Section 3: Nationhood 1947-

1999
SOLVED PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
UNIT 11: ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT NATION 1947-1948

4-Marks: [4]

1. What is the Kashmir issue? [4]

Ans. The Kashmir issue started on 1947 when Hari Singh, ruler of Kashmir, tried to accede India.
However, majority of population being Muslim, wanted to join Pakistan, and consequently, due to
rebellions against Singh and his government, he asked India for military help and signed an agreement of
accession. On 27th October 1947, Hari Singh signed the accession papers but backdated it to the day
before the Indian invasion. Pakistan refused to accept this agreement and war broke out between the
Muslim fighters and Indian Army, but Muslim attacks were blocked by orders of Commander-in-Chief,
General Doughlas Gracey. India took this issue in UN, and a ceasefire was arranged on 1 st January 1949,
now called the Line of Control (LOC). The UN has supervised it since then, but Pakistan were still left
disappointed, because a great deal of Kashmir territory had been occupied by India.

2. Describe the Canal Water Dispute. [4]

Ans. The canal water dispute had its origin in the partition of Punjab in 1947, when most of rivers, canals
and head works were controlled at a series of ‘head works’, most of which lay in the part of Punjab that
was now in India. Despite the initial promise of no interference, India and Pakistan were in dispute over
the canals, especially the waters from the Bari-Doab canal. India claimed that as the head works were in
their country, they had complete rights to do what it wanted with the water, but Pakistan argued. The
Pakistan government called for the matter to be solved by the international court of Justice since its
economy depended upon it. However, India refused. In May 1948, a temporary agreement was reached.
India agreed to allow water from east Punjab to west, but only if Pakistan agreed to try to find
alternative supplies.

3. Describe the Refugee problem. [4]

4. What was the Radcliff Award? [4]

Ans. To solve the boundary problem between Muslim and non-Muslim areas, Lord Mountbatten
appointed Sir Cyril Radcliff to head the Boundary Commission particularly, in Punjab and Bengal. Radcliff
nominated two assistants from the League and Congress. The decision of the Award was announced on
16 August. Calcutta, Ferozepur and Gurdaspur were given to India, which left the Muslims disappointed,
since they were Muslim majority areas.

5. Describe the division of armed forces and military assets. [4]

Ans. Armed Forces and military equipment were divided on a ratio of 36% to 44% to India and Pakistan,
respectively. The armed forces personnel were given freedom to opt for whichever country they
wanted. Muslim regiments went to Pakistan, and non-Muslims to India. All 16-ordinance factories were
in India. India eventually agreed to pay 60 million rupees in lieu of handing over the ordinance factories.
7-Marks: [7]

1. Why was the Radcliff Award criticized in 1947? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Muslims had numerous objections and Jinnah denounced the Radcliff Award as unjust and
incomprehensible. This was because Ferozepur was given to India even though it had a Muslim majority.
Gurdaspur also had a Muslim majority, and Jinnah was convinced that it was done deliberately to give
India a border and allow it to intervene in areas of Kashmir, which Jinnah believed were rightly part of
Pakistan. Additionally, Muslims were also disappointed when Calcutta went to India, which was a big
industrial, commercial and educational center. Though Calcutta did not have a Muslim majority, the
surrounding areas were Muslim majority, which provided raw material to its industries, and thus, posed
a threat to their economy. Therefore, the Muslims criticized the Radcliff Award in 1947.

Secondly, the Sikhs were disappointed because they made up a large proportion of the population in
the Punjab and had important historical and religious association with it. They wanted a separate Sikh
state if partition was to go ahead. This came to nothing, and so Punjab was divided based on majority
areas of Muslims and Non-Muslims. Sikhs migrated into the Indian Punjab where the claim for a
separate Sikh state was to be renewed immediately after partition. Thus, because of rejection of
demands, the Sikhs criticized the Radcliff Award in 1947.

Thirdly, the Hindus criticized the award since they resented the fact that the Chittagong Hill Tracks were
not awarded to India. These had a large Hindu majority and Nehru believed they should become part of
India. However, the tracts were regarded as having a vital economic relationship (for tourism purposes)
with East Bengal, so Radcliff awarded them to Pakistan. Hence, the Hindus criticized the Radcliff Award
in 1947.

2. Why was Pakistan faced by Geo-Political problems in 1947? [7]

Ans. Firstly, upon the independence and partition in 1947, Pakistan’s border wasn’t natural or clearly
indicated, but was split into two separate parts almost a thousand miles apart with; East Pakistan
comprising of Bengal (not Calcutta) and West Pakistan comprising of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and
NWFP province. The vast distance made it difficult for the government to carry effective governance and
managing the two parts as one single unit, which resulted in inefficient government. This was evident
from the fact that help arrived very late to East Pakistan after it was hit with a severe cyclone in 1970,
which hurt the sentiments of the people. Thus, Pakistan faced geo-political problems in 1947.

Secondly, Pakistan had a lack of political experts for the newly established country. India had official
members of the Congress, with political experience to take over the government. These people had
worked to gain political influence under the British and they had experience, both of the election
process and of holding political office. In Pakistan, the constituent assembly members were mostly
feudal lords with little political experience and lack of support from urban areas, which led to inefficient
government. Moreover, Pakistan lacked both the administrative and governmental machinery to run the
affairs of the new country, and thus the country faced political crisis initially. Hence, Pakistan faced geo-
political problems in 1947.
Thirdly, Pakistan had no office equipment, no furniture and very little stationery. Further, Pakistan
lacked both the administrative and government machinery to run the affairs of the new country. This, in
many ways, made the government inefficient in managing the governmental affairs of the newly
established country, amidst divided public opinions and regular unrests. Consequently, Pakistan was
faced with geo-political problems in 1947.

3. Why was Pakistan faced with Socio-Economic problems in 1947? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Pakistan was made up of states that were mostly underdeveloped, with very little
industry. Although Karachi was a modern port with substantial trading and business activity, much of
Pakistan (NWFP) was on the borders of the subcontinent and had not been linked to the
industrialization that had taken place in Central India. Around 90% of the people lived in the countryside
and there only 8 towns with a population of more than 100,000 (Karachi, Lahore, Dhaka etc). The above-
mentioned factors halted the industrial development because in the absence of road
links/transportation meant it was difficult to transport raw materials etc, affecting the economy. Thus,
Pakistan faced socio-economic problems in 1947.

Secondly, Pakistan was not a wealthy country and its major industry, agriculture, did not produce
enough of a surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialization. The exception to this was in the
production of jute, where in 1947, East Pakistan produced nearly 70% of the world’s crops. Jute export
produced the major source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan for many years. However, the
problems created by partition are exemplified by the fact that in 1947, Pakistan did not have a single
jute mill. All the jute mills were in the new India, which hindered Pakistan’s economic growth as a newly
established country. Hence, Pakistan faced socio-economic problems in 1947.

Thirdly, Pakistan was mainly made up of five different regions and hence, there were five different
population groupings – the Pashtuns in the south, the Balochis to the west, the Sindhis in the south, and
the Punjabis in the northeast and the Bengalis in the east. These people had different traditions,
cultures, languages and lifestyles. The British system of government had given these diverse people very
little opportunity to participate in the government. In 1947, some of them, particularly in Baluchistan
and in Bengal, were not completely sure that they now wanted to transfer allegiance to a new Pakistan,
evidently when Bengalis expressed resentment over Urdu as the national language, despite the large
population of Bengalis. Pakistan was not comprised of a single united people, and hence, social
problems emerged. Thus, Pakistan faced socio-economic problems emerged in 1947.

4. Why was Ascension of Princely States a problem to Pakistan? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Pakistan faced the problems of the princely state of Hyderabad. Hyderabad was the largest
of the princely states, with a population of 160 million and an annual revenue of 160 million rupees, and
thus, the Nizam desired dominion status, which was refused by Lord Mountbatten. The state had a non-
Muslim majority, but the Nizam was Muslim, and therefore, favored joining Pakistan, but the Indian
government began pressuring the Nizam and unwillingly made him sign a treaty. The pressure increased
in 1948, when Hyderabad filed a complaint to the UN, but Indian troops seized the area, before it was
heard, and Pakistan lost Hyderabad. Thus, Pakistan was faced with the problems of the ascension of
princely states in 1947.
Secondly, another problem was of Junagadh, a small state on the coast, 300 miles south from Karachi,
with a population of non-Muslim, but the ruler was Muslim. After, in 1947, it announced it would join
Pakistan, the Indian government sent troops to surround the state, imposing a blockade and a shortage
of food. Then, in November 1947, Indian troops invaded and took control of the area, but despite the
state’s complaints to the UN, the matter remained unsolved, and Pakistan lost the important state of
Junagadh. Hence, Pakistan faced the problems of the ascension of princely states in 1947.

Thirdly, another disagreement was over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, bordering with Tibet, China
and Afghanistan and USSR (strategic importance), and was mostly Muslim, but the Maharaja was non-
Muslim. He delayed joining either Pakistan or India, and in September 1947, started a campaign to drive
200, 000 Muslims out of Kashmir, with the help of Indians, after it agreed to accede to India. Pakistan
showed resistance to the illegal control, and when the matter was transferred to the UN, they arranged
a ceasefire and Nehru wished for a referendum to take place to determine the wishes for the people,
and until date, the matter remains unsolved, and Pakistan dealt with a disputed state of Kashmir.
Consequently, Pakistan was faced with the problems of the ascension of princely states in 1947.

5. Why was the Kashmir issue a problem for Pakistan in 1947? [7]
Ans. Firstly, Pakistan was anxious at the to India as one of the major irrigational river of possibility of
Kashmir acceding Pakistan, river Chenab flowed from Kashmir. If India acceded, Kashmir, Pakistan would
be under constant threat of losing its agriculture output and hence, this could damage Pakistan's
millions of acres of agriculture and eventually its economy severely. Hence, the Kashmir issue was a
problem for Pakistan in 1947.

Secondly, Kashmir’s more than two-third population was of Muslims but the maharaja Hari Singh, the
rules of Kashmir was a Hindu. Muslims were oppressed under the rule of Hari Singh and hence, to help
the Kashmiri Muslims out, Pakistan sent its troops. This caused a war between India and Pakistan, which
meant that a newly developed poor country would have to spend money arms in order to participate in
the war, since the military assets received by Pakistan were worn, damaged and obsolete. This put a
severe strain on Pakistan’s economic structure after partition. Thus, the Kashmir issue was a problem for
Pakistan in 1947.

Thirdly, around two hundred thousand people (Muslims) fled from Kashmir to Pakistan to escape the
oppression of Hari Singh, as he was forcing Muslims out. Pakistan already had to accommodate millions
of refugees, which came to Pakistan from India, and accommodating two hundred thousand more
Kashmiri refugees was very difficult for Pakistan. This was because Pakistan had to provide the refugees
with food, shelter, medical aid and clothing out of its poor economy. Consequently, the Kashmir issue
was a problem for Pakistan in 1947.

6. Why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947? [7]
Ans. Firstly, in June 1947, it was agreed that Pakistan would be paid 750 million of the 4 billion rupees in
the Reserve Bank. After the first 200 million were given, India refused to pay the rest after war had
started in Kashmir, and demanded they would only pay the rest, once Pakistan stops fighting for
Kashmir. Though further 500 million were paid after Gandhi protested for it, Pakistan received the due
amount very late, which hindered their military and financial strength in fighting for Kashmir and
weakened the financial state of the newly established country. Thus, the division of armed forces and
military assets was a problem for Pakistan in 1947.
Secondly, all 16-ordinance factories were in India, and they refused to hand over any to Pakistan. They
did not want to see Pakistan become strong militarily, especially as they were fighting for Kashmir. As a
result, Pakistan has no factories capable of making military goods, and this negatively affected the
military strength of newly established Pakistan. Further, the military supplies, which India agreed to
hand over, did not arrive at times or, when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete.
The result of the division of military assets in 1947 was that Pakistan started its existence with a
seriously under-resourced military force. Hence, the division of armed forces and military assets was a
problem for Pakistan in 1947.

Thirdly, Pakistan’s army of 150, 000 men needed 4000 officers. There were only 2500-trained Muslim
officers, as the British Indian army had favored Hindu officers. While it was possible to train some men
up from ordinary officers, Jinnah was forced to take 500 British officers temporarily. These were mostly
at the highest rank, for this was where there were no Muslim officers at all. As a result, the Muslims felt
they had once again been overpowered by the British, and felt that Islamization was declining in the
new state. These feelings led to uproars and unrest towards the government. Consequently, the division
of armed forces and military assets was a problem for Pakistan in 1947.

7. Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

Ans. Firstly, during 1947, violence between Hindus and Muslims increased dramatically. There was
widespread violence between the both, where attacks on trains and caravans led to a cycle of violence
in which each violence was matched by revenge killings. In the East Punjab, gangs of both Hindus and
Sikhs had started armed attacks on the Muslims everywhere in the province. Hence, Muslims fearful of
being killed were forced to leave all their possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. Thus,
Pakistan was faced with a refugee problem in 1947.

Secondly, the Boundary award announced on 16 August 1947 had made the problem worse between
the two. Millions of people found themselves living in the wrong country because few Muslim majority
areas both in Bengal and in Punjab e.g. Calcutta, Firozpur and Gurdaspur were given to India.
Additionally, in the non-Muslim princely states, there were examples of state troops being used to
support attacks on Muslims. The Hindu and Sikhs rulers of princely states e.g. Patiala and Bharatpur
helped the Hindus and Sikhs bands with their troops in order to exterminate the Muslim population. The
people of these areas also became victims of communal attacks, and thus, they moved to Pakistan.
Consequently, Pakistan was faced with a refugee problem in 1947.

Thirdly, partition had been made along religious lines. Therefore, Pakistan came into being as a Muslim
country for the Muslims of India. As Pakistan was a Muslim country and Islam would prevail, this
attracted large numbers of Muslims from India who wanted to live in a Muslim nation. They wanted to
come to Pakistan for religious and cultural freedom. Although this came with good intentions, the
emigrants came with almost little to no possessions, and this created several problems for the
government. Thus, Pakistan was faced with refugee problems in 1947.

8. Why was there a canal water dispute between India and Pakistan? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the partition of the subcontinent cut across many rivers and canals. The problem for
Pakistan was that the flow of water through the canals and rivers was controlled at a series of 'head
works', most of which lay in the part of Punjab that was then in India. The Indian government promised
not to interfere with the supply of water to Pakistan. However, India Pakistan were soon in dispute over
the canals, especially the water from the Bari-Doab canal. India claimed that as the head works were in
its country it had complete rights to do what it wanted with the water. In the Radcliffe Award, the
district of Ferozepur was awarded to India, which had all the head works of Pakistan, and Pakistan was
afraid that India might cut off its water supply as it did in 1948. Pakistan had a deserving right to use the
water of the canals. Thus, there was a canal water dispute between India and Pakistan.

