Section 3

TIMELINE:

Chapter 1 ? Initial Problems

Why was the Radcliffe Award 1947, considered unfair by Pakistan? [4]

Outline

Sir Cyril Radcliffe/Ferozepur/ canal water /Pakistan's agrarian economy

Gurdaspur /Kashmir/1965 war/bad relations

Secondly, M- majority/ migrated to Pakistan refugee problem

Calcutta/surrounded by Muslim- majority areas/ Jinnah requested/referendum /ignored/jute

processing mills/ no jute processing mills/ economic problems/jute

Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed to head a boundary Commission to establish new borders between

Muslims and non-Muslim areas of Punjab and Bengal. Its decision was known as the Radcliffe

Award according to which Ferozepur, a Muslim majority area was unfairly given to India, which

disappointed Pakistan. This later led to the canal water dispute between India and Pakistan, as the

headwork of river Sutlej was in Ferozepur and India would access and stop its water which could
adversely affect Pakistan's agrarian economy.

Also, Gurdaspur although a Muslim majority area was given to India, because of which India had

border with Kashmir. This led to the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan in future, which was

also a cause of the 1965 war between the two countries. The Kashmir issue is also the backbone of

bad relations? between India and Pakistan to date.

Secondly, when Muslims in such M- majority areas such as Gurdaspur found that they weren't in

Pakistan (due to the unfair R.A), they migrated to Pakistan to escape the violence they were facing

in India. This aggravated the refugee problem for Pakistan.

Also, Calcutta was given to India, even though it was surrounded by Muslim- majority areas and

Jinnah requested the Radcliffe commission for a referendum in Calcutta. However his request was

ignored and Calcutta was awarded to India. Calcutta contained many jute processing mills. Since

Pakistan had no jute processing mills this created economic problems for the country in the years'

following independence as its main export was jute (Produced in East Pakistan).

Why was there a refugee problem in 1947? [4]

Outline

Radcliffe Award/ many Muslims found/ Muslim majority areas/ Large number of Muslims

Millions/ food and shelter/ unstable Government

In India/violence/ Communal Lines/ Muslim Massacre

Firstly, after the announcement of the Radcliffe Award on 16th August 1947, many Muslims found

that the area in which they were living was not included in Pakistan as many Muslim- majority areas

like Gurdaspur were given to India. Thus a large number of Muslims left their belongings and homes

and migrated to Pakistan which created the refugee problem.

Secondly, the Muslims living in India were subjected to violence due to the partition on communal

lines. Large scale Muslims massacre was carried out by Hindus and Sikhs especially in Punjab.
Therefore the Muslims living in those areas migrated in large numbers towards Pakistan to escape

the violence. This aggravated the issue of refugees.

Thirdly, millions of Muslims who migrated from India to Pakistan were short of both food and shelter.

The government being unstable was not prepared, and could not provide the immigrants with basic

necessities, which worsened the situation even more.

Why was there a canal water dispute between Pakistan and India? [4]

Outline

Partition of Punjab

Both countries laid claims

India promised not to stop the water

The canal water dispute mainly arose because of the partition of Punjab. The western half with

irrigated land was given to Pakistan but the water was coming from the head works in eastern half,

which was awarded to India. This caused conflict and the dispute started. Had the province not been

partitioned, there would have been no dispute.

Secondly, both countries argued over the water. India claimed that as head works were in India,

then water from Sutlej and Bias belonged to them. Pakistan on the other hand claimed that as

Pakistan's agro based economy was dependent upon it, they had the right over the water. Thus the

non- compromising attitudes of both countries lead to the dispute.

Thirdly, India had promised not to interfere with the water coming to Pakistan but soon the supply

was stopped and the dispute started because due to this Pakistan was unable to cultivate its lands

effectively and therefore, was placed in a difficult situation and had to argue with India.
Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly established country of Pakistan

in 1947? Explain your answer.

Outline:

Refugee problem: Food and Shelter

Constitutional crisis: Jinnah shifted headquarters

Canal Water Dispute: Threat to agro based economy

Infrastructural issue: Buildings, equipment, Officials

Geographical problems: East Pakistan vs West

-Difficult to unite

-Hard to govern due to lack of communication

-Strain on economy due to increased transport cost

Wealthy Landowners in constituent assembly

Under developed & not self-sufficient in manufacturing

Financial Problems: 550 million rupees /750 million rupees

Kashmir issue: Ruler of Kashmir VS people of Kashmir

Problems of officials and military assets:

- 2500 trained military officers Vs 4000 (security risk)

- Military assets (ordnance factories)

- Division of assets 36:64 (supplies obsolete and damaged)

Firstly, when millions of Muslims who migrated from India to Pakistan were short of both food and

shelter. The government, being unstable was not prepared and could not provide the immigrants

with basic necessities, which worsened the refugee issue.

However many other problems existed as well.

Jinnah shifted his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore where most of the refugees were coming, so

that he could give his full attention to this problem. But due to this, his attention was diverted from

many other important issues like constitution making etc which delayed them even further.

The canal water dispute was another problem. The head works of many rivers of Pakistan were in

India. As an agro based country Pakistan needed water for irrigation and so when India stopped the

water in 1948, Pakistan grew worried. This issue needed to be addressed with urgency as

Pakistan's economy could suffer.

Pakistan had very few government buildings, equipment or even officials. Therefore this poor

administrative infrastructure made the running of Pakistan's government extremely difficult.

East Pakistan and West Pakistan were more than a thousand miles apart and their views, customs,

cultures and even languages were completely different. Therefore, it was too difficult to unite these

people into a single nation.

This vast distance also meant that it was too hard to govern them as one country due to poor

communication, which further aggravated the administrative issues.

Also the geographical distance between both the wings made it difficult to transport goods as

Pakistan had little money for transport costs which placed more strain on the new government.
The constituent Assembly was made up of Wealthy Landowners not Politicians. This delayed setting

up an effective government drawing up a constitution as most of the leading officials had little Idea

of what to do.

Pakistan was severely underdeveloped with few industries. It was not self sufficient in

manufacturing. Thus it had to import most of its goods, which overburdened the already struggling

economy.

The Indians also refused to pay 550 million Rupees out of 750 Million Ruppees. The lack of Finance

posed a threat to govern Pakistan effectively as it needed money to stabilize the country and its

people.

The accession of the Princely States like Kashmir was a problem. The population of Kashmir was

largely Muslim and wanted to join Pakistan whereas the ruler was Hindu and wanted to join India.

The border was uncertain between India and Pakistan with respect to Kashmir. This inevitably

caused problems as both laid claims to this area and so brought tensions to a head between the

two. It is the bone of contention between the two countries till to date.

Moreover Pakistan had only 2500 trained military officers when 4000 were needed. This shortage

led to security risks at a crucial moment when due to Kashmir issue Pakistan needed strong and

patriotic leadership to defend itself against the hostile Indians.

The division of military assets also created difficulties. All the ordnance factoties were given to India

and Pakistan had no factory capable of making military goods. Thus Pakistan was placed in a

difficult situation because without sufficient weapons, Pakistan was unable to strengthen its defense.
The division of assets was done in a ratio of 36:64 in India's favor. But the supplies sent to Pakistan

arrived very late and when they did arrive, they were mostly damaged and obsolete. This was a

problem for Pakistan as the two countries were at brink of a war due to the Kashmir issue and

without efficient weapons; Pakistan army could not fight well.

Why was the division of military officials and assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947?

Last three points of previous 14 marks question:

Outline

2500/4000 trained military officers

Ordinance factories,

36:64

How successful was Pakistan in solving its initial problems during 1947-48? Explain your answer.

Successes

Thinking, feeling and acting like a Pakistani

Protector General

Temporary agreement to resolve

Shifting the headquarter

State bank of Pakistan

Relief fund was set up by Jinnah

Brought official from Karachi through trains & airplanes

500 million Rupees with Gandhi

60 million Rupees for Ordnance

Failures

Canal Water dispute

Barracks and Flats

Kashmir Issue

Failed to start work on constitution

The dispute of the canal water was not fully resolved as the agreement between Pakistan and India

was only temporary and India could stop water anytime, which it did during 1950's. Therefore, a

permanent agreement was yet to be reached which was later signed in 1960.

Similarly, although the refugees had been accommodated in army barracks and flats but the majority

had no permanent homes, jobs or basic facilities. Therefore, their settlement as permanent citizens

of Pakistan was yet to be done.

Furthermore, the government of Jinnah was unable to solve the Kashmir issue. Although Pakistan

and India fought a war over this issue in 1948 and then the matter was also referred to the United

Nations, but it could not be resolved and Kashmir n still a disputed territory.

Jinnah, as chief executive of the government and president of the Constituent Assembly, failed to

start any definitive work on the constitution. He neither gave any outline of the constitution nor a

time limit to the Assembly for completion. This caused serious political problems in future and the

constitution was delayed until 1956.

However, Pakistan was successful in solving many of its early problems.

Jinnah could not reduce the geographical distance between the East and the West Pakistan but he

tried to achieve a single nation through speeches and emphasizing on thinking, feeling and acting
like a Pakistani. This helped to create unity between the two wings to some extent.

Jinnah tried to end communal violence and the ill- treatment of non-Muslims in Pakistan by

announcing himself the 'Protector General' of minorities. He stressed that they should be treated

fairly and not persecuted. This shows his commitment to promote religious tolerance and harmony.

A temporary agreement was signed with India to solve the canal water dispute. Thus it prevented

damage to the agro based economy of Pakistan and gave time to it to find alternative irrigational

resources to keep agriculture going.

Jinnah also tried to solve the refugee problem by shifting his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore

where the inflow of refugees was the most concentrated. So he gave his full attention to this

problem, which helped to lessen tie chaos as administrative machinery worked more efficient/ to

settle the refugees under his direct guidance.

The State Bank of Pakistan was set up in 1948 so that economic and monetary policies of Pakistan

could be framed. This helped to stabilize the economy as it was an important step to develop the

industrial sector of the country, which was too weak at the time of independence.

A relief fund was set up by Jinnah for the refugees. The people were quick to respond and donated

generously. Thus, this helped to stabilize the lives of many refugees.

Those experienced government officials who chose to move from India to Pakistan were brought to

Karachi, the capital, through special trains and airplanes. This improved administrative efficiency as

shortage of capable civil servants was reduced.

Pakistan also, with the help of Gandhi, managed to procure 500 million rupees as share of financial
assets. Thus, Pakistan was saved from bankruptcy and it now had enough finances to distribute

them appropriately among different departments.

Pakistan also persuaded India to pay Rs. 60 million for an ordnance factory as India had got all the

old ones. This helped to improve the military resources of Pakistan as this amount was used to build

an ordnance factory at Wah.

How successful was Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan between 1947-1948? Explain your

answer.

L3: Successes

L4: Failures

Was establishment of State of Pakistan the most important contribution of Jinnah as a Governor

General of Pakistan? Explain your answer.

L3: State Bank of Pakistan

L4: All other Successes of Jinnah

Liaquat Ali Khan [Pm] (1948-51) Khawaja Nazimuddin [G.G] (1948-51)

How successful were the Domestic policies of LAK as a PM of Pakistan between 1948-51? Explain
your answer.

Successes

Objective resolution:

Islamic principles of democracy, equality and tolerance

Rights of minorities/ Poor

Pre-amble for future constitutions (1956,62 & 73)

Budget Surplus

Ayub Khan CNC (replaced Douglas Gracey)

Failures

Objective resolution:

No time frame

No reference as to how it would be implemented

1" Report of BPC:

Urdu Vs Bengal

Equal no. of seats

Central Vs Provincial autonomy

Q) Why was the constitution delayed in 1950? [7]

Q) Why was the first report of Basic principal committee 1950 criticized? [7]

LAK Introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that there would be equal seats from

both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East

Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan
and so it was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism L.A.K had to withdraw

the report from further consideration, which delayed the constitution.

LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Urdu should be made the official

language. However, this was resented by East Pakistanis. They wanted their language, Bengali to

be the official language as it was important for their culture. Thus because of this criticism, by East

Pakistanis, LAK had to withdraw his report from further consideration, which led to delay in

constitution making.

LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Federal Government and Head of

State should be given the main powers. This was rejected by provincial politicians, as they wanted

full provincial autonomy. Thus because of this criticism, LAK had to withdraw his report from further

consideration, which led to delay in constitution making.

Public and Representatives officers Disqualifications Act (PRODA). LAK introduced PRODA 1949

so that corruption could be removed in the society so those civil officers who were involved in legal

activities could be removed from their seats through court proceedings. Hence, it was a success.

In 1949, LAK presented Objectives Resolution to the constituent assembly which stated Islamic

principles of democracy, equality and tolerance would be introduced and that Muslims would lead

their lives according to Islamic principles. Thus, this was a success, as LAK gained the support of

Ulemas due to its Islamic approach, which strengthened his government.

Objective resolution also stated that minorities and the poor would be legally protected from social
injustice. Thus this was a success of LAK, as the minorities living in Pakistan were satisfied, as their

rights would now be safeguarded.

