**********IOT(MODULE-5) **********

1.IOT Physical Devices and Endpoints- Arduino UNO

1.1. Introduction to Arduino UNO
• Arduino is a basic single board microcontroller designed to make applications, interactive
controls, or environments easily adaptive.
• The hardware consists of a board designed around an 8-bit microcontroller, or a 32-bit ARM.
• Current models feature things like a USB interface, analog inputs, and GPIO pins which allows
the user to attach additional boards.
• Introduced in 2005, the Arduino platform was designed to provide a cheaper way for students
and professionals to create applications that play in the human interface world using sensors,
actuators, motors, and other rudimentary products.
• It offers a simple integrated IDE (integrated development environment) that runs on regular
personal computers and allows users to write programs for Arduino using C or C++.

Why Arduino?
1. Inexpensive:

• Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least
expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand.

2. Cross-platform:

• The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OS and Linux operating systems.

3. Simple, clear programming environment:

• The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users to take advantage of as well.

4. Open source and extensible software:

• The Arduino software is published as opensource tools, available for extension by experienced
programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries.

5. Open source and extensible hardware:

• The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA microcontrollers. Even relatively inexperienced users can
build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

Which Arduino?
1. Entry Level

• Easy to use and ready to first creative projects. These boards and modules are the best to start
learning and tinkering with electronics and coding.
 2.Enhanced Features

• Experience the excitement of more complex projects, with advanced functionalities, or faster
performances.

3.Internet of Things

• Make connected devices easily with IoT and the world wide web.

4. Wearable

• Add smartness to projects and sewing the power of electronics directly to textiles.

1.2. ARDUINO UNO

• A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
• It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
• Connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.

ARDUINO MEGA 2560

• A microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560.

• It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button.
• It is the recommended board for 3D printers and robotics projects.

ARDUINO MICRO

• A microcontroller board based on the ATmega32U4, featuring a built-in USB which makes the
Micro recognisable as a mouse or keyboard.
• It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog
inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

ARDUINO MKR1000

• It is based on the Atmel ATSAMW25 ARM SoC (System on Chip), that is part of the Smart Connect
family of Atmel Wireless devices, specifically designed for IoT projects and devices.

• The ATSAMW25 is composed of three main blocks:

• SAMD21 Cortex-M0+ 32bit low power ARM MCU

• WINC1500 low power 2.4GHz IEEE® 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
• ECC508 Crypto Authentication
• PCB Antenna.
Exploring Arduino UNO learning Board
• 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,

• 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values).

1.Serial:

• Pin 0 (RX) and Pin 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

2. External Interrupts:

• Pin 2 and Pin 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling
edge, or a change in value.

3.PWM:

• Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output.

4.SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):

• Pin 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI
library.

5.LED:

• 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when
the pin is LOW, it's off.

6. TWI (Two Wire Interface):

• A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.

7. Reset:

• Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which
block the one on the board.

8.AREF (Analog REFerence):

• Reference voltage for the analog inputs Things that Arduino Can Do

1.3. Installing the Software (Arduino IDE)

To use the Arduino Uno and start programming it, you'll need to install the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) on your computer. Here are the general steps for installing the
Arduino IDE:

1.Download the Arduino IDE:

• Visit the official Arduino website at https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.

• Download the latest version of the Arduino IDE for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or
Linux).
2.Install the Arduino IDE:

• Follow the installation instructions for your specific operating system.

For Windows:

• Run the installer (it's typically an executable file with a .exe extension).
• Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.

For macOS:

• Open the downloaded .dmg file.

• Drag the Arduino IDE icon to the Applications folde

For macOS:

• Open the downloaded .dmg file.

• Drag the Arduino IDE icon to the Applications folder.

For Linux:

• Extract the downloaded archive to a location of your choice.

• Navigate to the extracted folder and run the install.sh script in a terminal. You might need to use
the sudo command for administrative privileges.

3.Launch the Arduino IDE:

• After the installation is complete, launch the Arduino IDE.

4.Configure Arduino IDE for Arduino Uno:

• In the Arduino IDE, go to the "Tools" menu.

• Select "Board" and choose "Arduino Uno" from the list of available boards.

5.Connect Arduino Uno to Your Computer:

• Use a USB cable to connect your Arduino Uno to your computer. The USB port is typically located
near the power connector on the Arduino board.

6.Select the Port:

• In the "Tools" menu, go to "Port" and select the appropriate serial port that corresponds to your
connected Arduino Uno. The port name may vary depending on your operating system.

7.Test the Installation:

• To verify that everything is set up correctly, you can open a simple example sketch.
• Go to "File" > "Examples" > "01.Basics" > "Blink."
• Click the "Upload" button (an arrow icon) to compile and upload the sketch to your Arduino Uno.

8.Verify Upload:

• You should see the "Done uploading" message in the Arduino IDE, indicating that the sketch has
been successfully uploaded to the Arduino Uno.
Now, your Arduino Uno is ready to run programs, and you can start experimenting with different
projects and code. This basic setup allows you to upload sketches to the Arduino Uno and interact with
its various pins and components.

1.4. Fundamentals of Arduino Programming

Arduino programming is based on the C/C++ programming languages, and it involves writing code to
control the behavior of the Arduino microcontroller. Here are some fundamental concepts and aspects
of Arduino programming:

1.Structure of an Arduino Program:

• An Arduino program, often referred to as a "sketch," consists of two essential functions: setup()
and loop().
• The setup() function is executed once when the Arduino is powered on or reset. It is typically used
for initializing variables, setting up pins, and performing one-time configuration tasks.
• The loop() function is continuously executed in a loop after the setup() function completes. It
contains the main code that defines the behavior of the Arduino.

void setup() {

// Initialization code goes here

void loop() {

// Main code for the continuous loop goes here

2.Comments:
• Comments in Arduino programming are preceded by // for single-line comments or enclosed
between /* and */ for multi-line comments.
• Comments are used to add explanatory notes to the code, making it more readable.

// This is a single-line comment

/*

This is a multi-line comment.

It can span multiple lines.

