1 Write a program to declare variables of different data types (int,

float, string).
integer_var = 10
float_var = 5.5
string_var = "Hello"
print(f"Integer: {integer_var}, Float: {float_var}, String: {string_var}")

OUTPUT-

Integer: 10, Float: 5.5, String: Hello

2. Write a program to perform basic arithmetic operations (+, -, , /) on

two numbers.
a, b = 10, 5
addition = a + b
subtraction = a - b
multiplication = a * b
division = a / b
print(f"Addition: {addition}, Subtraction: {subtraction}, Multiplication:
{multiplication}, Division: {division}")

OUTPUT-
Addition: 15, Subtraction: 5, Multiplication: 50, Division: 2.0

3. Write a program to demonstrate the use of identifiers and reserved

words.
my_variable = 10 # Valid identifier
another_var = 20 # Valid identifie
r # print = 30 # Error: 'print' is a reserved word
print(f"my_variable: {my_variable}, another_var: {another_var}")

OUTPUT-
my_variable: 10, another_var: 20

4. Write a program to show the difference between expressions and

statements.
expression = 5 + 3
print(f"Expression result: {expression}")
statement = print("This is a statement")

OUTPUT-
Expression result: 8
This is a statement

5. Write a program to display all essential Python libraries (e.g., math,

random).
import math
import random
import os
import sys
print("Essential Python libraries:")
print("math - For mathematical operations")
print("random - For random number generation")
print("os - For operating system interactions")
print("sys - For system-specific parameters")

6. Write a program to explain the concept of indentation in Python.

def greet():
message = "Hello, Python!" # Indented block
print(message) # Indented under function
greet()
# print(message) # Error: Not indented, out of scope
print("Indentation defines code blocks in Python.")
OUTPUT-
Hello, Python!
Indentation defines code blocks in Python.

7. Write a program to comment a block of code using single-line and

multi-line comments.
# This is a single-line comment
print("This will execute")
""" This is a multi-line comment It can span multiple lines This will not execute
"""
print("This will also execute")

OUTPUT-
This will execute
This will also execute

8. Write a program to assign and print multiple variables in a single

line.
a, b, c = 1, 2.5, "Python"
print(f"a: {a}, b: {b}, c: {c}")

OUTPUT-
a: 1 , b: 2.5 , c: Python

9. Write a program to demonstrate the use of operators (e.g., +, -, *, /,

%, ).
a, b = 10, 3
addition = a + b
subtraction = a - b
multiplication = a * b
division = a / b
modulus = a % b
exponent = a ** b
print(f"+: {addition}, -: {subtraction}, *: {multiplication}, /: {division}, %: {modulus},
**: {exponent}")

OUTPUT-
+: 13 , - : 7 , * : 30 , / : 3.3333333333333335 , % : 1 , ** : 1000

10. Write a program to check if a number is positive using an if

statement.
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0:
print(f"{num} is positive! ")
if num < 0:
print(f"{num} is negative! ")
if num.is_integer():
print(f"{num} is a rational integer! ")
else:
print(f"{num} is a rational decimal! ")

OUTPUT-
Enter a number: -9
-9.0 is negative!
-9.0 is a rational integer!

Enter a number: 89
89.0 is positive!
89.0 is a rational integer!

11. Write a program to find the largest of two numbers using if-else.
a, b = map(int, input("Enter two numbers: ").split())
if a > b:
print(f"Largest: {a}")
else:
print(f"Largest: {b}")
OUTPUT-
Enter two numbers: 5 3

Largest: 5

12. Write a program to check voting eligibility (age >= 18) using if-else.
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote")
else: print("You are not eligible to vote")

OUTPUT-
Enter your age: 76

You are eligible to vote

13. Write a program to determine a grade (A, B, C) based on a score

using nested if.
score = float(input("Enter your score: "))
if score >= 90:
if score >= 95:
print("Grade: A+")
else:
print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade: C")
else: print("Grade: F")

OUTPUT-
Enter your score: 34
Grade: F

14. Write a program to check if a number is divisible by 3 using if-elif-

else.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 3 == 0:
print(f"{num} is divisible by 3")
elif num % 3 == 1:
print(f"{num} has remainder 1 when divided by 3")
else:
print(f"{num} has remainder 2 when divided by 3")