Furthermore, the resolution was the preamble of all future constitutions of 1956, 62 and 73. Thus

this was a success, as the resolution proved to be the base of all future constitutions.

LAK also produced surplus budgets. Thus, this shows his hard work as he was financially able to

manage Pakistan in a difficult time.

Furthermore, LAK appointed Ayub khan as the first Pakistani Commander in chief. This pleased the

Army as they were reluctant to take orders from the British CNC General Douglas Gracey. Thus it

was a success as he gained support of the army.

The objectives Resolution did not give a time to form a constitution. Thus, this was a failure as the

govt officials became relaxed and this led to delay in constitution-making until 1956 when it was

urgently needed. Furthermore, the resolution contained no reference as to how its provisions were

to be implemented. As a result, it remained only on paper, and LAK failed to make Pakistan an

Islamic welfare state as suggested by the Objectives Resolution.

In 1950 Liaquat Ali khan presented the Basic Principles Committee (BPC) report in the Constituent

Assembly which was heavily criticized e.g. it stated that there would be equal number of seats for

both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by saying that

they were more in number (54 % population) and it was their right to have more seats. Thus,

because of such criticism, L.A.K had to withdraw the report for further consideration, which delayed

the constitution-making.
MALIKGHULAM MUHAMMAD (MGM)

Q. How successful was MGM as G.G of Pakistan 1951-55? Explain your answer.

MGM introduced "Five year" as well as "Six year plan" which not only included planning &

development of Economic sectors like agriculture and industry but also Social sectors like health

and education. This shows his commitment to develop Pakistan e.g. Jute processing industry was

established in East Pakistan which not boosted the industrial sector but also increased F.E earnings

as jute was Pakistan's main export at that time.

Large reserves of Natural gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan. Thus, this strengthened

Pakistan's economy as it fulfilled the requirement of Pakistan's industries and power sector.

MGM had to face criticism from the common people because of food shortages during 1950's as the

people felt that the Government did nothing to resolve the issue. Hence MGM lost the support of

people.

?However, his government was able to get a million ton wheat from USA, Canada & Australia, which
helped to fix these shortages and thus satisfied the people to some extent.

There were also protests on religious grounds as many ulemas wanted that Ahmedis should be

declared non-Muslims and should be removed from senior posts e.g. Zafar Ullah Khan (foreign

minister). The Government of MGM couldn't handle these riots and at last Martial law was imposed

to restore peace in different parts of Punjab. This was failure as MGM brought army to resolve the

political issue which was a step towards future martial law.

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that there would be equal

seats for both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by

saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right to

have more seats. Thus, Because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further

consideration which delayed the

constitution.

In 1953, MGM dismissed KN believing that he did nothing to resolve the food crisis. However, it was

a highly undemocratic step as KN had the support of majority of the assembly.

Foreign Policies

Now MGM appointed M.A Bogra as the P.M who signed SEATO and CENTO which were

anti-communist agreements signed by Western powers in order to curtail the power of the Russian

expansionists this improved Pakistan?s relation with USA which provided a lot of economic and

military aid hence strengthened Pakistan?s economy and defense

?However it worsened Pakistan?s relation with Soviet Union as working against communist

ideology.
Q. Why was the constitution delayed in 1952?

OR

Q. Why was Second Basic principle committee criticized?

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that there would be equal

seats for both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by

saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right to

have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further

consideration which delayed the constitution.

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which also suggested that Head of state

should be a Muslim. This was criticized by the religious minorities who believed that the increased

role of Islam in politics would relegate their status as second class citizens of Pakistan. Thus,

because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further consideration which delayed

the constitution.

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that the matter of official

language should be settled by the assembly which meant that the official language of Pakistan was

not decided yet. Thus, this issue not only further delayed the constitution making but also led to the

creation of Bangladesh E.P wanted Bengali to be chosen as the official language whereas West

Pakistanis wanted

Urdu to be given the honor.

Q. Why was the first constitute assembly dissolved in 1964?

The first constitute assembly was dissolved by MGM. He claimed that the assembly had lost the

confidence of the people and therefore it could no longer function, which was evident from the
criticism of senior Muslim leaders as well.

When MGM was out of country P.M Muhammad Ali Bogra with the help of constitute assembly,

abolished PROPA to limit the powers of the G.G when MGM returned to Pakistan in retaliation he

dissolved to assembly to punish it

The constitute assembly was set up after the partition which was meant to make the constitution of

Pakistan but since 1947 no constitution was formed thus the constitute assembly was dismissed so

a fresh assembly might draw up a constitution for Pakistan

Q. Why was there a constitutional crisis 1954-55?

Jinnah the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 and LAK died in 1951. They were two leading leaders of

Pakistan this after their death there was no main leader to guide the inexperienced constitute

assembly which mainly consisted of landlords creating a constitutional crisis in Pakistan.

Secondly in 1957 the GG MGM dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin, the PM who was replaced by M.A

Bogra the former Pakistan ambassador to the USA as a diplomat he had little experience of the

politics and constitutional affairs leading to delay in constitution making.

The P.M Bogra made an amendment to the GOIA in 1954 in order to curtail the powers of the G.G

while he was abroad when he returned he dissolved the assembly and declared a state of

emergency that Bogra and the assembly had lost the confidence of the people. This was challenged

in court but MGM prevailed this delayed the constitution making even further as the new assembly

was elected in June 1955 so a lot of time was wastedOne Unit scheme was proposed by Bogra in

1954 and was introduced by IM the G.G in 1955 in which 4 provinces were to be combined into 1

province known as W.P. The E.P?ies saw that the seats would be equally divided between them in

the assembly. They felt that it was a deliberate attempt by IM and the W.P leaders to prevent them

from gaining majority in the assembly although E.P?ies were 54% of Pakistan?s population, thus

they strongly opposed the one Unit Scheme and the issue of division of seats in the new

constitution.

Q: Why was Constitution delayed from 1947-66.

Outline:

Landlords in the Assembly

Jinnah distracted from Refugee Problem

No Time Frame in Objective Resolution

No Outline Given

First BPC rejected in 1950

Second BPC rejected in 1972

Bogra appointed as PM who was inexperienced in 1953

MGM issolved Constitutional Assembly in 1954

Death of Jinnah (1948) and Liaqat Ali Khan in (1951)

One Unit Scheme

ISKANDAR MIRZA G.G / PRESIDENT

Q. How successful was Iskandar Mirza as a ruler of Pakistan 1955-1958? Explain your answer.

Iskandar Mirza introduced One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West Pakistan and

10 princely states were made into one. Now Pakistan had two provinces East and West Pakistan.

Thus, this was a success as OUS helped to reduce feeling of provincialism and promoted unity in

Pakistan.

Secondly, it also helped to resolve the constitutional issue of division of seats in the assembly as

both East and West Pakistan were given equal number of seats in the constitution of 1956.

?However, it was criticized by East Pakistanis who believed that it was a deliberate attempt by the

west Pakistanis to reduce their majority.

OUS was also unpopular in provinces of West Pakistan e.g. Sindh. They felt that they would always

be dominated by larger provinces like Punjab, and their political, economic and cultural rights would

be ignored. This criticism was so strong that I.M had to dismiss the chief minister of Sindh before

introducing the OUS, which highlights its

unpopularity.

During the time I.M, Karachi airport was completed in 1955 and improvements were made in

railways and telephones etc. Thus, this it was a success, as he was able to modernized Pakistan's

infrastructure.

On 23rd March 1956, the first constitution of Pakistan was introduced. According to this, Pakistan

was declared an Islamic republic and it also stated that the President of country would always be a

Muslim. Such provisions satisfied the ulemas who saw that now Pakistan would be governed

according to Islamic ideology.

?However, this disappointed the religious minorities who believed that the increased role of Islam in

politics would

relegate their status as second class citizens of Pakistan.

The constitution also said that Urdu and Bengali would be the National languages. This pleased

East Pakistanis as they had demanding this since 1947. Thus it was an important step as it

respected the cultural feelings of all Pakistanis.

Between 1956-58, 1.M dismissed four PM e.g. Ch. Muhammad Ali, I.1 Chundrigar, Feroz Khan

Noon and Hussain Suhrawardy as he was searching for a "Yes man" who could allow him to work

with full authority without any interference. This selfish approach created administrative problems &

political instability in the country and provided

an opportunity to Ayub Khan, CNC, to impose Martial law in 1958.

Q. Why was "One unit scheme" unpopular?

He introduced One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West Pakistan were

amalgamated into one. Now Pakistan had two provinces East and West Pakistan. However, this

was criticized by East Pakistanis who believed that it was a deliberate attempt by the west

Pakistanis to reduce their majority as both E.P and W.P were given equal number of seats in the

constitution of 1956.

OUS was also unpopular in provinces of West Pakistan e.g. Sindh. They felt that they would always

be dominated by larger provinces like Punjab, and their political, economic and cultural rights would

be ignored. This criticism was so strong that I.M had to dismiss the chief minister of Sindh before

introducing the OUS, which highlights its

unpopularity.

The Smaller units (provinces) also did not like that their resources should be used by other units,

which was possible in the unified province of West Pakistan. This is because provinces like Punjab

were more populated and more developed and so would use these resources for their benefit. Thus,

they criticized it as it hindered their

economic development.

Q. Why were there so many governments 1951-58?

Jinnah who had died in 1948 and LAK was assassinated in 1951. The country was struggling to

establish itself without these 2 experienced leaders as most of the politicians were inexperienced
who faced great difficulty in running the country. As a result there was a lack of stability in the

government and this lead to many government changes during this time period.

The formation of E.P created many problems e.g the capital was located in W.P (Karachi) and the

refusal to have Bengali the language of E.P as the main language. This was a source of discontent

and conflict, thus it not only delayed constitution making but also cause serious political problems in

running the country effectively. Hence leading to the frequent change in governments.

Another reason was the lust of power of MGM and IM who were the G.G btw 1951 and 58. They

frequently changed the P.M just to maintain their authority as they were looking for a ?Yes? man

e.g MGM dismissed KN in 1953 and IM dismissed 4 P.M?s in the span of 2 years e.g Chaudry

Muhammad Ali, I.I Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon and Hussain Suhrawardy. Such changes caused

many administrative changes caused many economic, political and administrative problems which

led to further changes in the government as Ayub Khan the CNC felt that the only solution left to

bring order was to impose martial law which was declared in 1958.

Q: How Successful was the Foreign Policy Of Pakistan (1948-58)? Explain your answer.

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE FOREIGN POLICY OF AYUB KHAN (1958-69)? EXPLAIN

YOUR ANSWER.

AYUB KHAN 1958-69

Q. Why did Ayub Khan come into power?

There was a rapid change in the government s and 4 P.M?s were dismissed within 2 years that is

Chaudry Muhammad Ali , I.I Chundrigar, Hussain Suhrawardy and Feroz Khan Noon these changes

caused many political and administrative problems thus Ayub Khan felt that to bring stability he had

to impose martial law.

There was also lust of power of IM when he came to know that Hussain Suhrawardy had united the
politicians in Punjab and Bengal against him he turned towards the military so that he could retain

his power and status as the president of Pakistan.

When MGM?s case of dissolving the constitute assembly was challenged in Federal court in 1954

the court decided that the G.G had the right to dismiss the assembly as the ?Situation demanded

it?? thus tis paved way for Ayub Khan to impose martial law for the safety of national interest.

Policies of Ayub Khan:

Domestic Policies

Constitutional Reforms

Basic Democracies

Presidential form of Government

Both and Urdu NATIONAL Languages

Agricultural Reforms

Land Reforms of 1959

500 Acres Irrigated Land and 1000 Acres Non-Irrigated Land

Green Revolution

Industrial / Economic Reforms

Oil Refinery

Economic Growth 7%

22 Families Controllling Pakistan

Social Reform

Family Planning Programming

Family Laws 1961

Permanent Homes for Refugees

New Curriculum In Schools

Foreign Policy

Indus Water Treaty 1960

Tashkant Agreement 1966

RCD

How Successful was Ayub Khan as the ruler of Pakistan (1958-1969)? Explain your Answer

OR

Constitutional Reforms Of Ayub Khan were the most important domestic reforms of Ayub Khan

introduced from (1958-1969)

Ayub Khans Policies

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS:

S: The first step of Ayub khan's constitutional reforms came with the introduction of Basic

Democracies. This was a four tier structure in which ordinary people elected union council members

who in turn elected district and divisional council members. This was a system according to Ayub

which people could understand and work with. It helped to put the nation on a path of national

reconstruction, development and progress as problems of common people could be redressed at

grass root level without any delay.

S: Ayub was successful in drafting the constitution which was prominent among his reforms. The

Constitution of 1962 marked presidential form of government. It concentrated a lot of power in the

hands of President e.g. in both choosing and dismissing cabinet etc. In reality it reflected Ayub's

own interpretation of the political setup of Pakistan and was named as "democracy with discipline". It

also meant that if there would be problems in future, President would be blamed for them and it did

happen in 1968-69 when there were mass demonstrations against Ayub Khan who was the

President and was therefore, forced to resign.

