1

a) Enlist concatenation operators in VB.Net.

In VB.Net, the concatenation operators are:
* & (ampersand)
* + (plus sign)

b) List properties of Array in C#.

Some key properties of an Array in C# include:
* Length: Gets the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the array.
* Rank: Gets the number of dimensions of the array.
* IsFixedSize: Gets a value indicating whether the array has a fixed size.
* IsReadOnly: Gets a value indicating whether the array is read-only.

c) What do you mean by constructor?

A constructor is a special method of a class that is automatically called when an
object of that class is created. Its primary purpose is to initialize the object's data
members. Constructors have the same name as the class itself and do not have
a return type.

d) What is ADO.Net Dataset?

An ADO.Net DataSet is an in-memory representation of data. It is essentially a
disconnected cache of data retrieved from a data source. A DataSet can contain
multiple DataTable objects, which represent tables of data, and DataRelation
objects, which define relationships between these tables.

e) Write any two string functions in C#.

Two common string functions in C# are:
* string.Concat(str1, str2): Concatenates two specified instances of String.
* string.Substring(startIndex, length): Retrieves a substring from this instance.
The substring starts at a specified character position and has a specified length.

f) Enlist any four data types used in VB.Net.

Four common data types used in VB.Net are:
* Integer
* String
* Boolean
* Double
 2

g) What is the use of the virtual keyword?

The virtual keyword in C# is used to modify a method, property, indexer, or event
declaration and allow for it to be overridden in a derived class. This enables
polymorphism, where a derived class can provide its own specific implementation
of a member defined in its base class.

h) List any four common web controls.

Four common web controls in ASP.Net are:
* TextBox
* Button
* Label
* DropDownList

i) What is the use of the SiteMapPath control?

The SiteMapPath control in ASP.Net is used to display the navigational path of
the current page within a website. It helps users understand their current location
in the site hierarchy and provides easy navigation back to parent pages.

j) List any four properties of the ComboBox control.

Four properties of the ComboBox control in Windows Forms or ASP.Net are:
* Items: Gets the collection of items in the ComboBox.
* SelectedItem: Gets or sets the currently selected item in the ComboBox.
* SelectedIndex: Gets or sets the index specifying the currently selected item.
* Text: Gets or sets the text displayed in the edit portion of the ComboBox.

a) What is the use of CLR?

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component
of .NET. It manages the execution of .NET programs, providing services like
memory management, garbage collection, exception handling, and security. It
enables language interoperability by executing intermediate language (IL) code.

b) What is CTS?
The Common Type System (CTS) is a standard defined by .NET that specifies
how data types are declared, used, and managed. It ensures type compatibility
across different .NET languages, allowing them to work together seamlessly.
 3

c) Enlist any two operators in VB.NET?

* Arithmetic Operator: + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division), \
(integer division), ^ (exponentiation), Mod (modulus).
* Comparison Operator: = (equal to), <> (not equal to), < (less than), > (greater
than), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to).

d) Explain the following functions:

i) MessageBox() (VB.NET): Displays a pop-up window with a message, and
optionally, buttons, an icon, and a title bar. It's used to provide information or ask
for simple user input (via button clicks).
ii) InputBox() (VB.NET): Displays a dialog box that prompts the user for input. It
returns the string entered by the user in the text box. It can also have a prompt
message, title, and default value.

e) Explain the ‘this’ keyword in C#?

The this keyword in C# refers to the current instance of a class. It's used to:
* Access instance members (fields, properties, methods) when there's a naming
conflict with local variables or parameters.
* Pass the current object as an argument to other methods.
* Declare indexers.
* Chain constructors within the same class.

f) Explain constructor and destructors in C#?

* Constructor: A special method with the same name as the class, used to
initialize objects of that class when they are created. It has no return type.
* Destructor (Finalizer): A special method denoted by ~ followed by the class
name (e.g., ~MyClass()). It's called by the garbage collector before an object is
reclaimed to release unmanaged resources. Its execution is non-deterministic.

g) Explain server object?

In the context of web development (like ASP.NET), a server object is an instance
of a class that resides and executes on the web server. These objects handle
requests from clients (browsers), process data, and generate responses
(typically HTML). Examples include page objects, session objects, application
objects, and custom server-side components.
 4

h) Explain the type of menu control?

Menu controls in UI development (like ASP.NET or Windows Forms) typically
come in a few main types:
* Standard Menu Bar: A horizontal bar usually located at the top of an
application window, offering a hierarchical structure of commands.
* Context Menu (or Right-Click Menu): A pop-up menu that appears when the
user right-clicks on an element, providing context-specific options.
* Navigation Menu: Often used in web applications for site navigation, can be
horizontal or vertical, and may include sub-menus.

i) Explain connected and disconnected architecture in ADO.Net?

* Connected Architecture: Involves maintaining a direct, continuous connection
to the data source while performing operations. Objects like SqlConnection and
SqlDataReader are key here. It's suitable for operations requiring real-time data
access but can be resource-intensive for long-duration operations.
* Disconnected Architecture: Involves retrieving data from the data source,
closing the connection, and then working with a cached copy of the data in
memory (using objects like DataSet and DataTable).
j) Explain Timer control in VB.NET?
The Timer control in VB.NET allows you to execute code at specified intervals.
You set an Interval property (in milliseconds), and when the timer is enabled
(Enabled = True), it raises a Tick event at each interval. You place the code you
want to execute repeatedly within the Tick event handler. It's useful for tasks like
animations, updating displays, or performing periodic background operations.

a) What is IDE?
IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. It is a software application
that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software
development. Typically, an IDE consists of a source code editor, build
automation tools, and a debugger. Examples include Visual Studio, Eclipse, and
IntelliJ IDEA

.b) What is CLS?

CLS stands for Common Language Specification. It is a set of rules that define a
subset of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) that all .NET languages are
expected to adhere to. This ensures interoperability between code written in
different .NET languages.
 5

c) Explain Timer control in VB.Net?

The Timer control in VB.Net allows you to execute code at regular intervals. You
set an Interval property (in milliseconds) to determine how often the Tick event is
raised. You then write code within the Tick event handler to perform the desired
actions repeatedly. It's useful for animations, updating displays, or performing
background tasks.

d) Explain JIT compilers?

JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers translate bytecode (like .NET Intermediate
Language or Java bytecode) into native machine code during the execution of a
program, just before the code is needed. This combines the benefits of both
compiled and interpreted code, offering good performance and platform
independence.

e) Explain class and object in C#?

A class in C# is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the
properties (data) and methods (behavior) that objects of that class will have. An
object is an instance of a class. It's a concrete entity created based on the class
definition, with its own set of values for the properties defined in the class.

f) What is method overloading in C#?

Method overloading in C# allows a class to have multiple methods with the same
name but different parameter lists (different number of parameters, different data
types, or different order of data types). The compiler determines which method to
call based on the arguments passed during the method call.

g) Explain ADO.Net?
ADO.Net (ActiveX Data Objects .NET) is a set of classes in the .NET Framework
that provides a way for .NET applications to access and interact with various data
sources, such as databases, XML files, and spreadsheets. It provides a
disconnected data architecture for efficient data manipulation.

h) Explain the Range validator?

The RangeValidator is an ASP.Net validation control used to ensure that the
value entered by a user in an input control (like a TextBox) falls within a specified
 6

range. You set the MinimumValue and MaximumValue properties, and the
validator checks if the input is within these bounds.

i) What is ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft for building
dynamic web pages, web applications, and web services. It is built on the .NET
Framework and provides a rich set of controls, libraries, and tools for developing
robust and scalable web solutions.

j) Enlist any Two Form controls in VB.Net?

Two common Form controls in VB.Net are:
* Button
* TextBox

a) What is CTS?
CTS stands for Common Type System. It is a specification within the .NET
Framework that defines how data types are declared, used, and managed. It
provides a unified type system that allows different .NET languages to
interoperate seamlessly.

b) State any two advantages of .Net.

Two advantages of .NET are:
* Cross-Platform Compatibility: Modern .NET (Core and later) allows applications
to run on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
* Rich Class Library (FCL/BCL): .NET provides an extensive set of pre-built
classes for common programming tasks, reducing development time.

c) What is Event Driven Programming?

Event-driven programming is a paradigm where the flow of the program is
determined by events (like user actions or system messages). The program waits
for events and executes specific code blocks (event handlers) in response.

d) Explain the difference between a menu and a popup menu in .Net.

A menu (typically a MenuStrip in Windows Forms or a Menu in WPF) is a static,
persistent UI element usually located at the top of an application window,
providing a structured set of commands. A popup menu (or context menu, often a
 7

ContextMenuStrip in Windows Forms or a ContextMenu in WPF) appears

dynamically when a user right-clicks on a control or area, offering context-specific
commands.

e) List any two properties of the Radio Button Control.

Two properties of the Radio Button Control are:
* Checked: A boolean value indicating whether the radio button is currently
selected.
* Text: The label displayed next to the radio button.

f) What do you mean by value type and Reference type?

Value types directly hold their data within their own memory allocation. Examples
include int, bool, struct, and enum. When you assign a value type to another
variable, a copy of the data is created. Reference types store a reference
(memory address) to the actual data, which is stored elsewhere in memory (on
the heap). Examples include class, string, and array. When you assign a
reference type to another variable, you are copying the reference, not the actual
data, so both variables point to the same data.

g) What is boxing in C#?

Boxing is the process of converting a value type instance to a reference type
instance (specifically, to the object type or an interface type implemented by the
value type). The value type is "boxed" inside a heap-allocated object.

h) What is meant by ADO.Net?

ADO.Net (ActiveX Data Objects .NET) is a set of classes in the .NET Framework
that provides a way for .NET applications to access and interact with various data
sources like databases, XML files, and spreadsheets.

i) Enlist any four data types used in .Net?

Four data types used in .NET are:
* int (integer)
* string (sequence of characters)
* bool (boolean - true or false)
* double (double-precision floating-point number)
 8

j) What is the use of the ‘this’ keyword in C#?

The this keyword in C# has several uses:
* It refers to the current instance of a class within a non-static member.
* It can be used to qualify instance members (fields, properties, methods) to
avoid naming conflicts with local variables or parameters.
* It can be used to pass the current object as a parameter to other methods.
* It can be used to declare indexers.

a) Explain the DataGridView control. Each carry 4 marks

The DataGridView control in Windows Forms is a powerful and flexible control
used to display and manipulate tabular data. It presents data in a customizable
grid format, where rows represent records and columns represent fields. Think of
it as a visual representation of a table, similar to a spreadsheet or a database
table view.
Key features and functionalities of the DataGridView control include:
* Data Binding: It can be easily bound to various data sources, such as
DataTable objects, DataView objects, arrays, and collections. This automatic
synchronization between the control and the data source simplifies data display
and updates.
* Data Display: It efficiently displays large datasets with features like automatic
scrolling and column resizing. You can customize the appearance of cells, rows,
and columns through various properties.
* Data Editing: By default, the DataGridView allows users to edit the underlying
data directly within the grid. You can control which columns are editable and
customize the editing experience.
* Sorting and Filtering: Users can often sort data by clicking on column headers.
While built-in filtering capabilities are limited, you can implement custom filtering
logic programmatically.
* Customization: The control offers extensive customization options for
appearance (colors, fonts, borders), behavior (selection modes, editing modes),
and functionality (adding buttons, checkboxes within cells).
* Events: It exposes a rich set of events that allow developers to respond to user
interactions and data changes, enabling the implementation of custom logic. For
example, you can handle events for cell clicks, row changes, and data validation.
 9

* Layout and Formatting: You can control the layout of columns (order, width,
visibility), apply formatting to cell values, and even display images within cells.In
essence, the DataGridView control provides a user-friendly interface for viewing,

b) Explain the architecture of ASP.Net.

