝐸 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃 (𝐸2 ) = 1
22
3 19
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) = 1 − =
22 22
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Challenge: A disc with a spinner. It was divided into three parts as in the
nearby figure: Its half is green, third of it is red and sixth of it is blue. what
is the probability in which the spinner will refer to the green or red colour?
‫ ما احتمال‬، ‫ قرص ذو مؤشر مقسم إلى ثالثة اجزاء نصفه اخضر وثلثه أحمر وسدسه أزرق‬:‫تحد‬
‫ان يدل مؤشر القرص على االخضر أو االحمر بعد اطالقه ؟‬
1
𝑃 (𝐺 ) = ‫نصف القرص أخضر‬
2
1
𝑃 (𝑅 ) = ‫ثلث القرص أحمر‬
3
1 1 5
𝑃(G 𝑜𝑟 R) = 𝑃(G) + 𝑃(R) = + =
59

2 3 6

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Discover the mistake: Sarah and Mohannad want to determine the

probability of choosing red or blue ball randomly from a sack contains 5 blue
balls. 4 red balls and 6 yellow balls. Which answer is correct? Illustrate your
answer
‫ يريد كل من سارة ومهند تحديد احتمال اختيار كرة زرقاء أو حمراء عشوائياً من‬: ‫أكتشف الخطأ‬
‫ كرات صفر أيهما كانت اجابته صحيحة ؟‬6 ، ‫ كرات حمر‬4 ،‫ كرات زرق‬5 ‫كيس يحتوي على‬

‫مهند‬ ‫سارة‬
𝑃(𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑅 ) × 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝑅 𝑜𝑟𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑅 ) + 𝑃(𝐵)
4 5 4 4 5 9 3
= × = = + = =
15 15 45 15 15 15 5

Sarah’s answer is correct because the two events are disjoint then the
probability of happening R or B equals the sum of the two events
probability
‫ أو وقوع الحدث الثاني‬R ‫أجابة سارة صحيحة ألن الحدثين متنافيين فأن أحتمال وقوع الحدث األول‬
. ‫ يساوي مجموع احتمالي الحدثين‬B
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬
2
Write: Explain what each number in which represents in both, the
9
experimental and theoretical probability
‫الذي يمثل أحتمال وقوع حدث نظري أم تجريبي‬ ‫ لما يمثله كل عدد في الكسر‬: ‫أكتب‬
2
9

Experimental ‫التجريبي‬ Theoretical ‫النظري‬

Number 2 : Number 2 :
Number of times satisfies the Number of outcomes satisfies event
event Number 9:
Number 9 : The number of sample space elements
Total number of experiments ‫ يدل عدد مرات حدوث الحدث‬2 ‫العدد‬
‫ يدل على عدد مرات حدوث الحدث‬2 ‫العدد‬ ‫ يدل على عدد عناصر فضاء العينة‬9 ‫العدد‬
‫ يدل على عدد مرات اجراء التجربة‬9 ‫العدد‬

61

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫االحداث المركبة‬
Compound Events

Independent Events ‫االحداث المستقلة‬

If E1 , E2 were two independent events, then the probability of that they can
be happened together equals the result of multiplying the probability E1 by
the event probability E2 .
‫𝐸 حدثين مستقلين فأن احتمال وقوعهما معاً يساوي حاصل ضرب احتمالي الحدثين‬2 , 𝐸1 ‫إذا كان‬
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 )

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Learn: The reports of the Iraqi airlines company refer to the accurateness
19
of the arrival of its airplanes which as a ratio , and the not 2% refer to
20
lose baggages. What is the probability of arrival an airplane in its accurate
time and without losing baggages?
‫ تشير تقارير الخطوط الجوية العراقية إلى وصول‬: ‫تعلم‬
‫كما تشير النسبة‬ ‫طائراتها في الموعد المحدد بنسبة‬
19
20

‫ ما احتمال‬. ‫ الى فقدان االمتعة من الحاالت‬2%

. ‫وصول طائرة في موعدها وبدون فقدان االمتعة‬
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

The probability of arrival the airplane in its accurate time is

19
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = ‫احتمال وصول الطائرة في موعدها‬
20
The probability of the baggages will be lost is
2 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = ‫احتمال فقدان االمتعة‬
100 50
The arrival of the airplane in its accurate time will not effect on the losing
of baggages, which means that the two events are independent.

