1.

NAME: JOHN JOSEPH

COURSE: CSC 202

COURSE TITLE : COMP PROGRAMMING II

MATRIC NO: U23MTH1020

DEPARTMENT: MATHEMATICS

GMAIL: JOSEPH.J222B@GMAIL.COM

Page content

Abstract

1. Introduction
2. Programming language (generation types and where c falls in)
3. Programming paradise (types, where c falls in)
4. C programming language
5. Conclusion

Abstract

C Programming Language

C is a general-purpose procedural programming language initially developed

by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 while at AT&T Bell Labs. Unlike
python, or java, C is a low level language and it’s considered the mother of
all programming languages
Programming language (generation, types, and, where c falls in)

Computer Language 1. First Generation Language:-

The first generation languages , or 1 GL are low-level languages that are

machine language. Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble
the first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions
were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system. The
main benefit of programming in a first-generation programming language is
that the code a user writes can run very fast and efficiently, since it is
directly executed by the CPU.

2. Second Generation Language:-

The second generation languages , or 2 GL are also low-level languages that

generally consist of assembly languages. The term was coined to provide a
distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3 GL)
such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages. Second-generation
programming languages have the following properties: The code can be
read and written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be
converted into a machine readable form, a process called assembly. The
language is specific to a particular processor family and environment

3. Third Generation Language:-

The third generation languages, or 3 GL

are high-level languages such as C. Most popular general-purpose languages

today, such as C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Delphi,are also third-generation
languages. Most 3. GLs support structured programming.

4. Fourth Generation Language:-

The fourth generation languages, or 4 GL

are languages that consist of statements similar to statements in a human

language. Fourth generation languages are commonly used in database
programming and scripts.

A fourth-generation programming language (1970s-1990) (abbreviated

4 GL) is a programming language or programming environment designed

with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial
business software. In the history of computer science, the 4 GL followed the
3 GL in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and statement power. The
4 GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5 GL.

5. Fifth Generation Language:-

The

fifth generation languages, or 5 GL

are programming languages that contain visual tools to help develop a

program. A good example of a fifth generation language is Visual Basic.

A fifth-generation programming language

(abbreviated 5 GL) is a programming language based around solving

problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an
algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic
programming languages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation
languages.

4.2 – What is C Programming?

C programming is a high-level general-purpose programming language
widely used for developing various applications and embedded systems.
Many other modern programming languages have been derived from it.

4.4- Basics of C Language: Features Highlights

Some of the crucial features of C programming are mentioned below.

C is a procedural language that follows a step-by-step procedure to solve a

problem.

It is also known as a mid-level programming language as it combines the

features of high-level as well as low-level languages.

It allows developers to break the code into smaller modules or functions that
can be reused and maintained.

It is a statically typed language, which means a type of variable can be

determined during compilation.

It provides library support consisting of predefined functions.

C programming languages are portable and can be used on different

machines without any changes.

It supports recursion, bit manipulation, multithreading, and more to provide

faster execution and efficiency.

Basics of C Language: Identifiers

Identifiers are the name given to a variable which is used to identify the
variable, function or any other user-defined elements in the code.

An identifier can begin with lowercase or uppercase alphabet, underscore, or

numbers and alphabet combinations.

It does not allow punctuation or special symbols, such as @, $, %, etc in the

identifiers.

It is a case-sensitive programming language.

Basic of C Language: Constants

Constants are fixed values which cannot be changed or modified after

initialisation. These fixed values are also referred to as literals. It can be of
any data type, such as integer, float, pointer, string, character, etc. In C
programming language, it is represented using const keyword.

4.5- Basics of C Language

const int maxNumber = 100;

const double PI = 3.1459;

const char Greeting = “Hello World”;

4.6- Basics of C Language: Keywords

Keywords are reserved words with specific defined functions. It cannot be

used as a variable name or function name. In C programming language,
there are 32 keywords.