The ASP.Net architecture is a layered framework designed for building dynamic
web applications, web services, and web APIs. It's built on top of the .NET
Framework (or .NET Core/5+) and provides a robust and scalable platform for
web development. Here's a breakdown of its key components:
* Presentation Tier: This is the topmost layer responsible for the user interface
and user interaction. In ASP.Net, this primarily involves:
* ASP.Net Web Forms: A rapid application development model using a page-
centric approach with server-side controls and an event-driven programming
model. It abstracts away some of the underlying web technologies.
* ASP.Net MVC (Model-View-Controller): A more architectural pattern-focused
approach that separates the application into three interconnected parts:
* Model: Manages the application data and business logic.
* View: Responsible for displaying the data to the user.
* Controller: Handles user input and updates the model and view accordingly.
* ASP.Net Razor Pages: A simplified, page-focused programming model that
makes coding page-centric scenarios easier and more productive than ASP.Net
MVC while still maintaining a separation of concerns.
* HTML, CSS, JavaScript: These client-side technologies are fundamental for
structuring, styling, and adding interactivity to web pages, regardless of the
server-side ASP.Net technology used.
* Business Logic Tier: This layer contains the core logic and rules of the
application. It handles data processing, validation, and business workflows. This
layer typically consists of C# or VB.Net classes that implement the application's
specific functionality. It interacts with the Data Access Tier to retrieve and store
data.
* Data Access Tier: This layer is responsible for interacting with the underlying
data storage mechanisms, such as databases (SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL),
XML files, or other data sources. ASP.Net provides several technologies for data
access:
* ADO.Net: A set of classes that allows developers to connect to and interact
with various data sources. It includes components like SqlConnection,
SqlCommand, SqlDataAdapter, and DataSet.
 10

* Entity Framework (EF): An Object-Relational Mapper (ORM) that simplifies

database interactions by allowing developers to work with data using .NET
objects instead of writing raw SQL queries.
* LINQ to SQL/Entities: Language Integrated Query (LINQ) provides a unified
syntax for querying data from different sources, including databases accessed
through ADO.Net or Entity Framework.
* ASP.Net Runtime: This is the core engine that processes ASP.Net
applications. It includes:
* IIS (Internet Information Services): The web server that hosts and manages

c) Explain classes in ADO.Net.

ADO.Net (ActiveX Data Objects .NET) is a set of classes provided by the .NET
Framework that enables developers to interact with various data sources. It
provides a consistent model for accessing data regardless of the underlying
database system. Here are some of the key classes in ADO.Net:
* Connection Objects: These classes establish a connection to a specific data
source. The primary connection classes are:
* SqlConnection: Used to connect to Microsoft SQL Server databases.
* OleDbConnection: Used to connect to data sources that expose OLE DB
interfaces (e.g., Access, Excel).
* OdbcConnection: Used to connect to data sources that have ODBC drivers.
* OracleConnection: Used to connect to Oracle databases.
* Command Objects: These classes represent SQL statements or stored
procedures that can be executed against the data source. The corresponding
command classes are:
* SqlCommand: For executing commands against SQL Server.
* OleDbCommand: For executing commands against OLE DB data sources.
* OdbcCommand: For executing commands against ODBC data sources.
* OracleCommand: For executing commands against Oracle databases.
Command objects have properties like CommandText (the SQL query or
stored procedure name), CommandType (specifying whether it's a text
command, stored procedure, or table name), and Connection (the connection
object to use).
* Data Adapter Objects: These classes act as a bridge between a data source
and a DataSet. They are used to fill a DataSet with data and to persist changes
made in the DataSet back to the data source. The main data adapter classes
are:
 11

* SqlDataAdapter: For working with SQL Server.

* OleDbDataAdapter: For working with OLE DB data sources.
* OdbcDataAdapter: For working with ODBC data sources.
* OracleDataAdapter: For working with Oracle databases.
and properties to access the values of the current record by name or index.
* DataSet and DataTable Objects: These are part of the disconnected data
architecture in ADO.Net.
* DataSet: Represents an in-memory cache of data. It can contain multiple
DataTable objects, as well as DataRelation objects to define relationships
between tables. DataSet objects are independent of the data source after the
data is retrieved.
* DataTable: Represents a single table of data within a DataSet. It contains
DataColumn objects (representing the columns) and DataRow objects
(representing the rows).
* Parameter Objects: These classes represent parameters used in
parameterized SQL queries or stored procedures. They help prevent SQL
injection attacks and improve performance. The parameter classes include

d) What are the properties and methods of the Server object?

The Server object in ASP.Net provides access to methods and properties on the
web server. It's an intrinsic object, meaning it's automatically available within
ASP.Net pages. Here are some of its key properties and methods:
Properties:
* MachineName: (Read-only) Gets the server's host name. This can be useful
for identifying the specific server the application is running on in a web farm or
load-balanced environment.
* ScriptTimeout: Gets or sets the request timeout period, in seconds. This
property determines how long the server will wait for a request to complete
before timing out. You might need to adjust this for long-running operations.
Methods:
* CreateObject(ProgID): Creates an instance of a server component (e.g., an
ActiveX object or a COM object) using its programmatic identifier (ProgID). This
allows you to leverage existing COM components within your ASP.Net
application.
* Execute(path): Executes the specified ASP.Net page (.aspx) or handler within
the context of the current request. The output of the executed page is included in
the response of the original page. This is useful for modularizing code or
 12

including dynamic content from other pages. Overloads exist to preserve form
and query string parameters.
* HtmlDecode(string): Decodes an HTML-encoded string. It converts HTML
entities (like &lt;, &gt;, &amp;) back to their original characters (<, >, &). This is
useful when displaying user-submitted data that might have been HTML-encoded
for security reasons.
* HtmlEncode(string): Encodes a string into HTML. It converts potentially
problematic characters (like <, >, &, ", ') into their corresponding HTML entities.
This is crucial for preventing cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks by ensuring that
user-provided data is rendered as plain text and not as executable HTML or
JavaScript.
* MapPath(path): Maps a virtual path (relative to the application's root directory)
to its corresponding physical path on the server's file system. This is essential for
accessing files and directories within your web application. For example,
Server.MapPath("~/Images/logo.gif") would return the full physical path to the
logo.gif file in the Images folder under your application's root.
* Transfer(path): Terminates the execution of the current page and redirects the
request to another ASP.Net page or handler on the server without sending a
redirect response to the client. The server directly executes the target page using
the same request context. This is more efficient than a client-side redirect
.
e) Explain the MessageBox function in detail.
The MessageBox is a static class (in Windows Forms and WPF under the
System.Windows.Forms and System.Windows namespaces, respectively) that
displays a modal message box to the user. A modal window prevents the user
from interacting with other parts of the application until the message box is
closed. It's commonly used to display information, warnings, or errors, or to ask
simple questions to the user.
Here's a breakdown of its key aspects:
Show() Method:
The core of the MessageBox functionality lies in its overloaded Show() method.
Here are some common signatures and what they allow you to do:
* MessageBox.Show(string text):
* Displays a simple message box with the specified text and an "OK" button.
* The title bar of the message box will typically display the application's name
or a default value.
* MessageBox.Show(string text, string caption):
 13

* Displays a message box with the specified text and sets the title bar to the
provided caption.
* It still defaults to an "OK" button.
* MessageBox.Show(string text, string caption, MessageBoxButtons buttons):
* This overload allows you to specify which buttons will appear in the message
box using the MessageBoxButtons enumeration. Common values include:
* MessageBoxButtons.OK: Displays an "OK" button.
* MessageBoxButtons.OKCancel: Displays "OK" and "Cancel" buttons.
* MessageBoxButtons.YesNo: Displays "Yes" and "No" buttons.
* MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel: Displays "Yes", "No", and "Cancel"
buttons.
* MessageBoxButtons.AbortRetryIgnore: Displays "Abort", "Retry", and
"Ignore" buttons.
* MessageBox.Show(string text, string caption, MessageBoxButtons buttons,
MessageBoxIcon icon):
* This overload adds an icon to the message box to visually indicate the type of
message using the MessageBoxIcon enumeration. Common values include:
* MessageBoxIcon.Error: Displays a critical error icon (usually a red circle with
a white 'x').
* MessageBoxIcon.Warning: Displays a warning icon (usually a yellow triangle
with an exclamation mark).
* MessageBoxIcon.Information: Displays an informational icon (usually a blue
'i' in a circle).
* MessageBoxIcon.Question: Displays a question mark icon.
* MessageBoxIcon.Asterisk or MessageBoxIcon.Information: Another style for
information.
* MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation or MessageBoxIcon.Warning: Another style
for warning.
* MessageBoxIcon.Hand or MessageBoxIcon.Stop or MessageBoxIcon.Error:
Other styles for error.
* MessageBox.Show(string text, string caption, MessageBoxButtons buttons,
MessageBoxIcon icon, MessageBoxDefaultButton defaultButton):
* This allows you to specify which button should be the default button (the one
that is automatically selected when the user presses the Enter key) using the
MessageBoxDefaultButton enumeration (e.g.,
MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button1, MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2).
 14

a) VB.Net program to accept a character from the user and check whether it
is a vowel or not.
Module Module1

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Enter a character: ")
Dim inputChar As String = Console.ReadLine()

If inputChar.Length <> 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Please enter a single character.")
Else
Dim charToCheck As Char = Char.ToLower(inputChar(0)) ' Convert to
lowercase for easier checking

Select Case charToCheck

Case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u"
Console.WriteLine($"'{inputChar}' is a vowel.")
Case Else
Console.WriteLine($"'{inputChar}' is not a vowel.")
End Select
End If

Console.ReadKey() ' Keep the console window open

End Sub

End Module

b) C# program to create a function to find the factorial of a given number.

using System;

public class Factorial

{
public static long FindFactorial(int n)
{
if (n < 0)
{
 15

throw new ArgumentException("Factorial is not defined for negative

numbers.");
}
if (n == 0)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
long factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
factorial *= i;
}
return factorial;
}
}

public static void Main(string[] args)

{
Console.Write("Enter an integer: ");
if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out int number))
{
try
{
long result = FindFactorial(number);
Console.WriteLine($"The factorial of {number} is {result}");
}
catch (ArgumentException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Error: {ex.Message}");
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter an integer.");
}
 16

}
}
c) VB.Net program to accept the details of an Employee (Eno, Ename,
salary).
Module Module1

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Enter Employee Details:")

Console.Write("Employee Number (Eno): ")

Dim eno As String = Console.ReadLine()

Console.Write("Employee Name (Ename): ")

Dim ename As String = Console.ReadLine()

Console.Write("Employee Salary (Salary): ")

Dim salaryInput As String = Console.ReadLine()
Dim salary As Double

If Double.TryParse(salaryInput, salary) Then

Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & "Employee Details:")
Console.WriteLine($"Employee Number: {eno}")
Console.WriteLine($"Employee Name: {ename}")
Console.WriteLine($"Salary: {salary:C}") ' Format as currency
Else
Console.WriteLine("Invalid salary input.")
End If

Console.ReadKey() ' Keep the console window open

End Sub

End Module

d) C# program to find if a given number is an Armstrong number.

using System;
using System.Linq;
 17

public class ArmstrongNumber

{
public static bool IsArmstrong(int number)
{
if (number < 0)
{
return false; // Armstrong numbers are non-negative
}

string numberStr = number.ToString();

int numDigits = numberStr.Length;
int sumOfPowers = 0;

foreach (char digitChar in numberStr)

{
int digit = int.Parse(digitChar.ToString());
sumOfPowers += (int)Math.Pow(digit, numDigits);
}

return sumOfPowers == number;

}

public static void Main(string[] args)

{
Console.Write("Enter an integer: ");
if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out int numToCheck))
{
if (IsArmstrong(numToCheck))
{
Console.WriteLine($"{numToCheck} is an Armstrong number.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine($"{numToCheck} is not an Armstrong number.");
}
}
else
 18

{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter an integer.");
}
}
}

e) VB.Net program to display today’s date on the screen.