*/

3. Variables:
• Variables are used to store and manipulate data in Arduino programs.
• Arduino supports various data types, including integers (int), floating-point numbers (float), characters
(char), and Booleans (bool).
• Variables are declared with their data type followed by a name.
int ledPin = 13; // Example of declaring an integer variable

4. Constants:
• Constants are values that do not change during program execution.
• They are declared using the const keyword.

const int buttonPin = 2; // Example of declaring a constant

5. Functions:

• You can define your own functions to modularize code and improve readability.
• Functions are declared with a return type, a name, and parameters (if any).
int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

6. Control Structures:
• Control structures, such as if, else, for, and while, are used to control the flow of the program.
• These structures allow you to make decisions, repeat actions, and create conditional behaviors.
if (condition) {
// Code to be executed if the condition is true
} else {
// Code to be executed if the condition is false
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

// Code to be repeated in a loop

}

7. Digital and Analog I/O:

• Arduino programs often involve reading from or writing to digital and analog pins.
• Digital pins are used for binary signals (HIGH or LOW), while analog pins can read a range of
values (0 to 1023).

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Set digital pin to HIGH

int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // Read analog value from pin A0

8. Serial Communication:
• The Serial library allows communication between the Arduino and a connected computer through the USB
port.
• Serial.begin() initializes the serial communication, and Serial.print() and Serial.println() are used for output.

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication at 9600 bps

Serial.print("Hello"); // Print "Hello" to the Serial Monitor

9. Built-in Functions:
• Arduino comes with many built-in functions that perform common tasks, such as delay(), millis(),
and analogWrite().
 delay(1000); // Pause the program for 1000 milliseconds (1 second)
int time = millis(); // Get the current elapsed time in milliseconds
analogWrite(ledPin, 128); // Output an analog signal on a PWM-enabled pin

10. Libraries:
• Arduino libraries provide pre-written code to extend the functionality of the Arduino platform.
• Libraries are imported using the #include directive.
#include <Servo.h> // Example of including the Servo library

2.IOT Physical Devices and Endpoints- Raspberry Pi

IoT Device: A "Thing" in Internet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier and
which can send/receive data (including user data) over a network (e.g., smart phone, smart TV,
computer, refrigerator, car, etc.).

• IoT devices are connected to the Internet and send information about themselves or about their
surroundings (e.g. information sensed by the connected sensors) over a network (to other devices or
servers/storage) or allow actuation upon the physical entities/environment around them remotely. IoT
Device Examples

A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances and controlling
the appliances.

• An industrial machine which sends information abouts its operation and health monitoring data to a
server.

• A car which sends information about its location to a cloud-based service.

• A wireless-enabled wearable device that measures data about a person such as the number of steps
walked and sends the data to a cloud-based service.

Basic building blocks of an IoT Device

1. Sensing: Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the device.

2. Actuation: IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking actions upon
the physical entities in the vicinity of the device.

3. Communication: Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to other
devices or cloud-based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and commands from
remote applications.

4. Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making sense of the
collected data.
Block diagram of an IOT Device

Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi runs
various Flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer can do.
Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose I/O pins. Since
Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of the box". Raspberry Pi is a low-
cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi runs various Flavors of Linux
and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer can do. Raspberry Pi also allows
interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux
operating system, it supports Python "out of the box".

Raspberry Pi

Linux on Raspberry Pi
1. Raspbian: Raspbian Linux is a Debian Wheezy port optimized for Raspberry Pi.

2. Arch: Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMD devices.

3. Pidora: Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for RaspberryPi.

4. RaspBMC: RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for RaspberryPi.

5. OpenELEC: OpenELEC is a fast and user-friendly XBMC media-centerdistribution.

6. RISC OS: RISC OS is a very fast and compact operatingsystem.

Raspberry Pi Interfaces

1. Serial: The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for communication
with serialperipherals.

2. SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for communicating
with one or more peripheraldevices.

3. I2C: The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware modules. I2C interface
allows synchronous data transfer with just two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL (clockline).

Raspberry Pi Example:

Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi from time import sleeP import RPi.GPIO asGPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

#Switch Pin GPIO.setup(25,GPIO.IN) #LEDPin

GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT)

state=false

deftoggleLED(pin):

state = not state GPIO.output(pin,state)

whileTrue:

try:

if (GPIO.input(25) ==True):

toggleLED(pin) sleep(.01)

exceptKeyboardInterrupt:

exit()

Other Devices

1. pcDuino

2. BeagleBoneBlack

3. Cubieboard
3.Operating systems on RaspberryPi
There are several OS available for the Raspberry Pi. While various Pi-compatible operating
systems are Linux distributions, Chrome OS, Android, and non-Linux images are also available
for the RasPi. Despite the various OS options, the Raspberry Pi OS from the Raspberry
Foundation remains a top pick as one of the best Raspberry Pi distributions available.
However, the Raspbian operating system has progressed significantly since its inception.

In this article, you will learn about the best OS for raspberry pi. But before discussing the best
operating system for the Raspberry Pi, you must know about the Raspberry Pi and its features.

What is Raspberry pi Operating System?

Raspberry Pi OS is a free and open-source Debian Linux-based operating system which is

designed for use with Raspberry Pi devices. Additionally, many ARM-based single-board
computers also run the Raspberry Pi OS. The initial version of Raspberry was released in 2013,
and the Raspberry Pi Foundation began offering it as an officially sanctioned Pi distro in 2015.
Raspbian was created by developers Peter Green and Mike Thompson as a side project at first.

Features of the Raspberry Pi Operating System

There are various features of the Raspberry Pi operating system. Some features of the
raspberry pi OS are as follows:

1. User Interface

It contains a desktop environment known as PIXEL, which is based on LXDE and appears similar
to several popular desktops like Microsoft Windows and macOS. There is a background image
on the system desktop. A top menu bar has an application menu and shortcuts to a file
manager, web browser, and terminal. A Bluetooth menu, a Wi-Fi menu, volume control, and
a clock are displayed at the other end of the menu bar. The desktop's look may also be
modified by relocating the menu bar.

2. Package Management

Packages may be installed through APT, the Recommended Software program, or the Add and
Remove Software utility, which is a GUI wrapper for APT.

