BS-SWE : FAZIA JAHAN

“WEB DEVELOPMENT & DESIGNING(HTML,CSS or PHP) ,

DIGITAL MARKETING & DIT”
 Computer components are the essential building
parts of developing a functional computer
system. The components that make up a
computer are called computer components. The
processor (CPU), memory, and input/output
devices are every computer's three main building
blocks. Initially computers were primarily used
for numerical computations because any
information can be numerically encoded. The
ability of computers to interpret information for
several purposes was quickly recognized.
 Input Devices
 CPU
 Output Devices
 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory

A computer system's input devices are
important because they allow users to enter
commands and data. Keyboards, mice,
scanners, and microphones are numerous
examples of input devices.
 The keyboard is the most commonly utilized
input device for inserting text and queries
into a computer system.
 Mice are another common input tool used to
move the cursor on a computer screen.
 Scanners are used for inputting physical
documents or images into a computer
system.
 Microphones are used to input audio data
into a system for computing. They can be
used for various tasks, including recording
audio for podcasts, participating in video
conferences, and creating voice memos for
later use.
 A computer machine's "brain" is its central
processing unit (CPU). It executes the
calculations and commands required for
functioning of the computer device. The CPU
comprises some components: the control
unit, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and
registers.

 The CPU's control unit is a crucial component. It is in charge
of reading and decoding instructions from memory. The
right part of the CPU receives and executes these
instructions from the control unit.
 The ALU, often known as the arithmetic logic unit, is
another crucial CPU part. The ALU operates addition,
subtraction, comparison calculations, and other logical and
mathematical processes. These operations are carried out
using binary logic, which limits operations to the 0 and 1
digits.
 Registers are compact, high-speed data and instruction
storage spaces within the CPU. They are utilized to store
data that is being processed by the CPU momentarily.
Registers are used to accelerate data processing because
they are much faster than other forms of memory, such as
RAM.
 The CPU's clock speed is yet another crucial aspect that
affects overall performance. The clock speed, measured in
GHz (gigahertz), controls what number of commands the
integral processing unit can process in a second.
 Modern CPUs also have additional features like
cache memory, virtualization capability, and a
couple of cores in addition to the
abovementioned components. A small, quick
memory called a cache is used to store data and
instructions that are utilized frequently. A single
CPU may run numerous operating systems
thanks to virtualization capability. The CPU can
execute numerous tasks simultaneously thanks
to multiple cores, enhancing its performance and
multitasking capabilities.
 The CPU has direct access to primary
memory, sometimes referred to as random
access memory (RAM). The data and
instructions that are currently being
processed are kept in primary memory. The
data and instructions are accessed by the CPU
from primary memory when a computer
programme is running. The information is
removed from primary memory once the
programme is completed.
 Primary memory is classified into two types: random access
memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
 RAM is the most common form of primary memory and is used to
store data and instructions that the CPU wishes to access
frequently. RAM is volatile, which means that its contents are lost
when the computer is turned off. But RAM can be effortlessly and
quickly written to and read from, making it a really perfect
storage medium for temporary data and instructions.
 ROM is a form of memory this is used to store data and
instructions that don't change. ROM is non-volatile, which means
that its contents aren't lost while the computer is turned off. ROM
is used to keep firmware and the laptop's basic input/Output
machine (BIOS), that are required for the computer to boot up and
function well.
 Other primary memory types, including cache
memory, are sometimes used in computer
systems. High-speed memory called cache
saves information and instructions, which
might be utilized often. By lowering the time,
the CPU has to wait for data to be received
from RAM or secondary storage devices, it is
used to speed up the processing of records.
 Secondary memory, also called auxiliary
storage, is a type of computer memory that is
used to store data and programs that aren't
currently being utilized by the CPU. In
contrast to primary memory, secondary
memory is non-volatile, which means that its
contents are not lost when the computer is
turned off.
There are several types of secondary memory devices, such as
hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), optical disks
(including CDs and DVDs), and USB flash drives. These devices
have varying storage capacities, read and write speeds, and
different capabilities that make them appropriate for different
types of applications.
 Hard disc drives are the most typical secondary memory tool
in computing devices and laptop computers. They come in
various sizes and speeds and keep data on magnetic discs.
However, solid-state drives employ flash memory to store
data and are typically quicker and more reliable despite
being extra high-priced than HDDs.
 Optical discs are a secondary memory that reads and writes
data to discs using lasers. They are frequently used for data
backup, distribution of software, and other digital
information. Small, portable storage devices known as USB
flash drives are connected to a computer's USB connection.
 Users can store a lot of data and programmes
in secondary memory, which is useful since it
makes them accessible fast and readily when
needed. Users can also protect crucial data
from loss due to system crashes or other
issues by using secondary memory devices as
backups.
 Output devices are hardware components of a
computer system that are used to show or
send data from the pc to the user or any
other device. They enable customers to view
and engage with the information and
applications the computer is processing.
Speakers, projectors, printers, and monitors
are a few examples of output devices.
 Monitors are the most frequently used output devices
used to show data on a computer machine. They may
be used to show photos, videos, and different forms
of data and exist in various sizes and resolutions.
 Printers are another form of output device this is
used to print hard copies of papers and other styles
of data. They include inkjet and laser printers and are
available in various sizes and brands. While laser
printers utilize toner to make speedy, high-volume
prints, inkjet printers employ liquid ink to produce
high-quality prints.
 Speakers are used to output sound from a computer
system. They can be connected externally or
incorporated into the computer system. They enable
users to interact with other forms of multimedia
material, view videos, and listen to music.
 Projectors are output device that displays huge
images and videos on a screen or wall. They are
frequently utilized in presentations and other
occasions that call for a sizable display.
The operations of computer components are given below:
Computer components collaborate to carry out the numerous task
necessary for a computer system to run. The following are some of the major
operations carried out by computer components:
 Inputting: It is the process of entering raw data, instructions and information into
the computer. Keyboards, mice, and scanners are used as input devices to help
with the process. These tools are used to enter information and instructions into a
computer system. Data is transferred to the CPU for processing after inputting by
an input device.
 Processing: It is the process of converting the raw data into useful information.
This process is performed by the CPU of the computer. It takes the raw data from
storage, processes it and then sends back the processed data to storage. The CPU
performs arithmetic computations, logical operations, and data transport
processes.
 Storing: The computer has primary memory and secondary storage to store data
and instructions. It stores the data before sending it to CPU for processing and
also stores the processed data before displaying it as output. The primary
memory, sometimes called RAM, is where the CPU processes the data and
instructions. Hard disc drives and solid-state drives, which serve as secondary
memory, offer long-term storage for data and programmes that are not currently
used.
 Outputting: It is the process of presenting the processed data
through output devices like monitor, printer and speakers.
These devices display or produce the results of the
processing performed by the CPU. The results are sent to an
output device for display or printing after the CPU has
finished processing the data and instructions.
 Controlling: This operation is performed by the control unit
that is part of CPU. The control unit ensures that all basic
operations are executed in a right manner and sequence. The
main circuit board connects all the parts of the computer. It
also regulates the data flow between them, ensuring they
function properly and connecting them all.