Module Module1

Sub Main()
Dim today As Date = Date.Today
Console.WriteLine($"Today's date is: {today.ToLongDateString()}") ' Display
in long date format

Console.ReadKey() ' Keep the console window open

End Sub

End Module

a) Explain the advantages of .NET.

The .NET platform, developed by Microsoft, offers numerous advantages for
building a wide range of applications, from web and mobile to desktop and cloud-
based solutions. Here are some key benefits:
* Cross-Platform Compatibility (.NET Core and later): Modern .NET (starting with
.NET Core) is designed to be cross-platform, meaning applications can run on
Windows, macOS, and Linux. This significantly expands the reach of applications
developed using .NET.
* Rich Class Library (.NET Base Class Library - BCL): .NET provides an
extensive and well-organized library of pre-built classes and functionalities. This
BCL offers ready-to-use components for common tasks like file I/O, networking,
data structures, XML processing, security, and more, significantly reducing
development time and effort.
* Multiple Programming Languages: The .NET platform supports multiple
programming languages, primarily C#, F#, and VB.NET. This allows developers
to choose the language that best suits their skills and the requirements of the
project while still leveraging the power and features of the .NET framework. C# is
often the language of choice for its versatility and modern features.
 19

* Robust Development Tools (Visual Studio): Microsoft provides a powerful and

comprehensive Integrated Development Environment (IDE) called Visual Studio.
It offers features like intelligent code completion (IntelliSense), debugging tools,
profiling, testing frameworks, and integrated source control, greatly enhancing
developer productivity and code quality. Visual Studio Code is another popular,
lightweight, and cross-platform code editor with excellent .NET support.
* Strong Security Features: .NET incorporates various security features,
including code access security, role-based security, and cryptography classes. It
also encourages secure coding practices to help developers build safer
applications and mitigate common web vulnerabilities.
* Automatic Memory Management (Garbage Collection): The .NET runtime
includes a garbage collector that automatically manages the allocation and
deallocation of memory. This frees developers from manual memory
management, reducing the risk of memory leaks and improving application
stability.
* Interoperability: .NET provides mechanisms for interacting with existing COM
(Component Object Model) components and native Windows APIs. This allows
developers to integrate new .NET applications with legacy systems and leverage
platform-specific functionalities when needed.
* Scalability and Performance: .NET is designed to build scalable and high-
performance applications. Features like asynchronous programming, efficient
memory management, and optimized runtime contribute to the responsiveness
and ability to handle a large number of concurrent users.

b) Explain any four properties of the TextBox control.

The TextBox control is a fundamental UI element used in both Windows Forms
and ASP.NET applications to allow users to enter and display text. Here are four
common and important properties:
* Text: This property gets or sets the current text contained within the TextBox.
It's the primary way to access the user's input or to programmatically set the text
displayed in the control.
* Example (C#): string userInput = textBox1.Text; or textBox1.Text = "Initial
Value";
* Example (VB.NET): Dim userInput As String = TextBox1.Text or
TextBox1.Text = "Initial Value"
* ReadOnly: This boolean property determines whether the user can edit the text
in the TextBox.
 20

* If set to true, the text is displayed but cannot be modified by the user. This is
useful for displaying read-only information.
* If set to false (the default), the user can freely type and edit the text.
* Example (C#): textBox1.ReadOnly = true;
* Example (VB.NET): TextBox1.ReadOnly = True
* Multiline: This boolean property specifies whether the TextBox can display and
accept multiple lines of text.
* If set to true, the TextBox can grow vertically to accommodate multiple lines,
and scroll bars may appear if the text exceeds the visible area. The user can
enter new lines by pressing the Enter key.
* If set to false (the default), the TextBox is limited to a single line of text. The
Enter key typically moves focus to the next control.
* Example (C#): textBox1.Multiline = true;
* Example (VB.NET): TextBox1.Multiline = True
* PasswordChar: This property allows you to mask the characters entered in the
TextBox, typically used for password input.
* You can set this property to a specific character (e.g., an asterisk '*') which
will be displayed instead of the actual characters typed by the user. The
underlying Text property still holds the actual typed characters.
* If this property is left empty (or set to its default null or empty character), the
entered text is displayed normally.
* Example (C#): textBox1.PasswordChar = '*';
* Example (VB.NET): TextBox1.PasswordChar = "*"
These properties are fundamental for controlling the behavior and appearance of
the TextBox control in user interfaces.

c) Explain pop-up menus in VB.Net.

In VB.Net (primarily within the Windows Forms environment), pop-up menus,
also known as context menus or shortcut menus, are menus that appear when a
user right-clicks on a control or an area of a form. They provide a context-
sensitive set of commands relevant to the element that was clicked.
Here's a breakdown of how pop-up menus work in VB.Net:
* ContextMenuStrip Control: The primary control for creating pop-up menus in
Windows Forms is the ContextMenuStrip. You typically add this control to your
form's component tray (it's not directly visible on the form at design time).
 21

* Designing the Menu Items: Once you have a ContextMenuStrip control, you
can add menu items to it. This is usually done in the Visual Studio designer. You
can:
* Drag and drop the ContextMenuStrip from the Toolbox onto your form.
* Select the ContextMenuStrip in the component tray and use its Items property
in the Properties window to add ToolStripMenuItem objects (which represent
individual menu items).
* For each ToolStripMenuItem, you can set properties like Text (the text
displayed in the menu), Image (an optional icon), ShortcutKeys (keyboard
shortcuts), and an event handler for its Click event (the code that runs when the
menu item is selected).
* You can also add separators (ToolStripSeparator) to visually group related
menu items and submenus (ToolStripMenuItem can contain other
ToolStripMenuItem objects).
* Associating the Menu with a Control: To make a pop-up menu appear when a
user right-clicks on a specific control (like a TextBox, ListBox, PictureBox, or
even the form itself), you need to associate the ContextMenuStrip with that
control's ContextMenuStrip property. You can do this in the Properties window of
the target control by selecting the desired ContextMenuStrip from the dropdown
list.
* Handling Menu Item Clicks: When the user selects an item from the pop-up
menu, the Click event of the corresponding ToolStripMenuItem is raised. You
need to write event handler code for these Click events to perform the desired
actions. This code will typically access the control that the menu was invoked on
(you can often use the SourceControl property of the EventArgs in the Click
event handler to determine which control was right-clicked).

d) Write a C# program to find the length of a string.

using System;
public class StringLength
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Enter a string: ");
string inputString = Console.ReadLine();

int length = inputString.Length;

 22

Console.WriteLine($"The length of the string \"{inputString}\" is: {length}");

}
}

e) Write a C# program to calculate the area of a circle.

using System;
public class CircleArea
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
if (double.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out double radius))
{
if (radius >= 0)
{
double area = Math.PI * radius * radius;
Console.WriteLine($"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is:
{area:F2}"); // Format to 2 decimal places
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Radius cannot be negative.");
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number for the
radius.");
}
}
}

a) Event-Driven Programming
Event-driven programming is a paradigm where the flow of the program is
determined by events – actions or occurrences that happen, such as user
interactions (mouse clicks, key presses), system messages, or signals from other
 23

parts of the program or the operating system. Instead of a linear, predefined

execution path, the program waits for events to occur and then executes specific
code blocks (event handlers) associated with those events. This makes
applications more interactive and responsive to user actions. Common in GUI
applications.

b) JIT (Just-In-Time) Compilers

JIT compilers are a type of program execution that combines aspects of both
compilation and interpretation. Instead of compiling the entire source code into
machine code before execution (like ahead-of-time compilation), or interpreting
each instruction at runtime, a JIT compiler translates parts of the bytecode (or
intermediate representation) into native machine code during the execution of the
program, just before those parts are needed. This aims to achieve a balance
between the faster execution speed of compiled code and the flexibility and
platform independence of interpreted code. The .NET CLR and Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) both utilize JIT compilation.

c) Method Overloading
Method overloading is a feature in object-oriented programming that allows a
class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists.
The parameter lists must differ in either the number of parameters, the data types
of the parameters, or the order of the data types of the parameters. The compiler
determines which overloaded method to call based on the arguments passed
during the method invocation. This provides a way to create more flexible and
intuitive APIs where a single method name can perform similar operations on
different types or numbers of input.

a) What are Control Structures? Discuss any two control structures. 4 mark
Control structures are statements in a programming language that determine the
order in which instructions are executed. They allow for decision-making and
repetition within a program, enabling it to perform complex tasks based on
conditions and data. Without control structures, programs would simply execute
sequentially, one instruction after another.
Here are two common control structures:
* If...Then...Else (Selection Structure): This control structure allows a program to
execute different blocks of code based on whether a specified condition is true or
false.
 24

* If...Then: Executes a block of code only if a condition is true.

Dim age As Integer = 20
If age >= 18 Then
Console.WriteLine("You are eligible to vote.")
End If

int age = 20;

if (age >= 18)
{
Console.WriteLine("You are eligible to vote.");
}

* If...Then...Else: Executes one block of code if a condition is true and another

block of code if the condition is false.
Dim temperature As Integer = 15
If temperature > 20 Then
Console.WriteLine("It's warm.")
Else
Console.WriteLine("It's cool.")
End If

int temperature = 15;

if (temperature > 20)
{
Console.WriteLine("It's warm.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("It's cool.");
}

* If...Then...ElseIf...Else: Allows for multiple conditions to be checked in

sequence. The first condition that evaluates to true will have its corresponding
block of code executed. An optional Else block can be included to execute if
none of the preceding conditions are true.
Dim grade As Char = "B"
If grade = "A" Then
 25

Console.WriteLine("Excellent!")
ElseIf grade = "B" Then
Console.WriteLine("Good job.")
ElseIf grade = "C" Then
Console.WriteLine("Average.")
Else
Console.WriteLine("Needs improvement.")
End If

char grade = 'B';

if (grade == 'A')
{
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!");
}
else if (grade == 'B')
{
Console.WriteLine("Good job.");
}
else if (grade == 'C')
{
Console.WriteLine("Average.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Needs improvement.");
}

* For...Next / for (Iteration Structure): This control structure provides a way to

repeatedly execute a block of code a specific number of times. It uses a counter
variable that is initialized, incremented (or decremented), and checked against a
termination condition.
* For...Next (VB.Net):
For i As Integer = 1 To 5
Console.WriteLine($"The value of i is: {i}")
Next i

* for (C#):
 26

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

{
Console.WriteLine($"The value of i is: {i}");
}

Both examples above will print the numbers 1 through 5 to the console. The
For loop initializes a counter variable i, checks if it's less than or equal to the
upper limit (5), executes the code block, and then increments i. This process
continues until the condition is no longer true.
Control structures are fundamental building blocks of any programming
language, enabling the creation of programs that can make decisions and
perform repetitive tasks, making them much more powerful and versatile.

b) Explain the components of the .NET Framework.