S: The constitution also had many successes and many steps were taken to satisfy the people of

East Pakistan. Both Urdu and Bengali were recognized as two national languages, national
assembly sessions were to be held in both Dhaka and Islamabad. To disqualify their claim that the

Government of Pakistan was controlled by West Pakistanis, it was said that if the president was

from West Pakistan then the speaker would be from East Pakistan and vice versa. These steps

helped to reduce tension between the two wings of Pakistan and promoted unity.

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS:

S: Ayub khan introduced land reforms in 1959 in which the minimum land owned was to be 12.5

acres and the maximum was to be 500 acres (irrigated) and 1000 acres (non-irrigated). This was to

replace large poorly run farms, with relatively smaller smartly run farms which was a success as

agricultural output increased.

F: ?However most of the land reforms remained on paper as Ayub underestimated the power of

landlords who passed their surplus lands to their relatives etc. and easily escaped the law.

S: Ayub, to boost the economy of Pakistan, introduced green revolution in which farmers were

encouraged to use modern machinery and high yielding etc. These reforms revitalized agriculture

and output was raised, which was exported and proved to be a source of foreign exchange

earnings.

F: ?However, most of the benefits of green revolution were enjoyed by wealthy landlords and

mechanization in agriculture led to unemployment of many poor tenants. Thus these reforms made

rich richer and poor poorer.

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:

S: In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi. As a result Pakistan's economy stabilized and

foreign exchange was saved as it reduced the import of refined oil. During Ayub's regime the

average annual economic growth was 7 % which was three times than that of India and it was

believed that Pakistan had found a way out of poverty which highlights the success of his economic

policies.

F: However it was also revealed that just 22 families controlled most of Pakistan's industrial and

banking assets. This meant that Ayub's policies created economic inequalities and benefitted only
the elite class. This reform also gave rise to regional disparities as most of these families were from

West Pakistan which annoyed East Pakistanis and made Ayub highly unpopular.

SOCIAL REFORMS:

S: Ayub's government also tried to control the population growth and set up the family planning

program, funded largely by American loans. The program was not particularly successful because of

the negative attitude by the ulemas as they considered it un-Islamic; however, it shows the

government effort of making Pakistan a welfare state.

S: Ayub's social reforms also aimed at raising the status of women. The major step in this regard

was Family Laws 1961 which introduced the registration of marriage and divorce. These laws also

said that a man had to take permission of his first wife for a second marriage. Though they were

criticized of being unIslamic but in reality they helped women in getting some rights in

male-dominated Pakistani society.

S: There was also an attempt to deal with shelter-less people. A large number of refugees from India

had still not been able to find permanent homes. Ayub Khan appointed General Azam khan as the

rehabilitation minister and he settled 75000 refugees in newly built dwellings near Karachi and so

the problem was resolved to some extent.

Ayub khan also introduced reforms in educational sector. He drew new curricula for schools and

suggested new text books to be published. These reforms sound fair as the level of education was

raised and modern education was promoted.

FOREIGN POLICY:

S: Government under Ayub leadership was able to find a solution of the canal water dispute. In 1960

an agreement between India and Pakistan was concluded and according to this Indus Water Treaty,

Pakistan was allowed to use the water of the River Chenab, the Jhelum and the Indus. This

improved relations with India as both the countries showed signs of cooperation.

S: Tashkent Accord of 1966 which was arranged by the Soviet Union improved Pakistan's relations

with India as according to the accord a cease fire of 1965 War was arranged and both the sides
agreed to solve their disputes peacefully.

S: During ERA of Ayub Khan Pakistan signed Trade agreements with Iran and Turkey that is called

RCD (Regional corporational Development). Due to this Pakistan's economy improved as well as

relations with Iran and Turkey improved.

Q. Why did Ayub fall from power in 1969? (ANY NEGATIVE POINT OF AYUB CAN BE WRITTEN)

F: One of the reasons was Tashkent agreement between Pakistan and India due to which Pakistan

had to return all the areas of India which were captured in the war of 1965 this was unacceptable to

the general public who withdrew support for Ayub Khan which weakened his support and power and

his decline began

F: Tashkent Accord also led to the dismissal of Bhutto he became the focal point of opposition

against Ayub Khan he mobilized the masses and politicians who put up a firm opposition which

Ayub could not face

F: Another reason was resignation of Basic democrats in large numbers. Basic democrats were the

major supporters of Ayub Khan but their resignation meant drastic decrease in support for him thus

Ayub was forced to quit due to his unpopularity

Q. Why was Ayub?s era known as the decade of development?

Any positive points can be written but Preferred ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURE

Q. Why was Islamabad made the capital of Pakistan?

It was felt that government officials should be moved away from commercial districts of Karachi as it

might have an unwanted influence on them, thus Islamabad was made the new capital so that the

civil servants should fully concentrate on their official duties without any corrupt financial distinction

Karachi was located on the coast. It was considered vulnerable to Indian attacks from the Arabian

sea thus it was moved to a relatively safe inland area i.e Islamabad
The Army command headquarters was located in Rawalpindi, thus Ayub Khan shifted the capital

from Karachi to Islamabad as it was near the military headquarters and helped to strengthen the

political position especially at the time of martial law.

YAHYA KHAN

Q.HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS YAHYA KHAN AS A PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN (1969-71)?

EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

Successes

Firstly, when Yahya khan became the president; he abolished "One unit scheme" and redistributed

the four provinces of West Pakistan. Thus this was a success as it satisfied the smaller provinces of

West Pakistan like Sindh, who previously felt economically and politically suppressed by a larger

unit like Punjab.

Secondly, President Yahya Khan ended the "Parity of seats" between East and West Pakistan in the

national assembly and now the East Pakistan was given seats according to their majority population.

Thus it delighted them as they had been demanding this since 1947 and now they could protect

their political rights with ease.

Thirdly, Yahya khan also announced that there would be a properly elected government and so

elections were held in East and West Pakistan in 1970 on the principle of "One man One vote".

Thus, this was a success as the people of Pakistan were able to choose the

leader of their own choice by exercising their basic democratic rights after a long period of

dictatorship.
Failures

Yahya Khan, the president and the Chief Martial Law Administrator commanded the army

to surrender in the war of 1971. So Pakistan not only lost the war but East Pakistan also

became Bangladesh. This made Yahya khan extremely unpopular as the people were

dissatisfied with his rule.

Furthermore, in 1970, East Pakistan was hit by severe flood (Bhola Cyclone). However, the rescue

and rehabilitation by the government was slow. Thus it was a failure as such halfhearted attempt by

Government annoyed the common people of East Pakistan and this decreased his support even

further.

President Yahya postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. Thus it was a

failure, as the East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed as their democratic right to form the

government was denied even though the Awami League had won a clear majority in the elections.

Lastly, when the assembly session, which was to take place at Dhaka, was postponed, this created

unrest in East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded General

Tikka Khan to start a military action in East Pakistan known as "Operation search light". Thousands

of them were killed which aggravated the situation. Thus it was a failure, as the poor policies of

Yahya khan divided Pakistan as in retaliation to this operation the East Pakistani's secretly

announced in a radio broadcast about the establishment of Bangladesh

Q. Why was there a rebellion/Civil war in Pakistan in 1971?

President YK postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. The E.P?ies felt that

they had been betrayed as their democratic right to form the government was denied even though

they had won clear majority in the elections thus they rebelled against YK?s government

When the assembly session which was to take place at Dhaka was postponed this created unrest in
E.P. In order to deal with this opposition President YK commanded General Tikka Khan to start a

Military action in E.P known as operation search light. Thousands of them were killed which

worsened the situation thus it was a failure of a policy of YK as it divided Pakistan. E.P in revenge

secretly announced in a radio broadcast about the establishment of Bangladesh thus the E.P?ies

rebelled in order to free themselves from the tyranny of W.P.

The arrest of Mujib-Ur-Rehman who was the main leader of E.P by the army caused the E.P to now

believe that they would always be politically suppressed by the W.P?ies thus they rebelled to show

their anger and protect their political rights

Q. Why did Mujib give his 6 points (5 Feb 1966)?

Provincial Autonomy

Taxes Collected By Provinces

Main Demand of East Pakistan

Mujib-Ur-Rehman demanded that E.P should be given Provincial autonomy thus Mujib gave his 6

points in order to ensure that the rights of E.P were protected and that they would not be dominated

by W.P in the future.

Mujib wanted that taxes should be collected by the provinces not by the center this was as E.P felt

that the revenue was unfairly spent on the development of W.P thus he gave his 6 points to gain

economic independence from W.P and so that they would not be exploited in the future

Mujib believed these points contained the main demands of E.P e.g provincial, economic, military

autonomy. He made them the manifesto of his party in the 1970?s election for his success thus he

gave his 6 points to become the P.M of Pakistan.

Q: Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional

crisis?

President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National

Assembly by forming a government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East

Pakistan and the National Assembly and was in a position to form a government on its own. The

future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People's Party had won an overwhelming victory in West

Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in

the future government which was not acceptable to West Pakistani leadership.

The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central government

over the provinces. The East Pakistanis wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned

from trade which created a rift between the East and the West Pakistan as it would subsequently

reduce the funds to the central government in West Pakistan.

President Yahya Khan delayed the meeting of the National Assembly just two days before it was to

be held. The East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed and their right to form the government

had been denied. Therefore, they started a civil disobedience movement and rebelled against

Yahya's government to show their opposition for his unjust attempt which aggravated the situation

even more and chances to

form a constitution were now too bleak.

CREATION OF BANGLADESH

Q.?Mujibs six points were the most important reason for the creation of Bangladesh? Do you agree?

Give reasons.

Outline

Mujib?s 6 points (political)

Arrest of Mujib (political)

Cultural differences(Urdu Vs Bengali) (social)

Art, dress and Music (social)

22 families (economic)

Jute the main export (economic)

Floods (political)

Assembly session at Dhaka postponed (political)

Operation search light (political/military)

Indian intervention in E.P (political/military)

E.P?s P.M dismissed (Political)

Army, civil service and judiciary (political)

PPP Vs Awami league (regional approach) (political)

POLITICAL

Six points of Mujib contributed in the creation of Bangladesh as according to these points Awami

league wanted maximum provincial autonomy with separate currency troops and trade, thus was a

clear indication that Bengalis wanted to limit the power of central government and wished to govern

E.P themselves, thus these points prepared Bengalis for Bangladesh.

The demands of 6 points of Awami league were rejected by Ayub khan in 1966 and its leader Mujib

was imprisoned this caused discontent and separation began to look inevitable

SOCIAL

Bengalis were strongly attracted with their culture and took great pride in it whereas W.P?s leaders

including Jinnah did a great deal for the promotion of Urdu alone which offended Bengalis. It was

evident from such opposite views that the 2 people were different and keeping Pakistan united was

impossible

There was much difference between the art, music and dress between E.P and W.P. This annoyed

the Bengalis who felt cultural suppressed

ECONOMIC

It was revealed during Ayub?s era that 22 families who were mostly from W.P controlled all the

banking and industrial assets of Pakistan thus it increased regional disparity and led to the

separation of E.P as Bangladesh felt economically ignored by W.P

Pakistan?s main export was jute which was mainly produced in E.P but the major of the spending of

the budget was on the border between W.P and India as E.P had no major border dispute India they

considered that spending on west. This angered them as they were deprived of their due share in

the foreign exchange

POLITICAL

In 1970 E.P was hit by a severe flood (Bhola Cyclones ) but the rescue and rehabilitation by the

government was slow such half-hearted attempts by the government annoyed the common people

of E.P as they felt neglected by the West so they thought of separation

President Yahya Khan postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970 it was the

key reason for the creation of Bangladesh as the E.P felt that their right to form the government

although the Awami league won with the clear majority in the elections of 1970.

When the assembly by session which was to take place at Dhaka it created un rest in E.P in order to

deal with this opposition Yahya commanded Tikka Khan to take military action in E.P known as

operation searchlight thousands of E.P?ies were killed which worsened the situation thus it was

evident that the 2 wings of Pakistan could not remain united as most of them hated to be ruled by

Islamabad.

POLITICAL / MILITARY

The intervention of Indian troops in E.P in Dec 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh as

Pakistan lost the war of 1971 and Indians allowed E.P to declare its independence

The people of E.P were also angry with the dismissal of Bengali P.Ms by W.P?s leaders e.g I.I

Chundrigar and Bogra were dismissed by I.M a W.P head of state this created a feeling of

provincialism/hostility which led to the creation of Bangladesh

E.P also resented the fact that they were underrepresented in Army, Judiciary and Civil Service as

most of the high post officials were occupied by W.P?ies this frustrated the people of E.P as they

were being overlooked

The political parties which won the election in 1970 were regional in their approach Awami league

worked for the interests of E.P alone while the PPP worked for the interests of W.P this promoted

regionalism and created a rift between the 2 wings and lack of patriotism.

LIST OF QUESTIONS:

Why was Yahya Khan Important as the Ruler Of Pakistan?

