Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 1/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
A light industrial building located in an industrial area outside Bloemfontein, is 10m
high to the top of the walls and measures 80m long and 20m wide. The roof slope is
200 and the doors and windows are equally distributed along both ends of the gable
walls. Calculate the wind pressure on the roof and all sides of the building. Question taken
from Mahachi
SOLUTION
The solution steps are outlined in Table 5 in SANS 10160-3.
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 2/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND ARRIVING ON STRUCTURE
Take time to work this out!!!
Fundamental basic wind speed SANS 10160-3;
Figure 1
vb0 = 40m/s
Design life is 50 years SANS 10160-1;
Table 1
1
p= = 0.02
50
∴ cprob = 1.0 SANS 10160-3
7.3.2
Basic wind speed
vb = cprob × vbo = 1.0 × 40
= 40m/s 7.2.2
Since terrain is just outside the city, take terrain category C(suburban terrain).
Note: If unsure, go for the worst case by picking the lower of the two categories.
Two reference heights are required: z1 at eaves 7.5.2.2
z2 at appex 8.3.2.1
We start with z1 :
c0 (z1 ) = 1.0 Always check if
topographical
effects apply, see
7.3.3
α
z − z0
cr (z) = 1.36 7.3.2.1
zg − z0
For terrain category C: zg = 350m, z0 = 3m, α = 0.120
0.12
10 − 3
cr (z) = 1.36
350 − 3
= 0.85
Peak wind speed: 7.3.1.1
vp (z1 ) = cr (z1 ) × c0 (z1 ) × vb peak Eq (4)
where vb peak = 1.0vb = 1.0 × 40 = 40m/s Eq (4)
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 3/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
∴ vp (z1 ) = 0.85 × 1.0 × 40
= 34m/s
Air density: Bloemfontein is approximately 1400m above sea level. Therefore ρ =
1.01kg/m3 (by interpolation) Table 4
Peak wind speed pressure:
1 1
qp (z1 ) = × ρ × vp2 z = × 1.01 × 342 7.4
2 2
2
= 584N/m
= 0.58kN/m2
Repeat for z2 = 13.6m
For appex height qp (z2 ) = 0.64kN/m2 check!!!
STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS
Pressure coefficients (external)
(i) 00 wind
Work this out and check with the values given below:
For 00 wind as shown above,d = 20m and b = 80m
For windward side (h = z1 = 10m) Figure 7
h < b therefore only one pressure zone 8.3.2.1
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 4/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
h 10
= = 0.5
d 20
For side wall and leeward side (h = z2 = 13.6m) Figure 8
e = min{b, 2h} = min{80, 2 × 13.6} = min{80, 27.2}
= 27.2m
d ≤ e < 5d therefore side wall has two pressure zones A and B.
h 13.6
= ≈ 0.7
d 20
h
ZONE D = 0.5 ; thus cpe,10 = +0.623 Table 6
d
h
Other zones = 0.7 ; Zones with area
d
10m2 and above,
A: cpe,10 = −1.2
use cpe,10 . See
B: cpe,10 = −0.8
8.3.1
E: cpe,10 = −0.357
Please note that after interpolation, the values on leeward and wind ward sides are
multiplied by 0.85 See 8.3.2.4 (b)
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 5/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Pressure coefficients (internal)
Assume no dominant wall. Thus check for more onerous of +0.2 or −0.3. In figure
below, we use −0.3. 8.3.9.6
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 6/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
The net pressure coefficients are obtained from equations 6 and 7 in the standard:
W = We − Wi
= qp (ze ) × (cpe − cpi )
This the net pressure coefficients are obtained and shown below
Net wind pressure om walls is obtained and shown below. Use qp (z) =
0.58kN/m2 for
windward side and
qp (z) =
0.64kN/m2 for the
rest of the sides
Please repeat this calculation with internal pressure Cpi = +0.2!!!!
Convert pressure coefficients to actual wind pressure!!!!
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 7/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Roof with wind at 00
We partition the roof areas as given in standard.
Figure 11
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 8/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Use Table 10 for 00 wind. Since pitch angle is 200 interpolation is done between 150
and 300 .
Carry out the
interpolation!!!
Please note that for some angles such we have multiple values as shown above. We
therefore have the following cases involving loads on both sides of the roof: See Table 10
footnotes in
(i) Case 1: minimum/minimum standard!!!
(ii) Case 2: minimum/maximum
(iii) Case 3: maximum/minimum
(iv) Case 4: maximum/maximum
We consider Case 1 for illustration and extract the following values:
F: cpe,10 = −0.77
G: cpe,10 = −0.70
H: cpe,10 = −0.27
J: cpe,10 = −0.83
I: cpe,10 = −0.40
The cpe for the roof area are shown in figure below:
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 9/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
For internal pressure cpi = −0.3, the net pressure coefficients are obtained as shown
below.
Convert pressure coefficients to actual wind pressure!!!!
Multiply by qp (z) = 0.64kN/m2 , we get the net pressures as shown below.
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 10/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Repeat with cpi = +0.2
Final pressure for design is given below. The case with cpi = +0.2 governs in this
situation:
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 11/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Repeat the procedures above for 900 wind angle is presented next (i)
900 wind
We have the orientation and zones D and E as shown.
Here h = 13.6m, b = 20m.
h 13.6
= = 0.17
d 80
The windward wall and all other walls are now based on z2 .
e = min{b, 2h} = min{20, 2 × 13.6} = min{20, 27.2}
= 20m
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 12/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Since e < d, we have 3 pressure zones on side wall.
Since h/d < 0.25, we have the following coefficients:
A: cpe,10 = −1.2 See Table 6
B: cpe,10 = −0.8
C: cpe,10 = −0.5
D: cpe,10 = +0.7
E: cpe,10 = −0.3
As before, we apply a correction factor of 0.85 to Zone D and E which are the wind-
ward and leeward sides. . The corrected values are included in updated figure on See 8.3.2.4 (b)
next page.
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 13/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
We assume no dominant wall and start checking +0.2 Check assumption
8.3.9.4
We obtain the net coefficients:
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 14/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
With vp (z) = 0.64kN/m2 , the final wind pressure is obtained:
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 15/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Roof with wind at 900
The areas are subdivided into zones as follows: Fig 11
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 16/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
F: cpe,10 = −1.23 See Table 11
G: cpe,10 = −1.33
H: cpe,10 = −0.67
I: cpe,10 = −0.5
With cpi of +0.2 the net pressure coefficients are shown below:
Finally we compute the wind pressure vp (z) =
0.64kN/m2
Course: CIVN 3010A Page: 17/17
Calcs: Wind loading example Date: March 3, 2025
Lecturer: Dr Matogo Kabani Moderator:
Check cpi = −0.3 as well.
In design you will have to get the envelop of actions from all the cases. Students are
encouraged to work out the following cases:
(i) Case 2: minimum/maximum
(ii) Case 3: maximum/minimum
(iii) Case 4: maximum/maximum
Students are encouraged to compare solution with what is obtained in Prokon soft-
ware.
SOME NOTES: The surface roughness for you structure has an impact on the wind
loads obtained. You are encouraged to do some further reading on wind loading and
how these loads are applied on respective structural elements.