The .NET Framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft
for building and running applications on Windows. It provides a comprehensive
environment with various components that work together. Here are its key
components:
* Common Language Runtime (CLR): This is the heart of the .NET Framework.
It's the execution engine that manages the execution of .NET applications. Key
responsibilities of the CLR include:
* Memory Management: Automatic memory allocation and deallocation through
garbage collection.
* Exception Handling: Provides a structured way to handle runtime errors.
* Type Safety: Enforces type checking to prevent common programming errors.
* Security: Provides mechanisms for code access security and role-based
security.
* Thread Management: Allows for the creation and management of multiple
threads for concurrent execution.
* Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: Compiles Intermediate Language (IL) code
into native machine code just before execution, optimizing performance.
* .NET Framework Class Library (FCL): This is an extensive collection of pre-
built classes, interfaces, and value types that provide a wide range of
functionalities for developers. It's organized into namespaces and covers areas
such as:
* Input/Output operations (System.IO)
* Data structures and collections (System.Collections)
 27

* Networking (System.Net)
* XML processing (System.Xml)
* Security (System.Security)
* Web development (ASP.NET in System.Web)
* Windows Forms for GUI development (System.Windows.Forms)
* Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) for modern UI
(System.Windows.Presentation)
* Data access (ADO.NET in System.Data)
* Language Integrated Query (LINQ in System.Linq)
* Common Language Specification (CLS): As mentioned earlier, the CLS is a set
of rules that define a subset of the Common Type System (CTS) that all .NET
languages are expected to support. Adhering to the CLS ensures seamless
interoperability between code written in different .NET languages (like C#,
VB.NET, and F#).
* Common Type System (CTS): The CTS defines how data types are declared
and used in the .NET Framework. It provides a unified type system that is shared
by all .NET languages, enabling them to work with each other's data types. The
CTS includes value types (like integers and booleans) and reference types (like
objects and strings).
* Language Compilers: The .NET Framework includes language-specific
compilers (e.g., C# compiler csc.exe, VB.NET compiler vbc.exe, F# compiler
fsc.exe). These compilers translate the source code written in a specific .NET
language into Intermediate Language (IL), which is then executed by the CLR.

c) Explain Inheritance with an example.

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that
allows a new class (derived or child class) to inherit properties and methods from
an existing class (base or parent class). This promotes code reusability and
establishes an "is-a" relationship between classes. The derived class can then
extend or modify the inherited members and also define its own unique
members.
Analogy: Think of biological inheritance. A child inherits traits from their parents.
They have the parents' general characteristics but can also have their own
unique traits.
Example in C#:
using System;
 28

// Base class (Parent)

public class Animal
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Sound { get; set; }

public Animal(string name, string sound)

{
Name = name;
Sound = sound;
}

public virtual void MakeSound()

{
Console.WriteLine($"{Name} makes a {Sound}");
}
}

// Derived class (Child) inheriting from Animal

public class Dog : Animal
{
public string Breed { get; set; }

public Dog(string name, string breed) : base(name, "Woof") // Calling the base
class constructor
{
Breed = breed;
}

// Override the MakeSound method to provide a more specific sound

public override void MakeSound()
{
Console.WriteLine($"{Name} the {Breed} barks loudly: {Sound}! {Sound}!");
}

public void Fetch()

{
 29

Console.WriteLine($"{Name} is fetching the ball.");

}
}

// Derived class (Child) inheriting from Animal

public class Cat : Animal
{
public string FurColor { get; set; }

public Cat(string name, string color) : base(name, "Meow") // Calling the base
class constructor
{
FurColor = color;
}

public void Purr()

{
Console.WriteLine($"{Name} the {FurColor} cat is purring.");
}
}

public class InheritanceExample

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Dog myDog = new Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever");
Cat myCat = new Cat("Whiskers", "Gray");

myDog.MakeSound(); // Output: Buddy the Golden Retriever barks loudly:

Woof! Woof!
myDog.Fetch(); // Output: Buddy is fetching the ball.

myCat.MakeSound(); // Output: Whiskers makes a Meow

myCat.Purr(); // Output: Whiskers the Gray cat is purring.

Animal genericAnimalDog = myDog; // Upcasting - treating a Dog as an

Animal
 30

genericAnimalDog.MakeSound(); // Output: Buddy the Golden Retriever

barks loudly: Woof! Woof!
}
}

d) Explain Server Controls.

Server controls are a fundamental part of ASP.NET Web Forms that provide a
more abstract and object-oriented way to create dynamic web user interfaces.
Unlike basic HTML elements, server controls are processed on the server before
being rendered as HTML and sent to the client's browser. They offer several
advantages:
* Server-Side Processing: Their logic and behavior are executed on the web
server. This allows developers to write server-side code (in languages like C# or
VB.NET) to dynamically generate HTML, interact with data sources, handle user
input, and manage application state.
* Abstraction of HTML: They provide a higher level of abstraction over basic
HTML elements. Developers interact with controls as objects with properties,
methods, and events, rather than directly manipulating HTML tags. ASP.NET
then takes care of rendering the appropriate HTML for different browsers.
* State Management: Many server controls automatically manage their state
across postbacks (when a web page is submitted to the server). For example,
the text entered in a TextBox or the selected item in a DropDownList is
automatically preserved between requests, simplifying the development of
interactive forms.
* Event Handling: Server controls can raise server-side events in response to
user actions (e.g., clicking a button, changing text in a textbox). Developers can
write event handlers on the server to execute specific code when these events
occur. This enables dynamic behavior and interaction with the user.
* Data Binding: Many server controls can be easily bound to data sources (like
databases or collections). This allows for the automatic display and manipulation
of data in controls like GridView, DropDownList, and ListBox.
* Rich Functionality: Server controls often encapsulate complex UI functionality.
For example, the Calendar control provides a user-friendly interface for selecting
dates with minimal code. Validation controls (RequiredFieldValidator,
RangeValidator, etc.) offer a declarative way to implement input validation.
 31

* Extensibility: ASP.NET allows developers to create their own custom server

controls to encapsulate specific UI logic and behavior, promoting code reusability
and modularity.
Categorization of Server Controls:
Server controls can be broadly categorized into:
* HTML Server Controls: These are server-side wrappers around standard
HTML elements (e.g., <input type="text"> becomes <asp:TextBox
runat="server">). They provide programmatic access to the HTML element's
properties on the server.
In this example:
* <asp:TextBox> is a web server control that renders as an HTML <input
type="text"> element. The runat="server" attribute indicates it should be
processed on the server. Its value can be accessed in the server-side code using
txtName.Text.
* <asp:Button> renders as an HTML <input type="submit"> button. The OnClick
attribute specifies a server-side event handler (btnSubmit_Click) to be executed
when the button is clicked.

e) Explain the Command Object.

In the context of ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Objects .NET), a Command object is
used to execute commands against a data source. These commands can be
SQL statements, stored procedures, or table names (though the latter is less
common for direct execution). The Command object is a crucial component for
interacting with databases and performing data manipulation operations.
Key aspects of a Command object:
* Purpose: Its primary purpose is to define and execute a specific action against
a data source. This action could be retrieving data, inserting, updating, or
deleting records, or executing stored procedures.
* Connection Association: A Command object must be associated with a
Connection object. The Connection object establishes the link to the specific
database or data source that the command will be executed against. You
typically set the Connection property of the Command object to an open
Connection object.
* Command Text: The CommandText property of the Command object holds the
actual command to be executed. This could be:
* A SQL query (e.g., SELECT * FROM Employees, INSERT INTO Orders (...)
VALUES (...)).
 32

* The name of a stored procedure to be executed.

* (Less commonly) The name of a table to retrieve all records.
* Command Type: The CommandType property specifies how the
CommandText should be interpreted. Common values include:
* Text: Indicates that the CommandText is a SQL query.

a) VB.Net program for blinking an image.

Public Class Form1

Private WithEvents BlinkTimer As New Timer()

Private isImageVisible As Boolean = True

Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

MyBase.Load
' Set the interval for blinking (in milliseconds)
BlinkTimer.Interval = 500
BlinkTimer.Start()
End Sub

Private Sub BlinkTimer_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

BlinkTimer.Tick
' Toggle the visibility of the PictureBox
PictureBox1.Visible = isImageVisible
isImageVisible = Not isImageVisible
End Sub

' Add a PictureBox control named PictureBox1 to your form and set its Image
property.

End Class

b) Write a program in C# for swapping of two numbers.

using System;

public class SwappingNumbers

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
 33

{
Console.Write("Enter the first number: ");
int num1 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

Console.Write("Enter the second number: ");

int num2 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine($"Before swapping: First = {num1}, Second = {num2}");

// Swapping using a temporary variable

int temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;

Console.WriteLine($"After swapping: First = {num1}, Second = {num2}");

}
}

c) Design a VB.net form to pick a date from Date Time Picker control and
display day, month, and year in separate text boxes.
Public Class Form1
Private Sub DateTimePicker1_ValueChanged(sender As Object, e As
EventArgs) Handles DateTimePicker1.ValueChanged
TextBoxDay.Text = DateTimePicker1.Value.Day.ToString()
TextBoxMonth.Text = DateTimePicker1.Value.Month.ToString()
TextBoxYear.Text = DateTimePicker1.Value.Year.ToString()
End Sub

' Add a DateTimePicker control named DateTimePicker1 and three TextBox

controls
' named TextBoxDay, TextBoxMonth, and TextBoxYear to your form.

End Class

d) Write a VB.net program to check whether an entered string is Palindrome

or not.
Public Class Form1
 34

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Button1.Click
Dim inputString As String = TextBox1.Text
Dim reversedString As String = StrReverse(inputString)

If inputString.ToLower() = reversedString.ToLower() Then

LabelResult.Text = $"'{inputString}' is a Palindrome."
Else
LabelResult.Text = $"'{inputString}' is not a Palindrome."
End If
End Sub

' Add a TextBox control named TextBox1, a Button control named Button1,
' and a Label control named LabelResult to your form. Set the Text property
' of Button1 to "Check Palindrome" and clear the Text property of LabelResult.

End Class

e) Write a C#.net application to display the vowels from a given string.

using System;
using System.Text;
public class DisplayVowels
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Enter a string: ");
string inputString = Console.ReadLine();

StringBuilder vowels = new StringBuilder();

string vowelSet = "aeiouAEIOU";

foreach (char ch in inputString)

{
if (vowelSet.Contains(ch))
{
vowels.Append(ch);
}
 35

Console.WriteLine($"Vowels in the string: {vowels.ToString()}");

}
}
a) What are Constructors? Explain with a suitable Example?
A constructor is a special method within a class that is automatically called when
an object (instance) of that class is created. Its primary purpose is to initialize the
object's data members (fields or properties) and perform any other setup required
for the object to be in a valid state.
Key characteristics of constructors:
* Constructors have the same name as the class itself.
* Constructors do not have a return type (not even void).
* A class can have multiple constructors (constructor overloading) with different
parameter lists.
* If you don't explicitly define a constructor in a class, the compiler automatically
provides a default (parameterless) constructor.
Example in C#:
using System;

public class Student

{
public int RollNo { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }

// Default (parameterless) constructor

public Student()
{
RollNo = 0;
Name = "Unknown";
Age = 18; // Default age
Console.WriteLine("Default constructor called.");
}

// Parameterized constructor
public Student(int rollNo, string name, int age)
 36

{
RollNo = rollNo;
Name = name;
Age = age;
Console.WriteLine("Parameterized constructor called.");
}

public void DisplayDetails()

{
Console.WriteLine($"Roll No: {RollNo}, Name: {Name}, Age: {Age}");
}

public static void Main(string[] args)

{
Student student1 = new Student(); // Calls the default constructor
student1.DisplayDetails();

Student student2 = new Student(101, "Alice", 20); // Calls the parameterized

constructor
student2.DisplayDetails();
}
}
b) Explain Connection Object and Command Object?
Connection Object:
* Purpose: The Connection object establishes a physical link or session with a
specific data source (e.g., a database server). It holds the information needed to
locate and access the data.
* Analogy: Think of it as the phone line or the network cable that connects your
application to the database.
* Key Properties (Common):
* ConnectionString: A string that contains all the necessary information to
connect to the data source (e.g., server name, database name, authentication
details).
* State: Indicates the current state of the connection (e.g., Open, Closed,
Connecting).
* ConnectionTimeout: Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) to wait while
trying to establish a connection.
 37