(SUCCESSES OF Yahya Khan)

Were Economic reasons the most Important for Creation of Bangladesh in 1971? Explain your

Answer.

(L3- Economic Reasons L)

Economic Reasons were most Important than that of Political Reasons for Creation of Bangladesh

in 1971? Explain your Answer.

(L3 ECONOMIC L4 OTHERS)

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971- 1977)

Q. Why did ZAB come into power in 1971?

OR

Why did YK fall from power in 1971?

The army had been defeated by India and was at a low morale YK , the President and chief martial

law administrator had been disgraced thus Bhutto tool the opportunity to seek power

Pakistan also lost the war from E.P which became Bangladesh and again YK and the army were

blamed thus Bhutto took advantage of this and attained power

His program of reform food shelter and cloth was attractive and appealed to the electorates. As a

result ZAB?s party won an overall majority in W.P in national assembly in the elections of!970, thus

he came into power as it was his democratic right

DOMESTIC REFORMS:
Political:

S: When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came into power, he removed many senior military officials from their

posts including General Gul Hassan, Commander in Chief. He filled these posts with those who

supported him like General Tikka khan who was appointed as chief of army staff. This gave him

control over the armed forces and his government strengthened as he did not have any fear of

military intervention.

S: He established Federal Security Force (FSF) to improve security situation by assisting the police,

however it was misused by Bhutto to threaten his opponents. This distorted his image as a

democratic leader.

F: ?Also he was executed in 1979 due to a political murder committed by the FSF under his orders,

which makes it clear that it had become his ?personal? force.

(Constitutional Reforms:)

S: Bhutto was able to give a Constitution in 1973. This constitution was a democratic constitution as

it was unanimously accepted by the whole assembly (which was elected in the elections of 1970).

Therefore, Bhutto satisfied all the political shades of Pakistan which strengthened his government.

S: This constitution declared that Pakistan would be ?Islamic Republic? with Islam as official

religion. It was also compulsory that both PM and President should be Muslims. This pleased the

Ulemas and religious parties like Jamat-e-Islami who saw this constitution as purely Islamic which

would help to govern Pakistan on Islamic lines. Therefore the support for Bhutto?s government

increased even further.

(Industrial)

S: Bhutto nationalized some of the main industries like rice; sugar etc. and these industries were

placed under the Ministry of Production. This step helped to increase economic growth rate and the

inflation rate also decreased from 25% to 6% as prices of industrial goods were now controlled by

the government.

F: However, the nationalization policy of Z.A Bhutto was not fully successful and the output

decreased dramatically due to lack of qualified and experienced managers as Pakistan?s education
system was not yet offering business education.

(Agrricultural Reforms)

F: Bhutto also introduced agricultural reforms and announced that a land owner could not own more

than 250 acres of irrigated or 500 acres of non- irrigated land. However he underestimated the

power of landlords who passed their extra lands either to their relatives or to their trusted tenants.

Hence these reforms mostly remained on paper and couldn?t be implemented.

F: These reforms also stated that the tenants would have the first right to purchase the land of his

landlord if he was interested to sell it. Unfortunately this could not be implemented due to poor

economic status of tenants who did not have enough finance to buy the land.

(Social Reforms)

S: Bhutto nationalized most of the educational institutions to provide free education which helped to

expand educational opportunities as many poor sent their children to schools.

However, this reform could not be fully successful because many parents still preferred child labour

and did not avail the opportunity of free schooling.

S: Since Bhutto was aware that Pakistan?s life expectancy rate was low whereas infant mortality

rate was high, therefore he established the Rural Health Centers in villages and Basic Health Units

in cities. Thus this helped to improve the health standards as free medical facilities were offered.

S: He declared that all medicines must be sold under their medical name instead of their brand

name. This helped to reduce the prices of medicines and they became affordable even by the poor.

F: ?.However, many of the multinationals closed their operations in Pakistan as they felt their profits

were declining which reduced foreign investment.

F: ?.Furthermore, the local companies that filled the gap of these multinationals, started making

substandard medicines which increased health problems.

S: Bhutto wanted a modern and efficient civil service. Therefore he reorganized the civil service into

a smaller number of levels and unified pay scales. This satisfied the civil servants as he removed

unnecessary distinctions between them.

FOREIGN POLICY
S: Bhutto visited India in 1972 and Simla agreement was signed. According to this, India agreed to

return the prisoners of 1971 war and in return Pakistan promised that Kashmir issue would not be

taken to a third party like the UN for its solution. This helped to improve Indo-Pak relations and

chances of future wars were made less likely.

?..At the same time it improved Pakistan?s international image as a peaceful nation which was

distorted after the events of 1971 in East Pakistan.

When Bhutto came into power, he visited Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit to

improve relations between the two sides as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan to

strengthen Pakistan?s economy.

Q. Why did Bhutto nationalize the industries?

Bhutto wanted to break the grip of the 22 families which had control over the maximum industrial

assets of Pakistan thus he nationalized the industries as he believed that this step would make him

popular among the people as it would lead to the circulation of wealth throughout the state

ZAB wanted to increase the income of the government by having direct control of the industries thus

he nationalized the industry as it would enable him to develop other sectors i.e education and health

ZAB wanted to win the support of labor class they were being treated poorly by the private sector

thus ZAB nationalized the industries to provide them with their due rights i.e better salaries

Q. Why did ZAB?s industrial reforms fail?

Pakistan?s educational systems were not yet producing qualified people who could look after the

industries thus the nationalization policy of ZAB was not very successful due to lack of qualified and

experienced managers who had no education of business

The ministry of produce which was established to look after these industries was overburdened thus

due to a bureaucratic muddle many decisions were delayed which affected their output negatively

When the workers of these industries were given rights and were allowed to form labor unions to

protect their interest they instead of working effectively started more protests asking for more and

more rights thus nationalization was unsuccessful as the output of these industries decreased even
further.

He divided the lands of landlords through land reforms and nationalized industries through industrial

reforms this angered the landowners and the industrialists who were a major political force in

Pakistan thus they moved against ZAB and took effective steps to discredit his rule.

Q: How successful was the constitutional development in Pakistan between 1947-73? Explain your

answer.

?Objective resolution (1949)

? First Report of BPC (1950)

? Second Report of BPC (1952) ·

? Constitution of 1956

? Constitution of 1962

?Constitution of 1973

Q: Which was the Most Important Constitution of Pakistan: Explain your answer with refence to all

three above.

1956

1962

1973
ZIA-UL-HAQ (1977-88)

Q. Why was ZAB executed in 1979?

When Zia released Bhutto from prison for a short period of time ZAB tried to reassert his authority by

gaining support of the people this was a threat to the rule of Zia thus ZAB was executed to eliminate

this threat

Bhutto along with three others were accused of murdering a political opponent by sending FSF to kill

him the trial which took 2 years resulted in Bhutto being guilty and being sentenced to death by the

court

Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him with tempering with the constitution of 1973 this

could result in Zia getting considerable punishment under article 6 of the constitution thus he got

Bhutto executed in order to avoid such an insult

Q. Why did Zia introduce Islamic reforms?

Bhutto introduced some socialist reforms e.g nationalization of industries since there is no room for

any religion in socialism thus Zia introduced Islamic reforms to prove that he was a better leader

than Bhutto as he was working in accordance of Islamic ideology

Zia was aware that many Islamic Political parties like JEI were influential in both army and civil

service thus he introduced Islamic reforms to strengthen his government by getting their support

When Russians invaded Afghanistan in !(79, Zia decided to fight against the pagan communist, but

he needed the support of Muslim countries for his Jihad in Afghanistan thus he introduced Islamic

reforms to prove that he was a pure Islamic leader of a Muslim country

DOMESTIC REFORMS

ISLAMIZATION POLICY

S: During Zia?s time, the Hudood Ordinance was introduced in 1979 according to which, Islamic

punishments were introduced for different crimes. These included the cutting of right hand for theft

and lashes for adultery etc. Due to the strictness of the punishments, people avoided doing such

crimes, which greatly reduced the crime rate. This also strengthened Zia?s government because the
Ulemas fully supported this decision as they believed that it was a major step to make Pakistan a

pure Islamic state.

F: ?However, the amputation of hand and other punishments were never implemented thus failing

the main purpose. Similarly, the punishment for adultery although mostly remained on paper but

where partially implemented, had an adverse effect on women in the male-dominating Pakistani

society as no difference was kept between adultery and rape.

S: Zia established a Federal Shariat Court to see if the laws were according to Islamic principles.

This ensured the presence of Islam-based judiciary. Since people were given justice according to

Islamic principles, this made Zia popular within Muslim circles.

S: The government announced that twenty extra marks would be given to ?huffaz? in Civil Service

examination. This greatly encouraged people to learn their Holy Book i.e. the Holy Quran, which

promoted Islam.

F: ?However, no alternative was provided to non- Muslim minorities to gain such extra marks which

created a feeling of resentment in the minorities who believed that Zia?s government ignored their

basic rights.

S: During Zia?s rule, Radio Pakistan started Arabic courses and a daily news bulletin was carried

out in Arabic. As a result, people inclined towards Quran, which too was in Arabic.

S: The Zakat Ordinance was introduced which imposed 2.5% tax on savings. Zakat committees

were established which ensured proper collection & distribution of wealth among the poor to fulfill

their basic needs. Thus, this greatly helped in the proper observance of a basic pillar of Islam and

weaker section of the society was also taken care of.

F: However, Shia Muslims protested that this tax wasn?t due on them and therefore, they were

exempted by the government. This promoted sectarianism and discrimination, which led to disparity

within Pakistani society.

ECONOMIC POLICY

S: Zia denationalized the industries taken over by Bhutto?s government. The industries were sold to

the private sector which reduced burden from the government as most of these were ?sick?
industries with low output.

S: ?Also, laws were passed to ensure that the government would never nationalize them in future.

Thus, the trust of the investors was restored and so the private investment increased.

S: During Zia?s rule, Pakistan contributed the largest workforce in the Middle East. The labor abroad

sent almost 3.5-4 billion$ to Pakistan annually in the form of remittances. This was the biggest single

source of foreign exchange earnings and thus boosted Pakistan?s economy.

S: He introduced 8th amendment in the 1973 Constitution which guaranteed extensive powers for

the president. This meant that now he could even dismiss the Prime minister along with his cabinet.

This made Zia a strong ruler whose authority could not be challenged.

F: ?However, the presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected

governments e.g. president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Benazir Bhutto?s govt. in 1990 and

Nawaz Sharif?s government in 1993. Thus, political instability increased in the country because of

this amendment.

LAW AND GOVERNMENT

F: Although at first Zia promised to make judiciary impartial, however he soon tightened his grip on it

by introducing military courts as well as provisional constitutional order (PCO) where judges were to

take oath according to PCO and could not give a decision against Zia?s government.

S: He also decided that fixed number of military officials would be transferred to Civil Service

Academy each year. This helped to strengthen his rule because now he had his supporters in civil

bureaucracy as well.

S: He established an Islamic parliament ?Majlis-e-Shura?. However it was not an effective assembly

as it did not have any law making authority and its role was purely advisory. But it did help Zia to

strengthen his rule as members of this parliament supported him wholeheartedly.

FOREIGN POLICY

S: In Dec. 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan agreed to help the US against the USSR.

The US aided Pakistan in training the mujahedeen for them to fight in Afghanistan and also gave

extensive amount of aid and loans which strengthened Pakistan?s economy and defense. Thus,
due to the ?Afghan Miracle? Pak USA relations improved as they protected each other?s interests.

S: ?Also, Pakistan?s relations with Afghanistan improved as Pakistan was working for their survival

and gave shelter to over 3 million Afghan refugees who fled to Pakistan to escape the war.

Q: Why Did Zia become unpopular by end of his Rule?

OUTLINE:

Weapons Smuggled Back to Pakistan

Problems in NWFP and Balochistan

Consequences of Afghan Miracle

Ojhri Camp

The US aided Mujahideens in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union and its military supplies were

transported through Pakistan some times, guns were smuggled back to Pakistan which increased

the Crime rate in the country. As it was due to Zia's policy in Afghanistan. Therefore, the people

blamed him for this internal insecurity which made him highly unpopular.

NWFP wasn?t happy with this Government as it had to bear Afghan Refugees. There were

anti-Central Government feelings in Balochistan as well. Therefore, his rule became weaker due to

discontent of different provinces.

Thirdly, another reason was the ?Afghan Miracle? due to Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan and

the Us aid to Pakistan to help the refugees was reduced dramatically, on the other hand, the

refugees were still there and without the financial aid from America, Zia couldn't cater to their needs.

Therefore, his govt was

in severe crises due to lack of international support.

The explosion at the Arms dump at ?Ojhri Camp? in 1988 led to Primeminister Junejo setting up an

inquiry that seemed to blame top army Commanders, which Zia found unacceptable and so

dismissed him and dissolved the National Assembly. This led Political Crises for Zia and further

difficulties.

