LIFE PROCESSES -TRANSPORTATION

Q1. What is circulatory system? What are the components of human transport system ?
What are the functions of these components? (T.Bk. Pg 110 Qn-1)

The organ system of humans and other animals which is responsible for the transport of
materials ( O2, nutrients, hormones, waste materials ) inside the body is called the circulatory
system
The main components and functions of the transport system in humans are
(i)A circulatory medium, the blood-which helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients ,CO2 and
Nitrogenous wastes.
ii) The blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) carry blood either away from the heart to
various organs or from various organs back to the heart.
iii) The heart. –which pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated
blood from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Q2. Explain the structure and working of the human heart with a neat sketch. (Refer fig
given in Pg 6)
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN HEART :
The heart is a hollow muscular organ about the size of one's fist, protected by a double layered
sac, called pericardium and in between the layers lie the pericardial fluid which protects the
heart from shocks and injury.

The interior of the heart is divided into 4 chambers. The 4 chambers of the heart are left
auricle, left ventricle , right auricle and right ventricle.
Two upper thin walled auricles/atria(receiving chambers)
Two lower thick walled ventricles(pumping chamber)
The walls of the ventricles are thicker as they have to pump the blood

(i)Left auricle: Receives 2 pairs of pulmonary veins, 2 from each lung where they bring
oxygenated blood. Left auricle empties its blood into the left ventricle

(ii)Left ventricle: The blood leaves the left ventricle by the largest main artery of the body
called the aorta to all the parts of the body.

(iii)Right auricle: Blood from the veins of head, neck and upper limbs enters the right auricle
by superior vena cava and from the rest of the body and lower limbs by inferior vena cava
From the right auricle blood passes into the right ventricle.

(iv)Right ventricle: Blood leaves the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and enters into
right and left lungs for purification.

FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN HEART :

• When muscles of all 4 chambers of the heart are relaxed, deoxygenated blood from large
veins, called venacava pours into right atrium. Pulmonary veins from lungs pour
oxygenated blood into the left atrium.

• Next the atria contract. During the atrial contraction , right atrium pours deoxygenated
blood into right ventricle and left atrium pours oxygenated blood into left ventricle.

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 • Next the ventricles contract and from the left ventricle oxygenated blood is distributed
to all parts of the body through the largest artery, called aorta. From right ventricle,
deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs through pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

• In this way, deoxygenated blood comes to the heart, it is oxygenated in the lungs and
comes back to the heart. From the heart, oxygenated blood is distributed to all parts of
the body. Since blood flows twice through the heart during each cycle , it is called
double circulation.

Q3. Why circulation of blood in the heart is called double circulation? Justify it with a
Schematic diagram.(Fig6.11) /Flow Chart given in N.Bk

In the human circulatory system,

• The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called
pulmonary circulation. (Heart-Lungs-Heart)
• The pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is
called systemic circulation. (Heart-Body-Heart)
These 2 types of circulation together make the double circulation. Since blood flows twice
through the heart during each cycle , it is called double circulation.

Q4. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and
birds? (T.Bk.Qn Pg- 110 Qn-2)

In a four chambered heart, the left side and right side of the heart are completely separated to
prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood by a septum. Such a
separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells which is necessary for
producing a lot of energy. This is useful in warm blooded animals like mammals and birds which
have high energy needs because they constantly require energy to maintain their body
temperature.

Q5.Explain the circulation of blood in fish.

Heart of fish has only 2 chambers. One auricle and one ventricle. Blood is pumped to gills where
it gets oxygenated and passed directly to all body parts where O2 is utilized and CO2 enters in to
it. This deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the gills again. Thus blood goes
only once through the heart in fish during one cycle. This is called single circulation.

Q6. Describe the circulatory system in amphibians and reptiles.

Amphibians and Reptiles:- Amphibians and Reptilian heart possesses three chambers. Two
auricles and one ventricle except crocodile which has 4 chambered heart like mammals
and birds to serve its energy needs. Amphibians and Reptiles do not use energy to maintain
their body temperature. These organisms can tolerate some mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Their body temperature depends on the temperature of the environment.
Hence called as cold blooded animals.