* Key Methods (Common):

* Open(): Establishes the connection to the data source.
* Close(): Closes the connection, releasing resources.
* Dispose(): Releases all resources used by the connection.
* Examples (Specific to data providers): SqlConnection (for SQL Server),
OleDbConnection (for OLE DB sources), OdbcConnection (for ODBC sources).
Command Object:
* Purpose: The Command object represents a specific instruction or query that
you want to execute against the data source through the established connection.
* Analogy: Think of it as the specific request you make over the phone line (the
Connection) to the person on the other end (the database).
* Key Properties (Common):
* CommandText: A string that contains the SQL statement, stored procedure
name, or table name to be executed.
* CommandType: Specifies the type of command in CommandText (e.g., Text
for SQL queries, StoredProcedure).
* Connection: The Connection object that this command will use to execute.
* Parameters: A collection of Parameter objects used when executing
parameterized queries or stored procedures.
* Transaction: Allows the command to participate in a transaction.
* Key Methods (Common):
* ExecuteNonQuery(): Executes commands that do not return rows (e.g.,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). Returns the number of rows affected.
* ExecuteScalar(): Executes commands that return a single scalar value (e.g.,
SELECT COUNT(*) ...). Returns the first column of the first row.
* ExecuteReader(): Executes commands that return a set of data (e.g.,
SELECT * ...). Returns a DataReader object that allows you to iterate through the
results.
* ExecuteXmlReader(): Executes commands that return XML data.

c) Write a C# program to find the area of a circle.

using System;
public class CircleArea
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
 38

if (double.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out double radius))

{
if (radius >= 0)
{
double area = Math.PI * radius * radius;
Console.WriteLine($"The area of the circle with radius {radius} is:
{area:F2}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Radius cannot be negative.");
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number for the
radius.");
}
}
}
d) Write a VB.net program to move the text "Pune university" continuously
from left to right.
Public Class Form1
Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
MyBase.Load
Label1.Left = -Label1.Width ' Start the label off-screen to the left
Timer1.Interval = 50 ' Set the animation speed (milliseconds)
Timer1.Start()
End Sub

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Timer1.Tick
Label1.Left += 5 ' Move the label 5 pixels to the right in each tick

' Reset the label position when it goes off-screen to the right
If Label1.Left > Me.Width Then
Label1.Left = -Label1.Width
 39

End If
End Sub

' Add a Label control named Label1 to your form and set its Text property to
"Pune university".
' Add a Timer control named Timer1 to your form.
' Ensure Timer1's Enabled property is initially False (it will be started in code).

End Class

a) Event-Driven Programming
Event-driven programming is a paradigm where the flow of the program is
determined by events – actions or occurrences that happen, such as user
interactions (mouse clicks, key presses), system messages, or signals from other
parts of the program or the operating system. Instead of a linear, predefined
execution path, the program waits for events to occur and then executes specific
code blocks (event handlers) associated with those events. This makes
applications more interactive and responsive to user actions. Common in GUI
applications.

b) Explain Object-Oriented Concepts in C#

C# is a strongly object-oriented programming (OOP) language. The core OOP
concepts it supports are:
* Encapsulation: Bundling data (fields/properties) and the methods that operate
on that data within a single unit (a class). It helps in hiding the internal
implementation details and exposing only a controlled interface, promoting data
integrity and modularity.
* Inheritance: A mechanism where a new class (derived class) can inherit
properties and methods from an existing class (base class). This promotes code
reusability and establishes an "is-a" relationship between classes.
* Polymorphism: The ability of objects of different classes to respond to the
same method call in their own specific way. This is often achieved through
method overriding (in inheritance) or interface implementation, allowing for more
flexible and extensible code.
* Abstraction: Simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based on
essential properties and behaviors relevant to the application. Abstract classes
 40

and interfaces are key tools for achieving abstraction by defining contracts
without providing full implementation.

c) Validation Controls in ASP.NET

ASP.NET provides a set of server-side validation controls that allow developers
to easily implement input validation on web forms. These controls automatically
check user input against predefined rules before the data is submitted to the
server. Key advantages include:
* Declarative Syntax: Validation rules are often defined directly in the ASPX
markup, making them easy to understand and maintain.
* Client-Side and Server-Side Validation: Many validation controls can perform
validation in the user's browser (using JavaScript) for immediate feedback and on
the server for security and reliability.
* Variety of Controls: ASP.NET offers controls for common validation tasks like:
* RequiredFieldValidator: Ensures a field is not left empty.
* CompareValidator: Compares the value of one control to another or a specific
value.
* RangeValidator: Checks if a value falls within a specified range.
* RegularExpressionValidator: Validates input against a regular expression
pattern.
* CustomValidator: Allows developers to write custom validation logic.
* ValidationSummary: Displays a summary of all validation errors on the page.
* Easy Integration: Validation controls are easily associated with input controls
using the ControlToValidate property.

a) Explain the ASP.NET Page Life Cycle in Detail.

The ASP.NET Page Life Cycle is a sequence of events that occur when an
ASP.NET page is requested and processed by the server. Understanding this
cycle is crucial for managing page state, handling events, and controlling the
page's output. Here are the key stages:
* Page Request: This is not technically part of the page life cycle but is the
starting point. When a user requests an ASP.NET page (e.g., by entering a URL
or clicking a link), the request is first handled by IIS (Internet Information
Services). IIS then passes the request to the ASP.NET runtime.
* Page Initialization:
* ProcessRequest: The HttpHandler (usually PageHandlerFactory for .aspx
pages) processes the request and creates an instance of the Page class.
 41

* BeginInit: The server controls on the page are initialized. Control properties
are set to their default values or values from the previous view state and control
state.
* OnInit: This event is raised after all server controls have been initialized and
any skin settings have been applied. It's a good place to perform early
initialization tasks that need to occur before view state is loaded.
* Page Load:
* LoadViewState: If the page is being posted back (i.e., the user submitted a
form), the view state information from the previous request is loaded and applied
to the controls. View state allows controls to remember their values between
postbacks.
* LoadControlState: Similar to view state, control state is loaded. Control state
is used for critical control data that must be maintained even if view state is
disabled.
* OnLoad: This event is raised after view state and control state have been
loaded. It's a common place to perform tasks that depend on control values or
view state, such as querying a database based on user input from the previous
postback. The IsPostBack property is useful here to differentiate between the
initial page load and subsequent postbacks.
* Control Events: If the request is a postback resulting from a control event (e.g.,
a button click), the relevant event handlers for the control are executed at this
stage. These events occur after the Load event and before the PreRender event.
For example, if a user clicks a button, the Click event handler for that button will
be executed here.
* Page PreRender:
* OnPreRender: This event is raised after all control events have been handled
and just before the page's content is rendered. It's the last chance to make
changes to the page and its controls before the output is generated. You might
perform final data binding or update UI elements based on the processing done
in earlier stages.
* SaveStateComplete: Before rendering, the view state and control state for the
page and its controls are saved. This information will be sent to the client as
hidden fields in the HTML and will be used to restore the state during the next
postback.

.
 42

c) How to create menus in VB.Net?

In VB.Net Windows Forms applications, you primarily use the MenuStrip control
to create standard application menus. Here's a step-by-step guide:
* Add a MenuStrip Control to the Form:
* Open your VB.Net Windows Forms project in Visual Studio.
* Go to the Toolbox (View -> Toolbox).
* Find the MenuStrip control under the "Menus & Toolbars" category.
* Drag and drop the MenuStrip control onto your form. It will usually appear
docked at the top of the form.
* Add Menu Items:
* Once the MenuStrip is on the form, you'll see a visual representation at the
top with the text "Type Here".
* Click on "Type Here" and enter the text for your first top-level menu item (e.g.,
"File"). Press Enter or click outside the box to finalize.
* You can continue typing in the adjacent "Type Here" boxes to add more top-
level menu items (e.g., "Edit", "View", "Help").
* Add Sub-Menu Items:
* Click on a top-level menu item you've created (e.g., "File"). You'll see a "Type
Here" dropdown below it.
* Enter the text for your first sub-menu item (e.g., "New"). Press Enter.
* Continue typing in the subsequent "Type Here" boxes to add more sub-menu
items under the "File" menu (e.g., "Open", "Save", "Exit").
* You can create sub-menus within sub-menus by clicking on a sub-menu item
and typing in the "Type Here" box to its right.
* Set Properties of Menu Items:
* Select a menu item (either top-level or sub-menu).
* Go to the Properties window (View -> Properties Window).
* Here, you can customize various properties:
* Text: The text displayed in the menu item. You can use an ampersand (&)
before a letter to define a keyboard shortcut (e.g., &File will make Alt+F open the
File menu).
* ShortcutKeys: Allows you to assign specific keyboard shortcuts to menu
items (e.g., Ctrl+N for "New").
* Image: You can associate an image with the menu item.
* Enabled: Determines whether the menu item is active or grayed out.
* Visible: Determines whether the menu item is displayed.
 43

* DropDownItems: This is a collection that allows you to programmatically add

or modify sub-menu items.
* Name: A unique identifier for the menu item that you'll use in your code.
* Add Event Handlers (Code to Execute when a Menu Item is Clicked):
* Double-click on a menu item in the form designer. This will automatically
generate a Click event handler in the form's code-behind.
* Write the code you want to execute within this event handler. For example:
Private Sub FileNewToolStripMenuItem_Click(sender As Object, e As
EventArgs) Handles FileNewToolStripMenuItem.Click
' Code to create a new file
MessageBox.Show("New File clicked!")
End Sub

Private Sub FileExitToolStripMenuItem_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)

Handles FileExitToolStripMenuItem.Click
' Code to exit the application
Me.Close()
End Sub

* The naming convention for the event handler is usually

[MenuItemName]_Click.
* Add Separators:
* In the menu designer, when you're adding items, you can right-click and
choose "Insert" -> "Separator" to add a horizontal line that visually separates
menu items.
Using Code to Create Menus (Less Common for Basic Menus):
You can also create menus entirely in code, but it's more verbose for typical
application menus. This is useful for dynamically generating menus. You would
create instances of ToolStripMenuItem and add them to the Items collection of
the MenuStrip.

d) Enlist and explain various objectives of the .Net Framework.