3. Components

PCManFM is a file browser that enables easy access to all portions of the computer. In the
initial Raspberry Pi OS Buster release, it was fully redesigned. Raspberry Pi OS initially utilized
Epiphany as its web browser, but with the release of its redesigned desktop, it moved to
Chromium.

It has various basic IDEs, including Mu Editor, Thonny Python IDE, and Greenfoot. It also
includes instructional applications such as Scratch and Bookshelf.

The top operating system for raspberry pi

There are various top operating systems for raspberry pi. Some top operating systems for
raspberry pi are as follows:

1. Raspbian OS
2. RISC OS
3. Windows IoT Core
4. Ubuntu Mate
5. Gentoo Linux
6. SARPI
7. FreeBSD
8. Lakka
9. OpenELEC
10. OSMC
11. RaspBSD
12. Linutop
13. Kali Linux
14. Domoticz
15. OpenSUSE
16. RetroPie
17. Arch Linux ARM
18. Ubuntu Core
19. Linux
20. BMC64
1.Raspbian Operating System

Raspbian was our top choice for the finest Raspberry Pi downloaded operating systems. This
Debian-based operating system and its features and preferences are designed specifically for
the Raspberry Pi. Raspberry users prefer it due to its general-purpose applicability. Openbox
is the preferred window manager for it. The Pi Improved Xwindows Environment Lightweight
is the default Windows environment in use. As part of the default package, we may also
include many preloaded computer software like Chromium, Minecraft Pi, Mathematica, and
Java. The Raspbian OS may be considered the Raspberry Pi board's perfect soul mate because
it may handle the scale and complexity of the system duties you assign it.

2.RISC OS

The design of this operating system software is also distinctively described as open-source.
The initial ARM designers must have had the RISC OS system in mind when designing the ARM
processors because it compliments it effectively. RISC operating system software has no direct
or indirect connection to the Windows or Linux operating systems.

As it's clear that RISC OS has no relationship with Linux or Windows, diving into it ignores your
previous OS experiences and requires you to take new baby steps. Fortunately, it has an official
guide on rapidly getting used to it.
3.Windows IoT Core

The Windows OS platform did not lag behind when joining the Raspberry Pi hype train. It
gathers the requests of Windows coders and enthusiasts who wish to utilize the Raspberry Pi
development platform to fulfil the needs of their projects. Programmers mostly employ
Raspberry Pi and Windows IoT Core OS software to construct and fulfil IoT prototype
requirements based on Windows 10.

Only Windows 10 or the Raspberry Pi can be used with this OS software. You may need to
choose the Windows 10 environment because it involves the additional configuration of Visual
Studio and other system settings. It is the ideal partner for Raspberry Pi since it supports
connectivity, security, and cloud connection.

4.Ubuntu Mate

It is also free and open-source operating system software. Ubuntu Mate is a resourceful
Ubuntu version that promotes low-performance devices as a design requirement. It prioritizes
pre-packaging the APT package manager in its software deployment. It is useful for doing
system updates and installing software. Following that, you are assured of a well-functioning
system. When it comes to communication and adaption to remote workstation software,
Ubuntu Mate is dependable. This remote software contains LTSP and X2GO.

A 4 GB high-speed SD card is all that is required for Ubuntu Mate to deliver reliable system
performance on Raspberry Pi. Also, ensure that your Ubuntu Mate OS software is up to date
and upgraded to the most recent stable version release.
5.Gentoo Linux

This Linux operating system is also free and open-source. It offers unique versatility, making it
an ideal Linux distribution for customizing computing activities and all virtual features of an
operating system program. This repeated customization capability is why IoT projects are
becoming more popular. Raspberry Pi qualifies as one since it works well with devices related
to security-tight modules. A 4 GB SD card will suffice to fulfil the memory requirements of
Gentoo on Raspberry Pi. If you want a quick lesson on how to install this OS on the Raspberry
Pi device, have a look at the installation guide on its official website.

6.SARPI

SARPI stands for Slackware ARM. Its team is responsible for creating this well-known
community operating system. The Raspberry Pi community widely regards it as one of the
greatest alternative operating systems to run on the Raspberry Pi. One of its distinguishing
aspects is its simple-to-implement software architecture. Its boot time on the Raspberry Pi
hardware is extremely short, falling inside the 30-second mark.

This ARM OS version does not ensure that all Raspberry Pi-compatible programs will work. Its
ARM architecture mitigates this disadvantage by offering the most needed application
support. It meets the fundamental OS requirements for your Raspberry Pi experience.
7.FreeBSD

It works very effectively with powerful hardware. FreeBSD's software design makes it a
powerhouse for interacting with desktop PCs, servers, cloud computing, and Internet of
Things (IoT) devices. Its more than 25-year functional lifetime includes software demands and
concerns for Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi2 users via the introduction of software ARM
versions tailored to their hardware boards. The FreeBSD operating system is a good fit for your
Raspberry Pi projects since it is resource-efficient. The operating system may be installed
quickly and run without hiccups if you have an SD card that can accommodate its 512 MB RAM
needs.

8.Lakka

Lakka is a free, lightweight, open-source operating system that can turn any PC into a full-
fledged game console without using a keyboard or Mouse. It is so effective at delivering a
performance that it can entirely change a low-performing PC hardware or a tiny hardware
infrastructure into a gaming console. When achieving this goal eliminates the necessity for a
computer system keyboard or Mouse.

Lakka's customization choices are overwhelming, as is its basic yet modifiable gorgeous user
interface. If you want a UX that is similar to the PS4 interface, you should utilize this OS
software with your Raspberry Pi to create excellent gaming projects.
9.OpenELEC

OpenELEC stands for Open Embedded Linux Entertainment Center. Because of its tiny size and
Linux foundation, you may call it Just Enough Operating System or JeOS. If you're aware of the
Kodi media centre, a tool for managing your media files, the main purpose of this operating
system is to transform a PC into Kodi.

OpenELEC's limited customization options portray it as a barebones Kodi. It also includes a

barrier to SSH access, making modification only available to experienced or expert users.
Regardless, combining OpenELEC with your Raspberry Pi board will give you powerful and
trustworthy media centre utilization.