Q: Why did Zia dismissed Junejo in 1987

Junejo called an All-Party Conference in 1988(March) to discuss the Afghan situation, without

consulting Zia. This meant that his Civil Government was acting independently of the army. Zia was

independently of the army. Zia was annoyed as he considered as a threat to his power. Therefore,

he dismissed Junejo to retain Political authority.

Secondly, Junejo ordered an inquiry to the ?Ojhri Camp? blast with the clear intention to strictly

punish those who were responsible. This meant that the senior army officials including Zia, the Chief

of Army Staff could be punished, as the ?Ojhri Camp? was a military ammunition depot. Therefore,

Zia dismissed Junejo to avoid such an insult.

According to Zia, Junejo was doing nothing for sake of Islam and he also believed that Junejo?s

government was involved in Corruption. Thus, according to 8th Amendment 1973?s constitution he

wasn?t satisfied with Junejo?s performance as Primeminister.

Benazir Bhutto

Q.HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS BENAZIR BHUTTO AS THE PM OF PAKISTAN BETWEEN THE

YEARS (1988-1990) & (1993-1996). EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

1988-1990

DOMESTIC POLICY

S: Benazir Bhutto (8.3) promised to make Pakistan a purely democratic country. She took some

steps in this regard, e.g. she released the political prisoners, and lifted ban on student and trade

unions. Thus this was success as she proved that her government believed in political freedom and

was far better, as compared to Zia's dictatorship

S: B.B established ?First Women Bank?, where females provided banking facilities to the women of

Pakistan Thus this was a success as it not only meant more job opportunities for women, but was

also an attempt to protect their rights in the male dominating society of Pakistan

S: B.B started "People's works Program", and according to this program, electricity was provided in

many rural areas of Pakistan. Thus this shows her commitment to improve the standard of living, of

the people living in remote areas.

F: ... However, she was unable to keep her promises. For example, she could not improve the

welfare services, and did not repeal the Hudood & Zina ordinance (as it affected women adversely).

Thus this disappointed people of Pakistan and the support for her rule reduced.

F: Benazir also did not fulfill her commitments regarding her economic development of Pakistan,

which disappointed the people. Instead, there was a high rate of inflation and unemployment. Thus

this was a failure as people greatly criticized her government, as their financial problems increased

during her rule.

S: B.B took some steps in favor of Sindhis e.g. Sindhi was made compulsory in educational

institutions of Sindh, and seats were also reserved for Sindhis in provincial administration. Thus this

delighted the Sindhi community, and the support for her rule increased, because their cultural and

political rights were being protected

F: ... However, it annoyed the Urdu-speaking people of Sindh, who were more educated than

Sindhis and they rendered such steps as a special favors for Sindhis. Thus, this reduced her

support, as many of the Urdu- Speaking people joined MQM, a regional party of the Urdu Speaking

people.

FOREIGN POLICY

S: B.B's father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto left the Commonwealth in 1971, when UK recognized

Bangladesh. However, Benazir felt that it was important organization for Pakistan's political and

economic prosperity. Therefore, she rejoined it, which improved Pakistan's international image, and

the relations with UK and other members of the Commonwealth

S: B.B organized the fourth SAARC Summit, which was also attended by the Indian PM Rajiv

Gandhi. Thus, this helped to improve Pak-indo relations, as three different peace agreements were

signed between the two countries.

B.B also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the

nuclear weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not

convinced. Thus it worsened Pak-US relations as it meant that the USA was not ready to lift the

economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.

F: Benazir Bhutto also Visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan didn?t

have their Nuclear Weapons, but has the right to do it so for its defense. However, the US

government wasn?t convinced Thus it Worsened Pakistan-USA relations as it meant that USA

wasn?t Convinced to lift the economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.
Q.WHY DID BENAZIR FALL FROM POWER IN 1990?

F: BB?s party was the largest political party in the election of 1988 yet it did not have enough seats

to form the government. Therefore she had to make an alliance with MQM, a party of Urdu speaking

people of Sindh. This meant that the Government was not independent enough to take decisions.

Due to clashes between PPP and MQM, MOM dissolved their alliance with PPP, which made the

Government weak to work;

F: Benazir did not have good relations with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and occasionally clashed

with him. A major point of conflict between the two was appointment of military and judiciary.

President believed that it was his right under the 8th amendment to make such appointments where

Benazir wanted some changes according to her desires. When he refused to do so the relations

between the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that her Government could be dissolved by

the president at any time.

F: Benazir's Government was also accused of corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was accused

of taking commissions and kickbacks. Although Benazir felt that such accusations were politically

motivated, yet the damaged the reputation of her Government a lot and later provided a reason to

President to dissolve her government

1993-1996

DOMESTIC POLICY:

F: Benazir came into government with an "Agenda for change". She promised to improve women

situations and she also said that separate women courts and police stations would be established.

However, no legislations were introduced in this regard. Thus this disappointed the people of

Pakistan, especially women, who felt betrayed as B.B did not fulfill her promises,

F: B.B had to face a lot of opposition from Nawaz Sharif, the leader of opposition alliance in the

National assembly. He started a Train March against Benazir Bhutto In 1994, in which he travelled

from Karachi to Peshawar by train, and at different railway stations, he made critical speeches
against BB?s government this way, he was successful in arranging large scale strikes against

Benazir. Although Benazir reacted by arresting some opposition leaders, however, it had no affect

but rather increased her opposition even more.

F: BB was involved in family feuds as well. Her brother Murtaza Bhutto, who was abroad, used to

criticize him far betraying the principles of their father. He also criticized the increased role of Asif Ali

Zardari (Benazir's husband) in PPP, as he was accused of corruption. Later when he came to

Pakistan, he was at first arrest and later killed in a police ambush just outside his house in Karachi.

A judicial inquiry suggested the involvement of the government in the assassination of Murtaza

Bhutto. Although Benazir denied such involvement, however, the assassination of Murtaza Bhutto

badly damaged the democratic Image of her government

F: BB being an economist herself took the charge of economy policy of Pakistan, but during her

time, Pakistani Rupee depreciated by 30% against US dollar. GDP fell from 6% to 4%. Large scale

manufacturing growth reduced drastically. Thus, her poor economic policies created financial crisis

in Pakistan so the people had to suffer economically.

F: Benazir's Government was also accused of corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was accused

of taking commissions and kickbacks. Although Benazir felt that such accusations were politically

motivated, yet theydamaged the reputation of her Government a lot and later provided a reason to

President to dissolve her government

FOREIGN POLICY

S: During the rule of B.B, the new US president Bill Clinton wanted to have good relations with

Pakistan, and he sent his defense secretary William Perry to Pakistan in 1993 who admitted that the

Pressler Amendment was a mistake. Thus this helped to improve the relations as it meant that soon

the US would lift sanctions and provide economic and military aid to Pakistan

S: In 1996, B.B visited USA and following her visit Brown amendment was passed by the US

parliament. This allowed the USA Government to return the payment of (28) F-16 and they also
approved military support to $ 388 million for Pakistan and so the relations improved as they were

trying to strengthen Pakistan's defense.

S: ... In 1996, Hillary Clinton, the first lady and her daughter Chelsea visited Pakistan as a gesture of

goodwill, which brought Pakistan and US closer and their relations Improved.

Q: Why Did Benazir Fall from Power in 1996?

Agenda Of Change

Train March

Family Conflicts

Zardari Accused of Corruption

List Of Questions:

How Successful was Benazir as The Prime Minister of Pakistan between 19993-96? Explain your

answer.

How Successful was Benazir as The Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1988-90? Explain your

answer.

Q: Was the increase In Inflation and Unemployment the main problem faced by Benazir as Prime

Minister of Pakistan between 1988-90? Explain your answer,

(Failures of First Era)

L 3 = Inflation L4 = Other Problems

Outline:

L3: Inflation and Un Employment

L4:

Zina Ordinace not Removed

Sindhi made Compulsory / Seats Reserved

Problems with President

Asif Ali Zardari Corruption

MQM left the Government

Pressler Amendment

Q: ?Reasons for the decline of Benazir in 1990 were more important than those of its decline in

19996? Do you agree give reasons.

Q: Why was Benazir Important as Prime Minister as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

(Only Successes)

Q: What was Pucca Qilla Massacre?

In 1988, a Sindhi militant, opened fire on a crowd in Hyderabad and so there were about 250

casualties (mostly Muhajir). IN 1989, there were widespread riots in Karachi, so MQM broke their

alliance with PPP. In 1990, Government started crackdown in Hyderabad. Shoot on sight curfew

was imposed and house to house search operation was carried out. The muhajirs protested at this

treatment. More than 300

people died including 31 women and children. This is known as Pucca Qila Massacre.

Nawaz Shareef

Q. HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS NAWAZ SHARIF AS THE PM OF PAKISTAN BETWEEN THE

YEARS (1990-1993) & (1997-1999). EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

1990-1993:

S: Nawaz Sharif (N.S) started a policy of privatization and offered many industries to the private

sector, like shipping, telecommunication, and airlines. Thus this was a success as it increased

private investment and strengthened the economy of Pakistan

S: N.S started many large scale projects e.g. Ghazi Barotha Hydro Project, and Gawader Mini Port.

Thus it was a success as it shows his commitment to improve the economy of the country by

promoting power sector and international trade links.

S: N.S started a yellow cab scheme, and under this scheme, he imported thousands of taxis and

also provided cheap loans to purchase them. Thus this was a success as this helped to provide

many job opportunities to a lot of unemployed people.

F: ..... However, most of those loans were not repaid, which overburdened the country's economy

(because they were mostly given to supporters of his party).

S: N.S also started the first Motorway of Pakistan, between Lahore and Islamabad, which was

completed in 1997. Thus, this was also a success, as he not only modernized the infrastructure for

easier movement of the people, but this also helped to improve internal trade.

F: ..... However, many critics of his government believed that a developing country like Pakistan,

could not afford such an expensive project. And the same amount, which was spent on this project,

could've been utilized to improve the welfare services of the country, like Health and Education.

S: N.S loosened the restrictions upon the movement of foreign exchange, and opened up the

Pakistan's stock market to save foreign capital thus this was a success, as it helped to improve the

economy as the influx of foreign exchange into the country increased.

F: An international bank operating in Pakistan named BCCI (Bank of Credit & Commerce

International) collapsed because it was found involved in many international frauds. Thus it was a

failure, NS government lost finances as investors lost a huge sum of money which was deposited in

BCCI.

F: The popularity of his government was badly damaged due to the "Cooperative societies Scandal".
These societies used to get deposits from the public, and also provided them with loans. However,

they collapsed due to their own mismanagement, and about 700,000 people of Punjab lost their

hard-earned money. The general public was disappointed & blamed the government for not having

a strict check on these societies.

F:... The situation was further aggravated when it was found that these societies gave billions of

rupees as loans, to

F: Nawaz Sharif's family business, the Ittefaq Group. And although the Ittefaq Group hurriedly gave

back the loans, yet this cooperative society's scandal highly undermined the credibility of his

government.

F: As a senior member of Zia's government, Nawaz was a strong supporter of Islamic reform. He

introduced Shariat Bill in 1991. This Bill stated that Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

would be the supreme law of the country, as long as it did not "challenge the existing system of the

government". This was highly criticized from all sides. The opposition criticized the increased role of

Islam in politics, whereas, his supporters believed that the Bill should have gone further.

F: ... In reality, it was never implemented e.g. when Federal Shariat court asked Nawaz Sharif to

finish Riba (interest), which is banned in Islam, his government did nothing in this regard. Thus it

was a failure as it disappointed the people who realized that Nawaz Sharif was not at all sincere in

implementing Islam, and was only using it to gain political benefits.

F: Nawaz Sharif faced problems with president GIK. The President refused to repeal the 8th

amendment as he believed that it helps to have a check on PM. The PM and President clashed over

the appointment of chief of army staff and after the death of General Asif Nawaz, President without

the consent of PM appointed General Waheed Kakar as the new Chief. Thus, the relations between

the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that his Government could be dissolved by the

president at any time, creating political instability in Pakistan.

F: The support of Afghan warlords during Afghan-Russian war had negative effects on Pakistan.
The Russian gun Kalashnikov was smuggled from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Their copies were also

made in the tribal areas of Pakistan and then were sold at a cheaper price. The Kalashnikov culture

increased kidnapping, murders and terrorism in Pakistan. Although NS's government, ordered

people to return these guns, but only few of them did. Thus, this increased internal insecurity &

violence in Pakistan to such an extent that NS had to cancel his important trip to Japan in 1991.

1997-1999:

S: Nawaz Sharif (N.S) introduced the 13th Amendment in the constitution, which revoked the

authority of the President to dismiss the Prime Ministers, and dissolve the assemblies. Thus this was

a success as it was popular in all political circles, because the 8th Amendment caused political

instability as previously GIK had dismissed the Government of B.B in 1990 and N.S in 1993 using

8th amendment.

S: N.S also introduced the 14th Amendment, which stated that all members of the provincial and

national assembly would not switch their political parties as long as they are members of the

parliament. This was also popular, as usually, the politicians used to destabilize the government by

changing parties to achieve their personal interests without thinking about their voters. Thus this was

a success as it shows that Nawaz Sharif tried to promote democratic values, and reduced political

instability of the government.

