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for Cambridge International AS & A Level

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Teachers play an important part in shaping futures.

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Our Dedicated Teacher Awards recognise the hard

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work that teachers put in every day.

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Thank you to everyone who nominated this year; we have been inspired and moved

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WINNER
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Ahmed Saya Sharon Kong Foong Abhinandan Bhattacharya Anthony Chelliah Candice Green Jimrey Buntas Dapin
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Cordoba School for A-Level, Sunway College, JBCN International School Oshiwara, Gateway College, St Augustine’s College, University of San Jose-Recoletos,
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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK

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Contents

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Introduction vii 4 Cell membranes and transport

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4.1 The importance of membranes 98
How to use this series ix
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4.2 Structure of membranes 98

How to use this book xi 4.3 Roles of the molecules found in

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membranes 101

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1 Cell structure
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4.4 Cell signalling 102

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1.1 Cells are the basic units of life 3 4.5 Movement of substances across

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1.2 Cell biology and microscopy 4 membranes 104
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1.3 Plant and animal cells as seen with

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a light microscope 4 5 The mitotic cell cycle
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1.4 Measuring size and calculating 5.1 Growth and reproduction 124

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magnification 11 5.2 Chromosomes 125

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1.5 Electron microscopy 14 5.3 The cell cycle 126

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1.6 Plant and animal cells as seen with an 5.4 Mitosis 127
electron microscope 17
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5.5 The role of telomeres 132

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1.7 Bacteria 32
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5.6 The role of stem cells 133

1.8 Comparing prokaryotic cells with
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5.7 Cancers 134

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eukaryotic cells 34
1.9 Viruses 34 6 Nucleic acids and protein synthesis
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The molecule of life 144

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2 Biological molecules
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6.2 The structure of DNA and RNA 144

2.1 Biochemistry 45
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6.3 DNA replication 149

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2.2 The building blocks of life 45

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6.4 The genetic code 150

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2.3 Monomers, polymers and

6.5 Protein synthesis 151
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2.4 Carbohydrates 46 6.6 Gene mutations 153

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Lipids 53
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2.6 Proteins 57
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7.1 The transport needs of plants 163

2.7 Water 66
7.2 Vascular system: xylem and phloem 163
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3 Enzymes 7.3 Structure of stems, roots and leaves and

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the distribution of xylem and phloem 164

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3.1 What is an enzyme? 75

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7.4 The transport of water 170

3.2 Mode of action of enzymes 76
7.5 Transport of assimilates 180
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3.3 Investigating the progress of an

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enzyme-catalysed reaction 79 8 Transport in mammals

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3.4 Factors that affect enzyme action 81

8.1 Transport systems in animals 194
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3.5 Comparing enzyme affinities 84

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8.2 The mammalian circulatory system 194

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3.6 Enzyme inhibitors 85

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8.3 Blood vessels 195

3.7 Immobilising enzymes 87
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8.4 Tissue fluid 200 13 Photosynthesis

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9.1 Gas exchange 224

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9.2 Lungs 225 photosynthesis 339
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9.3 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 226

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13.5 Limiting factors in photosynthesis 340
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9.4 Warming and cleaning the air 226

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9.5 Alveoli 228 14 Homeostasis

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14.1 Homeostasis 349

10 Infectious disease
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14.2 The structure of the kidney 352

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10.1 Infectious diseases 238

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Antibiotics 253 14.4 The control of blood glucose 364

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14.5 Homeostasis in plants 371

11 Immunity

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11.1 Defence against disease 267 15 Control and coordination

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11.2 Cells of the immune system 268 15.1 Hormonal communication 388
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11.3 Active and passive immunity 277 15.2 Nervous communication 389
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Muscle contraction 406

P1 Practical skills for AS Level
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15.4 Control and coordination in plants 413

P1.1 Practical skills 292
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P1.2 Experiments 292 16 Inheritance

P1.3 Variables and making measurements 292
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16.1 Gametes and reproduction 428

P1.4 Recording quantitative results 298 16.2 The production of genetic variation 433
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P1.5 Displaying data 299

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Genetics 435
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Making conclusions 301 16.4 Monohybrid inheritance and genetic

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P1.7 Describing data 301 diagrams 437

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P1.8 Making calculations from data 301 16.5 Dihybrid inheritance 441
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P1.9 Identifying sources of error and 16.6 The chi-squared (χ2) test 449
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suggesting improvements 303 16.7 Genes, proteins and phenotype 451