10.OSMC

OSMC stands for Open Source Media Center. It is free and open-source OS software. It is a
simple and easy-to-use program that can independently supply Kodi OS functions, including
media file format management.

Its user interface is simple, elegant, and up to date. Its built-in image library contributes to its
extensive customizing possibilities. It should be considered if your Raspberry Pi project
involves handling media material.
4.Configuring RaspberryPi
In this chapter, we will learn about configuring the Raspberry Pi. Let us begin by understanding
how to configure Raspberry Pi board in Raspbian.

Raspbian configuration

For configuring Raspberry Pi in Raspbian, we are using Raspbian with PIXEL desktop. It is one
of the best ways to get Raspbian started with the Raspberry Pi. Once we finish booting, we
will be in the PIXEL desktop environment.

Now to open the menu, you need to click the button that has the Raspberry Pi logo on it. This
button will be in the top left. After clicking the button, choose Raspberry Pi configuration from
the preferences.

Configuration tool

Following is the configuration tool in PIXEL desktop –

By default, the configuration tool opens to its system tab which has the
following options −

• Change Password − The default password is raspberry. You can change it by clicking
the change password button.
 • Change the hostname − The default name is raspberry pi. You can also change it to the
name, which you want to use on the network.
• Boot − You can choose from the two options and control whether Raspberry Pi boots
into the desktop or CLI i.e., command line interface.
• Auto Login − With the help of this option, you can set whether the user should
automatically log in or not.
• Network at Boot − By choosing this option, you can set whether the pi user is
automatically logged in or not.
• Splash screen − You can enable or disable it. On enabling, it will display the graphical
splash screen that shows when Raspberry Pi is booting.
• Resolution − With the help of this option, you can configure the resolution of your
screen.
• Underscan − There are two options, enable or disable. It is used to change the size of
the displayed screen image to optimally fill the screen. If you see a black border around
the screen, you should disable the underscan. Whereas, you should enable the
underscan, if your desktop does not fit your screen.

There are three other tabs namely Interfaces, Performance, and Localization. The job of
interface tab is to enable or disable various connection options on your Raspberry Pi.

You can enable the Pi camera from the interface tab. You can also set up a secure connection
between computers by using SSH (short for Secure Shell) option.

If you want to remote access your Pi with a graphical interface then, you can enable RealVNC
software from this tab. SPI, I2C, Serial, 1-wire, and Remote GPIO are some other interfaces
you can use.

• The character set used in our language.

• Our time zone.
• The keyboard setup as per our choice.
• Our Wi-Fi country.

Configure Wi-Fi
You can check at the top right, there would be icons for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The fan-shaped
icon is on the Wi-Fi. To configure your Wi-Fi, you need to click on that icon. Once clicked, it
will open a menu showing the available networks. It also shows the option to turn off your
Wi-Fi.

Among those available networks, you need to select a network. After selecting, it will prompt
for entering the Wi-Fi password i.e., the Pre Shared Key.
If you see a red cross on the icon, it means your connection has been failed or dropped. To
test whether your Wi-Fi is working correctly, open a web browser and visit a web page.

Configure Bluetooth Devices

We can use wireless Bluetooth devices such as keyboard and/or mouse with Pi 3 and Pi zero
W because these models are Bluetooth-enabled. In PIXEL desktop, you can set up your
Bluetooth devices easily.

Following are the steps to configure the Bluetooth devices −

• First, make your device discoverable for pairing.

• Now, you need to click on the Bluetooth menu at the top right of the screen. It is
aligned to the Wi-Fi button.
• Now, choose the Add Device option.
• The Raspberry will start searching for the devices and when it finds your device, click
it and click the pair button.

Data Partition Setup

As we know that data partition is that area on your memory card (SD or MicroSD) which can
be shared by various distributions. One of the best examples of use of a data partition is
transferring the files between distributions.

The data partition has the label data.

You can use this labeled data to make a directory point to it as follows −

Step 1 − First, you need to boot the Raspberry Pi into Raspbian.

Step 2 − Now, click the Terminal icon to get to the command line.

Step 3 − Next, type the command mkdir shared. It will create a directory named shared.

Step 4 − Write the command sudo mount -L data shared. This command will point the
directory to the shared partition.

Step 5 − Write the command sudo chown $USER: shared. It will set the permission for writing
in this shared folder.

Step 6 − Now, to go to this shared folder, you need to type the command cd shared.

Once all the files are created in this shared folder, they will be available to all the distributions
that have the permission to access the data partition.

5.Programming RasberryPi with Python

https://www.javatpoint.com/building-physical-projects-with-python-on-the-raspberry-pi
6.Wireless Temperature Monitoring System using RaspberriPi
ABSTRACT

Raspberry Pi which having inbuilt wi-fi, which makes Raspberry Pi to suitable for IoT
applications, so that by using IoT technology this monitoring system works by uploading the
temperature value to the Thingspeak cloud by this project you can able to learn to how to
handle cloud-based application using API keys. In this monitoring system, we used Thingspeak
cloud, the cloud which is suitable to view the sensor logs in the form of graph plots. Here we
created one field to monitor the temperature value, that can be reconfigurable to monitor a
number of sensor values in various fields. This basic will teach you to how to work with a cloud
by using LM35 as a temperature sensor, to detect the temperature and to upload those values
into the cloud.