F: ?However, his government was also involved in undemocratic activities, and ill-treated those who

criticized his government. For example, Najam Sethi, a senior journalist, and a strong critic of his

government was kidnapped, and was later released under international pressure. Thus it was a

failure as such activities destroyed the democratic image of Nawaz Sharif.

S: In 1998, N.S carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. Thus this was a success as it

made him highly popular within Pakistan, as the general public was delighted at the show of

strength by their country, and the way it was standing up to India, which had carried similar tests a

few weeks before.

FOREIGN POLICY
F: In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. However, because of

this he had to face a lot of criticism from the international communities and many countries, including

US, imposed economic sanctions on Pakistan. Thus, this worsened Pak-US relations, as Pakistan's

economic problems increased because its economy was mostly dependent upon the Western

support.

S: In 1999, the Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahgah crossing near Lahore,

and Lahore declaration was signed between the two countries. Thus this helped to improve their

relations as both the countries decided to cooperate, and solve their issues peacefully.

F: ?However, these good relations were short-lived, and a few weeks later, some Kashmiris, with

the help of Pakistan's military forces, crossed the line of control, and captured the towns of Kargil

and Drass of Indian-held Kashmir. Although Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to retreat because of

international pressure, yet, this Kargil conflict deteriorated Indo-Pak relations a lot. It also damaged

the international reputation of Nawaz Sharif, as the international community believed that he did not

honor the Lahore Declaration

Why ws Nawaz Shareef dismissed in 1993:

Economic Problems due to Collapse of BCCI

Cooperative Society Scandal

Shariat Bill

Q. Why did Musharraf come into power in 1999?

OR

Q. Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from power in 1999?

Since Zia's time, the army was seen as a threat to democracy. When General Jahangir Karamat, the

COAS, asked Nawaz Sharif to give him a post in National Security Council, he not only refused, but

also forced him to resign. Apparently, he removed a potential threat, but indirectly, increased the

chances of Martial Law, as the army was immensely annoyed.

Another reason was the Kargil conflict. Some Kashmiris, with the help of Pakistan's military forces

crossed the line of military control, and captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held

Kashmir. But Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to retreat because of the international pressure.

However, this annoyed the army as they felt insulted, and so, the chances of military intervention

increased.

The immediate reason was the "Plane Conspiracy". After the Kargil issue, Nawaz Sharif feared a

military coup. And so, he decided to remove General Pervez Musharraf, who was appointed as the

Chief of Army Staff, after the resignation of Jahangir Karamat. When Pervez Musharraf was

returning from an official visit to Sri Lanka, Nawaz Sharif did not allow his plane to land, and

meanwhile, also appointed General Zia-ud-Din as the new Chief of Army Staff. However, the army

refused to accept the new appointment. They took control of the Karachi Airport, and so, the plane

of Pervez Musharraf was allowed to land. Therefore, in retaliation, Pervez Musharraf removed

Nawaz Sharif, and established a military government.

QUESTIONS:

Q. Was the Kalashnikov culture the most important reason for the decline of NS in 1993? Explain

your answer.

"NS was more important as PM 1990-93 than 1997-1999". Do you agree? Give reasons.

Both successes and failures

"Reasons for decline of NS in 1993 were more important than those of his decline in 1999". Do you

agree? Give reasons.

"B.B was more important as PM than NS during 1988-99". Do you agree? Give reasons.
"The Governments 1988-99 achieved nothing". Do you agree? Give reasons.

Q: Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s?

Pressler amendment was introduced by US in 1985 which stated that any country involved in

making nuclear weaponry would not be aided by US. At the time, Pakistan was fighting for US

against USSR in Afghanistan, which led to Pakistan gaining concession over making nuclear

weapons. However, in 1988, Russian forces withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving America focused

on, and accusing Pakistan for making nuclear weapons. Thus, in light of Pressler amendment,

economical sanctions were placed on Pakistan, especially at a time when Pakistan was in dire need

of aid to give shelter to 3 Million afghan refugees.

In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out nuclear tests in Balochistan. This made Pakistanis happy, as they

were delighted by the show of strength and power by their country, especially against their rival,

India. However, it annoyed the International community & countries like US and Japan imposed

economical sanctions on Pakistan, thus, dragging it to bankruptcy.

Benazir also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the

nuclear weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not

convinced, which worsened Pak-US relations as it meant, that the USA was not ready to lift the

economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q: How successful was Pakistan's relationship with India/USA/Soviet Union/China/Britain and

Commonwealth/Afghanistan/Iran/Bangladesh (since 1971)/ membership of the UN between 1947-

99? Explain your answer.

Relations With:

India

United States Of America

Russia (USSR)

China
Kashmir issue

Iran

Turkey

Bangladesh

United Nations

Common Wealth

Afghanistan

Gulf states

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH INDIA

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947- 1999? Explain your

answer.
S: Liaquat Ali Khan signed the minorities agreement with the Indian Prime minister Nehru known as

Liaquat-Nehru Pact, which stated that both the countries would protect minorities and a visa system

was introduced between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two countries as

both agreed to cooperate.

S: Ayub Khan signed the Indus water Treaty with India in 1960. Thus, due to this, the relations

between the two improved as the canal water dispute was solved and India agreed to provide water

of three rivers to Pakistan.

F: During the regime of Ayub Khan , the war of 1965 broke out between Pakistan and India over the

Kashmir issue. This deteriorated relations as both countries were now too hostile towards each

other.

S: In 1966, a cease fire agreement of 1965 war known as Tashkent agreement was arranged by the

USSR to make peace between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two nations

as they agreed to solve their issues peacefully in future.

F: During the civil war of 1971 in East Pakistan, India also interfered in this and as a result the war of

1971 broke out. This destroyed relations between the two because as a result of this war, not only

did Pakistan have to surrender but also East Pakistan was made Bangladesh.

S: In 1972, Z.A Bhutto met with Indra Gandhi, the Indian PM and signed the Simla agreement. This

improved relations as India agreed to free the 90000 prisoners of 1971 war.

F: In early 1980?s, the Sikh community in India demanded a separate homeland. India accused

Pakistan of providing weapons and training to these Sikh rebels and as a result, the relations

between the two worsened.

F: Furthermore, the Indian Prime minister Indra Gandhi was assassinated by the Sikhs in 1984. This

deteriorated relations between India and Pakistan as the new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ( son of

Indra Gandhi) accused Pakistan to be involved in her assassination.

S: In 1988, 4th SAARC Summit was held in Pakistan which was also attended by the Indian PM

Rajiv Gandhi. This brought Pakistan and India closer as three separate peace agreements were

signed between the two countries.

S: In 1999, the Indian PM Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahga crossing near Lahore. They

signed the Lahore declaration and hence this improved relations as both the countries agreed on

promoting relations.

F: However, soon some Kashmiris with the help of Pakistan?s armed forces crossed the line of

control and captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held Kashmir. Although Pakistani PM

Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to retreat yet this ?Kargil Conflict? worsened the relations between

the two.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH AMERICA

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with USA between 1947- 1999? Explain your

answer

SUCCESSES: In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan received invitation from USSR to visit Moscow. This

alarmed USA as USSR was their bitterest enemy, therefore they also invited Liaquat Ali Khan to visit

Washington. Liaquat Ali Khan preferred to visit USA. This improved Pak- USA as Pakistan

established embassy in USA which gave a start to their diplomatic relations

During 1950?s, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO, which were anti-communist agreements

designed by the western powers especially USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This helped to

improve Pak- USA relations because on one side Pakistan supported USA?s anti- communist

ideology and in return USA provided Pakistan with financial and military aid that strengthened

Pakistan?s economy and defense.

Pakistan provided airbase to USA in Peshawar to spy over USSR. In 1960, a U-2 spy plane was

shot down by Russians. Although the USSR threatened Pakistan for dire consequences if these

activities continued, but still Pakistan kept on supporting USA against USSR which improved the

Pak US relationship.
When USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979, PAK-USA relations improved because Pakistan

supported USA against USSR in Afghan war and in return the USA provided Pakistan with

economic and military aid which boosted Pakistan?s economy and defense.

FAILURES: In 1962, china and India went to war due to border dispute. As China was communist,

therefore USA sent military aid to help India fight. This offended Pakistan government which argued

that at least it should have been consulted before its rival India was given aid. Thus relations

deteriorated.

Ayub Khan, the president of Pakistan visited China and USSR during 1960?s. These visits

displeased USA worsening Pak- USA relations as both China and USSR were communist countries

and so rivals of USA.

During Indo-Pak war of 1965, USA put an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan. However, this

embargo was more damaging for Pakistan because its army was entirely trained on western

weapons which worsened the relations as Pakistan felt betrayed by its ally, the USA.

In Indo-Pak war of 1971, USA did not help Pakistan. This affected the relations adversely as due to

this lack of support, not only Pakistan lost the war but East Pakistan also became Bangladesh.

After Ayub Khan, Bhutto came in power who was not as Pro-American as Ayub Khan. Now the

relations between the two countries deteriorated because not only Bhutto left SEATO, but also

accused the Americans of organizing the opposition against him in 1977

In 1979, the US embassy in Islamabad was burned down and USA accused Zia of the involvement

of his government in this attack. Therefore the relations reached rock- bottom because USA recalled

many of its senior officials from Pakistan and all aid programs were also suspended.

POINTS of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif?s foreign Policies can also be add

PAKISTAN RELATION WITH USSR

How successful was Pakistan?s relationship with the Soviet Union between 1947- 1999? Explain

your answer.

FAILURES:

In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan was invited by USSR to visit Moscow. This alarmed USA, so at the same
time they invited Liaquat to visit Washington. Liaquat Ali Khan preferred USA and went there

ignoring the invitation of the Russians which deteriorated Pakistan?s relations with USSR.

During 1950?s Pakistan joined anti- Communist organizations i.e. CENTO and SEATO formed by

the Western powers especially the USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This deteriorated Pak

Soviet relations as Pakistan was working against their communist ideology.

In 1956, Soviet Union offered to build a steel mill for Pakistan if it dropped its alliance with USA. This

deteriorated the relations as Pakistan insulted USSR by rejecting their offer.

In 1960 an American U-2 spy plane that took off from Peshawar, was shot down by the Russians

when it was spying over their territory. This weakened Pak USSR relations as the Russians were

highly annoyed with Pakistan and gave serious threats if such activities were not stopped.

In Indo Pak war of 1971, USSR fully supported India against Pakistan. This brought the relations at

the lowest ebb as due to this support of Russians for India, Pakistan not only lost the war of 1971,

but also East Pakistan became Bangladesh.

In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. This deteriorated Pakistan- USSR relations as Pakistan

fully supported the USA and the Afghanis to defeat the Soviets.

SUCCESSES:

In 1961, as a gesture of goodwill Soviet Union started to explore oil in Pakistan. This made the

relations good as USSR was helping Pakistan to develop their power resources.

In 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to USSR and further agreements on trade and oil

exploration were reached which brought both the countries closer.

In 1966, USSR organized a peace conference of India and Pakistan at Tashkent and so ?Tashkent

Agreement? was signed which was the official ceasefire of 1965 war. Due to this Pakistan- USSR

relations improved as Pakistan appreciated the fair and hospitable manner in which Soviets

conducted this conference.

When Bhutto came into power, he visited the Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit

that helped to improve relations as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.
PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH CHINA

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China since 1947? Explain your answer. [14]

Failures:

During mid 1950?s, Pakistan joined anti-communist pacts i.e. SEATO and CENTO. This adversely

affected relations because China was a communist country.

In the war of 1971, China was unable to support Pakistan because they were threatened by the

Soviet Union. This disappointed Pakistan as due to lack of support not only Pakistan lost the war,

but East Pakistan also became Bangladesh.

SUCCESSES:

In 1962, India and China went to war on a border dispute and China defeated India in that war. This

helped to improve relations between Pakistan and China, as both had a common enemy i.e. India.

In 1963, Pak and China negotiated to settle border between them. This also helped to improve

relations between the two countries because China made more concessions to Pakistan in the final

agreement.

Early in 1963, Pakistan and China announced a series of trade agreements. This brought them

closer because China became world?s largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton which improved

Pakistan?s economy.

China also granted Pakistan a $ 60 million interest free loan, due to which relations flourished as

China supported Pakistani economy.

In 1963, PIA began regular flights to China, which helped to increase trade and movement between

the two, thus, relations flourished.

In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan?s policy in Kashmir and in return, Pakistan
supported China?s entry in the UN. This improved relations because both supported each others?

interests.

In 1978, Karakorum Highway was open between Pakistan and China which was under construction

since 1966. This not only improved their relations but also open up trade between the two.