Secondly, it also arose due to the division of Punjab. West Punjab had fertile land but hot and dry
climate, so agriculture was very dependent on the water coming from east Punjab. India, in an attempt
to weaken Pakistan's economy, cut off water coming into West Punjab. This damaged Pakistan's
economy, and was a heavy blow to the agricultural sector of Pakistan. The people of Pakistan also had to
suffer from famine and draught due to lack of water. This was a violation of human rights and Pakistan
could not stand such treatments of its citizens. Hence, there was a canal water dispute between India
and Pakistan.

Thirdly, Pakistan in its weak position also had to buy water from India as India had cut off the water.
Pakistan at the time could have spent this money on development projects or on solving its other
problems. However, this money was wasted. If India would not cut off the water supply, the initial
problems Pakistan had to face after partition in 1947 would have been easily solved, since Pakistan’s
government would focus on domestic problems, and not foreign problems. Consequently, there was a
canal water dispute between India and Pakistan.

14-Marks: [14]

1. The refugee crisis was the greatest problem that Jinnah (RA) faced in governing Pakistan in the
years 1947-1948. Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Ans. Jinnah faced a lot of problems in governing Pakistan between the years 1947-1948.

Firstly, refugee crisis

Secondly, refugee crisis

Thirdly, Pakistan’s border was not natural or clearly indicated, but was split into two separate parts
almost a thousand miles apart with; East Pakistan comprising of Bengal (not Calcutta) and West Pakistan
comprising of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP province. The vast distance made it difficult for the
government to carry effective governance and managing the two parts as one single unit, which resulted
in inefficient government. This was evident from the fact that help arrived very late to East Pakistan
after it was hit with a severe cyclone in 1970, which hurt the sentiments of the people. Thus,
geographical problems was also a great problem, which Jinnah had to face in the years 1947-1948.

Fourthly, Pakistan had a lack of political experts for the newly established country. India had official
members of the Congress, with political experience to take over the government. These people had
worked to gain political influence under the British and they had experience, both of the election
process and of holding political office. In Pakistan, the constituent assembly members were mostly
feudal lords with little political experience and lack of support from urban areas, which led to inefficient
government. Moreover, Pakistan lacked both the administrative and governmental machinery to run the
affairs of the new country, and thus the country faced political crisis initially. Hence, political problems
was also a great problem Jinnah had to face in the years 1947-1948.

Moreover, Pakistan was not a wealthy country and its major industry, agriculture, did not produce
enough of a surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialization. The exception to this was in the
production of jute, where in 1947, East Pakistan produced nearly 70% of the world’s crops. Jute export
produced the major source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan for many years. However, the
problems created by partition are exemplified by the fact that in 1947, Pakistan did not have a single
jute mill. All the jute mills were in the new India, which hindered Pakistan’s economic growth as a newly
established country. Consequently, economic crisis was also a great problem Jinnah had to face.

Furthermore, Pakistan was mainly made up of five different regions and hence, there were five different
population groupings – the Pashtuns in the south, the Balochis to the west, the Sindhis in the south, the
Punjabis in the northeast and the Bengalis in the east. These people had different traditions, cultures,
languages and lifestyles. The British system of government had given these diverse people very little
opportunity to participate in the government. In 1947, some of them, particularly in Baluchistan and in
Bengal, were not completely sure that they now wanted to transfer allegiance to a new Pakistan,
evidently when Bengalis expressed resentment over Urdu as the national language, despite the large
population of Bengalis. Pakistan was not comprised of a single united people, and hence, social
problems emerged. Thus, social unrests was a also a great problem Jinnah had to face.

Additionally, all 16-ordinance factories were in India, and they refused to hand over any to Pakistan.
They did not want to see Pakistan become strong militarily, especially as they were fighting for Kashmir.
As a result, Pakistan has no factories capable of making military goods, and this negatively affected the
military strength of newly established Pakistan. Further, the military supplies, which India agreed to
hand over, did not arrive at times or, when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete.
The result of the division of military assets in 1947 was that Pakistan started its existence with a
seriously under-resourced military force. Thus, division of military assets was also a great problem
Jinnah had to face in 1947-1948.

In conclusion,

2. How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947
and 1948? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans. Pakistan’s government had its fair share of success and failures when countering the problems the
new state had to face during 1947-1948.

Firstly, in military aspects, a big problem for Pakistan was that it needed 4, 000 officers for an army
comprising of 150, 000 men, while there were only 2, 500 trained Muslim officers. To solve this, Jinnah
took 500 British officers of high ranks temporarily for the efficient monitoring of the army and to get the
best army for the war in Kashmir. This was until Pakistan could produce its own-trained officers. In
addition, all 16-ordinance factories were in India, and they refused to hand over any. To solve this,
Jinnah convinced India to pay 60 million rupees, which was used by the government to build the first
ordinance factory at Wah. These solutions improved military status of Pakistan. Thus, the government of
Pakistan was successful in solving the problems of partition during 1947-1948.

Secondly, immediately after partition, the refugee crisis was one of the main problems facing Pakistan.
Around 10-15 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan and they needed ample services and
accommodation. To solve this, Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund was created to help and rehabilitate the
refugees, by appealing to rich and wealthy to donate generously to the refugees. Few people were
temporarily adjusted in barracks. Quid-e-Azam frequently paid visits to different cities and refugees
camps to serve them and settle as quickly as possible. As a result, the refugee crisis was efficiently
handled. Hence, the government of Pakistan was successful in solving the problems of partition during
1947-1948.

Thirdly, bridging social barriers He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating thepeople.
Declared himself ‘Protector-General’ of religiousminorities.

Fourthly, solving financial crisis + state bank of Pakistan

Additionally, failure of new government + new constitution + civil service problems

Moreover, failed ascension of Kashmir + princely states

Furthermore, canal water dispute

In conclusion,

UNIT 12: STABILITY FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF JINNAH 1947-1970

4-Marks [4]:

1. What was the PRODA Act? [4]

Ans. PRODA is short for ‘Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act.’ Khwaja Nazimuddin
introduced it in 1949. By this Act, complains could be made to the Governor-General or Provincial
Governors who could order an enquiry by judges. Anyone found guilty under PRODA was debarred from
office. The law was designed to eliminate corruption, but in reality, it allowed the ruling elite to remove
those who did not approve of it, or accuse and remove the person they did not favor, and appoint
people they had a bias for.

2. What was the One Unit Scheme? [4]

Ans. In November 1954, Bogra had proposed that the 4 provinces and 10 princely states within Pakistan
should be joined together to form West Pakistan. On 5 October 1955, Mirza passed an order unifying all
of West Pakistan in what became known as ‘One Unit Scheme.’ Iskander Mirza claimed that the
unification would bring about greater efficiency and enable more rapid development. However, the
scheme was highly unpopular with East Pakistan, and was also opposed by individual province of West
Pakistan.

3. What were the Basic Democracies? [4]

Ans. Ayub Khan introduced a new system of local bodies which was named as the ‘Basic Democracies, a
system of ‘controlled’ or ‘guided’ democracy. It was a four-tier structure of government, allowing
elections at various levels. Under this system, ordinary people elected on to the lowest tier of
government, the local communities were known as Basic Democrats. There were total 80, 000 basic
democrats, 40, 000 from each wing, later increasing to 120, 000 who in turn elected district and
divisional council members. This system was also made a part of 1962 constitution.

4. Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55. [4]

Ans. The Constitutional Crisis of 1954-55 was initiated when Ghulam Muhammad desired to maintain
the power of the position of Governor-General, which meant that there was little progress in getting
agreement on the new constitution. Instead, Ghulam Muhammad hoped to dominate Bogra to maintain
his own power. On 21 September 1954, while Ghulam Muhammad was out of country, Bogra persuaded
the Assembly to pass laws limiting the power of Governor-General by saying that all his ministers,
including the Prime Minister, must be members of the Assembly, that the Assembly had to approve the
Cabinet and that the Governor-General had to take advice of his ministers. However, Ghulam
Muhammad was not a man to take opposition lightly. He waited until Bogra was out of country during
the following week and then struck back. He declared a state of emergency and then dissolved the
Assembly, and chose a new Cabinet, and having resisted his authority, he re-appointed Bogra as Prime
Minister. All these disagreements resulted in constitutional crisis in 1954-55.

5. Who was Yahya Khan? [4]

Ans.

6. What was the Democratic Action Committee? [4]

7. Describe Ayyub’s downfall from power. [4]

8. Describe the Tashkent Agreement. [4]

9. Describe Ayyub Khan’s educational reforms. [4]

10. What was the ‘Decade of Progress’ or the ‘Golden Decade’? [4]

11. Describe Ayyub Khan’s agricultural reforms. [4]

Ans. Ayub Khan took loans from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany,
and the UK. In 1962, an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation

12. Describe Ayyub Khan’s industrial reforms of 1972. [4]

13. What were the Basic Democracies? [4]

Ans. Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracies order on 26 October 1959. This was a four-tier
system in which ordinary people elected union council members who in turn elected district and
divisional members. Later, it was stated in the 1962 constitution that the 80, 000 elected Basic
Democrats would also form the electoral college for the election of the President and members of the
Central and Provisional Legislature. At the end of 1959, Ayub asked the Basic Democrats for a vote of
confidence. Almost 95% of them declared their confidence in him and on 17 February 1960, he was
confirmed as President.

14. Describe the terms of the 1962 Constitution. [4]

Ans. The terms of the 1962 constitution were that the President could not be removed unless
impeached. Additionally, the President nominated the Cabinet from members of the National Assembly,
as well as the heads of judiciary and provincial governors (who then nominated their cabinets). Apart
from that, the National Legislature could not pass a law without the approval of the President. The
constitution also introduced terms in favor of East Pakistan. Both Urdu and Bengali were recognized as
two of the official languages. The National Assembly Session was to be held in both Dhaka and
Islamabad. If the President was from West Pakistan, then the Speaker of the National Assembly was to
be from East Pakistan.
15. What did Ayyub Khan mean by ‘Controlled Democracy’? [4]

16. Who was Feroze Khan Noon? [4]

17. Who was Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar? [4]

18. Who was Chaudhry Muhammad Ali? [4]

19. Who was Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy? [4]

20. Describe the 1956 Constitution. [4]

21. What was the CENTO? [4]

Ans. Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom formed the Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO), originally known as the Baghdad Pact or the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), in 1955.
It was sponsored by USA who promised military and economic aid for the member countries. It was
established to promote the cooperation between the member countries to achieve its goal to contain
the Soviet Union (USSR) and to prevent Soviet expansion into the region. It was dissolved in 1979.

22. Who was Iskandar Mirza? [4]

Ans.

23. Who was Muhammad Ali Bogra? [4]

Ans.

24. How did Ayyub Khan achieve power? [4]

25. Who was Malik Ghulam Muhammad? [4]

Ans. After the death of Khan Liaquat Ali Khan, Malik Ghulam Muhammad became the third Governor-
General of Pakistan in 17 October 1951. He had been the Finance Minister in the Cabinet. Ghulam
Muhammad was the first of a number of major political figures in Pakistan who had risen from amongst
the civil service to high office. On 6 October 1955, he resigned due to health issues. He was criticized for
giving rise to political intrigue, undermining the civilian control of the military by authorizing martial law
in Pakistan and much more.

26. Who was Khwaja Nazimuddin? [4]

Ans. After the assassination of Liaquat Ali, Nazimuddin took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan,
becoming the second prime minister and the first Bengali Prime Minister of Pakistan in 17 October 1951.
He was initially a Governor-General in 1948, when Liaquat Ali was Prime Minister. As Prime Minister, he
struggled to run the government effectively on the internal and foreign fronts. His government saw civil
unrest, political differences, foreign challenges, and threat of communalism in East Pakistan and
Socialism in West Pakistan. His tenure was only for two years, when on April 17, 1953, he was dismissed
and forced out of office.

7-Marks [7]:

1. Why was the Objective Resolution criticized? [7]

Ans. Firstly, it was criticized by East Pakistan, now Bengal on a multitude of reasons. East Pakistan had a
much larger population than West Pakistan, and, thus, resented the idea of equal representation, or
equal number of seats in the National Assembly. East Pakistan also resented having to accept Urdu as
the national language at the expense of Bengali. Since Bengalis were more in number than other groups,
they demanded more for themselves, and when it was awarded to West Pakistan, they came around to
raise objections to the resolutions. Hence, the objective resolution was criticized in 1949.

Secondly, religious groups complained that the constitution was not Islamic. The Objective Resolution
contained several references to Islam, as it tried to counter criticisms from the ulemas, with a
constitution based on shariat. Neither was there any time to set down a complete constitution, nor was
there enough time to write up new objectives, which further angered the religious scholars too. Thus,
the Objective Resolution of 1949 was criticized.

Thirdly, provincial politicians objected to the power being given to the Head of State and to the Federal
Government. The Head of State had the power to dismiss the provincial ministries/officers if found guilty
of any misconduct. Though this power was awarded with good intentions, the Head of State abused it,
when they appointed politicians they had a bias for, and removed politicians they did not favor by
hailing accusations and allegations of misconduct on them. Consequently, the 1949 Objective Resolution
was criticized.

2. Why were there constitutional crises in Pakistan? [7]

Ans. Firstly, from 1951-1953 there was a severe drought in Pakistan. This affected food productions and
in February 1953, severe food shortages led to rioting in most cities throughout Pakistan. The
government was not well placed to deal with these shortages. During the Korean War, there had been
increased demand for Pakistan’s jute and cotton, to supply the thousands of soldiers involved in the
fighting, but by 1953, demand had declined, after a peace treaty was signed between the fighting
parties. This meant that Pakistan was making less money just when it needed to buy more foodstuffs,
thus generating economic crisis. Hence, there were constitutional crises in Pakistan.

Secondly, the rioting and crises also had religious elements. Some ulemas had begun a campaign against
the Ahmedis. They demanded that all Ahmedis be dismissed from office, including Zafarullah, the
Foreign Minister. This gave rise to political, social, religious protests along the region, which affected the
sentiments of many locals. It was only after martial law was imposed and numerous arrests were made
that the rioting was brought under control. These constant protests weakened the state. Thus, there
were constitutional crises in Pakistan.

Thirdly, the social and economic problems coupled with the lack of cooperation between Governor-
General, Ghulam Muhammad, and the Prime Minister, Bogra. This resulted in significantly less progress
in getting agreement on the new constitution. On 21st September 1954, while Ghulam Muhammad was
out of country, Bogra persuaded the Assembly to pass laws limiting the powers of the General
Assembly. However, Ghulam Muhammad was not the one to take opposition lightly. He waited until
Bogra was out of country, declared a state of emergency and dissolved the assembly, causing a state of
unrest which posed a threat to the country. Consequently, there were constitutional crises in Pakistan.