‫أن وصول الطائرة في موعدها ال يؤثر على فقدان االمتعة فأن الحدثين مستقالن‬

𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 )

19 1 19
= × = = 0.019 = 1.9 %
20 50 1000

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Example: A sack contains 3 red balls, 4 green balls and 5 blue balls. A ball
was taken randomly, then it was returned and another ball was taken. Find
the probability of taking a red ball at first, and then a green ball
‫ سحبت منه كرة‬، ‫ كرات زرق‬5 ، ‫ كرات حمر‬4 ،‫ كرات خضر‬3 ‫ كيس يحتوي على‬: ‫مثال‬
. ‫ جد احتمال سحب كرة حمراء ثم كرة خضراء‬، ‫عشوائياً ثم أعيدت وسحبت كرة ثانية‬

‫عدد الكرات الحمراء‬ 3 1

𝑃(𝑅 ) = = = ‫احتمال سحب الكرة الحمراء‬
‫العدد الكلي للكرات‬ 12 4

‫عدد الكرات الخضراء‬ 4 1

𝑃 (𝐺 ) = = = ‫احتمال سحب الكرة الخضراء‬
‫العدد الكلي للكرات‬ 12 3

𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺 ) = 𝑃(𝑅 ) × 𝑃(𝐺 )

1 1 1
= × =
63

4 3 12

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

The two events are independent, because the first ball is returned to the bag,
so the number has not changed
‫الحدثان مستقالن الن الكرة األولى اعيدت إلى الكيس فأن العدد لم يتغير‬

then the probability of taking a red ball and then a green ball with returning
1
the red ball equal
12
‫أحتمال سحب كرة حمراء ثم كرة خضراء مع اعادة الكرة الحمراء هو‬
1
12
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Example: If one of the numbered cards was chosen, and then the spinner of
disc was rotated, as shown in the nearby figure. What is the probability that
the result will be an even number and the colour will be blue?

‫ إذا اختيرت أحدى البطاقات المرقمة وتدوير مؤشر القرص‬: ‫مثال‬

‫ ما احتمال ان يكون الناتج عدد زوجي واللون ازرق‬،‫الدوار‬
We suppose that P( E1 ) is a probability of the
‫احتمال العدد زوجي‬
2 1
even number 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
4 2

We suppose that P( E2 ) is a probability of stopping the spinner at the blue

‫احتمال اللون االزرق‬
2 1
colour. 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = =
8 4
The probability of the independent events
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 ) ‫الحدثان مستقالن‬
1 1 1
× = =
2 4 8
So, the probability (an even number and blue colour) is
‫أي ان احتمال (عدد زوجي ولون ازرق ) هو‬
1
= 12.5 = 12.5 %
8
64

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫االحداث المترابطة‬
Dependent Events

The dependent events: (they affected by the results of each other)

If E1 and E2 are two dependent events, the probability of happening them
together is the result of multiplying the probability of the first event E1 by
( the probability of the event E2 after happening the event E1 )
‫ هي االحداث التي نتيجة احدهما تؤثر في نتيجة أحدهما تؤثر في نتيجة‬: ‫االحداث المترابطة‬
. ‫االخر‬
‫𝐸 حدثين مترابطين فأن احتمال وقوعهما معاً هو حاصل ضرب احتمالي الحدث‬2 , 𝐸1 ‫إذا كان‬
‫𝐸 أي أن‬1 ‫𝐸 بعد وقوع الحدث‬2 ‫𝐸 في ضرب احتمال الحدث‬1 ‫األول‬
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸1 )