Keywords in C Programming Language

autovoid

elsecontinue

longgoto

switchsizeof

breakvolatile

enumdefault

registerif

typedefstatic

casewhile

externdo
returnint

unionstruct

charpack

floatconst

shortfor

unsignedsigned

4.7- Basic of C Language: Comments

Comments are part of the program that is not compiled or executed. The
comments are the text written along with the code to provide an explanation
or guidance to any reader or developer going through the code. The compiler
ignores these comments while executing the program.

C Program supports single-line comments which begin with “//” at the end of
the comment. For multi-line comments which are enclosed between “/*” and
“*/”. Comments increase the readability of the code.

4.8- Basic of C Langauge: Data Types

C Program supports various data types to store values inside the variable.
There are three major types of data used in C Programming Language.

1. Primary or Primitive Data Type

It consists of the most basic type of data represented using integers, float,
characters, double floating points, voids, etc.

2. User Defined Data Type

C Program also supports user-defined data types such as class, union, enum,
typedef, class, etc. Different data types have different ranges which vary
across compilers.

3. Derived Types

These data types are derived from the primitive data types and are hence
known as derived data types. For example, function, array, pointer,
reference, etc.

4.9- Basics of C Langauge: Statement Terminator

In C programming we use semicolons to end a statement. Each program

statement in C ends with a semicolon. Check with an example below.

Basics of C Language

const int maxNumber = 100;

const double PI = 3.1459;

const char Greeting = “Hello World”;

5.0- Why Learn C Programming?

C programming is important for several reasons. Some of which are

highlighted below.

C program is a high-level language that is comparatively easier to learn.

C programming language, being the mother of all other programming

languages, provides a good hold over the basics of programming.

It is used to develop operating systems, embedded systems and gaming

applications, which are always in higher demand.

C Programming language is a portable language that can easily run on

different platforms without any changes being required.
C is a procedural language, which means it follows a set of guidelines to form
programs.

It is a compiled language as code is first compiled and then executed.

Basics of C Langauge: Hello World Program

Start your C programming with the “Hello World!” program in the table
below.

Basics of C Language: Hello World!

#include <stdio.h> // Include standard input/output library

int main() {

// Print “Hello, world!” on the console

printf(“Hello, world!\n”);

return 0; // Return 0 to indicate successful execution

Output

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Basics of C Language FAQs

What is Algorithm in C?
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem in C
programming. It creates a machine-friendly solution which can be executed
with simple C programs.

Reference:

Online resource; PW Skills

7.WHAT IS A COMPILED LANGUAGE, IS C ONE?

in any target environment in order for applications packaged and deployed

as bytecode to run.

The benefit of applications built with an interpreted language is that they can
run on any environment. In fact, one of the mantras of the Java language
when it was first released was “Write once, run anywhere,” as Java apps
were not tied to any one OS or architecture.

The drawback to an interpreted language is that the interpretation step

consumes additional clock cycles, especially in comparison to applications
packaged and deployed as machine code.

age as a purely compiled one.

Reference:

Online resource PW Skills

8.WHILE, DO..WHILE LOOPS IN C

Loop in C with Examples: While, Do..While Loops

What are Loop in C?

Loops are a block of code that executes itself until the specified condition
becomes false. In this section, we will look in detail at the types of loops used
in C programming.

What is the Need for Looping Statements in C?

Here are some uses of loops in C:

Loops allow the user to execute the same set of statements repeatedly
without writing the same code multiple times.

It saves time and effort and increases the efficiency.

It reduces the chance of getting errors during compilation.

Loop makes the code readable and easier to understand, especially when
dealing with complex logic or large data sets.

It promotes code reusability.

Loops help traverse data structures like arrays or linked lists

Types of Loop in C

Let’s get into the three types of loops used in C programming.

for loop

while loop

do while loop

for loop in C

A for loop is a control structure that enables a set of instructions to get

executed for a specified number of iterations. It is an entry-controlled loop.
for loop Flowchart

for loop in C

Syntax

for(initialization; test condition; update expression){

//code to be executed

Here, the initialization statement is executed first and only once.