Q: WAS CONSTRUCTION OF THE KARAKORAM HIGHWAY THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR

WHICH IMPROVED PAK- CHINA RELATIONS BETWEEN 1947-1999? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

- L3: Construction of KKH

- L4: All other positive reasons

KASHMIR ISSUE

HOW SUCCESSFULLY DID PAKISTAN AND INDIA HANDLE THE KASHMIR ISSUE BETWEEN

1947 TO 1999? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

The UN declared that a referendum be held in Kashmir and the Kashmiris themselves be given a

chance to decide whether to side with India or Pakistan. This was accepted by both Pakistan and

India and so a success as a fair manner to solve the Kashmir issue had been devised.

Pakistan managed to keep pressure on India by appealing to the UN whenever India tried to

integrate the occupied Kashmir like in 1954 and 1955. This was a success as through this foreign

aid Pakistan prevented India from unfairly taking over Kashmir.

After the 1965 war, the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was signed between Pakistan and India and

they agreed to deal with their mutual disputes peacefully. This was a success as the Kashmir could

now be resolved without warfare but through negotiations.

In 1972 Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement with the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, where it

was agreed that India would release the 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of the 1971 war. In return

Pakistan agreed that the Kashmir issue was now to be dealt as a bilateral issue i.e., between

Pakistan and India. Hence this was a success as both countries agreed over peaceful terms to find
a solution to the Kashmir issue and Pakistan had not given up its claim over Kashmir despite of

bringing back the war prisoners

In 1948 the matter was referred to the UNO that declared a ceasefire line leaving Kashmir divided

between Pakistan and India and it was patrolled by the UN troops. It was a set back for Pakistan as

India retained the larger part of Kashmir including the capital, Srinagar.

Although the UN called for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir to decide the Kashmir issue but no

such plebiscite has been held, even to this day. Hence this is a failure as the UN did not abide by its

promise causing the Kashmir issue to linger on.

In 1965 Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir. Hence a failure as both the countries ruined

their relations and reduced the chances of the solution of Kashmir issue.

The Simla Agreement 1972 also proved to be a failure in the long as it was agreed that Kashmir

issue would remain India and Pakistan and would not be taken to any third part. This was a failure

as in the past Pakistan had approached for UN's help when India tried to seize parts of Kashmir like

in 1954 and 1955 but now the last door of foreign intervention, like that of UN, was closed and

hence Kashmir became an unsolvable problem.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH IRAN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with IRAN between 1947- 99? Explain your answer.

SUCCESSES:

Both Pakistan and Iran were the members of CENTO which improved their relations because they

shared the same anti- communist ideology

In 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up the regional

co-operation for development [RCD]. This improved relations as now they developed close trade
links and helped each other with industrial projects, such as setting up mills and factories.

Iran along with Turkey tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pakistan during 1965 war

against India. Although they weren?t successful, yet Pakistan appreciated their efforts and therefore

relations improved.

Iran provided military aid like helicopters, to Pakistan government to suppress Balochistan

insurgency (when some Balochi?s revolted against the state) during 1970?s. This improved

relations as Iran tried to restore peace in Pakistan.

FAILURES:

In 1979 there was Islamic revolution in Iran and the Shah of Iran was overthrown. Relations

between the two deteriorated as firstly the new, Islamic government was suspicious of Pakistan

because it had been such an enthusiastic supporter of the Shah.

Secondly, the new Iranian government was fiercely anti-American, whereas from 1979 Pakistan was

receiving large amounts of aid from the USA. This worsened relations as both countries had

different foreign policy.

During Zia?s time there was growth of sectarianism in Pakistan. The Shia government of Iran was

suspicious of Pakistan government for providing support to Sunni section of the society to suppress

the Shia minority, therefore, both the countries were divided on sectarian lines.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH TUKEY

Q: WHY WERE THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND TURKEY SO GOOD BETWEEN

1947-1999? [7]

? First three points of Iran

Turkey was a member of CENTO

RCD

Turkey persuaded other countries to help Pakistan during 1965 war against India.
PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH BANGLADESH

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS PAKISTAN IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BANGLADESH

BETWEEN 1971-99? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

FAILURES:

After the Indo Pak War of 1971, Bangladesh was established and relations between the two

countries remained strained because Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a rebel nation, having broken

away from west

Pakistan and winning independence largely as a result of support from Pakistan's bitter rival, India.

Secondly, during the civil war of 1971, there had been fierce fighting in East Pakistan (now

Bangladesh) which had left a legacy of distrust and anger between the two countries.

There was the problem of reallocating assets that had been shared. Bangladesh claimed that it had

the right to many of the assets of West Pakistan as it had been a part of Pakistan till 1971. However,

Pakistan rejected this as unrealistic and thus relations worsened.

In 1972, Britain recognized Bangladesh as an independent country and in retaliation, Pakistan left

its organization, the Commonwealth. This deteriorated relations even further as Pakistan was hostile

towards

Bangladesh.

SUCCESSES:

In early 1974, however, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib was invited to a meeting of

the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) in Lahore. This was a highly important point in improving

relations between the two countries, as for the first time Bangladesh was officially recognized by

Pakistan as an independent state.

In 1975, Khondekar Mushtaq became new leader of Bangladesh. Due to his efforts, the 2 countries

exchanged ambassadors and made agreements in trade, tourism and media which brought them

closer and improved their relations.

In 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh was hit by severe weather that foreign aid was urgently needed. On

both occasions Pakistan was the first country to contribute. Thus the relations improved as
Bangladesh appreciated this humane attitude of Pakistan towards them.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH UNITED NATIONS

HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS PAKISTAN AS A MEMBER OF UN BETWEEN 1947- 99? EXPLAIN

YOUR ANSWER.

When Kashmir Issue was referred to the UN, it decided that there should be a referendum to

determine the wishes of Kashmiri people. However, despite constant demand by Pakistan in the UN

for this referendum to take place, the UN has not yet enforced it which disappointed Pakistan and it

felt insulted as a member.

During the East Pakistan crisis which eventually led to Indo-Pak war in 1971, UN did not provide the

desired help to Pakistan. This highly upset Pakistan as due to this lack of support, Pakistan not only

lost the war but also East Pakistan became Bangladesh.

Pakistan participated fully in the debates of the UN and contributed soldiers to the peacekeeping

forces and was elected to the security council many times. Therefore, it shows its commitment as a

member of the UN to work for international cooperation and to maintain peace in the world.

In 1960 with the help of UN, Pakistan and India signed the Indus water treaty. As per this treaty the

old canal water dispute was resolved and Pakistan was allowed to use water of three rivers.

Therefore, due to the efforts of UN Pakistan's agro-based economy survived which was dependent

upon the water of these rivers.

Pakistan as a developing country needed financial support for its progress which was provided by

World Bank and IMF in form of loans. This assisted Pakistan's economic development and it felt

important as a member.

The World Food Program (WFP) had also played a significant role in providing help for Afghan
refugees during Soviet-Afghan war. Thus UN shared Pakistan's burden and facilitated to rehabilitate

the refugees effectively.

After the Indo-Pak war of 1965, UN arranged an official ceasefire between India and Pakistan and

Tashkent Declaration was signed to create good relations. Therefore , with the help of UN peace in

the region was restored.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH COMMONWEALTH AND BRITAIN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the Britain and the commonwealth since 1947?

Explain your answer. [14]

When Radcliffe award was announced in 1947 by the British to divide the boundaries of Punjab and

Bengal between Pakistan and India, Pakistan felt highly disappointed and relations with British

suffered because many Muslims dominated areas like Gurdaspur were granted to India.

There was shortage of senior officials in Pakistan in 1947 and the British provided Jinnah with help

at top levels of both Military and Civil service. This improved relations between the two countries as

it would?ve been difficult for Pakistan to begin an independent life without this assistance.

Pakistan joined the Commonwealth in 1947 and even when it declared itself a republic in 1956,

Pakistan continued as a member of the same organization. This improved relations with Britain

because Commonwealth was its organization that provided much needed economic assistance to

Pakistan e.g. through Colombo Plan which gave 1 million Pounds for Sui gas project.

Relations with CW improved as after the Indus water treaty, CW countries like Britain, Canada, New

Zealand etc. provided Pakistan with financial aid for the construction of different dams and barrages
which was important for the development of Pakistan?s agro based economy.

Relations with the C.W strained when Pak didn?t receive the political support it expected from the

C.W for the solution of the Kashmir issue. Thus, Pakistan felt insulted as a member because CW

never pressurized India to resolve this problem.

Britain and Pak worked together as members of CENTO and SEATO. This improved relations as

both were anti- Communism.

During the war of 1965, UK along with USA, imposed military sanctions on both Pak and India,

however these sanctions affected Pakistan more than India because its army was totally trained on

western weapons, therefore, relations deteriorated, because Pakistan faced difficulties in the war,

due to this lack of support from its allies.

The British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was the first western leader to visit Pakistan after the

Russian invasion of Afghanistan. This visit improved relations between the two sides as Britain fully

supported the role of Pakistan in the Afghan struggle against the Soviet Union.

Britain provided an aid of 30 million pounds to Pakistan for the welfare of Afghan refugees who had

migrated to Pakistan to escape the war in Afghanistan. Therefore, the relations improved as it would

have been difficult for Pakistan to rehabilitate these refugees without such support from the west.

When Britain recognized Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) in 1972, this annoyed Pakistan and the

relations with the Britain deteriorated as Pakistan pulled out of the Commonwealth in protest.

When Benazir Bhutto came to power in 1988, she decided to rejoin the Commonwealth as she felt

that it was an important organization for Pakistan?s political development e.g. for the peaceful

solution of the Kashmir issue. As a result relations with the UK and the Commonwealth improved.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947- 99? Explain your

answer.
When Pakistan came into existence, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand line, the border

between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and claimed some of the areas of Pakistan because they were

conquered by an Afghan leader, Ahmed Shah Abdali, 200 years ago. This led to poor relations,

because Afghanistan wanted to disintegrate Pakistan.

In 1947, When Pakistan applied for the UN membership, Afghanistan was the only country which

voted against Pakistan?s admission in the UN. This worsened relations, because Pakistan realized

that Afghanistan didn?t want it to be internationally recognized.

In 1947, Afghanis wanted access to Karachi port as it was land locked country. Pakistan accepted

their demand on the condition that they should drop the Pakhtoonistan issue. Now they rejected this

offer and signed a trade and transit agreement with USSR. This meant that they were still hostile

towards Pakistan and making good relations with Pakistan were considered unnecessary.

RCD was established in 1964 between Pak, Iran and Turkey. Afghanistan was also invited to join

this organization. However, it refused because Pakistan was its member. Thus the relations

remained poor as Afghanistan continued to show opposition to Pakistan.

During the Indo- Pak war of 1965, the Afghan people supported Pakistan and the Afghan

government stayed neutral. This helped to improve relations because the government of Ayub Khan

was grateful to Afghanistan for not creating further difficulties for Pakistan.

When Bhutto came into power, he emphasized on Islamic policy, therefore, he visited Kabul, shortly

after taking office and this helped to improve relations because Afghanistan government gave a

positive response.

Relations improved even further when Bhutto allowed, Afghan traders the access to India through

Pakistan and therefore Pak helped to improve their economy.

When there was an earthquake in Afghanistan, Pakistan made generous contributions to help their

Afghan brothers which improved relations because now Afghanistan saw Pakistan as sympathetic

towards them.

During Soviet- Afghan war, over 3 million Afghan refugee came to Pakistan to escape the war.

Pakistan provided them with food and shelter. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan helped
them during their difficult times.

In the Soviet- Afghan war, Pakistan fully supported Afghanistan and not only gave training to Afghan

mujahedeen, but also provided them with arms and ammunition. This improved relations because

without this help, it would?ve been extremely difficult for Afghanis to defeat Russians who were one

of the super powers of that time.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH GULF STATES

How successful was Pakistan?s relationship with the Gulf States between 1947-99? Explain your

answer

FAILURES:

During 1950?s Pakistan had close relations with the USA and it joined the Pro-USA agreements like

the Baghdad Pact (CENTO) which was criticized by the Muslim countries like Egypt and Saudi

Arabia as they believed that it was the American support that enabled Israel to survive against Arab

opposition. Therefore the relations between Pakistan and these countries were adversely affected.

Relations with the OIC strained when Pak didn?t receive the political support it expected from the

Muslim countries for the solution of the Kashmir issue. As a result, Pakistan felt insulted as a

member of OIC as it never put pressure on India to resolve the Kashmir problem.

Successes:

The main Islamic centers i.e. the Holy Ka'bah and the Mosque of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) are in

Saudi Arabia and millions of Pakistanis go to visit these Holy places every year. As a result of this

religious importance of Saudi Arabia, Pak- Saudi relations are always good.

After the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia sent funds to Pakistan for the Afghan

refugees who had come to Pakistan to escape the war. This helped to improve relations between

the two sides as due to this financial support it became easier for Pakistan to settle these refugees.

The relations between Pakistan and the Gulf states like Libya, UAE were excellent as these

countries invested heavily in boosting the Pakistani economy in areas such as oil refining, shipping

and banking.