HARDWARE REQUIRED

Raspberry Pi

SD card

Power supply

VGA to HDMI converter (Optional)

MCP3008 (ADC IC)

A temperature sensor(LM35)

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

Raspbian Stretch OS

SD card Formatter

Win32DiskImager (or) Etcher

PYTHON LIBRARIES USED

RPi.GPIO as GPIO (To access the GPIO Pins of Raspberry Pi)

Time library (For Time delay)

Urllib2 to handle URL using Python programming

CODE

import time

import urllib2

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

myAPI = "paste your write API key here"

t=0

m=0

baseURL = 'https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=%s' % myAPI

# read SPI data from MCP3008 chip, 8 possible adc's (0 thru 7)

def readadc(adcnum, clockpin, mosipin, misopin, cspin):

if ((adcnum > 7) or (adcnum < 0)):

return -1

GPIO.output(cspin, True)

GPIO.output(clockpin, False) # start clock low

GPIO.output(cspin, False) # bring CS low

commandout = adcnum

commandout |= 0x18 # start bit + single-ended bit

commandout <<= 3 # we only need to send 5 bits here

for i in range(5):

if (commandout & 0x80):

GPIO.output(mosipin, True)

else:

GPIO.output(mosipin, False)

commandout <<= 1

GPIO.output(clockpin, True)

GPIO.output(clockpin, False)

adcout = 0

# read in one empty bit, one null bit and 10 ADC bits

for i in range(12):

GPIO.output(clockpin, True)
 GPIO.output(clockpin, False)

adcout <<= 1

if (GPIO.input(misopin)):

adcout |= 0x1

GPIO.output(cspin, True)

adcout >>= 1 # first bit is 'null' so drop it

return adcout

# change these as desired - they're the pins connected from the

# SPI port on the ADC to the Cobbler

SPICLK = 18

SPIMISO = 23

SPIMOSI = 24

SPICS = 25

# set up the SPI interface pins

GPIO.setup(SPIMOSI, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(SPIMISO, GPIO.IN)

GPIO.setup(SPICLK, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(SPICS, GPIO.OUT)

try:

while True:

temperature = readadc(0, SPICLK, SPIMOSI, SPIMISO, SPICS)

print("Temperature value")

print(temperature)

urllib2.urlopen(baseURL +"&field1=%s" % (str(temperature)))

time.sleep(15)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

print("stopping")
7.DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

DS18B20 Temperature Sensor Pinout

 Pin Configuration

No: Pin Name Description

1 Ground Connect to the ground of the circuit

2 Vcc Powers the Sensor, can be 3.3V or 5V

3 Data This pin gives output the temperature value which can be read using 1-wire
method

DS18B20 Sensor Specifications

• Programmable Digital Temperature Sensor
• Communicates using 1-Wire method
• Operating voltage: 3V to 5V
• Temperature Range: -55°C to +125°C
• Accuracy: ±0.5°C
• Output Resolution: 9-bit to 12-bit (programmable)
• Unique 64-bit address enables multiplexing
• Conversion time: 750ms at 12-bit
• Programmable alarm options
• Available as To-92, SOP and even as a waterproof sensor

Alternative Temperature Sensors

Thermocouple, TMP100, LM75, DHT11, SHT15, LM35DZ, TPA81, D6T

DS18B20 Equivalent Sensors

DS18S20

Where to use DS18B20 Sensor

The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable Temperature sensor from maxim integrated.

It is widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical
solutions, mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be
purchased with a waterproof option making the mounting process easy. It can measure
a wide range of temperature from -55°C to +125° with a decent accuracy of ±5°C.
Each sensor has a unique address and requires only one pin of the MCU to transfer
data so it a very good choice for measuring temperature at multiple points without
compromising much of your digital pins on the microcontroller.

How to use the DS18B20 Sensor

The sensor works with the method of 1-Wire communication. It requires only the
data pin connected to the microcontroller with a pull up resistor and the other two
pins are used for power as shown below.

The pull-up resistor is used to keep the line in high state when the bus is not in use.
The temperature value measured by the sensor will be stored in a 2-byte register inside
the sensor. This data can be read by the using the 1- wire method by sending in a
sequence of data. There are two types of commands that are to be sent to read the
values, one is a ROM command and the other is function command. The address value
of each ROM memory along with the sequence is given in the datasheet below. You
have to read through it to understand how to communicate with the sensor.

If you are planning to interface it with Arduino, then you need not worry about all
these. You can develop the readily available library and use the in-built functions to
access the data.

Applications

• Measuring temperature at hard environments

 • Liquid temperature measurement
• Applications where temperature has to be measured at multiple points

2D-Model

8.Connecting RaspberryPi via SSH

The Raspberry Pi can be controlled like any other Desktop computer using a keyboard,
mouse, and monitor. However, there are also various ways to command the Raspberry
Pi remotely, of which SSH is one of the best and often used.

• What is SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) enables you to access the command line of a Raspberry Pi from
another computer or device on the same network. This is very handy for quickly
installing software or editing configuration files. SSH is pre-installed on Linux, Mac and
some Windows operating systems and can also be installed on mobile devices. SSH
does not provide any visual access to the Raspberry Pi Desktop. If this is needed, I
recommend to use VNC.
 • Enable SSH on the Raspberry Pi

By default, SSH is disabled on the Raspberry Pi. It is however very easy to enable it,
both using the Desktop and via the terminal. To enable SSH via the Desktop, go to the
start menu > Preferences > Raspberry Pi Configuration.

Now click on Interfaces and click enable next to SSH and click OK.
To enable SSH via the terminal, open a terminal window and enter sudo raspi-config. Now
with the arrows select Interfacing Options, navigate to and select SSH, choose Yes, and select
Ok.

Now SSH is enabled, we need to know the hostname of the Raspberry Pi or use its IP address
to connect to it. To know the ip address, on your Raspbery Pi type in:

hostname -I

Now to connect, on the host computer open a terminal window and type in

ssh [username]@[hostname].local

or

ssh [username]@[ip address]

It is also possible to directly send a single command to your Raspberry Pi, such as to shut it
down:

ssh pi@mypi.local "sudo shutdown -h now"

Enable SSH on the host device

SSH is standard available on Linux distributions and on Mac so should work automatically.

To enable ssh on a Windows 10 computer, make sure it has the October 2018 Update or later
and go to Settings > Apps > Apps & features > Manage optional features > Add a feature, and
choose to install OpenSSH Client.

On other Windows installations you may need to install an SSH client, of which PuTTY is the
most commonly used. Go to putty.org, download the 64-bit MSI (Windows Installer), and open
it to run the installer. Now launch PuTTY, set the Host Name (or IP address) field, Port to 22,
and Connection type should be set to SSH. Now click Open and a new terminal window should
appear prompting you for a user name.

Finally, it is also possible to use SSH on your mobile device. Several good quality clients are
available, of which I recommend Termius (termius.com), an application that is availble for both
iOS and Android.