3. Why were there constitutional crises in the years 1950-58? [7]

Ans. Firstly, the objective resolution of 1956 was criticized heavily by East Pakistan. East Pakistan had a
much larger population than West Pakistan, and, thus, resented the idea of equal representation, or
equal number of seats in the National Assembly. East Pakistan also resented having to accept Urdu as
the national language at the expense of Bengali. Since Bengalis were more in number than other groups,
they demanded more for themselves, and when it was awarded to West Pakistan, they came around to
raise objections to the resolutions, which led to constitutional conflicts among the government. Hence,
there were constitutional crises in the years 1950-58.

Secondly, the constitutional crises coupled with the lack of cooperation between Governor-General,
Ghulam Muhammad, and the Prime Minister, Bogra. This resulted in significantly less progress in getting
agreement on the new constitution. On 21st September 1954, while Ghulam Muhammad was out of
country, Bogra persuaded the Assembly to pass laws limiting the powers of the General Assembly.
However, Ghulam Muhammad was not the one to take opposition lightly. He waited until Bogra was out
of country, declared a state of emergency and dissolved the assembly, causing a state of unrest, which
posed a threat to the country. Consequently, there were constitutional crises in the years 1950-58.

Thirdly, in the government of Iskandar Mirza from 1955-58, there was a series of frequent change of
prime ministers based on his personal bias. His government was a collection of politicians with differing
views, which could not even agree on major issues, such as One Unit Scheme. He changed prime
ministers from Suhrawardy from East Pakistan, to Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, to Feroze Khan Noon and
then eventually declaring martial law with himself as president. This made him loose many supporters of
leading politicians and his rule was becoming increasingly unpopular, as he denied holding elections in
fear of losing too. This made the political government unstable and gave rise to internal conflicts and
disputes. Thus, there were constitutional crises in the years 1950-58.

4. Why was the time of Ayyub Khan known as the ‘Decade of Progress’? [7]
Ans. Firstly, in order to make the field of agriculture more productive, Ayyub Khan introduced several
reforms. Big landowners were forced to find tenants for parts of their land and this, raised productivity
as the tenants and smaller farms were often more efficient than the larger, poorly run farms. Farmers
were also lent loans to build wells to reduce the need of canal irrigation, and on top of that, three major
dams of Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak were built. These reforms revitalized agriculture and crop yields
were at an all-time record, which led to fast progress in economic structure of Pakistan. Hence, Ayyub
Khan’s period is known as ‘Decade of Progress.’

Secondly, Ayyub Khan pressed for more industrial and economic development of Pakistan through many
ways and schemes. In 1962, an oil refinery was established in Karachi and mineral development
corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. In 1964, an economic union was formed
with Iran and Turkey, the RCD, for trade ties etc. Because of these policies, economic growth in the
1960s grew by 7% and production rose rapidly, improving economic condition in people. Thus, Ayyub
Khan’s period is known as ‘Decade of Progress.’

Thirdly, Ayyub Khan actively worked to introduce many social and educational reforms. Under him, the
government began extensive literacy programmes, building new schools and colleges. Ayyub Khan
appointed generals who settled 75, 000 refugees in newly built dwellings in Karachi. Laws were passed
to factory owners to provide accommodation at low rents. Medical facilities were also improved, when
more medical and nursing training schools were set up to increase doctors and nurses. Though it
produced less results, the setting up of a Family Planning Programme to persuade Pakistanis to limit the
size of their families was also done with good intentions and funded by American loans. Due to these
policies, the crisis and unrest decreased and the social state of the country improved amidst the
government change. Consequently, Ayub Khan’s period is known as ‘Decade of Progress,’
5. Why was Ayyub Khan forced to resign in 1969? [7]
Ans. Firstly, on 2nd January 1965, presidential elections were held. Ayyub Khan stood up for the post of
president as a nominee by Convention Muslim League, in opposition to Fatima Jinnah. Although the
results (Ayyub Khan won 64% and Fatima Jinnah won 36% seats) showed clear victory for Ayyub Khan,
but since Fatima Jinnah was popular with the people, opposition parties claimed that the voting had
been rigged. As a result, riots in Karachi and East Pakistan broke out in which 20 people were killed.
Indeed, he had won the election, but in the eyes of the people, he had lost the game, because now, he
no longer emerged with the same image with which he had initially come to power. Hence, Ayyub Khan
was eventually forced to resign in 1969.

Secondly, in 1965, Pakistan went to war with India over Kashmir, but because of Tashkent Agreement,
the withdrawal of troops and the restoration of diplomatic ties were agreed between India and Pakistan.
After this, criticism was increased on Ayyub Khan because people believed there was nothing in the
favor of Pakistan, and hence felt betrayed by Ayyub Khan because he had accepted a humiliating cease-
fire. There were protests by students, movements by political parties all against Ayyub Khan, which
increasingly made Ayyub Khan more unpopular with the public. Thus, Ayyub Khan was eventually forced
to resign in 1969.

Thirdly, Ayyub Khan forced Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign after holding him responsible for the negative
aftermaths of the war. This came as a shattering blow for the stability of Ayyub’s government. Bhutto
organized his own political party in 1967, PPP, which was able to get support from middle and lower
class people. The protest they organized turned into serious disturbances and were impossible to stop
during 1968. Bhutto captured the public mood in West Pakistan with his campaign for Islamic Socialism,
and he steadily rose in popularity, which deeply threatened the position of Ayyub Khan. Consequently,
Ayyub Khan was eventually forced to resign in 1969.

6. Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education between 1947 and 1988? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the major problem was the lack of financial investment in education by successive
governments who had viewed defense as being more important. This was because the military
expenditure was excessively high for a country such as Pakistan and therefore there was little room for
spending on education. Less than 3% of Pakistan’s budget had been spent on education. Many policies
and schemes could not be implemented because of lack of funds. There was little money to build new
schools, or too spend on research, training or development, which posed problems for Pakistan. Hence,
Pakistan faced many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999.

Secondly, illiterate parents did not feel the necessity and importance of education. Female education
was even more neglected. It was estimated that half the children joining primary school used to leave
within 5 years and one-third of girls dropped out within a year. It was very difficult to arrange female
teachers in rural areas. In the tribal societies, people were also against female education. Further,
terrorism made it difficult to get education. Terrorist attacks on schools especially on female schools had
created fear amongst the people to send their children to schools in such areas, which resulted in an
overall low educational experience. Thus, Pakistan faced many problems with the provision of education
between 1947 and 1999.

Thirdly, there was shortage of expert educators who could modernize this system. If schools were
opened, trained teachers were not available. This system was unable to meet international standards.
The standard of education was miserably low in the government run schools. Many students after
completing their education were unable to find better jobs, therefore some parents considered it
useless. They preferred to send their children to learn skills rather than to schools for formal education,
which resulted in decreasing rate of children in schools. Consequently, Pakistan faced many problems
with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999.

7. Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7]

Ans. Firstly, by 1958, Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was
alarmed at a plan by Suhrawardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. The
growing power of Suhrawardy, posed a serious threat to Iskandar Mirza. The Awami League began
negotiating a power-sharing Programme with the ML, which threatened Iskandar Mirza who was
committed to remain in power. Therefore, he turned to Ayyub Khan and military for help, since he knew
that military intervention would stabilize hi position and give him more power. Hence, Martial Law was
declared in 1958.

Secondly, there were a number of Prime Ministers between 1951 and 1958 due to a constant
disagreement in the government. After Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, the country was struggling to
establish itself without these two experienced figures. Inexperienced politicians were having great
difficulty running the country, and as a result, there was a lack of stability in governing and this led to
many different governments being formed during these years. Between 1955-58 five different prime
ministers tried unsuccessfully to establish a stable government. By 1958, it reached a stage where
General Ayub Khan felt the army should take control to counter political instability. Thus, Marital Law
was declared in 1958.

Thirdly, another reason was a threat to national unity. Pakistan and India became independent at the
same time. India prepared its constitution within a year but in Pakistan, politicians deliberately went on
delaying this issue. Afterwards, they initiated such futile debates, which endangered the national unity.
Almost every leader for the sake of his own cheap popularity and political publicity encouraged those
slogans, which could become a serious threat to the unity, integrity and solidarity of the country. As a
last resort, the army came into action to preserve the national unity. Consequently, Martial Law was
declared in 1958.

8. Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7]

Ans. Firstly, during the independence movement leaders of different schools of thoughts and several
renowned communists joined the ranks of the Muslim League. They began condemning the Islamic
government with whatever was written in the West against Theocracy. These communists and
modernists did not want a kind of constitution based on Islamic principles. This group deliberately
hindered the task of constitution making. In addition, religious leader wanted a kind of constitution that
should entirely be based on principles of Islam. This matter took time to be settled and creation of the
first constitution was delayed. Hence, it was so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950.

Secondly, many important leaders of West and East Pakistan wanted Urdu as the single national
language of Pakistan as they believed it would promote unity. However, a large community in East
Pakistan started a movement in support of the Bengali language. They wanted to benefit from the fact
that the life style, culture and language of the people of East Pakistan was different from those of West
Pakistan. This complicated linguistic controversy hindered the task of framing the constitution. Thus, it
was so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950.

Thirdly, in 1954, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was another reason of delay. During the
premiership of Muhammad Ali Bogra, the process of constitution making had moved forward
significantly and it was expected that the new constitution would be created within a year but the
dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad produced a
constitutional crisis and another year was wasted in resolving the crisis. Consequently, it was so difficult
to agree on a new constitution in 1950.

9. Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Karachi was not considered a safe city from military (defense) point of view. With its
position on the coast, it was considered vulnerable to attacks from the Arabian Sea in case of war with
any country. Therefore, Islamabad was considered a better option because it was a much safer city due
to its location i.e. in the foothills of the northern mountains and almost in the center from east to west,
and vice versa. Hence, Islamabad was chosen as the new capital of Pakistan

Secondly, it was also chosen because Ayyub Khan wanted to be closer to the army’s command
headquarters in the north, which he saw as vital in times of martial law. Ayyub Khan was the head of
two offices i.e. commander in chief of the army and president of Pakistan. However, the headquarters of
both offices were far away from each other e.g. army head quarter was in Rawalpindi in north and
capital was Karachi in south. Therefore, it was difficult for him to head both offices simultaneously. As
Ayyub Khan knew, his power base was military, so he decided to shift capital from Karachi to Islamabad,
a twin city of Rawalpindi. Thus, Islamabad was chosen as the new capital of Pakistan.

Thirdly, the layout and structure of the port city did not allow it to take on the functions of a modern
capital. It was felt that Karachi did not meet the needs of a capital city, as the existing buildings were not
adequate in number or up to the standards required by a capital. Thus, Islamabad was developed to
meet the requirement of a modern capital. Consequently, Islamabad was chosen as the new capital.

10. Why was the ‘One Unit Scheme’ so unpopular? [7]

Ans. Firstly, the One Unit Scheme faced serious criticism from East Pakistan. As by the unification of the
provinces in West Pakistan, there would be equal number of seats in the national assembly even though
East Pakistan was in majority in terms of numerical strength. They saw this as an act by the central
government in West Pakistan to take away the majority representation right to East Pakistan in the
national assembly. No decisive solution could be reached to the demands of East Pakistanis. Hence, the
‘One Unit Scheme’ was so unpopular.

Secondly, it also drew criticism among the smaller units of West Pakistan because they saw the
unification of West Pakistan as a threat to their separate cultural identities, feared that Punjab would
dominate them in West Pakistan, as it was the most populace, and developed area. Due to such
increased apprehension, provincialism began to develop, creating opposition to the scheme. Thus, the
‘One Unit Scheme’ was so unpopular.

Thirdly, the smaller units of West Pakistan were also less keen about sharing their resources with other
units in the unified province of West Pakistan. This was seen as an act of the government to direct all
funds to the central government, which was not acceptable to them at all. Thus, in order to prevent the
exploitation of their resources, which could hinder their development, they opposed the scheme.
Consequently, the ‘One Unit Scheme’ was so unpopular.

10. Why were there so many governments between 1951-1958? [7]

11. Why was the Rawalpindi Conspiracy planned in 1951? [7]
Ans. Firstly, there was general discontent amongst the Pakistani army officers with the performance of
Liaquat Ali Khan's government and his way of administration... They viewed him as someone who
incompetent and corrupt and not worthy enough to lead Pakistan. As a result, they wanted to topple his
government and assassinate him. Hence, the Rawalpindi Conspiracy was planned in 1951.

Secondly, many of the high-ranking Pakistani general viewed the continuing presence of British army
officers in the army as a security threat as well as an impediment to their speedy promotions. They
particularly disliked Sir Douglas Gracey's role in the army and when Liaquat Ali Khan showed reluctance
to their request of his removal, their dislike for him increased even further. Due to this, they planned to
crush his government and show their dislike for him in action. Thus, the Rawalpindi Conspiracy was
planned in 1951.

Thirdly, the army was particularly discontent with Liaquat's regime handling of Kashmir issue and
following war with India in 1948, which occurred on the same issue. The army officers thought that the
government acceptance of UN meditation and ceasefire as a tame surrender and flouting of opportunity
to capture whole of Kashmir. As a result, they saw this agreement as an insult to their determination
and sacrifices. As a result, they wanted to topple his government and assassinate him. Consequently, the
Rawalpindi Conspiracy was planned in 1951.

12. Why did Ghulam Muhammad dismiss Khawaja Nazimuddin from office in 1953? [7]

13. Why did President Yahya Khan annul the unit scheme in 1969? [7]

14 & 10-Marks: [14 +10]

1. How successful were the agricultural and economic reforms of Ayyub Khan? Give reasons for your
answer. [10]
Ans. After Ayub Khan was elected as president, numerous reforms were introduced from which many
were proven successful, and many to be failures.

Firstly, Ayub Khan introduced several agricultural reforms. Many small, subsistence holdings could never
be efficient, hence, Ayub khan passed a law saying that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acres or
larger than 500 acres (irrigated) or 1000 acres (unirrigated). This meant that many smaller farms found
their land was redistributed. Big Landowners were forced to find tenants for parts of their land and this,
too, raised productivity as the tenants and small farmers were often more efficient than the larger,
poorly run farms. As a result, the crop yield was very high, the GDP rose and the economy was boosted
since now there was a large number of sufficient farms running to provide profits. Hence, Ayub Khan’s
agricultural reforms were quite successful.

Secondly, as part of the land reforms, under Ayyub’s orders, three major dams named Mangla, Tarbela
and Warsak, were built to help irrigation. These dams also helped in generating sufficient hydroelectric
power plants on the same dams, allowing for more power generations, while promoting renewable
power generation as well. Farmers were also loaned money to build wells to reduce the need for canal
irrigation. The introduction of flood control programmes along with Green revolution revitalized
agriculture and the crop yield was an all-time record. This raised agricultural outputs, helped in
increasing exports, and as a result, increased foreign exchange earnings as well, which positively
affected Pakistan’s economy. Thus, Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were quite successful.