Pakistan also provided military expertise for many Gulf states and in 1985 around 50,000 Pakistanis
soldiers were serving in countries like Saudi Arabia, Libya, Oman and the UAE. This helped to

improve relations with these countries as Pakistan helped them to improve their defense and on the

other hand the Pakistani soldiers sent foreign exchange to their country in the form of remittances

which improved Pakistan's economy.

After the Arab-Israel War of 1973, Pakistan hosted the 2nd OIC summit in Lahore in 1974 which was

attended by the heads of 35 Muslim countries. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan openly

condemned Israel's occupation of the Palestinian land and on the other hand Bhutto received offers

of financial aid from many Muslim countries to strengthen Pakistan's economy e.g. Libya provided

$80 million in loan to Pakistan

The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was established in Morocco in 1969. Its primary aim

was to support the Palestinians against Israel. Pakistan immediately joined it which improved

relations with the Arab world as it meant that Pakistan is a keen supporter of the Palestinian cause.

14 MARK QUESTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Communist countries between

1947-99? Explain your answer.

? Success and Failures of China and Russia

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Western countries between 1947-99?

Explain your answer.

? Success and Failures of UK and USA

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Muslim countries between 1947-99?

Explain your answer.

? Success and Failures of Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Bangladesh and Gulf countries.

Q: How successful was Pakistan as a member of World organizations between 1947-99? Explain

your answer.

? Success and Failures of UN, Commonwealth, SEATO, CENTO, OIC, SAARC & RCD
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

7 MARK QUESTIONS

Why did LAK prefer to visit USA over USSR?

LAK saw that USA was far more economically and technologically stronger than USSR, and as

Pakistan was economically weak at that time, so LAK preferred to visit USA to strengthen its base

financially through American support.

As USSR was a communist country, it had no religion. So LAK preferred to visit USA as Pakistan

was achieved on a religious ideology and USA believed in religions.

LAK preferred to visit USA as he found out that USA and its allies including UK were more influential

in UN. Some of the problems of Pakistan were pending in the UN like Kashmir issue. Thus LAK
thought by making good relations with USA may help in solving its problems in the UN.

Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in the Wars of 1965 and 1971?

Firstly, Pakistan?s allies like USA and UK put an arms embargo on both Pakistan and India in the

war of 1965. Pakistan suffered more as its soldiers were trained on western weapons only. Thus

due to this lack of support, Pakistan lost the war.

Secondly, Indian defense was far better than that of Pakistan in both the wars. It had more soldiers

and ammunition which provided it an edge over Pakistan.

Thirdly, as in the War of 1971 Pakistan had to fight against East Pakistanis who were on the side of

India, therefore many Pakistani soldiers were reluctant to kill their Pakistani and Muslim brothers. So

defeat became inevitable.

Why did Pakistan join the OIC?

Since this organization was established to support the Palestine cause and Pakistan was also a

strong supporter of Palestinians who were being suppressed by Israel, therefore Pakistan joined it

as its aim coincided with Pakistan?s foreign policy.

OIC is an organization of rich Muslim countries e.g. oil producing countries of Middle East. Therefore

Pakistan joined it to get financial support from these countries to strengthen its developing economy.

Thirdly, Pakistan joined it as it believed that by doing so, it would get the support of the Muslim

countries over the Kashmir issue and they might pressurize India for its solution.

Why does Pakistan support the Palestine cause?

The Palestinian Muslims are being suppressed by Israel and since Pakistan identifies with them as

its religious brothers, that is why it gives them support.

Since Pakistan is a member of OIC which was primarily established to support the Palestinians,

therefore Pakistan is duty bound as its member to support them.

Pakistan supports the Palestine cause as it is aware that by doing so, the Arab countries like Saudi

Arabia would also in return support it in Kashmir issue, as it is similar to Palestine issue.

Why did Pakistan join SEATO/ CENTO?

Firstly Pakistan joined SEATO/ CENTO to improve its relations with USA as they were designed by

western powers like USA to curtail communist expansion. Pakistan believed that then USA would

provide Pakistan with economic aid which could strengthen its weak economy.

Secondly Pakistan joined these to gain military and political aid from the influential members of

these organizations so that Pakistan could be helped in different conflicts against its rival, India e.g.

wars and Kashmir issue.

Also Pakistan joined this organization to have good relations with the Muslim countries as CENTO

included many of them like Iran and Turkey, which could improve Pakistan?s image in the Islamic

world.

Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972?

Firstly, SEATO did not help Pakistan as its member in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Pakistan lost

both the wars and also in 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Thus Pak left this organization

as it felt disappointed being its member.

Secondly Pakistan gave the proposal of having a joint military of all member countries for mutual

defense. This proposal was rejected and thus Pakistan felt snubbed and so dropped out of it.

Thirdly, as Bhutto was pro-communism, he wanted to have good relations with the communist

countries like Soviet Union and China. As SEATO was anti-communist organization, it was hurdle in

good relations with these countries. Thus Bhutto left it.

Why did Pakistan join the Commonwealth?

Firstly Commonwealth was an organization comprising of wealthy countries like UK, Canada, and

Australia etc. Thus Pakistan joined it as it wanted economic support for strengthening itself

financially.

Secondly, Commonwealth was the world?s second largest organization, therefore Pakistan decided

to join it as it wanted itself to be internationally recognized and make its image in the international

community.

Thirdly, as India was a member of this organization, Pakistan believed that by joining this, the

influential countries like UK will help Pakistan in solving issues with India like the Kashmir issue.
Why did Pakistan join THE UN?

*Same answer as above

Why was membership of commonwealth important?

Pak joined commonwealth which improved relations with Britain as it was its organization thus it

provided Pakistan with much needed economic assistance e.g. through Colombo Plan which gave 1

million Pounds for Sui gas project.

After the Indus water treaty, CW countries like Britain, Canada, New Zealand etc. provided Pakistan

with economic aid for the construction of different dams and barrages which were important for the

development of Pakistan?s agro based economy.

*Also as a member of Commonwealth Pakistan was provided with financial support from different

member countries like Canada gave 40 million $ towards the development of railways.

Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?

Britain needed lots of workers after World War II, especially unskilled workers and offered well-paid

jobs which Pakistanis wanted as they were reliable, hardworking and ambitious to succeed.

Thousands of Pakistanis were displaced from the Mangla Dam area in the 1960s and some used

compensation money to move to Britain to join relatives and seek work.

Many Pakistanis went to work in the Middle East during 1980?s where jobs were becoming freely

available during times of economic growth especially in the construction and service industries.

THIS COMPLETES HANDOUT OF SECTION: 1, 2, and 3

?If we commit ourselves to the successful completion of a task, then we personify excellence?
PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

Q: How Successful was the Foreign Policy Of Pakistan (1948-58)? Explain your answer.

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE FOREIGN POLICY OF AYUB KHAN (1958-69)? EXPLAIN

YOUR ANSWER.

Q: What was Pucca Qilla Massacre?

In 1988, a Sindhi militant, opened fire on a crowd in Hyderabad and so there were about 250

casualties (mostly Muhajir). IN 1989, there were widespread riots in Karachi, so MQM broke their

alliance with PPP. In 1990, Government started crackdown in Hyderabad. Shoot on sight curfew

was imposed and house to house search operation was carried out. The muhajirs protested at this

treatment. More than 300

people died including 31 women and children. This is known as Pucca Qila Massacre.

Q: How successful was the constitutional development in Pakistan between 1947-73? Explain your

answer.

?Objective resolution (1949)

? First Report of BPC (1950)

? Second Report of BPC (1952) ·

? Constitution of 1956

? Constitution of 1962

?Constitution of 1973

Q: Which was the Most Important Constitution of Pakistan: Explain your answer with refence to all

three above.
1956

1962

1973

Q: Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s?

Pressler amendment was introduced by US in 1985 which stated that any country involved in

making nuclear weaponry would not be aided by US. At the time, Pakistan was fighting for US

against USSR in Afghanistan, which led to Pakistan gaining concession over making nuclear

weapons. However, in 1988, Russian forces withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving America focused

on, and accusing Pakistan for making nuclear weapons. Thus, in light of Pressler amendment,

economical sanctions were placed on Pakistan, especially at a time when Pakistan was in dire need

of aid to give shelter to 3 Million afghan refugees.

In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out nuclear tests in Balochistan. This made Pakistanis happy, as they

were delighted by the show of strength and power by their country,

especially against their rival, India. However, it annoyed the International community & countries like

US and Japan imposed economical sanctions on Pakistan, thus, dragging it to bankruptcy.

Benazir also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the

nuclear weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not

convinced, which worsened Pak-US relations as it meant, that the USA was not ready to lift the

economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.

Q: Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]

Between 1914-1918, British were busy in the WWI and were severely weakened especially

economically. India, one of the colonies of Britain was pressurizing British for self rule. However,

British being the super power of the time, did not surrender to their demand as it would have made

British look weak world wide.

Secondly, there were thousands of British people living in India who could not be abandoned by

giving full control of the country to the Indians. Thus, British government did not give self rule to

Indians as it wanted to protect its businessmen, missionaries and civil servants.

Lastly, strategically, India was also important for the British navy and British influence in this part of

the world. Therefore, the British were reluctant to give in to Indian demands as it would end their

autonomy over this region.

Q: Explain how the British reacted to Hindu-led protests against the POB between 1906 and 1908.

After the POB, Hindu were enraged, as it was against their political interests. Hindu riots and

protests became common. Thus, in order to pacify the Hindus, Morley (Secretary of state) and Minto

(the viceroy) started working towards reforms making between 1906-08, that later became known as

MMR 1909.

After the POB, there was there was Hindu uproar in Bengal against the British, and this unrest was

mainly caused by Hindu leaders like Tilak of Poona, who used to make impassioned speeches

against the British. Thus, in order to maintain law and order, British imprisoned these leaders e.g.

Tilak was imprisoned for 6 years.

Lastly, Hindu media was also playing its role in provoking the public and opposing British policies

like POB. Thus, in order to sabotage their actions and increase their control, British introduced Press

Act 1908 which placed restrictions on Newspaper and journalists.

Q: Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional

crisis?

President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National

Assembly by forming a government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East

Pakistan and the National Assembly and was in a position to form a government on its own. The

future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People's Party had won an overwhelming victory in West

Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in

the future government which was not acceptable to West Pakistani leadership.

The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central government

over the provinces. The East Pakistanis wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned

from trade which created a rift between the East and the West Pakistan as it would subsequently
reduce the funds to the central government in West Pakistan.

President Yahya Khan delayed the meeting of the National Assembly just two days before it was to

be held. The East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed and their right to form the government

had been

denied. Therefore, they started a civil disobedience movement and rebelled against Yahya's

government to show their opposition for his unjust attempt which aggravated the situation even

more and chances to

form a constitution were now too bleak.

Q: Why was doctor Allama Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930?

The Annual session of ML was held in Allahabad in Dec 1930, when most of the leaders of ML were

out of country to attend the ?RTC in London?. At that time, he was the only important Muslim leader

present in India. Thus, In the absence of all main leaders, he was the most sulted one to chair

Muslim League

Iqbal was also very influential because his poetry inspired many Muslims of India and it gave them a

sense of independence to work. Thus Iqbal was chosen to chair the Muslims, as he had the support

of the people.

Allama Iqbal was against the anti-Muslim Nehru report 1928, and the Muslims were uncertain about

their political future in united Inelia. Thus, Iqbal chalred the Muslim League as he had the solution of

separating Hindu from Muslims, to protect Muslims from Hindu oppression.

Q: How successful were the elections of 1937? Explain your answer. [10]

Successes: When ML lost the elections in 1937, Jinnah warned the ML that if it wanted to resist

Congress domination it had to start all over again. So he reorganized the ML from the grass root

level. Thus due to his efforts, ML was transformed as the ministers of Bengal, Assam and Punjab

joined ML and there was a dramatic increase in its members. Therefore, due to the increased

support of ML Pakistan Movement was strengthened and it became strong enough to convince the

British for Pakistan.

ML realized that it had an image problem as most of its leaders were aristocrats while the common
people were poor and illiterate. Therefore during 1940?s Jinnah worked tirelessly to improve the

image of ML and did not compromise on the rights of the Muslims in different events e.g. GJT's.

Thus, this enabled him to win the front of common Muslims which led to victory of Muslims in the

elections of 1945-6.

Congress won these elections and was able to form ministries in Eight provinces. This was a

success as proved upon the British that it was the main political party of the subcontinent

representing different communities and so its demand of self-rule could not be ignored as it was a

democratic one.

Failures: When Congress won the elections of 1937, it treated Muslims with disrespect in Congress

ministries where cultural, economic & religious rights of Muslims were suppressed through different

policies like Band- e-Matram. Therefore, because of elections of 1937, Muslims had to suffer

humiliation at the hands of Congress for the coming two years. So Hindu Muslim relations got

worse.

ML lost the elections of 1937 and out of 489 seats at provincial level, It was only able to win 109

seats. One of the major provinces of ML was Punjab where ML could win only 1 seat out of 86 and

most of the other seats were won by the local unionist party. Thus these elections were a great

setback for the ML and ML was yet to prove that it represented Indian Muslims.