PARTS OF SPEECH

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 PARTS OF SPEECH

• WHAT ARE PARTS OF SPEECH?

• HOW DO WE USE THEM?
• WHAT SEQUENCE IS FORMED BY WORDS?
• HOW MANY PARTS OF SPEECH ARE THERE ?
• EVERY WORD MAKES UP A SENTENCE
• EVERY WORD HAS A MEANING
• EACH WORD IS A UNIT OF MEANING
• WE USE PARTS OF SPEECH TO CONSTRUCT A SENTENCE
 PARTS OF SPEECH

• WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF SPEECH ?

 PARTS OF SPEECH

• WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION IN A SENTENCE ?

 PARTS OF SPEECH

• THE PART OF SPEECH INDICATES HOW THE WORD FUNCTIONS IN

MEANING AS WELL AS GRAMMATICALLY WITHIN THE SENTENCE.

• AN INDIVIDUAL WORD CAN FUNCTION AS MORE THAN ONE PART

OF SPEECH WHEN USED IN DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES.
 PARTS OF SPEECH

• WE CAN CATEGORIZE ENGLISH WORDS INTO 9 BASIC TYPES

CALLED "PARTS OF SPEECH" OR "WORD CLASSES".
• IT IS QUITE IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE PARTS OF SPEECH.
• THIS HELPS US TO ANALYZE SENTENCES AND UNDERSTAND
THEM.
• IT ALSO HELPS US TO CONSTRUCT GOOD SENTENCES.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
• WORD TYPES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH:
• NOUNS
• PRONOUNS
• VERBS
• ADJECTIVES
• ADVERBS
• PREPOSITIONS
• CONJUNCTIONS
• INTERJECTIONS
PARTS OF SPEECH

•1. NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN

•WHAT ARE NOUNS ?

 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS

•WHAT IS THE
FUNCTION OF NOUNS
IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
• A noun is the name of A PERSON, PLACE, THING, OR IDEA.

• Example: man... Law College... house... happiness

• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher,
and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
• Nouns are often USED WITH AN ARTICLE (THE, A, AN), BUT
NOT ALWAYS.
• PROPER NOUNS always start with a capital letter; COMMON
NOUNS do not.
• Nouns can be SINGULAR OR PLURAL, CONCRETE OR
ABSTRACT.
• Nouns show POSSESSION BY ADDING ‘s.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS

• Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence; for example, a

noun can be a
• SUBJECT,
• DIRECT OBJECT,
• SUBJECT COMPLEMENT,
• OR
• OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION.
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
• VERB
Stop!
• NOUN + VERB
• John works.
• NOUN + VERB + VERB
• John is working.
• PRONOUN + VERB + NOUN
• She loves animals.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
Bob bought a bag from a shop.
SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE OBJECT PREPOSITI ARTICLE OBJECT
ON OF
PREPOSITI
ON
NOUN NOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
ALI IS A SINGER

SUBJECT LINKING VERB ARTICLE SUBJECT

COMPLEMENT

NOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH

•2. PRONOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN

• WHAT IS A PRONOUN?

• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PRONOUN IN A

SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
• A PRONOUN IS A WORD USED IN PLACE OF A NOUN.
• She... we... they... it

• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
• A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called
its ANTECEDENT (previous, earlier).

• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and
then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

• In the sentence above, the ANTECEDENT FOR THE PRONOUN SHE IS

THE GIRL.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
• Pronouns are further defined by type:
• PERSONAL pronouns refer to specific persons or things;
• POSSESSIVE pronouns indicate ownership;
• REFLEXIVE pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or
pronoun;
• RELATIVE pronouns introduce a subordinate clause;
• and DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
• THE FUNCTION OF PRONOUNS IS SAME AS NOUNS: Pronouns can
function in different roles within a sentence; for example, a pronoun
can be a
• SUBJECT,
• DIRECT OBJECT,
• SUBJECT COMPLEMENT,
• OR
• OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
They hit Rana.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

PRONOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
I bought it for you.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT PREPOSITION OBJECT OF

PREPOSITION

PRONOUN PRONOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN
Sara likes her.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

NOUN PRONOUN
PARTS OF SPEECH

•3. VERB
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB

• WHAT IS A VERB?

• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A VERB

IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• A verb expresses action or being.
• jump... is... write... become

• The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a

main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. ("She
can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb.)
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular
or both are plural).
• Verbs also take different forms to express tense.

• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher,
and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• A VERB SHOWS :
• WHAT HAPPENED

• WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENED

• A VERB ALWAYS HAS THREE FORMS (bring, brought,

brought)(play, played, played) (cut, cut, cut)
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• EXAMPLES: (DOING VERBS)

Bob went to London.

SUBJECT VERB PREPOSITION OBJECT OF

PREPOSITION

NOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• EXAMPLES: (BEING VERBS)

Bob is a teacher.

SUBJECT LINKING VERB ARTICLE SUBJECT

COMPLEMENT

NOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB
• EXAMPLES: (BEING VERBS)

The questions were very easy.

DEFINITE SUBJECT LINKING SUBJECT SUBJECT

ARTICLE VERB CMPLEMENT COMPLEME
NT
NOUN ADVERB ADJECTIVE
 PARTS OF SPEECH

•4. ADJECTIVE
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADJECTIVE

•WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE ?

•WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF AN

ADJECTIVE IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADJECTIVE
• AN ADJECTIVE MODIFIES OR DESCRIBES A NOUN OR PRONOUN.
• pretty... old... blue... smart
• An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It
usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles
[a, an, the] are usually classified as adjectives.)
• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
quickly disappeared. Oh my!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADJECTIVE
• They specify WHICH ONE, HOW MUCH, WHAT KIND,
AND MORE. Adjectives allow readers and listeners TO
USE THEIR SENSES TO IMAGINE SOMETHING MORE
CLEARLY. Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright,
beautiful, poor, smooth.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADJECTIVE
1. The president rewarded the brave soldiers.

ARTICLE SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE ADJECTIVE OBJECT

NOUN NOUN

2. They bought a big house.

SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE ADJECTIVE OBJECT

PRONOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADJECTIVE
He is tall

He is smart

She is intelligent

The cat is tired

I am hot

SUBJECT LINKING VERB SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

NOUN/PRONOUN ADJECTIVE
PARTS OF SPEECH

•5. ADVERB
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB

• WHAT IS AN ADVERB ?

• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF AN

ADVERB IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
• AN ADVERB MODIFIES OR DESCRIBES
• A VERB,
• AN ADJECTIVE,
• OR
• ANOTHER ADVERB.
• Examples: gently... extremely... carefully... well
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
• An adverb DESCRIBES OR MODIFIES A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE,
OR ANOTHER ADVERB, but never a noun.
• It usually answers the questions of WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY,
UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS, OR TO WHAT DEGREE. Adverbs
often end in -ly.
• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher,
and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
1. I ran quickly to my house

SUBJECT VERB ADVERB PREPOSITION POSSESSIVE OBJECT OF

ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION

PRONOUN NOUN

2. That watch is so expensive

DEMONSTRATI SUBJECT VERB ADVERB ADJECTIVE

VE ADJECTIVE
NOUN SUBJECT
COMPLEMENT
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
1. A horse runs

2. A horse runs fast

3. A horse runs very fast

ARTICLE SUBJECT VERB ADVERB ADVERB

4. Jim talks very rudely

SUBJECT/NOUN VERB ADVERB ADVERB

 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
• NOUN + VERB + NOUN + ADVERB
• Tara speaks English well.

• NOUN + VERB + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

• Tara speaks good English.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
1. The principal rewarded the extraordinar intelligent boys
ily

ARTICLE SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE ADVERB ADJECTIVE OBJECT

2. The fast bowlers of Pakistan bowled very fast

ARTICLE ADJECTIVE SUBJECT PREPOSITION OBJECT OF VERB ADVERB/ADV

PREPOSITION ERB
 PARTS OF SPEECH
ADVERB
• Adjective = Are you WELL?
• Adverb = She speaks WELL.