Thirdly, Ayub Khan pressed for more Industrial and Economic development as well. In 1962, an oil
refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation set up for the exploration of
mineral deposits. The refinery promised more excavation of oil deposits, which boosted the GDP of the
country. An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports.
Because of these reforms, Pakistan was heading towards industrialization and increased modernization.
In addition, through the Indus Water Treaty signed in 1960, compensation money was given by India,
which positively contributed towards Pakistan’s economy. All these reforms and actions improved the
economic status of Pakistan greatly, hence why Ayyub’s reign is called the ‘Decade of Development.’
Thus, Ayub Khan’s economic reforms were quite successful.

Fourthly, under the same economic reforms, Ayub Khan also improved relations of Pakistan with other
countries. Pakistan needed financial aid to support the projects it was initiating. This was carried out
with the help of loans from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany and
the UK. Due to this, not only did we get financial support, but also improved relations with big states. In
addition, in 1964, an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional Cooperation for
Development (RCD), in which the three countries agreed to develop ties in trade, commerce and
industry. As a result, Pakistan’s economic conditions were improved due to more efficient export and
import system under this union, and relations with Muslim Countries got better. Thus, Ayub Khan’s
economic reforms were quite successful.

However, Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms had its negative side. The huge influential property owners
bribed the officials and got rid of their infertile land in replacement of fertile land, leaving behind
infertile land for the small landowners. Additionally, they also secretly gave their land to their relatives,
so they could still operate over them, going against Ayyub’s land policy. As a result, the reforms
introduced by Ayub Khan did not live up to their full potential, and did not produce apparent positive
result. Hence, to some extent, Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were unsuccessful.

Furthermore, even if Ayub Khan’s land reforms increased productivity, much of this was due to
mechanization, which could generally only be available to big landowners. These machines were
expensive and hence, were not affordable to for the poor/small property owners, who neither could buy
nor rent them. As a result, smaller farms were not able to cope with the modernization, big farms were
bringing in. Additionally, modern machinery also caused employment, since it decreased demand of
manual labor, which added into the poverty scale of the poor, and made it clear, that these land reforms
could only benefit the rich. It also put a severe strain on Pakistan’s economy, since it had to buy these
machines in bulks to keep the reforms and agriculture running. Thus, to some extent, Ayub Khan’s
agricultural reforms were unsuccessful.

Moreover, even if economic reforms of Ayub deemed successful results, the green revolution proved be
only successful for the rich, which was problematic, since the poverty gap increased. In 1968, it was
revealed that just 22 families controlled 66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets. The same families also
controlled 80% of Pakistan’s banking and insurance companies. Therefore, a small, elite group of
wealthy Pakistanis had almost complete control of Pakistan’s wealth. As a result, this did not go
unnoticed in East Pakistan, since all these families belonged to the West and all major development was
also taking place in West, and East Pakistanis felt neglected, which created political problems for Ayub
Khan. In addition, whilst industry and economy was improving rapidly, Pakistan was increasingly
dependent on foreign aid, which it unable to flourish and develop solely on its own. Consequently, to
some extent, Ayub Khan’s economic reforms were unsuccessful.

In my opinion,

2. Which of the following was the most important contribution of Ayyub Khan’s government during
the ‘decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969:
(i) Agricultural and other economic reforms;
- Industrial reforms combined
- Agricultural reforms combined

(ii) Constitutional reforms;

- 1962 basic democracies
- 1962 constitution?

(iii) Foreign policy [14]

- Indus water treaty
- Tashkent accord

3. ‘Governments from 1947-58 achieved nothing.’ Do you agree? Give reasons. [14]
Ans. kdsakdka

Firstly, Liaquat ali khan – objective resolution

Secondly, Khawaja Nazimuddin – solving problems of drought, usa aid
Thirdly, Ghulam Muhammad – six year plan
Fourthly, iskander mirza - 1956 constitution
However, Liaquat – objections of east Pakistanis
Furthermore, Ghulam Muhammad – constitutional crisis
Moreover, Iskander mirza – one unit policy
Lastly, Khawaja Nazimuddin – civil unrest
In my opinion,

4. Were the social reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic policies during the
‘Deccade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans. adskfjaf

Firstly,
Secondly,
Thirdly,
However,
Moreover,
Furthermore,
Lastly,
In my opinion,

5. ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the
‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958-69.’ Do you agree? Give reasons. [14]
6. Which of the following contributed most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958?
(i). Khawaja Nazimuddin;
(ii). Malik Ghulam Muhammad;
(iii). Iskander Mirza [14]

UNIT 13: CREATION OF BANGLADESH 1950-1972

4-Marks [4]:

1. Who was Mujib-ur-Rehman? [4]

Ans. Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman was the founder of the Awami League in Bangladesh in 1949 and led it in
the 1960s. He believed in self-government of East Pakistan and hence, drafted the Six Points in 1966,
which demanded separation in effect. The success of the 1970 elections meant that the Awami League
was the largest party in Pakistan but were not allowed to take power or let Mujib-ur-Rehman became
Prime Minister. Civil war was waged between East Pakistan and West Pakistan after military crackdown
against Awami League supporters. After the independence of Bangladesh, he became the first PM and
was murdered in 1975 in a military takeover.

2. What was Operation Searchlight? [4]

Ans. It was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan army to put down the Bengali
nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. It was ordered by the central government, in
West Pakistan, and was seen as a sequel to ‘Operation Blitz’, which had been launched in November
1970. The original plan envisioned was taking control over major cities on March 26 and then
eliminating all opposition, political or military within a month. The Pakistan army did not accept any
Bengali resistance and hence many atrocities took place that caused 10 million refugees to flee to India.
These atrocities enraged the Bengalis, who eventually declared independence from Pakistan and led to
the creation of Bangladesh.

3. Describe the Language Movement. [4]

Ans. The Language Movement was a political movement in East Pakistan advocating the recognition of
the Bengali language as an official language in Pakistan, in place of Urdu. On 21 February 1952, the
students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists called ‘A State Language Day’. The
government banned protests on that day but a march was still held, resulting in several deaths when
police used tear gas to break it up. The movement reached its climax when police killed student
demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. It was not until the 1956
Constitution, that Bengali was recognized as one of the official languages of Pakistan.

4. What was the Agartala Conspiracy? [4]

Ans. The Agartala Conspiracy was a sedation case in Pakistan during Ayyub’s regime, against Mujib-ur-
Rehman and 28 other persons in 1968. A special tribunal was set up and the trial began on 19 June
1968.Members of public looked at the case as a conspiracy of the Pakistan government against the
political autonomy movement of East Pakistan, especially as the government was keen to prove that
Sheikh Mujib was an Indian agent and a separatist. They organized mass movement and demanded
immediate withdrawal of the case and release of all prisoners. In the face of all opposition, the
government withdrew the Agartala Conspiracy case in 1969. The accused were released and Mujib
became a hero of the Bengali Nationalist Movement.
5. What were the outcomes of the 1970 Elections? [4]
Ans. The main parties in the elections for the National Assembly were the PPP led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
which was based in West Pakistan and the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman, which was
based in East Pakistan. The election resulted in a stunning victory for the Awami League. 162 of the 300
seats in the election were allocated to East Pakistan. The Awami League won 160 seats, which gave
them a majority in the Assembly. The PPP won just 81 of the 138 in West Pakistan. The Awami League
had contested the election on a manifesto calling for political and economic independence for East
Pakistan.

6. What were the 6 points of Mujib-ur-Rehman? [4]

Ans. The Six Points produced by Mujib-ur-Rehman and called by Awami league are; a directly elected
government. The federal government to control defense and foreign policy and all other decisions to be
made at provincial level; separate currencies and/or financial policies for East and West Pakistan (to stop
all the money flowing from East to West Pakistan); each province to set up its own trade agreements
with other countries and to control the money spent/made through this trade and each province to
have its own troops.

7. What was the ‘Mukti Bahini’? [4]

Ans. The Mukti Bahini or Liberation Forces was an army made by India consisting of fifty thousand
trained guerrillas in East Pakistan to fight against the Pakistani army in West Pakistan. The Mukti Bahini
received training, weapons, and financial support from India. It started a brutal civil war in East Pakistan
and committed many atrocities. People who had sympathy for West Pakistan or belonged to West
Pakistan were kidnapped, killed and tortured. They were also involved in attacks on Pakistan Army.
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Mukti Bahini fought along with the Indian army, and led to
the eventual loss of Pakistan in the war. The army was said to be made in response to the Operation
Searchlight created by Yahya Khan.

7-Marks [7]:

1. Why did East Pakistan seek independence from West Pakistan? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the major reason for independence was the economic disparity in East Pakistan, since it was
much poorer of the two wings. All governmental measures of foreign aid and capital investment, along
with revenue expenditure of the government went to West Pakistan, coupled with Bengalis earnings
from their trade in jute as well. On an economic scale, West Pakistanis were 15% wealthier than East
Pakistanis. Due to this, the Bengalis believed that East Pakistan was being neglected on an economic
scale, and hence, they showed resentment to the government. They realized that in order to eradicate
their economic disparity, a separate state was pivotal. Thus, East Pakistan sought independence from
West Pakistan in 1971.

Secondly, another internal factor was the social and cultural disparity of East Pakistan. With the creation
of the new state, Bengalis felt that they were not equal partners in the new nation, since when they
protested against Urdu being the national language; Jinnah denied it. Bengalis protests and marches
resulted in several deaths and thus, they felt offended, particularly as they had a different culture, art
and music than West Pakistan. The superiority complex of the West Pakistanis also did not go unnoticed,
and hence East Pakistanis felt they remained unacknowledged by the government. Hence, East Pakistan
sought independence from West Pakistan in 1971.
Thirdly, another long-lasting reason was the political disparity of the East Pakistan. Their major
complaint was that the majority of members of constituent assembly were always from West Pakistan.
West Pakistanis or other refugees usually filled even high-level posts in Dhaka. The Bengalis felt inferior
and unheard in politics, as they did not have much power or a high status, which resulted in growing
hatred against the government. Consequently, East Pakistan sought independence in 1971.

2. Why was there a civil war in East Pakistan in 1971? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Yahya Khan after the Awami League land slide victory in the 1970 election was reluctant to
transfer powers. Yahya Khan, instead of transferring powers to Awami League, postponed the opening
session of the National Assembly. Therefore, the people of East Pakistan considered that Yahya Khan
had betrayed them. Therefore, they immediately began a campaign of mass civil disobedience, strikes,
and demonstrations and refused to pay taxes. Hence, there was a civil war in East Pakistan in 1971.

Secondly, another reason was operation search light. To counter the strikes in East Pakistan, no serious
steps were taken by Yahya. Instead of the announcement of new date for the National Assembly
session, he called back the provincial governor from East Pakistan and appointed General Tikka Khan as
Chief Martial Law Administrator. A planned military operation was started to put down the Bengali
nationalist movement in March 1971. This operation further flared the people because they felt that
West Pakistan was behaving unsympathetically and dictatorially. Hence, civil war broke out in order to
liberate East Pakistan from what they believed to be tyranny of West Pakistan. Thus, there was a civil
war in East Pakistan in 1971.

Thirdly, arrest of people further provoked the Bengali nation. Army arrested large number of political
activist including many leaders e.g. Mujib-ur-Rahman to settle the situation. However, resistance started
by the Bengali. Moreover, opponents of West Pakistan in East Pakistan and Indian propaganda added
fuel to the fire. India took the advantage of the situation, exploited the sentiments of the Bengali nation,
trained a Bengali rebel force, and provided them weapons. As a result, there was a civil war in East
Pakistan in 1971.

3. Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional
crisis? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the Awami League had won such a large number of seats that it now had a majority not only
in East Pakistan, but also in the National Assembly as a whole. This meant that it was in a position to
form the government on its own. In theory, the future prime minister and the entire cabinet could come
from East Pakistan, which seriously threatened the existing government from West Pakistan. Although
the PPP had won an overwhelming victory in West Pakistan, it was quite possible for it to have no role in
the government unless the Awami League invited it to share power. This was a blow to West Pakistan,
who knew they would soon be over shadowed by East Pakistan. Thus, the victory of Awami League in
1970 elections in Pakistan caused a constitutional crisis.

Secondly, another problem was that the Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting
the power of central government over the provinces. The call for the provinces to have control of their
foreign exchange earned from trade would greatly reduce the funds available to the central
government. Due to this sudden change of policy, the government was reluctant to accept the League’s
victory, since they feared that this would negatively affect their existing government. Thus, the victory of
Awami League in 1970 elections in Pakistan caused a constitutional crisis.

Thirdly, in 1970, General Elections were held in Pakistan. In these elections, Awami League headed by
Mujib-ur-Rahman emerged as the largest party of East Pakistan and the national assembly while Zulfikar
Ail Bhutto's Pakistan People Party became the largest party in West Pakistan and 2nd largest party in the
National Assembly. President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the
National Assembly by forming a government, because he could not allow the traditional dominance of
West Pakistan to be overturned. Therefore, he delayed transfer of powers to the largest party and tried
to convince Mujib as 'the next President of Pakistan'. However, Mujib-ur-Rahman refused this proposal.
Consequently, the victory of Awami League in 1970 elections in Pakistan caused a constitutional crisis.

4. Why did West Pakistan oppose the six points of Mujib-ur-Rehman? [7]
Ans. Firstly, Yahya Khan was not prepared to allow the Six Points to be put into action. He feared that
the plan could lead to the weakening of Pakistan and a less strong central government. The Six Points
demanded direct elected government and great deal of provincial autonomy. This would have reduced
the powers of central government over provinces. Semi-autonomous provinces with weak central
government were not acceptable to most of the leaders of West Pakistan e.g. Yahya Khan and Bhutto.
Therefore, they rejected the six points. Thus, West Pakistan opposed the six points of Mujib-ur-Rehman.

Secondly, West Pakistan rejected the Six Points mainly because they feared they would lead to the
break- up of the nation. Pakistan would become a loose federation of states under a weak central
government with hardly any power. A divided Pakistan would be weakened in its dealing with India, who
was already aiding East Pakistan, and doing anything to bring about partition of Pakistan. Those who
valued a single nation were determined to resist actions that they believed would lead to separation.
Hence, West Pakistan opposed the six points of Mujib-ur-Rehman.

Thirdly, West Pakistan believed that six points amounted to separation of the provinces within Pakistan.
If these points were implemented, they would have made two parts semi-autonomous and independent
of each other. This kind of rule was considered against the principle of federal system, which binds the
provinces together into a single nation. There was a fear that in future other provinces could also
demand the same, which was not acceptable. Consequently, West Pakistan opposed the six points of
Mujib-ur-Rehman.