~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Example: A sack contains 3 red balls, 4 green balls and 5 blue balls. A ball
was taken randomly, then it was not returned and another ball was taken.
What is the probability of taking a red ball and then a green ball.
ً‫ كرات زرق سحبت منه كرة عشوائيا‬5 ، ‫ كرات خضر‬4 ، ‫ كرات حمر‬3 ‫ كيس يحتوي على‬: ‫مثال‬
‫ ما احتمال سحب كرة حمراء ثم كرة خضراء‬، ‫وسحبت منه كرة ثانية دون اعادة الكرة االولى‬

‫عدد الكرات الحمراء‬ 3 1

𝑃(𝑅 ) = = =
‫العدد الكلي للكرات‬ 12 4
The number of balls after taking the green ball without returning the red
ball becomes 11 balls
‫عدد الكرات الخضراء‬ 4
𝑅 (𝐺 ) = =
‫العدد الكلي الجديد للكرات‬ 11

𝑅(𝐺 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅)
65

𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺 ) = 𝑃(𝑅 ) × 𝑃 (𝐺 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅 )

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

1 4 1
= × =
4 11 11
the probability of taking a red ball and then a green ball without returning
1
the red ball equal .
11
2 ‫ كرة لنقص كرة حمراء فاصبح عددها‬11 ‫عدم اعادة الكرة األولى للكيس فأن العدد الكلي أصبح‬
‫أحتمال سحب كرة حمراء دون اعادتها للكيس ثم سحب كرة خضراء يساوي‬
1
11
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Example: A box contains 5 red balls, 3 blue balls and 8 yellow balls. A
ball was taken from the box, and then another one was taken without
returning the first one. Find P (yellow, and then red).
‫ سحبت كرة من الصندوق دون اعادتها ثم‬، ‫ صفر‬8 ، ‫ زرق‬3 ، ‫ كرات حمر‬5 ‫ صندوق فيه‬: ‫مثال‬
P )‫سحبت كرة ثانية جد (صفراء ثم حمراء‬
Suppose P ( Y ) is taking yellow ball
8 1
𝑃(𝑦) = = ‫أحتمال سحب كرة صفراء‬
16 2
Without returning the yellow ball, the total number of balls in the box
becomes 15 balls, as follow:-
5 red balls, 3 blue balls and 7 yellow balls
A red ball was taken from the box
5 1
𝑃 (𝑅 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑦) = =
15 3
‫ كرة‬7 ‫عدم اعادة الكرة الصفراء إلى الصندوق فأن عدد الكرات الصفراء أصبحت‬
15 ‫وأن العدد الكلي الجديد للكرات‬
𝑃(𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 ) = 𝑃 (𝑌) × 𝑃 (𝑅 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑦)
1 1 1
= × =
2 3 6
The probability of taking a yellow ball and then a red ball without returning the
1
yellow ball is
6
66

1
‫أحتمال سحب كرة صفراء ثم كرة حمراء دون اعادة الكرة الصفراء يساوي‬
6

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Conclusion
1. If E1 , E2 are two disjoint events which cannot be happened together
in one experiment, then the probability of happening E1 or E2 equals
the sum of the two events probability That means
P (E1 or E2 ) = P (E1 ) +P (E2)

2. If E1 , E2 were two independent events, then the probability of that

they can be happened together equals the result of multiplying the
probability E1 by the event probability E2 . That means
P(E1 and E2 ) = P(E1 ) × p(E2 )

3. If E1 and E2 are two dependent events, the probability of happening

them together is the result of multiplying the probability of the first
event E1 by ( the probability of the event E2 after happening the event
E1 ) That means
P(E1 and E2 ) = P(E1 ) × p(E2 after E1 )

‫مالحظة مهمة‬
‫𝐸 حدثان متنافيان أي ال يمكن ان يتحققا معاً في تجربة واحدة فأن‬2 , 𝐸1 ‫ إذا كان‬1
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑜𝑟 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )
‫𝐸 حدثان مستقالن أي أحدهما ال يؤثر على نتيجة اآلخر فأن‬2 , 𝐸1 ‫ إذا كان‬2
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑝(𝐸2 )
‫𝐸 حدثان مترابطان أي نتيجة أحدهما تؤثر في نتيجة االخر فأن‬2 , 𝐸1 ‫ إذا كان‬3
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑝(𝐸2 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸1 )
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Make sure of your understanding