The test condition is checked, if false the loop terminates

If the test condition is true, the body of the loop executes

The update expression gets updated

Again the test condition is evaluated

The process repeats until the test condition becomes false.

Example: For loop in C Compiler

// Program to print numbers from 1 to 10

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int I;

for (I = 0; I < 10; i++)

printf(“%d\n”, i+1);

}
return 0;

Run Code >>

The above code prints the numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop in C.

We know it will take 10 iterations to print 10 numbers so, we have used the
for loop.

I is initialized to 0.

The condition i<10 will be checked. It is true, therefore i+1 i.e. 1 gets
printed.

Then I increments to 1 again the condition, i<10 is evaluated.

The process will repeat until I become 10.

Output

10

while loop in C

It repeatedly carries out a series of instructions till a condition is true. It is an

entry-controlled loop. The while loop in C is used when we don’t know the
number of iterations.

while loop Flowchart

while loop in c programming

Syntax

while(test condition){

//code to be executed

If the test condition inside the () becomes true, the body of the loop executes
else loop terminates without execution. The process repeats until the test
condition becomes false.

Example: while loop in C

// Print numbers from 1 to 10

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int I = 1;

while (I <= 10) {

printf(“%d\n”, i);

i++;

return 0;

Run Code >>

In the above code, I is initialized to 1 before the start of the loop.

The test condition, i<=10 is evaluated. If true, the body of the loop executes.

If the condition becomes false in the beginning itself, the program control
does not even enter the loop once.

The loop executes until I becomes 10.

Output

10

do…while loop in C

It is an exit-controlled loop. It prints the output at least once before checking

the condition. Afterwards, the condition is checked and the execution of the
loop begins.

do…while loop Flowchart

Syntax

do{

//code to be executed

}while(test condition);

The body of the loop executes before checking the condition.

If the test condition is true, the loop body executes again.

Again the test condition is evaluated.

The process repeats until the test condition becomes false.

Example: do…while loop in C

#include <stdio.h>
int main()

int I = 0;

do {

printf(“%d\n”, i+1);

i++;

while (I < 10);

return 0;

Run Code >>

The above code prints numbers from 1 to 10 using the do while loop in C.

It prints 1 before checking if I less than 10.

It checks the condition i<10 and executes until I becomes 10

Output

10

Summary
Loops in C have a broad range of applications, from loop-driven algorithms to
iterative problem-solving. As demonstrated, the syntax for using these loops
is relatively straightforward, although their logic must be carefully explored
to determine advantage and ease of use.

Referenc:

PW Skills

9.Conclusion

C programming is a versatile and powerful language that has played a

significant role in shaping the world of computer programming.

C programming is a high-level programming language that is known for its

efficiency, portability, and flexibility. It is often referred to as the “mother of
programming language”, a middle-level language because it combines
elements of both high-level and low-level languages. C has influenced the
development of many other programming languages, including C++, Java,
and Python.

At its core, C is a procedural programming language.

Features of C Programming

C programming possesses several notable features that have contributed to

its enduring popularity:

Portability

Efficiency

Flexibility

Rich Standard Library

Community Support
C programming is a versatile and powerful language with a rich history and
enduring popularity. Its efficiency, portability, and flexibility make it suitable
for a wide range of applications, from system software to game development
and scientific computing.

Understanding C programming is a valuable skill for both beginners and

experienced programmers, as it provides a solid foundation for mastering
other programming languages and tackling complex software development
challenges. In the world of programming, C continues to be a fundamental
building block that has stood the test of time.

12. All Article’s Reference:

Reference: Ritchie, D. M. (1973). The C Programming Language ( The First

Edition).

Author: Sebesta

Tittle: Concepts of Language

Reference

Sebesta, R. W. (2019).

Tittle: Concepts of programming Languages

Edition: 12

Reference

PW skills