5. Why did Mujib-ur-Rehman produce his Six Points? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Mujib-ur-Rahman wanted political dominance of East Pakistan. East Pakistan had larger
population than West Pakistan. Therefore, he produced Six Points and demanded federal form of
government that would be directly elected by universal suffrage. He knew because of this system,
dominance of the West Pakistan would be broken and East Pakistan would always dominate in the
center because of 55 percent population of the country in East. Hence, he produced his Six Points.

Secondly, he produced his Six Points for the economic benefits. Jute was the largest export of Pakistan
and main source of foreign exchange. There was feeling in East Pakistan that most of the foreign
exchange by exporting jute was used in the West Pakistan and they were receiving little return from the
wealth creating by the export of Jute. Further, there was a misunderstanding that resources of East
Pakistan were shifting to West Pakistan and actually rapid development in West Pakistan was due to the
resources of East Pakistan. As a result, he demanded financial control over the economic resources of
East Pakistan. Hence, Mujib produced his Six Points.

Thirdly, another reason was to ensure provincial power. This was necessary, as he believed that the
federal government was biased in favor of West Pakistan over East Pakistan. Mujib believed that a
greater degree of provincial autonomy would make sure that East Pakistan could work for its betterment
without depending on the federal government. Thus, Mujib produced his Six Points.

6. Why did Pakistan lose 1965 and 1971 wars? [7]

Ans. Firstly, In 1965, Pakistan had never expected a full scale war with India over Kashmir, and
therefore, Lahore was caught unprepared. One reason for this failure was that India was stronger and
more determined than Pakistan had realized. Additionally, during the war, the USA and Britain had both
placed an embargo on selling weapons to the two combatants. As Pakistan was dependent on the West
for parts to service its military equipment, it was hit harder than India. Thus, Pakistan lost the 1965 and
1971 wars.

Secondly, by 1971, the balance of military power had definitely tilted in favor of India. It had a stronger
economy and larger population and was able to develop an army considerably larger than Pakistan could
put in the field. India could also rely on support from Soviet Union after signing the treaty of Peace,
Friendship and Commerce in August 1971. Whereas Pakistan was not having any such support from any
of its allies. Hence, Pakistan lost the 1965 and 1971 wars.

Thirdly, Pakistan lost the war in 1971, as India took advantage of the civil war in East Pakistan. The
Indian army attacked East Pakistan in an attempt to defeat the West Pakistani army there. The ensuing
led to the downfall of Decca and the subsequent surrender of Pakistani forces with a large number of
Pakistani soldiers being taken as prisoners by India. This ultimately resulted in the success of India in the
war. Consequently, Pakistan lost the 1965 and 1971 war.

14-Marks [14]:

1. ‘Economic factors were more important than political considerations in the creation of Bangladesh
in 1971.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Ans. The creation of Bangladesh in 1971 was due to many economic and political factors and
considerations, which led to its eventual independence from West Pakistan.

Firstly, the major reason for independence was the economic disparity in East Pakistan, since it was
much poorer of the two wings. More than twice of all governmental measures of foreign aid and capital
investment, along with revenue expenditure of the government went to West Pakistan, coupled with
Bengalis earnings from their trade in jute as well. On an economic scale, West Pakistanis were 15%
wealthier than East Pakistanis. By 1970, the gap had grown to 40%. Due to this, the Bengalis believed
that East Pakistan was being neglected on an economic scale, and hence, they showed resentment to
the government. They realized that in order to eradicate their economic disparity, a separate state was
pivotal. Thus, economic factors were more important than political considerations in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971.

Secondly, the Bengalis believed that West Pakistan’s economic growth had taken place as a result of
transferring resources from East to West Pakistan. They argued that the single largest Pakistani export
was jute, which was grown in East Pakistan. Whereas perhaps the largest spending by the government
was on defense to protect border with India. Since most of the border between the two countries lay in
West Pakistan, some East Pakistanis considered that spending on the army was really to protect West
Pakistan. There was no major border dispute between East Pakistan and India. This led to Bengalis
realizing that the central government always gave preference to development in West Pakistan, even if
in the process, East Pakistan is getting neglected. This led to them striving for a separate state.
Consequently, economic factors were more important than political considerations in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971.

Thirdly, even though the majority of the population was in East Pakistan, they received less medical,
health and educational facilities compared to West Pakistan. In 1948, there were only 200 doctors and
3000 hospitals beds in the whole of East Pakistan. This led to a huge difference in standard of living in
East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Additionally, in 1947-58, the numbers in primary school in West
Pakistan rose by 163%, but in East Pakistan, the increase was just 38%. As a result, the literary rate in
East Pakistan dropped dramatically, and Bengalis realized that the central government was neglecting
East Pakistan in all aspects to maintain the traditional dominance of West Pakistan. This increased the
stance of Bengalis demanding a separate stuff. Hence, economic factors were more important than
political considerations in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

However, a long-lasting reason was the political disparity of the East Pakistan. Their major complaint
was that the majority of members of constituent assembly were always from West Pakistan. West
Pakistanis or other refugees usually filled even high-level posts in Dhaka. The Bengalis felt inferior and
unheard in politics, as they did not have much power or a high status, which resulted in growing hatred
against the government. Thus, political considerations were also important in the creation of Bangladesh
in 1971.

Moreover, another aspect of political disparity was due to the popularity of the Awami League in East
Pakistan, they were able to win the election of 1970 and were capable enough of forming their own
government without the help of PPP or any other party. Despite the visible results of the election,
central government denied their right to rule. This spread a wave of discontentment amongst the
citizens of Bengalis and pushed the Awami League to take necessary steps in order to keep themselves
firm and demanded independence. Hence, political considerations were also important in the creation
of Bangladesh in 1971.

Furthermore, as Awami League was not ready to share power, the national assembly’s session was
postponed, as Bhutto did not wanted anyone to know about the success of Awami League. Due to
delayed transfer of power, civil disobedience movement began in East Pakistan. This led to law and
order instability due to which army was sent to East Pakistan to restore order. This angered the Bengali’s
further and now they wanted nothing but independence. Consequently, political considerations were
also important in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

In my opinion,

2. ‘Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.’
Do you agree? Explain. [14]
Ans. There were many factors, which led to the ultimate creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Firstly, a long-lasting reason was the political disparity of the East Pakistan. Their major complaint was
that the majority of members of constituent assembly were always from West Pakistan. West Pakistanis
or other refugees usually filled even high-level posts in Dhaka. The Bengalis felt inferior and unheard in
politics, as they did not have much power or a high status, which resulted in growing hatred against the
government. Thus, political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971.
Secondly, another aspect of political disparity was due to the popularity of the Awami League in East
Pakistan, they were able to win the election of 1970 and were capable enough of forming their own
government without the help of PPP or any other party. Despite the visible results of the election,
central government denied their right to rule. This spread a wave of discontentment amongst the
citizens of Bengalis and pushed the Awami League to take necessary steps in order to keep themselves
firm and demanded independence. Hence, political factors were more important than any other factor
in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Thirdly, as Awami League was not ready to share power, the national assembly’s session was
postponed, as Bhutto did not wanted anyone to know about the success of Awami League. Due to
delayed transfer of power, civil disobedience movement began in East Pakistan. This led to law and
order instability due to which army was sent to East Pakistan to restore order. This angered the Bengali’s
further and now they wanted nothing but independence. Consequently, political factors were more
important than any other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Fourthly, the major reason for independence was the economic disparity in East Pakistan, since it was
much poorer of the two wings. All governmental measures of foreign aid and capital investment, along
with revenue expenditure of the government went to West Pakistan, coupled with Bengalis earnings
from their trade in jute as well. On an economic scale, West Pakistanis were 15% wealthier than East
Pakistanis. Due to this, the Bengalis believed that East Pakistan was being neglected on an economic
scale, and hence, they showed resentment to the government. They realized that in order to eradicate
their economic disparity, a separate state was pivotal. Consequently, economic factors were also
important in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

However, on 12 November 1970, a deadly tropical cyclone, the Bhola Cyclone, hit East Pakistan. There
was widespread famine due to which 500, 000 Bengalis died. The government in West Pakistan was slow
to react in providing supplies or relief and coordination. Political leaders in East Pakistan accused the
government of ‘gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference. To make matters worse, when
India offered aid, the central government in West Pakistan rejected it for ego logistical reasons. This
enraged the Bengalis, as they were desperate for help. Realizing the ignorant and reckless attitude of
West Pakistan, Bengalis finally realized that to protect themselves, a separate country was pivotal. Thus,
the negative impacts of the 1970 cyclone was also important in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Furthermore, another internal factor was the social and cultural disparity of East Pakistan. With the
creation of the new state, Bengalis felt that they were not equal partners in the new nation since they
had a diverse sense of culture, art, music and styles, which developed a lack of communication and
understanding between the two states. Bengalis protests and marches resulted in several deaths. The
superiority complex of the West Pakistanis also did not go unnoticed, and hence East Pakistanis felt they
remained unacknowledged by the government. This diversity among countries ultimately increased
disunity. Hence, cultural factors were also important in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Moreover, language issue was another sensitive issue for Bengalis. As Bengali was the most spoken
language of East Pakistan that was in majority, hence they demanded to adopt it as a national language.
They protested that Urdu was the mother tongue of only 6% of the whole of Pakistan, whereas Bengali
was spoken by 56% of its people. However, as Quaid believed that Urdu was a unifying symbol, he
turned down their demand. This caused a huge rift between East Pakistan and the central government,
which led to resentment. Additionally, in 1952, students called ‘A State Language Day’ on 21 February.
The government banned protests on that day but a march was still held, resulting in several deaths
when police used tear gas to break it up. This caused further distancing, and led to Bengalis striving for a
separate state. Thus, social and cultural factors were also important in the creation of Bangladesh in
1971.

Lastly, even though the majority of the population was in East Pakistan, they received less medical,
health and educational facilities compared to West Pakistan. In 1948, there were only 200 doctors and
3000 hospitals beds in the whole of East Pakistan. This led to a huge difference in standard of living in
East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Additionally, in 1947-58, the numbers in primary school in West
Pakistan rose by 163%, but in East Pakistan, the increase was just 38%. As a result, the literary rate in
East Pakistan dropped dramatically, and Bengalis realized that the central government was neglecting
East Pakistan in all aspects to maintain the traditional dominance of West Pakistan. This increased the
stance of Bengalis demanding a separate stuff. Consequently, economic and services factors were
important in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

In my opinion,

3. Do you agree that Pakistan lost the 1971 civil war because of Indian intervention? Give reason for
your answer. [14]

UNIT 14: PAKISTAN 20 YEARS FOLLOWING ‘DECADE OF PROGRESS’

4-Marks [4]:

1. What was the Simla Agreement? [4]

2. Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972. [4]
3. What were the Hudood Ordinances? [4]
4. What was the Afghan Miracle? [4]
5. Who was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto? [4]
6. Describe the terms of the 1973 Constitution. [4]
7. Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power. [4]

7-Marks [7]:

1. Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]
Ans. Firstly, Bhutto rule ended due to failure of his polices. People had very high expectations from
Bhutto but his polices were not up to the expectations of the people. Especially his education policy was
a real disappointment. Free primary education was promised and it was made compulsory. However,
the changes in education were criticized as they led to overcrowding in existing schools whilst new ones
were being built. The reforms were not very successful since the building of new schools and the
recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved quickly and was very expensive. Many families
resented the reforms since it meant a loss of earnings for them, leading to his loss in popularity. Thus,
Zulfiqar fell from power in 1979, and was arrested and subsequently executed in the same year.
Secondly,

Thirdly,

2. Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fall from power in 1979? [7]
Ans. Firstly, there was an allegation that he too had contributed to the disintegration of Pakistan. Many
believed, he played his role by refusing to participate in the national assembly session and his inflexible
attitude further increased differences between East and West Pakistan. Further, he was the leader of
the Pakistan delegation at the United Nations. The future of the United Pakistan depended upon his
policy and behavior. However, Bhutto was unable to convince UN on a solution in the favor of Pakistan.
One section of the country's population was permanently turned against him by this accusation. This
contributed in the decline of his popularity. Hence, Zulfiqar fell from power in 1979.

Secondly, Bhutto rule ended due to failure of his polices. People had very high expectations from Bhutto
but his polices were not up to the expectations of the people. Especially his education policy was a real
disappointment. Free primary education was promised and it was made compulsory. However, the
changes in education were criticized as they led to overcrowding in existing schools whilst new ones
were being built. The reforms were not very successful since the building of new schools and the
recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved quickly and was very expensive. Many families
resented the reforms since it meant a loss of earnings for them, leading to his loss in popularity. Thus,
Zulfiqar fell from power in 1979.

Thirdly, Bhutto's slogan of Islamic Socialism earned the hostility of the religious communities who
regarded socialism as contrary to Islam. The Soviet Union's calls for a global socialist revolution had
terrorized many Muslims and their countries in Central Asia. In Pakistan, many religious parties believed
that socialism was anti-Islam. Therefore, religious parties continued their propaganda against Bhutto
and under the influence of the Ulama, a large number of people turned against him. Which faded his
popularity as time passed. Consequently, Zulfiqar fell from power in 1979.

3. Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? [7]

Ans. Firstly, One of the reasons was the resignation of Yahya Khan who became the president of
Pakistan in 1969. Yahya Khan was unable to maintain control of the stability in the country. During his
rule, political situation in the country became more chaotic and his policies further made the situation
worse. As a result, in 1971 Pakistan lost East Pakistan that became Bangladesh. Many people in Pakistan
believed that Yahya was responsible of the creation of Bangladesh. Therefore, Yahya was disgraced and
he resigned on 20 December 1971 and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over the position of the President and
civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator because he was one of the most popular leader in Pakistan at
that time. Thus, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971.

Secondly, the army had received a shocking defeat in a war against India in 1971. As a result, the army
was at a very low ebb and not in a position to rule the country. The Army, which was ruling the country
since 1958, after this defeat was weakened, demoralized and blamed for the creation of Bangladesh. In
this situation, army was reluctant to take over the administration. Hence, Bhutto took the opportunity
to seek power and took over the rule. Hence, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971.
Thirdly, he also took power by establishing FSF, which was a government control military. Initially, it was
established to assist the police force but later vast powers were given to it. This organization became
increasingly active, breaking up opposition rallies and intimidating political opponents. Any person
thought to be threat to the government might find himself a victim of FSF brutally. Hence, FSF further
established his power base, and allowed him to emerge as a powerful leader. Consequently, Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto came to power in 1971.