The .NET Framework was designed with several key objectives in mind to
improve the process of software development and the quality of applications.
Here are some of the main objectives:
* Language Interoperability: One of the primary goals was to enable seamless
integration and interaction between code written in different programming
 44

languages. The Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the Common Type
System (CTS) provide a unified environment where languages like C#, VB.NET,
and F# can work together, share code, and inherit from each other's classes.
This allows developers to choose the language best suited for a particular task
without sacrificing interoperability.
* Simplified Development: The .NET Framework provides a rich set of class
libraries (FCL/BCL) that offer pre-built components for a wide range of tasks,
such as data access (ADO.NET), web development (ASP.NET), GUI
development (Windows Forms, WPF), networking, security, and more. This
significantly reduces the amount of code developers need to write from scratch,
leading to faster development cycles and increased productivity.
* Platform Independence (Initially Focused on Windows): While the original .NET
Framework was primarily targeted at the Windows operating system, it aimed to
provide a consistent development experience across different versions of
Windows. Modern .NET (.NET Core and later) has significantly expanded this
objective to include cross-platform compatibility with macOS and Linux.
* Robust and Secure Applications: The .NET Framework incorporates features
designed to enhance the reliability and security of applications. Automatic
memory management (garbage collection) helps prevent memory leaks.
Exception handling provides a structured way to deal with runtime errors. Code
access security and other security features help protect applications from
malicious code.
* Simplified Deployment: The .NET Framework aimed to simplify the deployment
of applications. Features like assembly management and the Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI) contribute to easier deployment and versioning of software
components. XCOPY deployment (simply copying files) is possible for
many .NET applications.
* Integration with Existing Systems: The .NET Framework provides mechanisms
for interoperating with existing COM (Component Object Model) components and
native Windows APIs. This allows developers to leverage legacy code and
platform-specific functionalities when necessary, facilitating the migration to and
coexistence with older technologies.
* Support for Modern Application Development: The .NET Framework has
evolved to support modern development paradigms, including web services,
cloud computing, mobile development (through Xamarin, now .NET MAUI), and
more. Technologies like ASP.NET Core are designed for building scalable and
high-performance web applications and APIs.
 45

e) state and explain four fundamental categories of statements used in

VB.NET.
Answer:
* Declaration Statements: These introduce programming elements like variables
(Dim), constants (Const), and procedures (Sub, Function), defining their names
and characteristics (e.g., data type). They essentially set up the building blocks of
your program.
* Assignment Statement: This uses the equals sign (=) to assign a value to a
variable or property. It's how data gets stored and updated within your program's
memory.
* Control Flow Statements: These dictate the order in which your code is
executed. Examples include conditional statements (If...Then...Else) and loops
(For...Next, While...End While), allowing for decision-making and repetition.
* Procedure Statements: These define reusable blocks of code that perform
specific tasks. Sub procedures execute actions without returning a value, while
Function procedures perform actions and return a result. They promote code
organization and reusability.

A) C# Program for Multiplication of Two Numbers:

using System;

public class Multiplication

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the first number:");
string? num1Input = Console.ReadLine();

Console.WriteLine("Enter the second number:");

string? num2Input = Console.ReadLine();

if (double.TryParse(num1Input, out double num1) &&

double.TryParse(num2Input, out double num2))
{
double product = num1 * num2;
Console.WriteLine($"The product of {num1} and {num2} is: {product}");
 46

}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter valid numbers.");
}
}
}

B) C# Program to Calculate the Area of a Square:

using System;

public class SquareArea

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the side length of the square:");
string? sideInput = Console.ReadLine();

if (double.TryParse(sideInput, out double side))

{
double area = side * side;
Console.WriteLine($"The area of the square with side {side} is: {area}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number for the side
length.");
}
}
}.
C) VB.NET Program to Check if a Given Number is a Palindrome:
Module PalindromeChecker

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Enter a number:")
Dim input As String = Console.ReadLine()
 47

If IsNumeric(input) Then
Dim number As Integer = Integer.Parse(input)
If IsPalindrome(number) Then
Console.WriteLine($"{number} is a palindrome.")
Else
Console.WriteLine($"{number} is not a palindrome.")
End If
Else
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.")
End If

Console.ReadKey() ' To keep the console window open

End Sub

Function IsPalindrome(num As Integer) As Boolean

Dim originalNumber As Integer = num
Dim reversedNumber As Integer = 0
Dim remainder As Integer

While num > 0

remainder = num Mod 10
reversedNumber = (reversedNumber * 10) + remainder
num = num \ 10 ' Integer division
End While

Return originalNumber = reversedNumber

End Function

End Module

D) VB.NET Program to Print Yesterday's Date on Screen:

Module YesterdayDate

Sub Main()
Dim yesterday As Date = Date.Today.AddDays(-1)
 48

Console.WriteLine($"Yesterday's date was: {yesterday.ToString("yyyy-MM-

dd")}") ' You can change the format as needed
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub

End Module

E) VB.NET Program to Display Student ID, Student Name, Student Course,

and Student Fees:
Module StudentDetails

Sub Main()
Dim studentID As Integer = 12345
Dim studentName As String = "Alice Smith"
Dim studentCourse As String = "Computer Science"
Dim studentFees As Decimal = 15000.75D ' The 'D' suffix indicates a
Decimal literal

Console.WriteLine("Student Details:")
Console.WriteLine($"Student ID: {studentID}")
Console.WriteLine($"Student Name: {studentName}")
Console.WriteLine($"Student Course: {studentCourse}")
Console.WriteLine($"Student Fees: ${studentFees}") ' Added a dollar sign
for currency representation

Console.ReadKey()
End Sub

End Module

A) What are the HTML controls? Explain.

HTML controls, also known as form controls, are interactive elements within an
HTML form that allow users to input or select data. They are essential for
creating web pages that can collect information from users. These controls are
defined using the <input> element with different type attributes, as well as other
specific HTML elements like <textarea>, <select>, and <button>.
Here's a breakdown of some common HTML controls:
 49

* Text Input (<input type="text">): Creates a single-line text field where users
can enter alphanumeric data.
* Example: <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Enter your
username">
* Password Input (<input type="password">): Similar to text input, but it masks
the entered characters (usually with asterisks or dots) for security purposes.
* Example: <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Enter your
password">
* Radio Buttons (<input type="radio">): Allow users to select only one option
from a predefined set. Radio buttons within the same group share the same
name attribute.
* Example:
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="male">
<label for="male">Male</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="female">
<label for="female">Female</label><br>

* Checkboxes (<input type="checkbox">): Allow users to select zero or more

options from a predefined set. Multiple checkboxes can share the same name
attribute (often with array notation, e.g., hobbies[]).
* Example:
<input type="checkbox" id="reading" name="hobbies[]" value="reading">
<label for="reading">Reading</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="sports" name="hobbies[]" value="sports">
<label for="sports">Sports</label><br>

* Submit Button (<input type="submit"> or <button type="submit">): Triggers the

submission of the form data to the server when clicked.
* Example: <input type="submit" value="Submit"> or <button
type="submit">Submit</button>
* Reset Button (<input type="reset"> or <button type="reset">): Resets all the
form controls to their initial values when clicked.
* Example: <input type="reset" value="Reset"> or <button
type="reset">Reset</button>
* Button (<input type="button"> or <button type="button">): A general-purpose
button that doesn't have any default action associated with it. It's typically used
with JavaScript to implement custom functionality.
 50

* Example: <input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunction()"> or

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me</button>
* Select Dropdown (<select>): Creates a dropdown list from which users can
select one or more options (with the multiple attribute). Options within the
dropdown are defined using the <option> tag.
* Example:
<label for="country">Country:</label>
<select id="country" name="country">
<option value="usa">United States</option>
<option value="uk">United Kingdom</option>
<option value="canada">Canada</option>
</select>

* Textarea (<textarea>): Creates a multi-line text input field, useful for entering
larger amounts of text.
* Example: <textarea name="message" rows="5" cols="30" placeholder="Enter
your message"></textarea>

B) Write steps to connect to a database using ADO.Net.

ADO.Net (ActiveX Data Objects for .NET) is a framework in .NET that enables
you to connect to and interact with various data sources. Here are the general
steps to connect to a database using ADO.Net:
* Choose the Appropriate .NET Data Provider: ADO.Net uses data providers,
which are sets of classes that handle the specific communication with a particular
type of database. You need to select the provider that corresponds to your
database system. Common providers include:
* System.Data.SqlClient: For Microsoft SQL Server.
* System.Data.OleDb: For databases that support OLE DB (e.g., Microsoft
Access).
* System.Data.Odbc: For databases that support ODBC (Open Database
Connectivity).
* MySql.Data.MySqlClient: For MySQL.
* Npgsql: For PostgreSQL.
* System.Data.SQLite: For SQLite.
* Import the Namespace: In your C# or VB.NET code, import the namespace of
the chosen data provider to easily access its classes.
 51

* C#: using System.Data.SqlClient; (for SQL Server) or the relevant

namespace.
* VB.NET: Imports System.Data.SqlClient (for SQL Server) or the relevant
namespace.
* Create a Connection Object: Instantiate a connection object from the chosen
provider's connection class. This object holds the information needed to establish
a connection with the database.
* C# (SQL Server): SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection();
* VB.NET (SQL Server): Dim connection As New SqlConnection()
* Set the Connection String: The connection string is a string that contains the
necessary information to locate and access the database. The specific
parameters in the connection string vary depending on the data provider and the
database system. Common parameters include:
* Server or Data Source: The name or IP address of the database server.
* Database or Initial Catalog: The name of the database.
* User ID or UID: The username for authentication.
* Password or PWD: The password for authentication.
* Integrated Security: For Windows authentication (often set to True or SSPI).
Set the ConnectionString property of the connection object.
* C# (SQL Server): connection.ConnectionString =
"Server=your_server;Database=your_database;User
ID=your_user;Password=your_password;";
* VB.NET (SQL Server): connection.ConnectionString =
"Server=your_server;Database=your_database;User
ID=your_user;Password=your_password;"

* C#:
try
{
connection.Open();
Console.WriteLine("Connection to the database established successfully!");
// Proceed with database operations
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Error connecting to the database: {ex.Message}");
}
 52

* VB.NET:
Try
connection.Open()
Console.WriteLine("Connection to the database established successfully!")
' Proceed with database operations
Catch ex As Exception
Console.WriteLine($"Error connecting to the database: {ex.Message}")
End Try

End Try ' If you had a Try block

C) Explain Common Type Systems (CTS) and Common Language

Specification (CLS).
Common Type System (CTS):
The Common Type System (CTS) is a fundamental part of the .NET Framework.
It defines how data types are declared, used, and managed in the Common
Language Runtime (CLR). The CTS ensures language interoperability by
providing a unified type system that all .NET languages must adhere to. This
allows code written in different .NET languages (like C#, VB.NET, F#) to
seamlessly interact with each other.
Key aspects of the CTS include:
* Base Types: The CTS defines a hierarchy of built-in value types (like integers,
floating-point numbers, booleans, structures, enumerations) and reference types
(like objects, strings, arrays, classes, interfaces, delegates). All types ultimately
derive from the System.Object base class.
* Type Categories: The CTS categorizes types into value types and reference
types.
* Value Types: Hold their actual data within their memory allocation.
Assignments of value types create a copy of the value. Examples include Integer,
Double, Boolean, Structure, and Enum. They are typically allocated on the stack.
* Type Members: The CTS defines the members that a type can have, such as
fields (data variables), properties (accessors for fields), methods (functions),
events (notifications), and constructors (for object initialization).
* Type Visibility: The CTS supports different levels of accessibility for types and
their members (e.g., Public, Private, Protected, Internal).
 53

Common Language Specification (CLS):

The Common Language Specification (CLS) is a set of rules that language
compilers targeting the .NET Framework must follow to ensure base-level
interoperability with other CLS-compliant languages. The CLS is a subset of the
CTS. Not every feature of the CTS is part of the CLS.
The goal of the CLS is to allow components written in one CLS-compliant
language to be used by components written in another CLS-compliant language
without significant issues.
Key aspects of the CLS include:
* Type System Restrictions: The CLS specifies which CTS types and features
are guaranteed to be interoperable. For example, it restricts the use of unsigned
integer types for public interfaces because not all .NET languages support them
directly.
* Naming Conventions: The CLS defines rules for naming types, members, and
parameters to avoid naming conflicts across languages. For instance, it
discourages the use of identifiers that differ only by case.
* Method Overloading and Parameter Handling: The CLS specifies how method
overloading and parameter passing should be handled to ensure consistency
across languages. For example, it requires that overloaded methods must be
distinguishable by more than just the return type.
* Exception Handling: The CLS defines how exceptions should be thrown and
caught to ensure proper error handling across language boundaries.
* Properties and Events: The CLS specifies how properties and events should
be declared and accessed to ensure consistent interaction from different
languages.

e) Write a program to find prime numbers betn 2 to 20.