Passwordless SSH
When using SSH, each time you connect you will be asked for the password of your Raspberry
Pi. In some cases it may be preferable to access your Raspberry Pi from another computer
without a password, such as to (automatically) send files using rsync (follow the guide here).
To enable password-less access with SSH you will need to generate an SSH key. To do so, open
a terminal window and enter:

ssh-keygen

Now click Enter twice to generate and store the unique key in the default location and with
the default passphrase. The private and public keys will now be stored in ~/.ssh.

Next we need to copy the public key to your Raspberry Pi. To do so, simply enter:

ssh-copy-id [username]@[ip address]

Authenticate this step with your password and you are done. To verify the SSH key was
successfully copied to the remote host, SSH to the Raspberry Pi from the host device or vice
versa. No password should be required if the key was copied successfully.

9.Accesiing Temperature from DS18B20 Sensore

To access temperature readings from a DS18B20 temperature sensor, you typically need to
connect it to a microcontroller or a single-board computer like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or
similar platforms. Here's a general guide on how to access temperature readings from
DS18B20 sensors using Arduino and Raspberry Pi:

Using Raspberry Pi:

Hardware Setup:

1. Connect the DS18B20 sensor to your Raspberry Pi as follows:

• VCC pin of DS18B20 to 3.3V pin on Raspberry Pi.
• GND pin of DS18B20 to GND pin on Raspberry Pi.
• DATA pin of DS18B20 to GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO 4) on Raspberry Pi.

Software Setup:

1.Enable the 1-Wire interface on your Raspberry Pi using raspi-config.

 2. Use the Linux command ls /sys/bus/w1/devices/ to find the unique ID of your DS18B20
sensor.
3. Navigate to the directory /sys/bus/w1/devices/ and access the folder with your
DS18B20's unique ID.
4. Read the temperature data from the file named w1_slave.
5. Parse the temperature data from the file to obtain the temperature reading.

Example Code for Raspberry Pi (Python):

import time

# Function to read temperature from DS18B20 sensor

def read_temp_raw():

f = open('/sys/bus/w1/devices/your_sensor_id/w1_slave', 'r')

lines = f.readlines()

f.close()

return lines

def read_temp():

lines = read_temp_raw()

while lines[0].strip()[-3:] != 'YES':

time.sleep(0.2)

lines = read_temp_raw()

equals_pos = lines[1].find('t=')

if equals_pos != -1:

temp_string = lines[1][equals_pos+2:]

temp_c = float(temp_string) / 1000.0

return temp_c

# Read temperature

while True:

print("Temperature: {:.2f}°C".format(read_temp()))

time.sleep(1)

Replace 'your_sensor_id' with the unique ID of your DS18B20 sensor.

These are general steps to access temperature from DS18B20 sensors. Specific
implementations may vary depending on your hardware and programming environment.

10.Remote Access to RaspberryPi

https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/remote-access.html

11.Smart and Connected Cities

Smart and connected cities represent the convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology,
urban infrastructure, and data analytics to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and livability
of urban environments. Here's a detailed overview of various aspects of smart and connected
cities in IoT:

1. Infrastructure:

a) Sensors and Devices: Deploying a network of sensors and IoT devices throughout the
city to collect real-time data on various aspects such as traffic flow, air quality, energy
consumption, waste management, water usage, and more.
b) Communication Networks: Utilizing high-speed communication networks such as 5G,
LoRaWAN, or Wi-Fi to connect sensors and devices, ensuring seamless data
transmission and communication.
c) Data Centers and Cloud Infrastructure: Establishing data centers and cloud
infrastructure to store and process the vast amounts of data generated by sensors and
devices, enabling real-time analytics and decision-making.

2. Applications:
a) Smart Mobility: Implementing intelligent transportation systems to optimize traffic
flow, reduce congestion, and enhance public transportation services using real-time
data from sensors and traffic management systems.
b) Environmental Monitoring: Monitoring air quality, noise pollution, and other
environmental parameters to address environmental concerns and improve the
overall quality of life in cities.
c) Energy Management: Optimizing energy distribution and consumption through smart
grids, smart meters, and demand-response systems to reduce energy waste and
promote sustainability.
d) Public Safety and Security: Enhancing public safety through the deployment of
surveillance cameras, emergency response systems, and predictive analytics to
prevent crime and respond effectively to emergencies.
e) Waste Management: Implementing smart waste management systems to optimize
waste collection routes, reduce landfill usage, and promote recycling through real-time
monitoring of waste bins and containers.
 f) Urban Planning and Management: Using data analytics and simulation tools to
support urban planning decisions, improve infrastructure development, and ensure
sustainable growth and development.

3. Citizen Engagement:
a) Open Data Platforms: Providing access to real-time data and information through
open data platforms, enabling citizens, businesses, and researchers to develop
innovative solutions and services.
b) Community Feedback Systems: Engaging citizens in the decision-making process
through feedback mechanisms, crowdsourcing initiatives, and participatory urban
planning tools to address their needs and preferences.
c) Smart Citizen Services: Offering personalized and context-aware services to citizens
through mobile applications and digital platforms, such as real-time transit
information, smart parking solutions, and health monitoring systems.

4. Challenges and Considerations:

a) Privacy and Security: Ensuring the privacy and security of citizen data and IoT devices
against cyber threats and unauthorized access.
b) Interoperability and Standards: Addressing interoperability issues and establishing
common standards for IoT devices and communication protocols to enable seamless
integration and scalability.
c) Digital Divide: Bridging the digital divide to ensure equitable access to smart city
technologies and services for all citizens, regardless of socioeconomic status or
location.
d) Sustainability: Balancing the benefits of smart city technologies with environmental
and social sustainability considerations to create inclusive and resilient cities for the
future.

In summary, smart and connected cities leverage IoT technology and data-driven insights to
enhance urban infrastructure, improve citizen services, and promote sustainability and
livability. By addressing various challenges and considerations, cities can unlock the full
potential of smart technologies to create smarter, more efficient, and inclusive urban
environments.
12.An IOT Strategy for Smarter Cities
Developing an IoT strategy for smarter cities involves careful planning, collaboration among
stakeholders, and a focus on addressing specific urban challenges while leveraging the
potential of IoT technologies. Here's a comprehensive framework for creating an IoT strategy
for smarter cities:

1. Define Objectives and Priorities:

a) Identify Urban Challenges: Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the city's current

infrastructure, services, and key challenges across various domains such as
transportation, energy, environment, public safety, and healthcare.
b) Set Strategic Goals: Define clear and measurable objectives aligned with the city's
vision and priorities, considering factors such as sustainability, efficiency, resilience,
and citizen well-being.

2. Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration:

a) Multi-Stakeholder Approach: Engage key stakeholders including government

agencies, local businesses, academic institutions, community organizations, and
citizens to gather insights, foster collaboration, and ensure buy-in throughout the
implementation process.
b) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Establish partnerships with private sector
companies to leverage their expertise, resources, and innovative solutions in
developing and implementing IoT initiatives.

3. Infrastructure and Technology Deployment:

a) IoT Sensor Network: Deploy a network of sensors and IoT devices across the city to
collect real-time data on various parameters such as traffic flow, air quality, energy
consumption, waste management, and public safety.
b) Communication Networks: Establish robust communication networks such as 5G,
LoRaWAN, or Wi-Fi to enable seamless connectivity and data transmission between
IoT devices and backend systems.
c) Data Analytics and Cloud Infrastructure: Implement data analytics platforms and
cloud infrastructure to store, process, and analyze the vast amounts of data generated
by IoT devices, enabling actionable insights and decision-making.

4. Application Development and Integration:

a) Smart Mobility: Develop intelligent transportation systems to optimize traffic

management, enhance public transit services, and promote alternative modes of
transportation such as cycling and walking.
 b) Environmental Monitoring: Implement solutions for monitoring air quality, noise
pollution, water quality, and waste management to address environmental concerns
and improve overall urban livability.
c) Energy Management: Deploy smart grid technologies, energy monitoring systems,
and demand-response mechanisms to optimize energy distribution, reduce
consumption, and promote renewable energy sources.
d) Public Safety and Security: Develop predictive analytics and surveillance systems to
enhance public safety, prevent crime, and respond effectively to emergencies through
real-time monitoring and incident management.

5. Citizen Engagement and Services:

a) Open Data Platforms: Establish open data platforms to provide citizens, businesses,
and researchers with access to real-time data and information, fostering transparency,
innovation, and collaboration.
b) Smart Citizen Services: Develop mobile applications and digital platforms to deliver
personalized and context-aware services to citizens, such as real-time transit
information, smart parking solutions, and health monitoring systems.
c) Community Engagement: Engage citizens through participatory urban planning tools,
community feedback mechanisms, and crowdsourcing initiatives to ensure their needs
and preferences are addressed in the development and implementation of IoT
initiatives.

6. Evaluation and Continuous Improvement:

a) Performance Metrics: Define key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to

measure the effectiveness and impact of IoT initiatives in achieving strategic goals and
improving urban quality of life.
b) Feedback Mechanisms: Establish mechanisms for collecting feedback from
stakeholders and citizens to identify areas for improvement and iterate on IoT
solutions based on real-world insights and experiences.
c) Adaptive Planning: Continuously monitor technological advancements, emerging
trends, and evolving urban challenges to adapt and refine the IoT strategy over time,
ensuring its relevance and effectiveness in addressing the city's evolving needs.

By following this comprehensive framework, cities can develop a tailored IoT strategy that
leverages technology, fosters collaboration, and empowers citizens to create smarter, more
sustainable, and resilient urban environments.
13.Smart City IOT Architecture
Introduction:

The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has paved the way for the
development of smart cities. These cities leverage IoT devices and sensors to collect and
analyze data, enhancing urban infrastructure, services, and quality of life. This article explores
the crucial role of system architecture design in realizing the potential of IoT-based smart
cities.

IoT Architecture for Smart Cities:

IoT architecture provide a structured framework for designing and implementing Internet of
Things (IoT) solutions. While different IoT architectures may have slight variations, they
generally consists of five layers where successive layers operate on the information from the
previous layer as shown in figure below.

1. Sensing / Device Layer:

a) IoT Devices: Sensors, actuators, wearables, and other smart devices that collect and
transmit data.
b) Connectivity: Communication protocols, network technologies (like Wi-Fi, cellular,
LPWAN), and device management for connecting devices to the network.
2. Network / Transport Layer:

a) Communication Networks: Wired and wireless networks that enable data

transmission between devices, gateways, and central systems.
b) Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, and more for efficient and secure
data exchange.

3. Middleware / Data Processing Layer:

a) Data Ingestion: Receiving, validating, and transforming data from devices for further
processing.
b) Data Storage: Storing collected data in databases, data lakes, or cloud storage for
analysis.
c) Stream Processing: Real-time data processing to extract insights, detect anomalies,
and trigger actions.

4. Application / Service Layer:

a) IoT Applications: Developing applications that utilize IoT data to deliver value to users
and organizations.
b) Dashboard and Visualization: Displaying insights and data through user-friendly
interfaces.
c) Alerts and Notifications: Notifying users or systems based on predefined conditions.

5. Business / Business Logic Layer:

a) Business Logic: Implementing logic to process IoT data based on business rules and
requirements.
b) Workflow Automation: Automating processes and workflows based on IoT data
triggers.

System Architecture Design:

System Architecture Design for IoT smart cities refers to the process of creating a structured
blueprint for the integration of various components and technologies within a smart city
environment. The system architecture design for IoT smart cities encompasses several key
aspects:
1. End-to-End Connectivity:

How the architecture ensures continuous connectivity between devices, sensors, gateways,
and central platforms.

Importance of low-latency communication for real-time monitoring and response.

2. Scalability and Flexibility:

Discussion of designing a scalable architecture that can accommodate the increasing number
of devices and changing requirements.

Flexibility to integrate new IoT applications and services as the city's needs evolve.

3. Security and Privacy:

Strategies for implementing strong security measures to protect data and prevent
unauthorized access.

Privacy considerations when collecting and using sensitive citizen data.