4. Why did Zia ul-Haq introduce his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the introduction of Islamic measures would win the support of the religious elements
within Pakistan’s political parties. This applied in particular to Jamaat-e-Islami, which was influential in
both the administration and the army. Gaining support from political groups would bring out stability in
the country. The stability could also be reached by imposing strict Islamic laws, which ultimately require
a strict legal code to be imposed on the citizens of Pakistan. As a result, Zia would gain political support
and stability of the state. Thus, Zia ul-Haq introduced his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988.

Secondly, when the Russians invaded Afghanistan, Zia was able to portray his government as pro-Islamic
fighting the ‘pagan communists’. This would win support from the West, and it would further highlight
the anti-West, socialist ideas of the PPP. The Islamisation of the government policies would provide and
excellent counter-ideology to Bhutto’s belief. This would leave to people disregarding Bhutto’s
government and believe that it has been replaced with a better one; ultimately, increasing Zia’s
popularity. Hence, Zia ul-Haq introduced his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988.

Thirdly, Zia wanted to implement laws, which severely punished people for committing offences or
showing disrespect and disregard towards the Prophet (s). He implemented these practices by ensuring
that Islamic education was practiced in schools as a compulsory subject in order to raise awareness
regarding Islamic principles. This would lead to the citizens of Pakistan being more literate regarding
their religion and hence, lead to Pakistan being purely based on Islamic laws. Consequently, this is why
Zia ul-Haq introduced his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988.

5. Why did Zia find it difficult to govern Pakistan in the late 1980s? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the ‘Afghan Miracle’ had brought economic support to Pakistan, but at a cost. The West
freely supplied guns to help the Afghanis, but those guns now became common on the streets of
Pakistan (through smuggling), with a subsequent threat to law and order. Drug use and drug trafficking
also grew at alarming rates until Pakistan became one of the world’s leading countries for drug trading.
Killings and violence became common on the streets of Karachi and the large sums of money involved in
the drug trade led to an inevitable increase in the level of corruption in the society. As a result, the
stability of the country was deteriorated and many problems had arisen. Thus, Zia found it difficult to
govern Pakistan in the late 1980s.

Secondly, there was also a widening gap between the aims of the provinces. Punjab remained a strong
supporter of the central government. Sindh had become almost ungovernable, with regular outbreaks of
violence. It was also demanding secession from the rest of Pakistan. The NWFP (now KPK) was becoming
increasingly critical of Zia’s rule, especially as it had to withstand the worst of the refugee problem
resulting from the Afghan war. There was still a strong anti-central government ethos among the people
of Baluchistan. As a result, Zia had to face provincial conflicts and differences, which led to chaos and
instability in the state. Hence, Zia found it difficult to govern Pakistan in the late 1980s.

Thirdly,

6. Why did Pakistan leave SEATO? [7]

14-Marks [14]:

1. How successful was Zia-ul-Haq as a leader of Pakistan? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
2. In which of the following did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have most success:
(i) Reform and control of the armed forces;
(ii) Constitutional reform;
(iii) education and health reforms? [14]
3. How successful were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and 1977? [14]
4. In which of the following did Zia-ul-Haq have most success between 1977 and 1988:
(i) Islamization;
(ii) Economic affairs;
(iii) Political affairs? [14]
5. Was the promotion of Islamic values the most important achievement of General Ziaul- Haq’s
domestic policies between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
6. ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between
1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]

UNIT 15: PAKISTAN’S GOVERNMENT IN FINAL DECADES OF 20th CENT

[4-Marks]

1. What was the Co-operative Societies Scandal? [4]

Ans. Cooperative Societies was an organization which accepted money from members and could make
loans for purposes that were supposed to benefit the society and its members. However, due to the
mismanagement of the money, it led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money by
1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700, 000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies
went bankrupt. It was discovered that these Societies had granted billions of rupees in loans to Sharif’s
family business, the Ittefaq Group. Even though he repaid the loans, but his reputation was damaged
entirely and was one of the reasons why he lost office the following year, 1993.

2. Describe the problems caused by family feuds faced by Benazir Bhutto’s Government. [4]
Ans. Benazir Bhutto quarreled with her mother, Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of their family party,
PPP. However, Begum Nusrat Bhutto favored Benazir’s brother, Mir Murtaza, as the leader of the party.
As matters were more tensed, Benazir removed Begum from a leading role in the PPP. As the family
members were more distanced from each other, Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfiqar
Organization which he used to criticize Benazir and her government. Her husband, Zardari, was accused
of paybacks on property and government deals of being involved in political murders, which placed a
greater burden on Benazir Bhutto’s government. Her brother later was arrested on his return to Pakistan
on charges of terrorism in 1993. In 1996, he was killed in a political ambush and a judicial review of the
incident found government involvement in it. All such incidents caused by family feuds created great
problems for Benazir Bhutto’s government.

3. Who was Benazir Bhutto? [4]

Ans. Benazir Bhutto was the daughter of former Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Bhutto. She served as Prime
Minister from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first woman to head a democratic
government in a Muslim majority nation. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-
chaired the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007. On 27
December 2007, Benazir Bhutto was assassinated as she was leaving a rally of PPP supporters in
Rawalpindi.

4. What were the outcomes of the general elections of 1988? [7]

Ans. General Elections were held in Pakistan on 16 November 1988. The Pakistan People’s Party (PPP),
led by Benazir Bhutto won the election in the center with 94 seats of the National Assembly. Second
largest party was Islami Jamhoori Ittehad with 56 seats led by Nawaz Sharif. At provincial level, PPP only
managed to achieve victories in Sindh and KPK provinces. IJI, led by Nawaz Sharif, managed to achieve
victory in Punjab, the largest province of the country. In Baluchistan, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (Fazl-ur-
Rehman) and Pakistan National Party (Mir Zafarullah Khan) made a coalition to form the provincial
government. In light of the elections, acting President Ghulam Ishaq Khan invited the PPP to form the
government, making Benazir Bhutto as the Prime Minister in 1988.

5. What was the Troika? [4]

6. What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4]

7. What was the Pucca Qila Massacre? [4]

Ans. In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control (LOC) and captured the Indian
occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. At first Pakistan denied any involvement and said, they were
Kashmiri freedom fighters. India was hostile and launched a counter-attack in May 1999. It fired over
250,000 shells and rockets. Two of its aircrafts crossed into Pakistani air spaces and one was shot down.
Since both countries had nuclear weapons, any war between the two was a very serious matter. US
president intervened and persuaded Sharif to withdraw all Pakistan forces from Indian-held territory
behind the LOC. Nawaz Sharif blamed Musharraf for the embarrassing retreat from the fighting in
Kashmir but the army refused to accept this criticism.

8. What was the ‘National Economic Reconstruction Programme’? [7]

9. What was Economic Liberalization? [4]

Ans. Under Economic Liberalization, a number of incentives were offered such as, exchange control on
foreign currency coming into Pakistan were lifted. Foreign investors were allowed to invest in any
industry without any government approval except in few industries e.g. defense. To increase exports,
the Export Promotion Bureau was strengthened, and export quality measures were taken. The
government also reduced custom duties to import machinery. These encouraged foreign investors to
invest in Pakistan and foreign private investment increased to $3.4 billion in 1997. As a result, there was
some improvement in the economy.
10. Describe the Yellow Cab Scheme. [4]

11. What was Kalashnikov Culture? [4]

Ans. In some of the tribal lands, gun carrying was part of the culture. This was reinforced during the war
where Pakistan supported Afghan warlords against the Soviet Union, by the easy availability of weapons
made in towns such as Sakhot where Russian Kalashnikov guns were copied and sold cheaply; hence,
‘Kalashnikov culture.’ The government had to deal with rampant crime and terrorism, which continued
to be a cause for alarm in the country, particularly in Sindh. Kidnappings, bombings and murders were
common, even though the police and military worked hard to stop them. The police were increasingly
outgunned, and even foreigners were not immune from attack. These problems also spread into some
of the major towns in Pakistan as Afghan refugees from the war flooded in and as drug addiction
spiraled. By 1999, Pakistan may have had as many as 4 million heroin addicts.

12. What was the Shariat Bill? [4]

Ans. As a senior member of Zia’s Government, Nawaz Sharif was a strong supporter of Islam. In May
1991, the Shariat Bill was passed, making the Quran and the Sunna, the law of the land, as this did not
‘challenge the existing system of government.’ However, the law was not popular, as many opponents
disliked the increased role of Islam in government and the fundamental Muslims in the alliance were
disappointed that it did not go further. In reality, little was done to enforce the law. For example, when
the Federal Shariat Court asked for measures to be taken against the payment of interest, the
government took no action.

13. Describe the differences between PM Nawaz Sharif and the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. [4]
Ans. There were many differences and point of disputes between Sharif and Ishaq Khan. Nawaz Sharif
came into open conflict with President Ishaq Khan. After the sudden death of army chief of staff,
General Asif Nawaz Janjua in January 1993, Sharif wanted to place his own candidate in the vacant
position, against the wishes of both the army and the President. Instead, Ishaq Khan appointed General
Abdul Waheed Kakar, which angered Sharif. It is said that Nawaz Sharif was told about the new
appointment just a few minutes before the announcement. He also came into conflict with the
president due to the eight amendment, which gave the president the power to dismiss the government
and elected Assemblies. Ishaq believed that the Eighth Amendment was an important check on Prime
Minister’s power and was not prepared to revoke it. Indeed, on April 19, Ishaq used the Eighth
Amendment to dismiss Sharif and his government.

14. What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s? [4]

15. Describe the resignation of Nawaz Sharif in 1993. [4]

Ans. After Ishaq Khan dismissed the government of Sharif in 1993 under the Eight Amendment, the
Supreme Court declared Ishaq Khan’s action as unconstitutional and Sharif was restored. After weeks of
negotiations, Nawaz Sharif and Ishaq Khan failed to reach an agreement. The fear grew that the army
might take control. Therefore, both men resigned. The chairman of the Senate, Wasim Sajjad, who
functioned as acting president until the elections, replaced Ishaq Khan and Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi
(a senior World Bank official) became caretaker Prime Minister. Elections were called for October 1993,
Qureshi published a list of all individuals who head unpaid loans from state banks and barred them from
running for office until these loans were repaid. Hence, in this way, Nawaz Sharif’s government was
dismissed for the first time after being elected in 1990 and Benazir Bhutto succeeded him.
16. What was the Brown Amendment? [4]
Ans. In April 1995, Benazir Bhutto made a state visit to the United States and held talks with U.S.
President Bill Clinton. Bhutto urged him to revise the Pressler Amendment and launch a campaign
against extremism. In 1996, the 'Brown Amendment' was passed on 24 October 1996 that sought a one-
time waiver to the 'Pressler Amendment', and authorized the US government to reimburse Pakistan for
the F-16 payments and provide $388 million in military equipment. It was an important success because
not only it solved one of the old issue but also strengthened the defense of Pakistan

17. Describe the Lahore Declaration. [4]

Ans. The Lahore Declaration was a bilateral agreement or a treaty between India and Pakistan. The
treaty was signed on 21 February 1999, at the conclusion of a historic summit in Lahore, and ratified by
the parliaments of both countries the same year. Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual understanding
was reached towards the development of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental and unauthorized
operational use of nuclear weapons. The Lahore Declaration brought added responsibility to both
nations' leadership towards avoiding nuclear race. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee signed the treaty.

18. What was the Judiciary issue between Nawaz Sharif and Supreme Court? [4]
19. What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]
Ans. In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the Indian
occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. The Pakistan govt. denied any involvement In May, India launched a
counter-attack during which it fired over 250, 000 shells and rockers. Two of its aircrafts crossed into
Pakistani air space and one was shot down. During May and June 1999, Pakistani forces were pushed
back and eventually Sharif was persuaded by US President Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan forces from
Indian held territory behind the Line of Control. The Kargil conflict proved to be a major blow to
Pakistan-India relations.

20. Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s coup. [4]

Ans. The coup was launched in October 1999, when Nawaz Sharif tried to blame General Musharraf for
the Kashmir retreat, after the Kargil Conflict against India in in May 1999. General Musharraf had gone
on a visit to Sri Lanka and on his return Nawaz Sharif government did not allow his plane to land and
appointed General Zia-ud-din Butt in place of him as the new Chief of Army Staff. However, the army
refused to accept this appointment and they took over the Karachi airport and allowed Musharraf's
plane to land. Once he was on the ground, Musharraf announced that the army was taking control, and
Pakistan was now under military rule. It was a bloodless coup.

21. What was the Thirteenth Amendment? [4]

Ans. One of the first acts of Nawaz Sharif in 1997 was to introduce the Thirteenth Amendment giving the
Prime Minister the authority to revoke the authority of the President to dismiss the Prime Minister and
the National Assembly. The President also lost the power to appoint the three chiefs of staff of the
armed forces and the Provincial Governors. In effect, the Presidency now became a ceremonial position.
All political parties supported the measure as the Eighth Amendment had greatly undermined political
stability in the country, but this amendment created dangers for democracy in 1999.

22. What economic problems did Benazir Bhutto face? [4]

Ans. During Benazir’s tenure, there was a 30% decrease in the value of rupee compared to the US dollar.
In addition, government officials who had a personal interest in nationalized industries obstructed
Benazir’s privatization policy. Although more than 40 million rupees were raised from the sale of
nationalized corporations and industries, the country’s economy suffered greatly from the effects of the
US financial and military embargo imposed because of Pakistan’s nuclear programme. As against an
average growth rate of 6.0% in the 1980s, Pakistan’s GDP growth slowed to around 4% at this time.
Large-scale manufacturing growth slowed to only 2.3% compared to over 8% in the 1980s. Having taken
the charge of economic policies herself, these events created severe economic problems for Benazir.

23. Describe the achievements of Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy in 1988-1990. [4]
Ans. Benazir Bhutto had more success in her foreign policy. She took Pakistan into the Commonwealth,
and hosted the fourth South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit Conference in
December. Because of improved relations at the conference, Pakistan and India were able to sign three
separate peace agreements. In June, she made an official visit to the United States in 1989, to meet with
President Bush and other government officials. The visit was a great success and did much to restore
good relations between the two countries. She visited China and ‘The Reciprocal Encouragement and
Protection of Investments’ agreement was signed, which restored good relations between Pakistan and
China. Bhutto had great success in foreign policy in 1988-1990.

24. What was the Fourteenth Amendment? [4]

Ans. Nawaz Sharif took measures to stop politicians switching parties in order to help form coalitions to
oppose or even form governments. Such a practice invited ‘inducements’ to persuade politicians to
change parties, or even to prevent them changing and many posts in government or cheap loans had
been granted as a result of this practice. The Anti-Defection Bill or The Fourteenth Amendment
prevented such switching, which was passed in June 1997. Since Nawaz’s party had an overwhelming
majority in Parliament, the Fourteenth Amendment effectively prevented the Prime Minister from being
dismissed by a no confidence vote.