Module PrimeNumbers

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Prime numbers between 2 and 20 are:")
For number As Integer = 2 To 20
If IsPrime(number) Then
Console.Write($"{number} ")
End If
Next
Console.WriteLine() ' To move to the next line after printing primes
 54

Console.ReadKey()
End Sub

Function IsPrime(num As Integer) As Boolean

If num <= 1 Then
Return False
End If
If num <= 3 Then
Return True
End If
If num Mod 2 = 0 OrElse num Mod 3 = 0 Then
Return False
End If
Dim i As Integer = 5
While i * i <= num
If num Mod i = 0 OrElse num Mod (i + 2) = 0 Then
Return False
End If
i += 6
End While
Return True
End Function

End Module

a) Inheritance:
Inheritance is a fundamental concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
where a new class (derived or child class) inherits properties and methods from
an existing class (base or parent class). This promotes code reusability, as the
derived class can use the members of the base class without rewriting them.
Inheritance establishes an "is-a" relationship (e.g., a "Dog" is-a "Animal").
Derived classes can also add new members or override inherited ones to
specialize their behavior.
 55

b) ASP.Net Server Controls:

ASP.Net server controls are pre-built UI components that run on the server and
render HTML to the client's browser. They provide a more abstract and event-
driven programming model compared to plain HTML. Server controls offer
features like automatic state management (e.g., for text boxes), event handling
on the server-side (e.g., button clicks), and data binding capabilities. Examples
include TextBox, Button, Label, DropDownList, GridView, etc. They are identified
in ASPX markup with the asp: prefix.

c) Constructor and Destructor:

* Constructor: A special method within a class that is automatically called when
an object of that class is created. Its primary purpose is to initialize the object's
state (e.g., setting initial values to its fields or properties). Constructors have the
same name as the class and do not have a return type (not even void). A class
can have multiple constructors (constructor overloading) with different parameter
lists.

* Destructor (Finalizer in .NET): A special method within a class that is

automatically called by the garbage collector just before an object is reclaimed
from memory. Its primary purpose is to perform any necessary cleanup or
release of unmanaged resources (e.g., file handles, database connections) held
by the object. Destructors in C# are defined using the ~ symbol followed by the
class name and cannot have access modifiers or parameters. The execution of
destructors is non-deterministic.

a) Explain the Architecture of the .NET Framework?

The .NET Framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft
for building and running applications on Windows. Its architecture can be broadly
divided into the following key layers:
* Common Language Runtime (CLR): This is the heart of the .NET Framework.
It acts as a virtual machine that manages the execution of .NET applications. Key
functionalities of the CLR include:
* Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: Converts Intermediate Language (IL) code
into native machine code just before execution, optimizing performance.
* Memory Management: Automatically manages memory allocation and
deallocation through its garbage collector, preventing memory leaks.
 56

* Exception Handling: Provides a structured way to handle runtime errors,

ensuring application stability.
* Security: Enforces security policies, manages code access permissions, and
provides mechanisms for code verification.
* Type Safety: Enforces type checking to prevent common programming errors.
* Thread Management: Provides support for creating and managing multiple
threads for concurrent execution.
* .NET Framework Class Library (FCL): This is a vast collection of pre-built
classes, interfaces, and value types that provide developers with a rich set of
functionalities for various tasks. It's organized into namespaces and covers areas
such as:
* Base Class Library (BCL): Fundamental types, data structures, input/output,
threading, security, etc. (System namespace and its sub-namespaces).
* Data Access: ADO.NET for working with databases (System.Data
namespace and its providers).
* XML: Support for working with XML data (System.Xml namespace).
* Web Development: ASP.NET for building web applications and services
(System.Web namespace).
* Windows Forms: For creating desktop applications with graphical user
interfaces (System.Windows.Forms namespace).
* Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF): A more modern framework for
building rich and interactive desktop applications (System.Windows.Presentation
namespace).
* Networking: Classes for building network applications (System.Net
namespace).
* LINQ (Language Integrated Query): Provides a unified way to query data from
various sources (System.Linq namespace).
* Common Language Specification (CLS): This is a set of rules that language
compilers targeting the .NET Framework must adhere to. It ensures that
components written in different .NET languages can interoperate seamlessly.
The CLS defines a common subset of the CTS that all compliant languages
support.

b) What are HTML controls?

HTML controls, also known as form controls, are interactive elements embedded
within HTML forms (<form>) that allow users to input or select data. They are the
building blocks for creating user interfaces that can collect information from
 57

website visitors. These controls are defined using various HTML elements,
primarily the <input> element with different type attributes, as well as other
elements like <textarea>, <select>, and <button>.
Key characteristics of HTML controls:
* User Interaction: They enable users to interact with the web page by entering
text, selecting options, uploading files, and triggering actions.
* Data Input: They are designed to gather different types of data from users,
such as text, numbers, dates, selections, and files.
* Form Submission: When placed within a <form> element, the data entered or
selected in these controls can be submitted to a server for processing.
* Attributes for Configuration: HTML controls have various attributes that control
their appearance, behavior, and validation rules (e.g., type, name, value, size,
maxlength, required).
* Client-Side Rendering: They are rendered by the user's web browser based on
the HTML markup.
* Event Handling: They can be associated with JavaScript event handlers to
implement client-side interactivity and validation.
Examples of common HTML controls include: text boxes (<input type="text">),
password fields (<input type="password">), radio buttons (<input type="radio">),
checkboxes (<input type="checkbox">), dropdown lists (<select>), multi-line text
areas (<textarea>), buttons (<button> or <input type="submit">, <input
type="reset">, <input type="button">), and file upload controls (<input
type="file">).

c) Explain ASP.Net basic controls?

ASP.NET basic controls are a set of fundamental server-side controls provided
by the ASP.NET framework for building web user interfaces. They are more
abstract than basic HTML elements and offer server-side processing, event
handling, and state management. These controls are defined within ASPX pages
using the asp: prefix.
Here are some key ASP.NET basic controls:
* Label Control: Used to display static text on a web page. Its Text property is
set on the server-side and rendered as a <span> element in HTML.
* TextBox Control: Allows users to enter text input. It renders as an <input
type="text"> or <textarea> HTML element. Properties like Text, MaxLength,
ReadOnly, and TextMode (SingleLine, MultiLine, Password) control its behavior.
* Button Control: Represents a clickable button that can trigger server-side
 58

events. It renders as an <input type="submit"> or <button> HTML element. The

Text property sets the button's label, and the Click event is handled on the
server.
* LinkButton Control: Similar to a Button, but it renders as an <a> (hyperlink)
element, often styled to look like a button. It also triggers server-side Click
events.
* ImageButton Control: Displays an image that acts as a button and can trigger
server-side Click events. The ImageUrl property specifies the image to display.
* CheckBox Control: Allows users to select or deselect a single option. It renders
as an <input type="checkbox"> HTML element. The Checked property indicates
its state, and the CheckedChanged event can be handled on the server (often
with AutoPostBack).
* RadioButton Control: Allows users to select one option from a group. Radio
buttons within the same group share the same GroupName property and render
as <input type="radio"> HTML elements.
* DropDownList Control: Displays a dropdown list from which users can select a
single item. It renders as a <select> HTML element with <option> elements. The
Items collection is used to add list items, and the SelectedItem and
SelectedValue properties provide access to the selected item.
* ListBox Control: Displays a list of items from which users can select one or
multiple items (depending on the SelectionMode property). It renders as a
<select> HTML element with the multiple attribute if multi-selection is enabled.
These basic controls provide essential building blocks for creating interactive
web forms and user interfaces in ASP.NET.

d) What is a connection object in ADO.Net?

In ADO.NET, a connection object is a fundamental component that represents a
physical link or session between your application and a specific data source
(such as a database). It's responsible for establishing and managing this
communication channel, allowing your application to interact with the database.
Key aspects of a connection object:
* Establishment of Link: The primary purpose of a connection object is to open a
connection to the database server using the information provided in the
connection string.
* Connection String: It holds the connection string, which contains all the
necessary details to locate and authenticate with the data source. This typically
 59

includes the server name, database name, authentication credentials (username

and password), and other provider-specific parameters.
* State Management: The connection object maintains the current state of the
connection (e.g., Open, Closed, Connecting, Broken). You can check the State
property of the connection object to determine its current status.
* Transaction Management: It is often used as the basis for initiating and
managing transactions against the database, ensuring data consistency.
* Foundation for Commands: Once a connection is open, it is used by command
objects (like SqlCommand in SQL Server) to execute SQL queries or stored
procedures against the database. The command object needs an active
connection to operate.
* Resource Management: Opening a database connection consumes system
resources. Therefore, it's crucial to properly close the connection when it's no
longer needed to release these resources and maintain application performance
and scalability. This is often done using the Close() method or within a using
statement (in C#) or Using block (in VB.NET) to ensure automatic disposal.
The specific type of connection object you use depends on the data provider you
are working with. For example:
* SqlConnection: Used for connecting to Microsoft SQL Server databases.
* OleDbConnection: Used for connecting to data sources that support OLE DB
(like Microsoft Access).
* OdbcConnection: Used for connecting to data sources that support ODBC.
* MySqlConnection: Used for connecting to MySQL databases.
* NpgsqlConnection: Used for connecting to PostgreSQL databases.

e) Explain DataReader in ADO.Net?

In ADO.NET, a DataReader is a forward-only, read-only cursor over a set of data
retrieved from a database. It provides a high-performance way to access query
results row by row. Think of it as a stream of data that you can iterate through
sequentially.
Key characteristics and functionalities of a DataReader:
* Forward-Only: You can only move forward through the result set, one record at
a time. You cannot go back to previous rows.
* Read-Only: You can only read the data; you cannot update or modify the data
in the underlying database through the DataReader.
 60

* Connected Architecture: The DataReader operates in a connected

architecture, meaning it requires an open connection to the database for the
duration of its use. The connection should not be closed until you have finished
reading all the data from the DataReader.
* High Performance: Because it's forward-only and read-only, and it retrieves
data directly from the database without caching it in memory, the DataReader
offers excellent performance and minimal overhead, especially for large result
sets.
* Sequential Access: You access the data row by row using the Read() method.
This method advances the DataReader to the next record and returns true if
there are more rows, or false if the end of the result set has been reached.
* Accessing Data: Once you are on a row, you can access the values of the
columns using indexers (by column name or ordinal position) or by using type-
specific accessor methods (e.g., GetInt32(), GetString(), GetDateTime()). It's
important to use the correct data type accessor to avoid errors.
* Closing the DataReader: It's crucial to close the DataReader explicitly using its
Close() method (or implicitly when the associated command or connection is
closed) to release resources and allow the connection to be used for other
operations.
The typical usage pattern of a DataReader involves:
* Creating a connection object and opening the connection.
* Creating a command object (e.g., SqlCommand) and setting its CommandText
(the SQL query) and Connection property.
* Executing the command using the ExecuteReader() method, which returns a
DataReader object.
* Iterating through the rows of the DataReader using a while (reader.Read())
loop.
* Inside the loop, accessing the column values of the current row.
* Closing the DataReader using reader.Close().
* Closing the connection object.

a) VB.NET program to find the maximum of two entered numbers:

Module Module1

Sub Main()
Dim num1 As Integer
Dim num2 As Integer
 61

Dim max As Integer

Console.WriteLine("Enter the first number:")

If Integer.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), num1) Then
Console.WriteLine("Enter the second number:")
If Integer.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), num2) Then
If num1 > num2 Then
max = num1
Else
max = num2
End If
Console.WriteLine($"The maximum number is: {max}")
Else
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input for the second number.")
End If
Else
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input for the first number.")
End If

Console.ReadKey() ' To keep the console window open

End Sub

End Module

b) VB.NET program to check if an entered string is a palindrome:

Module Module1

Sub Main()
Dim inputString As String
Dim reversedString As String = ""

Console.WriteLine("Enter a string:")
inputString = Console.ReadLine()

' Remove spaces and convert to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison

Dim cleanedString As String = inputString.Replace(" ", "").ToLower()
 62

' Reverse the cleaned string

For i As Integer = cleanedString.Length - 1 To 0 Step -1
reversedString &= cleanedString(i)
Next

' Check if the original cleaned string is equal to the reversed string
If cleanedString = reversedString Then
Console.WriteLine($"'{inputString}' is a palindrome.")
Else
Console.WriteLine($"'{inputString}' is not a palindrome.")
End If

Console.ReadKey()
End Sub

End Module

c) VB.NET program to display the multiplication table of a number in a list

box (assuming a Windows Forms Application):
Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Button1.Click
Dim number As Integer

If Integer.TryParse(InputBox("Enter a number:", "Multiplication Table"),

number) Then
ListBox1.Items.Clear() ' Clear any previous items
For i As Integer = 1 To 10
ListBox1.Items.Add($"{number} x {i} = {number * i}")
Next
Else
MessageBox.Show("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.", "Error")
End If
End Sub

' You would need to add a Button (Button1) and a ListBox (ListBox1)
 63

' to your Form in the VB.NET Windows Forms Designer.