1. A box contains 3 red balls and 3 green balls, what is the probability of
taking two green balls without returning the first ball?
‫ ما احتمال سحب كرتين خضراء دون اعادة‬،‫ كرات خضراء‬3 ، ‫ كرات حمراء‬3 ‫ صندوق فيه‬.1
‫الكرة االولى ؟‬

‫عدد الكرات الخضراء‬ 3

𝑃(𝐺 ) = =
‫العدد الكرات للكرات‬ 6
1
= ‫سحب كرة خضراء‬
2
Without returning the first green ball, the total
number of balls in the box becomes 5 balls
‫عدم أعادة الكرة الخضراء األولى إلى الصندوق أصبح عدد‬
5 ‫ فأن العدد الكلي للكرات‬2 ‫الكرات الخضراء‬
2
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺 ) =
5
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺 ) = 𝑃 (𝐺 ) × 𝑃 (𝐺 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺 )
1 2 1
= × =
2 5 5
dependent events ‫الحدثان مترابطان‬
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

2. Spinner in the two opposite discs were released at the same time, what is
the probability in which the first spinner comes to the red colour and the
second spinner comes to number 5?
‫ ما احتمال‬، ‫ أطلق مؤشر في القرصين مرة واحدة‬:2
‫أن يأتي مؤشر األول على اللون االحمر ومؤشر‬
5 ‫الثاني على العدد‬
4 1
𝑃 (𝐸1 ) = = the first spinner comes to the red colour
8 2
‫احتمال أن يقف المؤشر على اللون االحمر‬
1
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = the second spinner comes to number 5
8

5 ‫احتمال أن يقف المؤشر على العدد‬

𝑃 (𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 ) 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ‫الحدثان مستقالن‬
1 1 1
= × = = 0.063 = 6.3 %
2 8 16

******************************
3. If we flap two coins at once, what is the probability of appearing a
picture (head) in the first coin and writing (tail) in the
second coin? ‫رمي قطعتين نقود مرة واحدة ما احتمال ظهور صورة‬
‫على القطعة االولى وكتابة على القطعة الثانية ؟‬
1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜n the first coin
2

‫أحتمال ظهور صورة على القطعة االولى‬

1
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = tail on the second coin
2

‫أحتمال ظهور كتابة على القطعة الثانية‬

𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃 (𝐸2 ) independent events
69

‫الحدثان مستقالن‬

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 ‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25 = 25 %‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫*******************************‬

‫‪4. A box contains 5 red cards, 4 black cards and 6 green cards. A card‬‬
‫‪was taken and then a second card was taken without returning the first‬‬
‫‪one. What is the probability that the first card was red and the second‬‬
‫?‪was black‬‬
‫‪ : 4‬صندوق فيه ‪ 5‬بطاقات حمر و‪ 4‬بطاقات سود ‪ ،‬بطاقات خضر سحبت بطاقة دون اعادتها‬
‫للصندوق وسحبت بطاقة ثانية ‪ .‬ما احتمال ان تكون البطاقة االولى حمراء والثانية سوداء ؟‬

‫‪The total number of cards are15‬‬

‫العدد الكلي للبطاقات ‪ 15‬بطاقة‬
‫‪The probability of the first card was red‬‬
‫عدد البطاقات الحمراء‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) 𝑅(𝑃‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫سحب البطاقة االولى حمراء دون اعادتها‬
‫العدد الكلي للبطاقات‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪The total number after taken red card without returning are 14‬‬
‫عدد البطاقات السوداء‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ) 𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑓𝑎 𝐵( 𝑃‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫العدد الكلي الجديد‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫أصبحت عدد البطاقات الحمراء ‪ 4‬العدد الكلي للبطاقات بعد سحب البطاقة الحمراء ‪14‬‬
‫‪ dependent events‬الحدثان مترابطان ) 𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑓𝑎 𝐵( 𝑃 × ) 𝑅(𝑃 = )𝐵 𝑑𝑛𝑎𝑅(𝑃‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~‬
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