[7-Marks]

1. Why was Benazir dismissed from office a second time in 1996? [7]
Ans. Firstly, Benazir’s tenure was majorly dominated by family feuds which made it hard for her to rule
effectively. She didn’t have smooth relations which her family, as she quarreled with her mother over
control of PPP, all while removing her mother as the head of the PPP. To make matters worse, her
brother Mir Murtaza Bhutto founded the Al-Zulfikar Organization, used it to criticize Benazir for
betraying their father’s principles, and opposed Zardari’s involvement in her government. Later,
Murtaza was assassinated under mysterious circumstances in political custody in Karachi, 1996. None of
the police officers was arrested, and they were even promoted to higher posts. As a result, this event
received judicial views, which stated that the government was involved in the assassination. This caused
political turmoil and damaged her tenure further, ultimately causing discontent. Hence, Benazir was
dismissed from office a second time in 1996.

Secondly, the opposition party, PML (N) showed lack of tolerance, which further damaged her tenure.
They criticized the economic policies of the government, bad law and order situation and general
breakdown of governance. In 1997, Nawaz Sharif led a train march from Karachi to Peshawar and two
weeks later, he called a weal jam. Benazir responded by arresting political leaders who took part in
strikes. This further increased opposition. Moreover, on the domestic front, she continued facing
problems with MQM. This showed the political parties’ disapproval of the way Benazir was governing
the country. This discredited the government and made the PPP party more fragile, leading to the
President ultimately dismissing her government to ease political turmoil. Thus, Benazir was dismissed
from office a second time in 1996.
Thirdly, the relations between the president and the PM were deteriorating and then on 5 November
1996, the president dismissed the government on charges of corruption, miss-governance, nepotism,
and violation of rules, which were common practices during the rule. Moreover, Zardari (husband of
Benazir) was accused of rolling back millions of rupees in corruption and money laundering, paybacks of
government deals and involved in political murders. Therefore, he was imprisoned (1997-2004) and
Benazir went into exile. This further damaged the bilateral relations between the PM and the president
and hence, ultimately led to the dismissal of Benazir’s government.

2. Why did Pervez Musharraf came to power in 1999? [7]

Ans. Firstly, the 'Plane Conspiracy" became the immediate reason. General Musharraf went on a visit to
Sri Lanka and on his return Nawaz Sharif government did not allow his plane to land and appointed
General Zia-ud-din Butt in place of him as the new Chief of Army Staff. However, the army refused to
accept this appointment and they took over the Karachi airport and allowed Musharraf's plane to land.
Once he was on the ground, Musharraf announced that the army was taking control. As a result, the
conflict with the most powerful institution was a major reason for the dismissal of Nawaz Sharif. Hence,
Pervez Musharraf came to power in 1999.

Secondly, Musharraf gained power due to Kargil issue. In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed
the LOC and captured the Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. First, the Pakistani government
denied any involvement but later Sharif was persuaded by US president Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan
forces from the Indian held territory behind the LOC. Sharif placed the blame of this whole adventure on
Musharraf, which was rejected by the army. Therefore, the failure in Kashmir had lost Sharif the support
of army and it proved to be the final nail in Sharif's coffin and a major cause of his overthrow. Thus,
Pervez Musharraf came to power in 1999.

Thirdly, Sharif was giving support for the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations with USA, as
they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing the US embassy in Kenya.

3. Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Nawaz Sharif’s policies were undermined by lack of capital for investment. There was an
influx of foreign capital when he loosened foreign exchange restrictions and opened Pakistan’s stock
market to foreign capital, but the government remained short of funds for investment. The USA had
provided significant economic support during the Soviet-Afghan war, but when the war ended, that
support was reduced. To repay loans, Sharif depended upon foreign aid from USA, but the aid was in
decline, which put a severe strain on Pakistan’s finances. As a result, Sharif could not effectively carry
out his policies, and the economic structure of the government fell drastically. Consequently, Nawaz
Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Secondly, due to the mismanagement of the money and loans in the co-operative societies, it led to a
major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700,
000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies went bankrupt. It was discovered that these
Societies had granted billions of rupees in loans to Sharif’s family business, the Ittefaq Group. Even
though he repaid the loans, but his reputation was damaged entirely, and he lost public support, making
this scandal the biggest reason why he was dismissed. Thus, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Thirdly, he came into dispute with the president over the Eighth Amendment, which gave the president
the power to dismiss the government (prime minister) and elected Assemblies. The president, Ishaq
Khan, believed that the Eighth Amendment was an important check on the Prime Minister’s power and
was not prepared to revoke it. Due to this disagreement, the relations between Sharif and the President
worsened, and the situation for Nawaz’s dismissal was much tightened. Indeed, on April 19, Ishaq Khan
used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss Sharif and his government on charges of corruption and
mismanagement of economy. Hence, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

4. Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7]

Ans. Firstly, Benazir Bhutto was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari, and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved. She used her family members in the
government, like appointing her mother, Nusrat Bhutto as the senior minister, followed by selection of
her father-in-law as chairman of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and most important, her
husband, was involved in important financial matters. There were tales of corruption of her father-in-
law and husband who was accused of taking rake-offs on government deals. This tainted her own
reputation, and she was accused of ill-advised nepotism, which made her unpopular with the public, all
while affecting the government negatively. Therefore, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan removed her
government under charges of nepotism and corruption. Hence, Benazir Bhutto fell from office in 1990.

Secondly, another reason was strong opposition. Even though Benazir had won majority seats, she did
not have enough seats to form the government alone, and by making a coalition government with the
MQM, it showed her government was not strong enough. Further, she came into confrontation with
provincial governments especially as she had to work in a coalition with the MQM, which was a party
that represented Muslims who had migrated from India to Pakistan, and settled in Sindh. This angered
many PPP members in Sindh, and violence and mass protests followed, which led to the MQM leaving
the coalition and joining the opposition, which meant that her majority support was gone. Benazir was
becoming unpopular with the public, and her government was blamed for breakdown of law and order.
Thus, Benazir Bhutto fell from office in 1990.

Thirdly, Benazir Bhutto did not work well with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and she sometimes clashed
with him. A major area of disagreement was over appointments to positions in the military and the
judiciary. Ishaq Khan considered that such appointments were the right of the President, not the Prime
Minister. He refused to agree to several appointments and dismissals she wanted to make in the military
and this caused further tension between them. Therefore, Ishaq Khan dismissed her government under
charges of inability to maintain law and order, and to exercise his authority under the 8 th Amendment.
Consequently, Benazir Bhutto fell from office in 1990.

5. Why did the ‘Separatist Movements’ oppose Benazir Bhutto? [7]

Ans. Firstly, the main aim of the ‘Separatist Movements’ was to attain greater provincial autonomy so
that they could have a greater say in running the affairs of their respective provinces. They believed that
the Central government was unfair to them e.g. Pakistan railway failed to provide wagons to move scrap
iron from Karachi to Lahore. This caused great anger in Punjab as they did not wanted to be controlled
by the central government. Since Benazir failed to agree with them at this time, their opposition
towards Benazir increased even further due to conflict of opinion. Hence, the ‘Separatist Movements’
opposed Benazir Bhutto.

Secondly, they opposed Bhutto as she was determined to keep a strong control of the provinces. She
pursued a course of confrontation, including unsuccessful efforts to overthrow Sharif in the provincial
assembly. Following this, she appointed Ghulam Mustafa Khan as Governor of Punjab to strictly monitor
the situation there. This was against the interests of the members of the Separatist Movement, due to
which in reaction Bhutto had to face opposition. Thus, the ‘Separatist Movements’ opposed Benazir.

Thirdly, when they established the Bank of Punjab in 1989 for the provincial economic benefits, they
wanted greater autonomy in this. However, Bhutto stated that they were allowed to do this under the
constitution, but Benazir rejected it calling it ‘treason against federation.’ This infuriated them, which led
them to criticize Benazir even further. Consequently, the Separatist Movements opposed Benazir.

6. Why did Pakistan face many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999? [7]
Ans. Firstly, the major problem was the lack of financial investment in education by successive
governments who had viewed defense as being more important. This was because the military
expenditure was excessively high for a country such as Pakistan and therefore there was little room for
spending on education. Less than 3% of Pakistan’s budget had been spent on education. Many policies
and schemes could not be implemented because of lack of funds. There was little money to build new
schools, or too spend on research, training or development, which posed problems for Pakistan. Hence,
Pakistan faced many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999.

Secondly, illiterate parents did not feel the necessity and importance of education. Female education
was even more neglected. It was estimated that half the children joining primary school used to leave
within 5 years and one-third of girls dropped out within a year. It was very difficult to arrange female
teachers in rural areas. In the tribal societies, people were also against female education. Further,
terrorism made it difficult to get education. Terrorist attacks on schools especially on female schools had
created fear amongst the people to send their children to schools in such areas, which resulted in an
overall low educational experience. Thus, Pakistan faced many problems with the provision of education
between 1947 and 1999.

Thirdly, there was shortage of expert educators who could modernize this system. If schools were
opened, trained teachers were not available. This system was unable to meet international standards.
The standard of education was miserably low in the government run schools. Many students after
completing their education were unable to find better jobs, therefore some parents considered it
useless. They preferred to send their children to learn skills rather than to schools for formal education,
which resulted in decreasing rate of children in schools. Consequently, Pakistan faced many problems
with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999.

7. Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of health services between 1947 and
1999? [7],
Ans. Firstly, the health care services provided to public were in pretty poor state between 1947 and
1999. All governments since 1947 have tried to improve this state of affairs but they have been
rendered helpless by the huge growth in the population. The population grew at very fast rate during
the time, which remained one of the world's highest growth rate. With almost 45 percent of the
population under the age of 15 years. This rapid increase in population made it difficult for any
government to provide adequate standard medical facilities for everyone. As a result of such a rapid
increase, most of the rural population was overlooked as due to lack of proper medical staff, the experts
only operated in urban areas. Hence, Pakistan faced so many problems with the provision of health
services between 1947 and 1999.

Secondly, another reason was the low sums of money allocated to health expenditure. Social and
cultural barriers also prevented any major improvements in public health. Women found it difficult,
particularly in rural areas, to find any medical advice, assistance as their mobility was restricted, and
practice of traditional medicine continued. The limited public health expenditure was heavily used in
urban areas, despite the fact that the majority of the population lived in rural areas. As a result, majority
had no excess to modern health services. Thus, Pakistan faced so many problems with the provision of
health services between 1947 and 1999.

Thirdly, basic problems persisted in the provision of health care in Pakistan. Successive governments
committed themselves to improve this sector but unless the amount spent was increased, this was
unlikely to happen. The usual problem of high management costs and inefficiency meant that the
allocated funds were misspent or not spent at all. Public hospitals remained overloaded during the
period due to an ineffective method of dealing with relatively small matter at the lower level. Apart from
the amount allocated to health care, mismanagement also made the matter worse. For example in 1972,
government introduced health reforms by introducing Rural Health Centers and Basic Health Units.
However, these reforms failed to have the impact they were intended to have due to poor management
and a lack of funding. Consequently, Pakistan faced so many problems with the provision of health
services between 1947 and 1999.

[14-Marks]

1. Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason why she left office in 1990? [14]
Ans. The challenges in Sindh coupled with other leading factors were the many reasons as to why
Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Firstly, Bhutto had made the study of Sindhi compulsory in schools and reserved a number of posts in
the administration for Sindhis. However, there was also a large number of Muhajirs, many of whom
were well-educated, Urdu speakers who opposed the special rights for Sindhis and increase supported
the Muhajirs Quami Movement (MQM). This led to Sindh being an area of opposition to the Pakistan
People’s Party (PPP) and growing support for the MQM, which proved to be very harmful for Benazir’s
government, and made her loose support in the center coupled with a weak political status. Hence,
Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Secondly, Benazir Bhutto tried in vain to gain the support of the MQM in order to form a coalition
agreement by promising to protect the interests of all the people of Sindh, not just Sindhi-speakers, and
to stamp out all violence. However, she was unsuccessful in fulfilling her promise, which resulted in
increased tension between Sindhis and Muhajirs. This proved to be the sole source of violence in Sindh,
which led to bad law, and order situation, which increased problems for Benazir further, proving very
harmful for her government. Hence, Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Thirdly, in August 1989, the MQM ended its alliance with the PPP because of the widespread riots in
Karachi due to the incompetence of the government. As a result, the Sindh government launched a
crackdown in Hyderabad, which was the center of MQM power. As a result, a shoot-n-sight curfew was
imposed and a house-to-house operation began. The Muhajirs were angered at this treatment, due to
which protests broke out which led to 31 women and children being killed and retaliation all over
Karachi. This became known as the Pucca Qila Massacre and seriously damaged the reputation and
image of the government, proving to be very problematic for Benazir. No alliance with the MQM meant
that Benazir now had to face severe opposition from the very province she had a strong hold over. Thus,
Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

However, Benazir Bhutto was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari, and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved. She used her family members in the
government, like appointing her mother, Nusrat Bhutto as the senior minister, followed by selection of
her father-in-law as chairman of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and most important, her
husband, was involved in important financial matters. There were tales of corruption of her father-in-
law and husband who was accused of taking rake-offs on government deals. This tainted her own
reputation, and she was accused of ill-advised nepotism, which made her unpopular with the public, all
while affecting the government negatively. Therefore, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan removed her
government under charges of nepotism and corruption. Hence, Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Moreover, Benazir Bhutto did not work well with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and she sometimes
clashed with him. A major area of disagreement was over appointments to positions in the military and
the judiciary. Ishaq Khan considered that such appointments were the right of the President, not the
Prime Minister. He refused to agree to several appointments and dismissals she wanted to make in the
military and this caused further tension between them. Therefore, Ishaq Khan dismissed her
government under charges of inability to maintain law and order, and to exercise his authority under the
8th Amendment. Consequently, Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Furthermore, Benazir faced serious political opposition from Nawaz Sharif’s political party, IJI. Even
though, Benazir had won the election but it was not with clear majority due to which she had to form
coalition agreement with MQM. To culminate problems for her government, Nawaz Sharif launched a
number of opposition parties against her. Therefore, the unsuccessful no-confidence motion tabled by
opposition parties including Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) led by Nawaz Sharif seriously damaged her
government. This proved to be problematic for Benazir’s government, showing infective governance
from her side. Thus, Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

Lastly, Benazir promised to create a Pakistan, which was democratic, but guided by Islamic principles.
She had promised economic development programmes and social and health reforms; however, many
of her promises were not fulfilled. No new laws were introduced to improve welfare services or help
women and the Hudood and Zina Ordinances were not repealed. The government lost support, as it was
unable to deliver on its promised employment and economic development programs. Inflation and
unemployment were high, and the rapid increase in the country’s population meant the already
overburdened education and health system could not cope, which increased her unpopularity. Thus,
Benazir Bhutto left office in 1990.