End Class

d) C# .NET program for the sum of two numbers:

using System;

public class SumOfTwo

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the first number:");
if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out int num1))
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the second number:");
if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out int num2))
{
int sum = num1 + num2;
Console.WriteLine($"The sum of {num1} and {num2} is: {sum}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input for the second number.");
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input for the first number.");
}

Console.ReadKey(); // To keep the console window open

}
}
 64

e) C# .NET program to reverse a given number:

using System;

public class ReverseNumber

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter a number:");
if (int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out int number))
{
int reversedNumber = 0;
while (number > 0)
{
int remainder = number % 10;
reversedNumber = (reversedNumber * 10) + remainder;
number = number / 10;
}
Console.WriteLine($"The reversed number is: {reversedNumber}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.");
}

Console.ReadKey(); // To keep the console window open

}
}
a) What is a command object?
In the context of database programming (like ADO.NET), a command object is an
object that represents a SQL statement or a stored procedure that you want to
execute against a data source. Think of it as the instruction manual you give to
the database.
Here's a breakdown of its key responsibilities:
* Holding the command: It contains the actual SQL query (like SELECT * FROM
Customers, INSERT INTO Orders (...) VALUES (...)) or the name of a stored
procedure.
 65

* Establishing a connection: It's associated with a connection object, which

defines how to connect to the specific database.
* Defining parameters: If your SQL statement or stored procedure requires input
values, the command object manages these parameters (their names, data
types, and values). This is crucial for security (preventing SQL injection) and for
making your queries dynamic.
* Executing the command: It provides methods to execute the command against
the database. These methods can return data (like a DataReader or DataSet),
execute non-query commands (like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), or return a
single scalar value.
In essence, the command object acts as a bridge between your application code
and the database, allowing you to interact with and manipulate data.

b) Explain Event Handling in ASP.NET?

Event handling in ASP.NET is a mechanism that allows your web application to
respond to actions or occurrences, both on the client-side (browser) and the
server-side. It's what makes your web pages interactive.
Here's a breakdown of how it works:
* Events: These are actions that occur, such as a user clicking a button,
hovering the mouse over an element, a page loading, or data being submitted.
ASP.NET controls (like buttons, text boxes, dropdowns) and the page itself
expose various events.
* Event Handlers: These are the code blocks (methods) that you write to execute
when a specific event is raised. When an event occurs, the ASP.NET framework
looks for a registered event handler for that event and executes it.
* Wiring Up Events: You need to associate an event with its corresponding event
handler. This can be done in two primary ways:
* Declaratively (in the ASPX markup): You can specify the event handler
method directly in the HTML-like tags of your ASP.NET controls using attributes
like OnClick for a button. For example:
<asp:Button ID="MyButton" runat="server" Text="Click Me"
OnClick="MyButton_Click" />

Here, MyButton_Click is the name of the server-side method that will be

executed when the button is clicked.
* Programmatically (in the code-behind file): In the .aspx.vb or .aspx.cs file, you
can explicitly attach event handlers to events using the AddHandler keyword in
 66

VB.NET or the += operator in C#. This is often used for more dynamic scenarios
or custom controls. For example (VB.NET):
' In the Page_Load event or another appropriate place
AddHandler MyButton.Click, AddressOf MyButton_Click

* Server-Side vs. Client-Side Events:

* Server-Side Events: These events are typically triggered by user actions that
cause a postback to the server (the browser sends a request back to the web
server). The event handler code runs on the server, and the server then sends a
new version of the page back to the browser. Examples include button clicks
(OnClick), dropdown list selections (OnSelectedIndexChanged), and form
submissions.
* Client-Side Events: These events are handled directly in the user's browser
using JavaScript. They don't usually involve a postback to the server (unless you
explicitly make an AJAX call). Examples include mouse movements
(onmouseover, onmouseout), keyboard input (onkeyup), and form validation.
While you can write JavaScript directly in your ASP.NET pages or linked
JavaScript files, ASP.NET also provides some mechanisms for client-side event
handling integrated with server controls (like OnClientClick).
* The Event Model: ASP.NET follows an event-driven programming model. The
flow of the application is largely determined by the events that occur and the
corresponding handlers that are executed.
In summary, event handling in ASP.NET is the core mechanism for creating
interactive web applications by allowing you to define how your application
responds to various user actions and system events.

d) Write a VB.NET program to move the text “Pune university”

continuously from left to right (assuming a Windows Forms Application):
Public Class Form1

Private WithEvents Timer1 As New Timer()

Private startX As Integer
Private textToMove As String = "Pune university"
Private textWidth As Single
Private speed As Integer = 5 ' Adjust for speed
 67

Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

MyBase.Load
' Set the initial position
startX = -Me.CreateGraphics.MeasureString(textToMove, Me.Font).Width
textWidth = Me.CreateGraphics.MeasureString(textToMove, Me.Font).Width

' Configure the timer

Timer1.Interval = 50 ' Milliseconds - adjust for smoother animation
Timer1.Start()
End Sub

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

Timer1.Tick
' Move the starting X-coordinate
startX += speed

' If the text goes completely off the right side, reset it to the left
If startX > Me.Width Then
startX = -textWidth
End If

' Force a redraw of the form

Me.Invalidate()
End Sub

Private Sub Form1_Paint(sender As Object, e As PaintEventArgs) Handles

Me.Paint
' Draw the text at the current X-coordinate
e.Graphics.DrawString(textToMove, Me.Font, Brushes.Blue, startX,
Me.Height / 2)
End Sub

' You would need to add a Timer control (Timer1) to your Form in the
' VB.NET Windows Forms Designer. Make sure its 'Enabled' property is
' initially set to 'False'. You don't need to explicitly handle the Tick
' event in the designer if you use 'WithEvents' as shown above.
End Class
 68

e) Write a C# program for multiplication of matrices:

using System;
public class MatrixMultiplication
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Define the dimensions of the matrices
int rows1 = 2;
int cols1 = 3;
int rows2 = 3;
int cols2 = 2;

// Check if the matrices can be multiplied

if (cols1 != rows2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Matrices cannot be multiplied. Number of columns in
the first matrix must equal the number of rows in the second matrix.");
return;
}

// Initialize the matrices

int[,] matrix1 = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
int[,] matrix2 = { { 7, 8 }, { 9, 10 }, { 11, 12 } };
int[,] result = new int[rows1, cols2];

// Perform matrix multiplication

for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++) // Iterate through rows of the first matrix
{
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++) // Iterate through columns of the second matrix
{
for (int k = 0; k < cols1; k++) // Iterate through columns of the first
matrix (and rows of the second)
{
result[i, j] += matrix1[i, k] * matrix2[k, j];
}
}
 69

// Display the result matrix

Console.WriteLine("Resultant Matrix:");
for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++)
{
Console.Write(result[i, j] + "\t");
}
Console.WriteLine();
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

a) Method Overloading in C#
Method overloading is a feature in C# that allows you to define multiple methods
within the same class that have the same name but different parameter lists. The
parameter lists must differ in either the number of parameters, the data types of
the parameters, or the order of the data types of the parameters.
* Compiler Decision: The C# compiler determines which overloaded method to
call based on the number and types of the arguments passed in the method call.
* Benefits:
* Provides flexibility and convenience by allowing you to perform similar
operations with different input.
* Improves code readability by using the same descriptive name for related
functionalities.
* Reduces the need for creating many distinct method names for conceptually
similar actions.
Example:
public class Calculator
{
public int Add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
 70

public double Add(double a, double b)

{
return a + b;
}

public int Add(int a, int b, int c)

{
return a + b + c;
}
}

b) Validation Controls in ASP.NET

Validation controls in ASP.NET are server-side controls used to automatically
perform input validation on web forms without requiring you to write extensive
JavaScript code. They check user input against predefined rules before the form
is submitted to the server.
* Types of Validation Controls:
* RequiredFieldValidator: Ensures a field is not left empty.
* CompareValidator: Compares the value of one control to another control or a
specific value.
* RangeValidator: Checks if a value falls within a specified range.
* RegularExpressionValidator: Validates input against a regular expression
pattern.
* CustomValidator: Allows you to implement your own custom validation logic.
* ValidationSummary: Displays a summary of all validation errors on the page.
* Key Properties:
* ControlToValidate: Specifies the control to validate.
* ErrorMessage: The message displayed if validation fails.
* IsValid: A property that indicates whether the associated control's value is
valid.
* Validate() method: Programmatically triggers validation.
* Benefits:
* Simplifies the process of validating user input.
* Provides consistent and user-friendly error messages.
 71

* Reduces the amount of client-side scripting required (though client-side

validation is also often performed for better user experience).
* Enhances data integrity by ensuring valid data is submitted to the server.

c) Explain Data Types in VB.NET

Data types in VB.NET classify the kind of data that a variable can hold. They
determine the amount of memory allocated for the variable and the operations
that can be performed on it. VB.NET is a strongly-typed language, meaning you
generally need to declare the data type of a variable before using it.
* Primitive Data Types (Value Types): These directly hold their values in
memory.
* Numeric:
* Integer: 32-bit signed integer.
* Long: 64-bit signed integer.
* Short: 16-bit signed integer.
* Byte: 8-bit unsigned integer.
* Decimal: 96-bit signed integer, suitable for financial and monetary
calculations.
* Single: 32-bit single-precision floating-point number.
* Double: 64-bit double-precision floating-point number.
* Character:
* Char: 16-bit Unicode character.
* Boolean:
* Boolean: Represents either True or False.
* Date:
* Date: Represents date and time values.
* Reference Types: These hold a reference (memory address) to the actual
data.
* String: Represents a sequence of characters.
* Object: The base type for all other types in .NET. Can hold any type of data.
* Arrays (Dim numbers() As Integer): Collections of elements of the same data
type.
* Classes and Interfaces: User-defined types.
* Other Data Types:
* Structure (User-defined value type).
* Enum (User-defined set of named constants).
Key Concepts:
 72

* Type Inference: VB.NET can sometimes infer the data type of a variable based
on its initial value when you use Option Infer On and don't explicitly declare the
type.
* Type Conversion: You can convert data from one type to another using
functions like CInt, CDbl, CStr, CType, etc. Implicit conversions can occur when
there's no risk of data loss.
* Strong Typing: Helps catch type-related errors at compile time, leading to more
robust and reliable code.