5. A spinner was released in the two nearby

discs at once, what is the probability in
which the spinner of the first disc comes to
the green colour and the second spinner
comes to the number of 3?
‫ ما احتمال أن يأتي مؤشر األول على اللون االخضر‬، ‫ أطلق مؤشر في القرصين مرة واحدة‬:5
‫؟‬ 3 ‫ومؤشر الثاني على العدد‬
4 1
𝑃 (𝐸1 ) = = the spinner of the first disc comes to the green colour of
8 2

‫احتمال أن يقف المؤشر على اللون االخضر‬

1
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 3
= 3 the second spinner comes to the number of 3

3 ‫احتمال أن يأتي المؤشر الثاتي على العدد‬

𝑃 (𝐸1 + 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 ) ‫ الحدثان مستقالن‬Independent events
1 1 1
= × =
2 3 6
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
6. The two dices were rolled at once, what is the probability of appearing a
number which can be divided on 3 in the first dice and a number which can
be divided on 5 in the second dice?
‫ على الحجر األول‬3 ‫ ما احتمال ظهور عدد يقبل القسمة على‬، ‫ رمي حجري النرد مرة واحدة‬: 6
‫ على العدد الثاني‬5 ‫وعدد يقبل القسمة على‬
2 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = =
6 3
1
𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
6
‫ الحجر األول‬3 ‫ يقبل القسمة على‬can divided on 3 {3 , 6} = 𝐸1
‫ الحجر الثاني‬5 ‫ يقبل القسمة على‬can divided on 5 {5} = 𝐸1
71

𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 )

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫ الحدثان مستقالن‬independent events

1 1 1
= 3
× 6
= 18
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

Solve the problems

Sweets: A box contains 10 pieces of sweets with strawberry flavor, 15

pieces with chocolate flavor and 5 pieces with lemon flavor. What is the
probability of choosing two pieces randomly, the first with chocolate flavor
without returning and the second with lemon flavor?
‫ قطعة‬5 ، ‫ قطعة بطعم الشكوالته‬15 ، ‫ قطع حلوى بطعم الفراولة‬10 ‫ تحتوي علبة على‬: ‫حلوى‬
‫ ما احتمال اختيار قطعتين عشوائياً الواحدة تلو االخرى دون ارجاع على أن تكون‬، ‫بطعم الليمون‬
. ‫االولى بطعم الشكوالته والثانية بطعم الليمون‬
‫عدد القطع بطعم الشكوالته‬ 15 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = =
‫العدد الكلي لقطع الحلوى‬ 30 2

the probability of the first piece

with chocolate flavor

The total number of sweets after taken the first piece of sweet with
chocolate flavor without returning it becomes 29 pieces
‫ قطعة‬14 ، ‫ قطع بطعم الفراولة‬10 ‫عدم ارجاع قطعة الشكوالته فأن العلبة أصبحت تحتوي على‬
29 = ‫ قطع بطعم الليمون فأن العدد الكلي لقطع الحلوى‬5 ، ‫بطعم الشكوالته‬
the second piece with lemon flavor
‫عدد القطع بطعم الليمون‬ 5
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = =
‫العدد الكلي الجديد لقطع الحلوى‬ 29

𝑃 (𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸1 ) ‫ الحدثان مترابطان‬dependent event