In my opinion,

2. How successful was Benazir Bhutto as PM of Pakistan in years 1988-1990 and 1993-1996? [14]
Ans. Benazir Bhutto’s two terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988-1990 and 1993-1996 had its
fair share of successes and failures.

Firstly, Benazir Bhutto had more success in her foreign policy. She took Pakistan into the
Commonwealth, which gave Pakistan economic and political support, and hosted the fourth South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit Conference in December. Because of improved
relations at the conference, Pakistan and India were able to sign three separate peace agreements,
which removed potential threats from India for the time being. In June, she made an official visit to the
United States in 1989, to meet with President Bush and other government officials. The visit was a great
success and did much to restore good relations between the two countries. She visited China and ‘The
Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments’ agreement was signed, which restored good
relations between Pakistan and China. Hence, Benazir was successful as prime minister in years 1988-90.

Secondly, she introduced few reforms in the favor of the people of Sindh, which had been the
stronghold of Pakistan People’s Party since Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's time. The Sindhi culture was different
from the neighboring regions and the Sindhi community practiced it. Therefore, she promoted Sindhi
culture through different ways such as made the study of Sindhi compulsory in schools. She also
reserved a number of posts in the administration for Sindhis, which increased job opportunities for
them. As these reforms were in the best interest of the Sindhis, thus she became more popular among
the Sindhi people, leading to effective governance of the country. Thus, Benazir was successful as prime
minister in years 1988-90.

Thirdly, in 1993 general elections, Benazir campaigned for an 'Agenda of Change'. She promised to
improve social service in the country and especially to address women social and health issues in the
country. After taking the control of the Prime Minister office, she introduced few important changes in
the favor of women. Such as, a women's bank (First Women's Bank) was opened, women were recruited
into police and appointed as High Court judges as well as to important civil service positions. She also
announced to establish women police stations. All these actions had positive effect on few people life
and were appreciated by them. Thus, Benazir was successful as prime minister in years 1993-1996.

Fourthly, she convinced USA government to release the supply of military equipment’s, which it had
stopped due to the 'Pressler Amendment'. In April 1995, Benazir Bhutto made a state visit to the United
States and held talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton. Bhutto urged him to revise the Pressler
Amendment and launch a campaign against extremism. In 1996, the 'Brown Amendment' was passed on
24 October 1996 that sought a one-time waiver to the 'Pressler Amendment', and authorized the US
government to reimburse Pakistan for the F-16 payments and provide $388 million in military
equipment. It was an important success because not only it solved one of the old issue but also
strengthened the defense of Pakistan. Thus, Benazir was successful as prime minister in years 1993-
1996.

However, Benazir Bhutto was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari, and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved. She used her family members in the
government, like appointing her mother, Nusrat Bhutto as the senior minister, followed by selection of
her father-in-law as chairman of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and most important, her
husband, was involved in important financial matters. There were tales of corruption of her father-in-
law and husband who was accused of taking rake-offs on government deals. This tainted her own
reputation, and she was accused of ill-advised nepotism, which made her unpopular with the public, all
while affecting the government negatively. Therefore, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan removed her
government under charges of nepotism and corruption. Consequently, Benazir was unsuccessful as
prime minister in years 1988-90 and 1993-1996.

Furthermore, Benazir promised to create a Pakistan, which was democratic, but guided by Islamic
principles. She had promised economic development programmes and social and health reforms;
however, many of her promises were not fulfilled. No new laws were introduced to improve welfare
services or help women and the Hudood and Zina Ordinances were not repealed. The government lost
support, as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and economic development
programs. Inflation and unemployment were high, and the rapid increase in the country’s population
meant the already overburdened education and health system could not cope. The government also
failed to deal with the country’s growing drug abuse problem, leading to instability in the state. Hence,
Benazir was unsuccessful as prime minister in years 1988-90 and 1993-1996.

Moreover, Benazir faced serious political opposition from Nawaz Sharif’s political party, IJI. Even
though, Benazir had won the election but it was not with clear majority due to which she had to form
coalition agreement with MQM. To culminate problems for her government, Nawaz Sharif launched a
number of opposition parties against her. Therefore, the unsuccessful no-confidence motion tabled by
opposition parties including Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) led by Nawaz Sharif seriously damaged her
government. This proved to be problematic for Benazir’s government and ultimately forced her to leave
office in 1990, showing ineffective governance from Benazir’s side. Thus, Benazir was unsuccessful as
prime minister in years 1988-90 and 1993-1996.

Lastly, Benazir Bhutto did not work well with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and she sometimes clashed
with him. A major area of disagreement was over appointments to positions in the military and the
judiciary. Ishaq Khan considered that such appointments were the right of the President, not the Prime
Minister. He refused to agree to several appointments and dismissals she wanted to make in the military
and this caused further tension between them. Therefore, Ishaq Khan dismissed her government under
charges of inability to maintain law and order, and to exercise his authority under the 8 th Amendment.
Thus, Benazir was unsuccessful as prime minister in years 1988-90 and 1993-1996.

In my opinion,

3. Was the Co-operative Societies scandal the most important reason why Nawaz Sharif fell from
office in 1993? Explain. [14]
Ans. There were many factors, which led to Nawaz Sharif’s ultimate dismissal from office of prime
minister in 1993.

Firstly, due to the mismanagement of the money and loans in the co-operative societies, it led to a
major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700,
000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies went bankrupt. It was discovered that these
Societies had granted billions of rupees in loans to Sharif’s family business, the Ittefaq Group. Even
though he repaid the loans, but his reputation was damaged entirely, and he lost public support, making
this scandal the biggest reason why he was dismissed. Thus, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Secondly, Nawaz Sharif’s policies were undermined by lack of capital for investment. There was an
influx of foreign capital when he loosened foreign exchange restrictions and opened Pakistan’s stock
market to foreign capital, but the government remained short of funds for investment. The USA had
provided significant economic support during the Soviet-Afghan war, but when the war ended, that
support was reduced. To repay loans, Sharif depended upon foreign aid from USA, but the aid was in
decline, which put a severe strain on Pakistan’s finances. As a result, Sharif could not effectively carry
out his policies, and the economic structure of the government fell drastically. Consequently, Nawaz
Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Thirdly, he came into dispute with the president over the Eighth Amendment, which gave the
president the power to dismiss the government (prime minister) and elected Assemblies. The president,
Ishaq Khan, believed that the Eighth Amendment was an important check on the Prime Minister’s power
and was not prepared to revoke it. Due to this disagreement, the relations between Sharif and the
President worsened, and the situation for Nawaz’s dismissal was much tightened. Indeed, on April 19,
Ishaq Khan used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss Sharif and his government on charges of corruption
and mismanagement of economy. Hence, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Fourthly, Sharif attempted to solve Pakistan’s employment problem by providing cheap loans to men to
buy taxis that he had imported from other countries. However, few of the loans were repaid which
placed a strain on the economy and its foreign exchange reserves. This was made worse when he tried
to finance major investment projects that depended upon foreign aid especially from the USA. This aid
was in decline, which placed a severe strain on Pakistan’s finances. Because of such policies, Sharif’s
government was seen incompetent and hence was blamed. Thus, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Moreover, Pakistan had received unfortunate effects of the Afghan Soviet War as in some border
areas, tribal lands adopted the culture of carrying a gun. This did not proved to be beneficial as due to
easy availability to guns, crime, terrorism, kidnappings, and murder became common. This produced an
alarming situation, as the police and military were unable to control this, which created an ineffective
government. As automatic weapons were made in abundance, this gave rise to ethnic and political
rivalries, which provided an unsafe environment for foreigners. To make matters worse, refuges coming
from the Soviet Afghan War brought the culture of drug addiction due to which in 1999, more than 4
million Pakistanis were addicted. As the government was unable to control such a grievous situation,
Nawaz Sharif was blamed and heavily criticized. Thus, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Furthermore, in 1991, one of the major banks operating in Pakistan, the Bank of Credit and Commerce
International (BCCI) collapsed. The bank had become the world’s seventh largest bank within 10 years,
and proved very harmful for Pakistan’s status. It was concluded that the BCCI was indulged in
widespread fraud and manipulation, by British team of accountants through an investigation. As a result,
Sharif’s government had to pay a huge fine due to which many investors lost huge sums of money. This
decreased the popularity of Sharif’s government amongst the population and his reputation was
corrupted. Hence, Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993.

Lastly, In May 1991, the Shariat Bill was passed, making the Quran and the Sunna, the law of the land,
as this did not ‘challenge the existing system of government.’ However, the law was not popular, as
many opponents disliked the increased role of Islam in government and the fundamental Muslims in the
alliance were disappointed that it did not go further. In reality, little was done to enforce the law. For
example, when the Federal Shariat Court asked for measures to be taken against the payment of
interest, the government took no action, which added to Sharif’s unpopularity. Hence, Nawaz Sharif fell
from office in 1993.

In my opinion,

4. How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988-90? [14]
Ans. Benazir Bhutto had her fair share of successes and failures during her first term as prime minister in
the years 1988-1990.

Firstly, Benazir Bhutto had more success in her foreign policy. She took Pakistan into the
Commonwealth, which gave Pakistan economic and political support, and hosted the fourth South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit Conference in December. Because of improved
relations at the conference, Pakistan and India were able to sign three separate peace agreements,
which removed potential threats from India for the time being. In June, she made an official visit to the
United States in 1989, to meet with President Bush and other government officials. The visit was a great
success and did much to restore good relations between the two countries. She visited China and ‘The
Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments’ agreement was signed, which restored good
relations between Pakistan and China. Hence, Benazir was successful as prime minister in years 1988-90.

Secondly, she introduced few reforms in the favor of the people of Sindh, which had been the
stronghold of Pakistan People’s Party since Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's time. The Sindhi culture was different
from the neighboring regions and the Sindhi community practiced it. Therefore, she promoted Sindhi
culture through different ways such as made the study of Sindhi compulsory in schools. She also
reserved a number of posts in the administration for Sindhis, which increased job opportunities for
them. As these reforms were in the best interest of the Sindhis, thus she became more popular among
the Sindhi people, leading to effective governance of the country. Thus, Benazir was successful as prime
minister in years 1988-90.

Thirdly,

However, Benazir Bhutto was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari, and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved. She used her family members in the
government, like appointing her mother, Nusrat Bhutto as the senior minister, followed by selection of
her father-in-law as chairman of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee and most important, her
husband, was involved in important financial matters. There were tales of corruption of her father-in-
law and husband who was accused of taking rake-offs on government deals. This tainted her own
reputation, and she was accused of ill-advised nepotism, which made her unpopular with the public, all
while affecting the government negatively. Therefore, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan removed her
government under charges of nepotism and corruption. Consequently, Benazir was unsuccessful as
prime minister in years 1988-90.

Moreover, Benazir promised to create a Pakistan, which was democratic, but guided by Islamic
principles. She had promised economic development programmes and social and health reforms;
however, many of her promises were not fulfilled. No new laws were introduced to improve welfare
services or help women and the Hudood and Zina Ordinances were not repealed. The government lost
support, as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and economic development
programs. Inflation and unemployment were high, and the rapid increase in the country’s population
meant the already overburdened education and health system could not cope. The government also
failed to deal with the country’s growing drug abuse problem, leading to instability in the state. Hence,
Benazir was unsuccessful as prime minister in years 1988-90.

Furthermore, Benazir faced serious political opposition from Nawaz Sharif’s political party, IJI. Even
though, Benazir had won the election but it was not with clear majority due to which she had to form
coalition agreement with MQM. To culminate problems for her government, Nawaz Sharif launched a
number of opposition parties against her. Therefore, the unsuccessful no-confidence motion tabled by
opposition parties including Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) led by Nawaz Sharif seriously damaged her
government. This proved to be problematic for Benazir’s government and ultimately forced her to leave
office in 1990, showing ineffective governance from Benazir’s side. Thus, Benazir was unsuccessful as
prime minister in years 1988-90.

Lastly, Benazir Bhutto did not work well with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and she sometimes clashed
with him. A major area of disagreement was over appointments to positions in the military and the
judiciary. Ishaq Khan considered that such appointments were the right of the President, not the Prime
Minister. He refused to agree to several appointments and dismissals she wanted to make in the military
and this caused further tension between them. Therefore, Ishaq Khan dismissed her government under
charges of inability to maintain law and order, and to exercise his authority under the 8 th Amendment.
Thus, Benazir was unsuccessful as prime minister in years 1988-90 and 1993-1996.

In my opinion,

5. Do you agree that the period 1988-99 was one in which Pakistan made little significant progress?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
6. Was the low literacy rate the most important social problem for Pakistan from 1947-1999? [14]

UNIT 16: PAKISTAN & INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

[4-Marks]

1. What is the NAM? [4]

2. What is the OIC? [4]
3. What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to India and Pakistan? [4]
4. What was the Pakhtunistan issue? [4]
5. What is the Karakoram Highway? [4]
6. What was the Regional Corporation Development (RCD)? [4]
7. What was the U-2 Incident? [4]
8. What was the SEATO? [4]
9. What was the CENTO? [4]
10. What was SAARC? [4]
11. Describe Baghdad Pact. [4]
12. What was the Siachen Issue? [4]
13. What was Commonwealth? [4]
14. Describe role of Pakistan in UNO. [4]
15. Describe Pakistan’s involvement in the U-2 crisis. [4]

[7-Marks]

1. Why did Pakistan join the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1969? [7]
2. Why did Pakistan join the Commonwealth? [7]
3. Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988? [7]
4. Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7]
5. Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1999? [7]
6. Why did Pakistan join SEATO and CENTO? [7]
7. Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? [7]
8. Why did Pakistan choose USA as an immediate ally after partition in 1947? [7]
9. Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7]
10. Why was membership of the United Nations important to Pakistan between 1947 and 1999? [7]
11. Why was Pakistan’s relationship with India so poor between 1971 and 1988? [7]

[14-Marks]

1. How successful has Pakistan been as a member of the United Nations? [14]
2. How successful has Pakistan been as a member of World Organizations between 1947 and 1999?
Explain your answer. [14]
3. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
Ans. kjdsdskjskjdkjds

Firstly, minorities agreement

Secondly, simla accord
Thirdly, agreement on border of east Bengal and assam
However, Kashmir issue
Furthermore, 1965-1971 wars
Moreover, nuclear race
Lastly, Kargil conflict
In conclusion

4. How successfully did Pakistan and India handle the Kashmir issue from 1947 to 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
5. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 and 1999? Explain
your answer. [14]
6. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with USA between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
7. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and Commonwealth between
1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
8. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
9. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
10. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Iran between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]
11. How successful have relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh been between 1947 and 1999?
Explain your answer. [14]
12. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Turkey between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14]