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P1.10 Drawings 304 16.8 Control of gene expression 453

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12 Energy and respiration 17 Selection and evolution

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12.1 The need for energy in living organisms 312

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17.1 Variation 465

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12.2 Aerobic respiration 313 17.2 Natural selection 469

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12.3 Mitochondrial structure and function 319

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17.3 Genetic drift and the founder effect 474

12.4 Respiration without oxygen 320 17.4 The Hardy–Weinberg principle 476
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12.5 Respiratory substrates 322 17.5 Artificial selection 478

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17.6 Evolution 482

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17.7 Identifying evolutionary relationships 486

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18 Classification, biodiversity and P2 Practical skills for A Level

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conservation

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18.1 Classification 497 P2.2 Planning an investigation 582
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18.2 Biodiversity 507 P2.3 Constructing a hypothesis 582
18.3 Maintaining biodiversity 521 P2.4 Identifying variables 583
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18.4 Protecting endangered species 524 P2.5 Describing the sequence of steps 586

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18.5 Controlling alien species 530 P2.6 Risk assessment 586
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18.6 International conservation P2.7 Recording and displaying results 587

organisations 531

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P2.8 Analysis, conclusions and evaluation 587
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P2.9 Evaluating evidence 600

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19 Genetic technology
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Conclusions and discussion 600

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19.1 Genetic engineering 544

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19.2 Tools for the gene technologist 545 Appendix 1: Amino acid R groups 608
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19.3 Gene editing 552
Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet codes 609
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19.4 Separating and amplifying DNA 555

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Analysing and storing genetic

Glossary 611

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19.6 Genetic technology and medicine 564 Index 631

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19.7 Genetic technology and agriculture 570
Acknowledgements 643
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Introduction

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Introduction

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This is the fifth edition of the Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology
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Coursebook, and it provides everything that you need to support your course for

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Cambridge AS & A Level Biology (9700). It provides full coverage of the syllabus for
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examinations from 2022 onwards.

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The chapters are arranged in the same sequence as the topics in the syllabus.

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Chapters 1 to P1 cover the AS material, and Chapters 12 to P2 cover the material

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needed for A Level. The various features that you will find in these chapters are
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explained on the next two pages.

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Many questions will test a deeper understanding of the facts and concepts that you

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will learn during your course. It is therefore not enough just to learn words and
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diagrams that you can repeat in your examinations; you need to ensure that you really
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understand each concept fully. Trying to answer the questions that you will find within

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each chapter, and at the end of each chapter, should help you to do this.

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Although you will study your biology as a series of different topics, it is very important
to appreciate that all of these topics link up with each other. You need to make links
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between different areas of the syllabus to answer some questions. For example, you
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might be asked a question that involves bringing together knowledge about protein
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synthesis, infectious disease and transport in mammals. In particular, you will find that
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certain key concepts come up again and again. These include:

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• Cells as units of life

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• Biochemical processes
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• DNA, the molecule of heredity

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• Natural selection
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• Organisms in their environment

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• Observation and experiment.

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As you work through your course, make sure that you keep reflecting on the work that
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you did earlier and how it relates to the current topic that you are studying. Some of
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the reflection questions at the ends of the chapters suggest particular links that you
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could think about. They also ask you to think about how you learn, which may help
you to make the very best use of your time and abilities as your course progresses. You
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can also use the self-evaluation checklists at the end of each chapter to decide how well
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you have understood each topic in the syllabus, and whether or not you need to do
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more work on each one.

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Practical skills are an important part of your biology course. You will develop these skills
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as you do experiments and other practical work related to the topics you are studying.
Chapters P1 (for AS Level) and P2 (for A Level) explain what these skills are and what
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you need to be able to do.

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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK

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You may like to look at two other books in this series – the Workbook and the

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Practical Workbook. The Workbook provides clear guidance on many of the skills

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that you need to develop as you work through the course – such as constructing

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and analysing graphs, and planning experiments – with exercises for you to try.
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The Practical Workbook is full of detailed explanations of how to carry out all the
practicals required in the syllabus, and many others too, that will help you to become
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more confident in practical work.

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This is an exciting time to be studying biology, with new discoveries and technologies
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constantly finding their way into the news. We very much hope that you will enjoy
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your biology course, and that this book will help you not only to prepare for your

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examinations but also to develop a life-long interest in this subject.

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