1 5 5
= × =
72

2 29 58
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

8. Books: Suha chose a book from a shelf in her room and returned it to
take another one, what is the probability in which the chosen book would
be from Maths? It is worth to be mentioned that the shelf contains 5 books
of Maths, 2 books of English language and 3 books of science.
‫ أختارات سها كتاباً من رف واعادته ثم اختارات كتاباً أخر ما احتمال أن يكون اختيار‬: ‫كتب‬
، ‫ كتاب لغة انكليزية‬2 ، ‫ كتب رياضيات‬5 ‫الكتاب من كتب الرياضيات علماً أن الرف يحتوي على‬
. ‫ كتب علوم‬3
The total number of the books are 10
‫عدد كتب الرياضيات‬ 5 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = = ‫احتمال اختيار كتاب الرياضيات‬
‫العدد الكلي للكتب‬ 10 2
The total number of the books after returned maths book are 10
‫أن اعادة كتاب الرياضيات إلى الرف ثم أخذ كتاب رياضيات أخر لم يغير من عدد كتب‬
‫الرياضيات فأن العدد الكلي للكتب لم يتغير‬

‫عدد كتب الرياضيات‬ 5 1

𝑃(𝐸2 ) = = = ‫احتمال اختيار كتاب الرياضيات‬
‫العدد الكلي للكتب‬ 10 2
𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 )
‫ الحدثان مستقالن‬independent events
1 1 1
= × =
2 2 4
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~

Discover the mistake: Jumana and her sister Sally want to determine the
probability of choosing a red ball and a yellow ball randomly by taking
them from a sack contains 4 red balls and 5 yellow balls without returning
the ball after taking it.
‫ يريد كل من جمانة واختها سالي تحديد احتمال احتيار كرة حمراء واخرى صفراء‬: ‫أكتشف الخطأ‬
.‫ كرات صفراء دون ارجاع الكرة بعد السحب‬5‫ كرات حمراء و‬4 ‫عشوائياً من كيس يحتوي‬
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 Chapter 6 Statistics and Probabilities ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

Jumana Sally
P ( red and yellow) P ( red and yellow)
P( yellow) × P(red) P( yellow) × P(red)
4 5 4 5
× ×
9 9 9 8

𝑃 (‫= )حمراء‬ ‫ سحب كرة حمراء‬Choosing a red ball

4
9

𝑃 (‫= )صفراء‬ ‫ سحبت كرة حمراء دون ارجاعها فان‬choosing a yellow ball after
5
8
choosing a red ball without returning it
Dependent events
𝑃 (𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃 (𝐸1 ) × 𝑃(𝐸2 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸1 )
P)‫ (حمراء وصفراء‬P)‫ ×(حمراء‬P )‫ كرات(صفراء‬8 ‫ وأن العدد الكلي يصبح‬3 ‫الكرات الحمراء تصبح‬
4 5
= ×
9 8
Sally’s answer is correct ‫جواب سالي هو الجواب الصحيح‬
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Challenge: A dice and a coin were thrown, what is the probability of
appearing a digit which is greater than 2 and less than 6 on the dice and the
writing (tail) on the coin?
‫ على‬6 ‫ واصغر من‬2 ‫ عند رمي حجر نرد وقطعة نقود ما احتمال ظهور رقم أكبر من‬: ‫تحد‬
‫حجر النرد والكتابة على قطعة النقود‬
3 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = = ‫{ اوجه النرد‬1,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6}
6 2
6 ‫ واصغر من‬2 ‫ أكبر من‬a digit is greater then 2 and less than 6 is {3,4,5}
1
𝑃(𝐸2 ) = the tail appearing on the coin
2

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ‫الحدثان مستقالن‬

𝑃(𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸1 ) × 𝑃 (𝐸2 )
74

1 1 1
= × =
2 2 4
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‫‪Chapter 6‬‬ ‫‪Statistics and Probabilities‬‬ ‫االستاذ عماد صالح‬

‫معا ً لنصل الى القمة‬

‫معا ُ لنيل االمنية‬
‫معا ُ لطريق النجاح‬
‫معا ُ لترى أحالمنا النور‬
‫معا ُ لنحصل على الجائزة‬
‫معا ُ لنحلق في االفق الواسع‬
‫معا ُ لنبذل المزيد‬
‫معا ُ للتألق‬
‫معا لتحقيق الهدف‬

‫معا ُ لنتفوق في الرياضيات‬

‫مع خالص تحياتي‬

‫استاذ عماد صالح‬
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