The type of circulation seen in Amphibians & Reptiles is double circulation as blood passes
through the heart twice during one cycle.

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Q7. Define Heart beat and Pulse rate.

Heart beat – One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart is called heart beat.

Pulse Rate- The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced into it , is called a pulse .
The pulse rate is same as heart rate.
Normal pulse rate of a person at rest is 70-72/minute.

Q8. What is meant by Blood Presssure? How is it measured? What is the normal blood
pressure in human beings?

Blood pressure- The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as the blood
flows through them.
It is measured by an instrument called sphygmomanometer.
Normal Blood Pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg
• The maximum pressure during contraction phase, when the heart is contracting and
pumping blood is called Systolic pressure. It is about 120mm of Hg.
• The minimum pressure during the relaxation phase,when the heart relaxes and fills
with blood is called Diastolic pressure. It is about 80mm of Hg.

Q9.Distinguish between arteries and veins.

ARTERIES VEINS

1. Arteries are thick walled and elastic. 1. Veins are thin walled non-elastic, contain
valves to prevent backflow of blood.

2. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to 2. Collect the blood from different organs and
various organs of the body. bring it back to the heart.

3. Carry oxygenated blood with the exception of 3. Carry deoxygenated blood with the
pulmonary artery. exception of pulmonary vein.

4.Deeply placed. 4. Superficially placed.

5. Valves are absent 5. Valves are present.

Veins do not need thick walls as the blood flowing through them is no longer under high pressure.
Veins have valves in them which allows the blood to flow only in one direction (towards the heart)

Q10.What are capillaries? What is its importance in the circulatory system?

Capillaries are extremely narrow blood vessels which connect arteries to veins. Walls of
capillaries are one cell in thickness. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called as capillaries.
Capillaries join to form veins.

Exchange of materials like food, gas and waste materials etc, between the blood and
surrounding cells takes place across the thin walls of the capillaries .

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Q11.What is lymph? Write the functions of lymph.

It is a part of plasma through which proteins and blood cells escape into the intercellular spaces
in the tissues to form tissue fluid or lymph. Lymph drains into lymph capillaries.

FUNCTIONS:
❖ Carries digested and absorbed fats from the intestine.
❖ Lymph drains away excessive tissue fluid from tissue spaces back into blood
❖ Lymphocytes destroy harmful pathogens.
❖ Lymph provides O2 and nutrition to various parts of the body where blood cannot reach.

Q12. Differentiate between blood and Lymph

BLOOD LYMPH

1.Red in colour 1.Colourless or light yellow in colour.

2.Flows rapidly 2.Flows slowly

3. Flows from heart to body parts and vice 3.Unidirectional flow from tissues to heart.
versa (Bidirectional)

4.Contains more proteins. 4.Contains less proteins

5. Consists of plasma, RBC, WBC & Platelets. 5.Contains plasma & lymphocytes.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

Q1. Why do plants have low energy needs and can use as slow transport systems ?

Ans. Plants do not move. Plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues. As a
result, plants have low energy needs and can use a slow transportation system.

Q2. Which are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
(T.Bk. Pg 110 Qn-3)

Ans. Transport system in plants mainly consists of xylem and phloem which constitute the
vascular tissues in plants.
Conduction of water and minerals from roots is done by xylem and
Conduction of food from the leaves is done by phloem.
Phenomenon of upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to the aerial parts is
termed as Ascent Of Sap.
Phenomenon of transport of food from leaves to other plant parts is termed as Translocation.

Q3. How are water and minerals transported in plants? (T.Bk. Pg 110 Qn-4)

❖ The phenomenon of upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to the
aerial parts is termed as Ascent Of Sap.
❖ Plants take in water and minerals from the soil through the root hairs present in roots.