4. Interoperability:

The significance of standardized protocols and APIs to ensure seamless integration of diverse
IoT devices from different manufacturers.
Benefits and Challenges:

1. Benefits:

• Improved Urban Infrastructure

• Enhanced Services for Citizens
• Environmental Sustainability
• Public Safety and Security
• Real-Time Data-Driven Decision Making

2. Challenges and Considerations:

• Addressing data privacy concerns and potential security breaches.

• Balancing the benefits of data collection with ethical considerations.
• Interoperability and Standardization
• Scalability and Reliability
• Data Management and Analytics

14.Smart City Security Architecture

https://faratarjome.ir/u/media/shopping_files/store-EN-1520238680-3162.pdf
15.Smart City Use-Case Examples
The urban population of the world is increasing dramatically and as per the prediction of Our
World in Data, by 2050, the number of people living in urban areas will spike up to 6.7 billion.
This is twice the population as compared to the rural setting, which is expected to reach the
population of 3.1 billion only. Big and small cities are becoming densely populated and in this
regard, municipalities are facing a wide range of challenges that require immediate attention.
Urban crimes, traffic congestions, sanitation problems and environmental deterioration are
some of the common challenges of increased population in urban areas and to prevent these,
municipalities turn to the adoption of smart technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT).

IoT holds the potential to cater to the needs of the increased urban population while making
living more secure and comfortable. Referring to this, the IoT use cases for smart cities are
limitless as it contributes to public safety, optimized traffic control and a healthier
environment etc. which are the main essences of smart city developments. The following
article sheds light on the top 8 and most popular use cases of IoT for smart cities that are
worth the implementation.
1. Road Traffic

With the increased population, the traffic congestion on the roads is also increasing. However,
smart cities aim to make the citizens reach the desired destination efficiently and safely. To
achieve this aim, municipalities turn to smart traffic solutions which are enabled by IoT
technologies.

Different types of sensors are utilized in smart traffic solutions which also extract the relevant
data from the driver’s smartphones to determine the speed of the vehicles and GPS location.
Concurrently, monitoring of the green traffic light timing is also enabled by the smart traffic
lights which are linked to the cloud management platform. Based on the current traffic
situation, the traffic lights are automatically altered and this ultimately prevents traffic
congestion on the roads. Furthermore, while utilizing historical data, IoT solutions can predict
the future traffic conditions in smart cities and can enable the municipalities to prevent
potential congestions.

2. Smart Parking

The issue of parking in cities seems inevitable but many cities around the globe are adopting
IoT enabled smart parking solutions and providing hassle-free parking experiences to the
citizens. With the help of road surface sensors on parking spots and GPS data from the driver’s
phone, smart parking solutions identify and mark the parking spots that are available or
occupied. Alongside, IoT based smart parking solution creates real-time parking map on either
mobile or web application. The sensors embedded in the ground send data to the cloud and
server which notifies the driver whenever the nearest parking spot is free. Instead of blindly
driving around, a smart parking solution helps the driver to find the parking spots easily.

3. Public Transport Management

Managing public transport efficiently is one of the major concerns of the big cities. However,
IoT offers a use case for smart cities in this regard as well. The IoT sensor associated with
public transport gathers and analyzes data which help the municipalities to identify the
patterns in which the citizens are using public transport. Later on, this data-driven information
is used by the traffic operators to achieve the standardized level of punctuality and security in
transportation along with enhancing the travelling experience of the citizens.

4. Utility Management

IoT enabled smart city solutions give citizens complete control over home utilities and save
their money as well. Different utility approaches are powered by IoT. These include smart
meter and billing solutions, identification of consumption patterns and remote monitoring.
Smart meters transfer data to the public utility through a telecom network, making the meter
readings reliable. This solution also enables utility companies to accurately bill the amount of
gas, energy and water consumed per household. A smart network of meters facilitates utility
companies to monitor the consumption of resources in real-time to balance the supply and
demand. This indicates that the IoT not only offers the benefit of utility control to the
consumers but also helps the utility companies to manage their resources.

5. Street Lighting

Smart city development aims to improve the quality of life and make living easy, cost-effective
and sustainable. Majority of the traditional street lights equipped on the roads waste power
as they are always switched on even when no vehicle or a person is passing. IoT enables the
cities to save power by embedding sensors in street lights and connecting them with the cloud
management solution. This helps in managing the lighting schedule. Smart lighting solutions
collect data movement of vehicles and people and link it to the historical data (e.g. time of
day, public transport schedule and special events). Later on, the data is analyzed to improve
and manage the lighting schedule in smart cities. In other words, it can be said that the smart
lighting solution analyzes the outer conditions and directs the street light to switch on or
switch off, brighten or dim where required.

6. Waste Management

The waste collection operators in cities use predefined schedules to empty the waste
containers. This is a traditional waste collection approach that is not only inefficient but also
leads to unnecessary use of fuel consumption and unproductive use of waste containers by
waste collecting trucks. IoT offers waste collection optimization by tracking waste levels along
with providing operational analytics and route optimization to manage the waste collection
schedule efficiently.

IoT sensors are attached to the waste containers. These sensors monitor the level of waste in
the containers. When the waste reaches the threshold, waste truck drivers are immediately
notified through the mobile application. Hence, only the full containers are emptied by the
truck drivers.

7. Environmental Well-being

Smart cities are focused on providing a healthy environment to the citizens. IoT-enabled smart
city solutions help the municipalities in monitoring the environmental conditions that might
be harmful to human beings. For instance, sensors can be attached to the water grid to inspect
the quality of water in cities. The cloud platforms with which the sensors are in communication
immediately generate triggers when the chemical composition of the water changes or
leakage occurs. This smart solution help quality management organizations prevent water
contamination and fix the issue as soon as possible. The IoT solutions are also applicable to
measure the air quality, identify the areas where air pollution is critical and recommends
solutions to improve the air quality.

8. Public Safety

Providing safety to the citizens is an ultimate goal of municipalities. In this regard, IoT-based
smart city technologies provide decision-making tools, analytics and real-time monitoring for
enhancing public safety. Sensors and CCTV cameras are deployed throughout the city and data
from them is combined to predict the crime scenes. This allows the law enforcement bodies
and police to track the perpetrators in real-time and stop them from causing potential harm
to the public.