• Adjective = a HARD bat

• Adverb = He studied HARD
 PARTS OF SPEECH

•6. PREPOSITION
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PREPOSITIONS

•WHAT IS A PREPOSITION ?
•WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A
PREPOSITION IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PREPOSITIONS
• A preposition is a word PLACED BEFORE A NOUN OR
PRONOUN to form a phrase modifying another word in the
sentence.
• Examples: by... with.... about... until

• (by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow)
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PREPOSITIONS
• A preposition is a WORD PLACED BEFORE A NOUN OR PRONOUN to form a
phrase modifying another word in the sentence.
• Therefore a preposition is always part of a prepositional phrase
• They come at the start of a prepositional phrase, which contains a
PREPOSITION AND ITS OBJECT.
• Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.
• Example: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and
then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PREPOSITIONS
Bob bought a book from China on Tuesday for Jim

SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE OBJECT PREPOSI OBJECT PREPOSI OBJECT PREPOSI OBJECT
TION OF TION OF TION OF
PREPOSI PREPOSI PREPOSI
TION TION TION
NOUN NOUN NOUN NOUN NOUN
 PARTS OF SPEECH

•7. CONJUNCTION
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION

• WHAT IS A • WHAT IS THE

CONJUNCTION ? FUNCTION OF A
CONJUNCTION IN
A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION
• A conjunction JOINS WORDS, PHRASES, OR CLAUSES.

• and... but... or... while... because

 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION
• A conjunction joins WORDS, PHRASES, OR CLAUSES, and indicates
the relationship between the elements joined.

• COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect grammatically equal

elements: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
• SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect clauses that are not
equal: because, although, while, since, etc. There are other types of
conjunctions as well.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION

• Example: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the
teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

• There are COORDINATING, SUBORDINATING, and

CORRELATIVE conjunctions. Examples: and, but, or, so, yet,
with.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION
• A conjunction joins two words:
1. Bob and Joe are watching a video
SUBJECT/NO CONJUNCTI SUBJECT HELPING MAIN VERB ARTICLE OBJECT
UN ON VERB
2. You and he should study well
SUBJECT CONJUNCTI SUBJECT/PR HELPING MAIN VERB ADVERB
ON ONOUN VERB
3. Raja is smart and intelligent
SUBJECT/NO LINKING ADJECTIVE CONJUNCTI ADJECTIVE
UN VERB ON
4. Bunty talks softly and politely
SUBJECT VERB ADVERB CONJUNCTI ADVERB
ON
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION

We lost the
We played well BUT
match
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION

The T.V was not

SO I sold it.
working well
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION (JOINING TWO CLAUSES )
1. We played well but we lost the match
SUBJECT VERB ADVERB CONJUN SUBJECT VERB ARTICLE OBJECT
NO 1 CTION NO 2 NO 2
PRONOU PRONOU NOUN
N N
2. The T.V was not working well so I sold it
ARTICLE SUBJECT HELPING ADVERB MAIN ADVERB CONJUN SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
VERB OF VERB CTION NO 2 NO 2
NEGATI
ON
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION
• CLAUSE:
• A clause is a part of sentence that has its own subject and verb.
• INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE
DEPENDENT
CLAUSE
 PARTS OF SPEECH
CONJUNCTION

SENTENCE

CLAUSE

SUBJECT- PARTS OF
S.V.O
PREDICATE SPEECH
 PARTS OF SPEECH

•8. INTERJECTION
 PARTS OF SPEECH
INTERJECTION

•WHAT IS AN INTERJECTION ?
•WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF AN
INTERJECTION IN A SENTENCE ?
 PARTS OF SPEECH
INTERJECTION
• Interjections are EXPRESSIONS that can stand on their
own or be contained within sentences.
• These words and phrases often carry strong emotions
and convey reactions.
• Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, yabba dabba doo!
 PARTS OF SPEECH
INTERJECTION
• An interjection is a word used TO EXPRESS EMOTION.

• Examples: Oh!... Wow!... Oops!

 PARTS OF SPEECH
INTERJECTION
• Interjections can form COMPLETE SENTENCES on their own.
• It is often followed by an EXCLAMATION POINT.

• The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
quickly disappeared. Oh my!
• Ouch! That hurts!
• Hi! How are you?
• Well ! I don't know.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
INTERJECTION
• Some words can be considered MORE THAN ONE PART OF
SPEECH, depending on context and usage.

• adjective Are you well?

• adverb She speaks well.
• interjection Well! That's expensive!
 An individual
word can
function as
more than one
part of speech
when used in
different
circumstances.

THE EIGHT
PARTS OF
SPEECH
THANK YOU
ANEELA ZAHEER