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❖ As root hairs are directly in contact with the water in between the soil particles , water gets
into root hairs by the process of diffusion.
❖ Water absorbed by the root hairs pass from cell to cell by the process of endosmosis.
❖ In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to
form a continuous system reaching all the plant parts.
❖ Another strategy used by the plants to move water to great heights is by the process of
transpiration. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of the leaf creates a suction
pull which pulls water from xylem cells of roots to the leaves through the stem.
❖ During the day, when stomata are open the transpiration pull becomes the major driving
force in the movement of water in the xylem. The effect of root pressure in transport of
water is more important at night

Q4.What is transpiration? What are the advantages of transpiration?

The loss of water in the form of vapour from the leaves of the plant is called Transpiration.
❖ It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it
from roots to leaves.
❖ It helps in temperature regulation.

Q5. How is food transported in plants? (T.Bk. Pg 110 Qn-5)

❖ The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis, amino acids and other substances
through phloem is called translocation.
❖ Translocation takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, both in
upward and downward directions.
❖ Unlike transportation of H20 and minerals through xylem, translocation through phloem
utilizes energy.
❖ Materials like sucrose formed as a result of photosynthesis diffuses into the phloem cells,
by utilizing energy from ATP. Because of this osmotic pressure of phloem cells increases
causing water to move into it.
❖ This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have low pressure.
❖ Movement of material in the phloem is according to the plant’s needs.
E.g: During spring stored food in the root or stem is translocated to buds which require
energy to grow

Q6.What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
(T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-12)

XYLEM PHLOEM
(i)Conducts water and minerals from roots to (i)Conducts prepared food materials and
leaves. other materials from leaves to all parts of the
plant.
(ii)Transport occurs through xylem tracheids (ii)Transport occurs through sieve tubes and
and vessels which are dead tissues. companion cells which are living.
(iii)Transports materials only in the upward (iii) Movement occurs in both upward and
direction. downward directions.
(iv) Upward movement of water is achieved (iv)Translocation through phloem is an
by Osmosis, Transpirational pull and Root active process and requires energy from ATP
pressure.(osmotic pressure) mol.(Active Transport)
No expenditure of energy (Passive
Transport)

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 Q7 . Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structure and functioning.(T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-13)

ALVEOLI IN LUNGS NEPHRON IN KIDNEYS

(i)Thin walled balloon like structures (i)Thin walled cup like structure contains a
supplied with extensive network of blood cluster of blood capillaries called glomerulus
capillaries for exchange of gases. for filtration and a network of capillaries
around the tubule for reabsorption of useful
substances and water.
(ii) Large no. of alveoli are present in each (ii) Large no. of nephrons also increase the
lung that provides a large surface area for surface area for filtration of blood and
exchange of gases. reabsorption of useful substances and water
from the filtrate leaving behind urine.

EXTRA TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS FROM RESPIRATION AND NUTRITION

Q8. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
(T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-5)
Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine
receives the secretions from the liver and the pancreas. The Bile from the liver break down
large fat globules into smaller globules, so that the pancreatic lipase can act on them. This
is referred as emulsification of fats which takes place in the small intestine.
The digestion of fats will be completed in the small intestine by the enzymes present in the
intestinal juice.

Q9.What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

(T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-10)
Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood of a person reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of
the blood, resulting in breathing problems , tiredness and lack of energy. The person looks
pale and loses weight.

Q10. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? (T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-6)
➢ It moistens the food for easy swallowing.
➢ Contains Salivary amylase which breaks down starch into simple sugar called
Maltose.

Q11.How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases? .(T.Bk-pg 113 Qn-9)
Lungs contain millions of alveoli which provide a large surface area for the exchange of gases
by the presence of blood capillaries. During inhalation the chest cavity becomes spacious to
occupy more air into the lungs and alveoli. Large surface area makes the gaseous exchange
more efficient.

Q12. Name some organisms that use anaerobic mode of respiration?

Micro organisms like yeast & Bacteria , Muscle cells in animals, some Parasitic Worms & some
waterlogged plants use anaerobic mode of respiration.