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Q11]PYTHON programming

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Python functions, detailing their creation, calling, and various types of arguments including default, keyword, and variable-length arguments. It also explains the significance of docstrings, the return statement, and the concept of pass by reference versus pass by value in Python. Examples are included to illustrate each concept clearly.

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32 views7 pages

Q11]PYTHON programming

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Python functions, detailing their creation, calling, and various types of arguments including default, keyword, and variable-length arguments. It also explains the significance of docstrings, the return statement, and the concept of pass by reference versus pass by value in Python. Examples are included to illustrate each concept clearly.

Uploaded by

omkarbarhate755
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q11] To study python function in detail .

Python Functions

Python Functions is a block of related statements designed to perform a computational, logical,


or evaluative task. The idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together and
make a function so that instead of writing the same code again and again for different inputs,
we can do the function calls to reuse code contained in it over and over again.

Functions can be both built-in or user-defined. It helps the program to be concise,


nonrepetitive, and organized.

Syntax:

def function_name(parameters):

"""docstring"""
statement(s)
return expression
Creating a Function
We can create a Python function using the def keyword.

Example: Python Creating Function


# A simple Python function

def fun():

print("Welcome to GFG")

Calling a Function
After creating a function we can call it by using the name of the function followed by
parenthesis containing parameters of that particular function.

Example: Python Calling Function


# A simple Python function

def fun():

print("Welcome to GFG")

# Driver code to call a function fun()

Output
Welcome to GFG
Arguments of a Function
Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function. A function can have
any number of arguments separated by a comma.

Example: Python Function with arguments


In this example, we will create a simple function to check whether the number passed as an
argument to the function is even or odd.

# A simple Python function to check


# whether x is even or odd

def evenOdd(x):

if (x % 2 == 0):

print("even")

else:
print("odd")

# Driver code to call the function


evenodd(2)
evenOdd(3)
Output
even odd

Types of Arguments
Python supports various types of arguments that can be passed at the time of the function call.
Let’s discuss each type in detail.

Default arguments
A default argument is a parameter that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the
function call for that argument. The following example illustrates Default arguments.

# Python program to demonstrate


# default arguments
def myFun(x,
y=50): print("x:
", x)
print("y: ", y)
# Driver code (We call myFun() with only
# argument)

myFun(10) Output
('x: ', 10)
('y: ', 50)

Like C++ default arguments, any number of arguments in a function can have a default value.
But once we have a default argument, all the arguments to its right must also have default
values.

Keyword arguments
The idea is to allow the caller to specify the argument name with values so that caller does not
need to remember the order of parameters.

# Python program to demonstrate Keyword Arguments def


student(firstname, lastname): print(firstname, lastname) # Keyword
arguments student(firstname='Geeks', lastname='Practice')
student(lastname='Practice',
firstname='Geeks')
Output
('Geeks', 'Practice')
('Geeks', 'Practice')

Variable-length arguments
In Python, we can pass a variable number of arguments to a function using special symbols.
There are two special symbols:

*args (Non-Keyword Arguments)


**kwargs (Keyword Arguments)
Example 1: Variable length non-keywords argument
# Python program to illustrate
# *args for variable number of arguments

def myFun(*argv): for arg


in argv: print(arg)
myFun('Hello', 'Welcome', 'to', 'GeeksforGeeks')
Output
Hello
Welcome
to
Example 2: Variable length keyword arguments
# Python program to illustrate
# *kwargs for variable number of keyword arguments def myFun(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print("%s == %s" % (key, value))
# Driver code myFun(first='Geeks', mid='for',
last='Geeks')
Output first == Geeks mid == for last ==
Geeks

Docstring
The first string after the function is called the Document string or Docstring in short. This is used
to describe the functionality of the function. The use of docstring in functions is optional but it is
considered a good practice.
The below syntax can be used to print out the docstring of a function:

Syntax: print(function_name.__doc__)
Example: Adding Docstring to the function
# A simple Python function to check
# whether x is even or odd

def evenOdd(x):
"""Function to check if the number is even or odd""" if (x
% 2 == 0):

print("even")

else:

print("odd")

# Driver code to call the function

print(evenOdd.__doc__)
Output
Function to check if the number is even or odd

The return statement


The function return statement is used to exit from a function and go back to the function caller
and return the specified value or data item to the caller.

Syntax:
return [expression_list]
The return statement can consist of a variable, an expression, or a constant which is returned to
the end of the function execution. If none of the above is present with the return statement a
None object is returned.

Example: Python Function Return Statement

def square_value(num):

"""This function returns the square value of


the entered number""" return
num**2
print(square_value(2))

print(square_value(-4)) Output:
4
16
Python Function Pass by Reference or pass by value
One important thing to note is, in Python every variable name is a reference. When we pass a
variable to a function, a new reference to the object is created. Parameter passing in Python is
the same as reference passing in Java.

Example:
# Here x is a new reference to same list lst def
myFun(x):

x[0] = 20

# Driver Code (Note that lst is modified # after function


call.

lst = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] myFun(lst)


print(lst)
Output
[20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
When we pass a reference and change the received reference to something else, the
connection between the passed and received parameter is broken. For example, consider the
below program.

def myFun(x):

# After below line link of x with previous # object gets


broken. A new object is assigned
# to x.
x = [20, 30, 40]
# Driver Code (Note that lst is not modified # after function
call.

lst = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]


myFun(lst) print(lst)
Output
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

Another example to demonstrate that the reference link is broken if we assign a new value
(inside the function). def myFun(x):

# After below line link of x with previous # object gets


broken. A new object is assigned
# to x. x
= 20

# Driver Code (Note that lst is not modified) # after


function call. x = 10 myFun(x) print(x) Output 10

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