OUTPUT-
Enter a number: 71
71 has remainder 2 when divided by 3

15. Write a program to find the type of triangle (equilateral, isosceles,

scalene) using if.
a, b, c = map(int, input("Enter three sides: ").split())
if a == b == c:
print("Equilateral triangle")
elif a == b or b == c or a == c:
print("Isosceles triangle")
else:
print("Scalene triangle")

OUTPUT-
Enter three sides: 6 6 7
Isosceles triangle

Enter three sides: 6 6 7

Isosceles triangle

Enter three sides: 3 5 12

Scalene triangle

16. Write a program to check if a character is uppercase using if-else.

char = input("Enter a character: ")
if char.isupper():
print(f"{char} is uppercase")
else:
print(f"{char} is not uppercase")

OUTPUT-
Enter a character: G
G is uppercase

Enter a character: F
F is uppercase

17. Write a program to determine if a year is leap using nested if

conditions.
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if year % 4 == 0:
if year % 100 == 0:
if year % 400 == 0:
print(f"{year} is a leap year")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a leap year")
else:
print(f"{year} is a leap year")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a leap year")

OUTPUT-
Enter a year: 2009
2009 is not a leap year
Enter a year: 2004
2004 is a leap year

18. Write a program to compare two strings using if-else.

s1, s2 = input("Enter two strings: ").split()
if s1 == s2:
print("Strings are equal")
else:
print("Strings are not equal")
# Explanation: Uses if-else to compare string equality.

OUTPUT-
Enter two strings: 5 5
Strings are equal

Enter two strings: 544 86

Strings are not equal

19. Write a program to check if a number is within a range (10-50)

using if-elif-else.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 10 and num <= 50:
print(f"{num} is within range 10-50")
elif num < 10:
print(f"{num} is below range")
else:
print(f"{num} is above range")
# Explanation: Uses if-elif-else to check if a number falls within 10-50.

OUTPUT-
Enter a number: 3542
3542 is above range

Enter a number: 5
5 is below ra
20.Print numbers 1 to 10 using a while loop:
i=1
while i <= 10:
print(i)
i += 1

OUTPUT-

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

21.Calculate sum of numbers from 1 to N using a for loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum = 0
for i in range(1, n + 1):
sum += i
print(f"Sum of numbers from 1 to {n} is: {sum}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 3

Sum of numbers from 1 to 3 is: 6

22.Print even numbers up to N using a while loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
i=2
while i <= n:
print(i) i += 2

OUTPUT-
 Enter a number: 8

2,4,6,8

23.Print multiplication table using a for loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number for multiplication table: "))
for i in range(1, 11):
print(f"{n} x {i} = {n * i}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number for multiplication table: 4

4x1=4
4x2=8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
4 x 10 = 40

24.Reverse a number using a while loop:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
reversed_num = 0
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10
reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digit
num //= 10
print(f"Reversed number: {reversed_num}")

OUTPUT-
 Enter a number: 57

Reversed number: 75

25. Find factorial of a number using a for loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
factorial *= i
print(f"Factorial of {n} is: {factorial}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 5
Factorial of 5 is: 120

26. Print star pattern using nested while loops:

rows = 5
i=0
while i < rows:
j=0
while j <= i:
print("*", end=" ")
j += 1
print()
i += 1

OUTPUT-

**

***
 ****

*****

27. Count digits in a number using a while loop:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
count = 0
while num > 0:
count += 1
num //= 10
print(f"Number of digits: {count}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 54

Number of digits: 2

28. Print numbers in descending order using a for loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
for i in range(n, 0, -1):
print(i)

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 5

2
 1

29. Sum odd numbers up to N using a while loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum = 0
i=1
while i <= n:
sum += i
i += 2
print(f"Sum of odd numbers up to {n} is: {sum}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 7
Sum of odd numbers up to 7 is: 16

30. Print numbers 1 to 10 and use break to exit at 5:

i=1
while i <= 10:
print(i)
if i == 5:
break
i += 1

OUTPUT-

1
2
3
4
5
31. Print numbers 1 to 10 and skip 5 using continue:
for i in range(1, 11):
if i == 5:
continue
print(i)

OUTPUT-

1
2
3
4
6
7
8

32. Use pass in an empty loop structure:

for i in range(5):
pass
# Placeholder for future code
print("Loop completed with pass")

OUTPUT-

Loop completed with pass

33. Print prime numbers up to N using a for loop with break:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
for num in range(2, n + 1):
for i in range(2, num):
if num % i == 0:
break
else:
 print(num, "is prime")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 6
2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime

34. Print a sequence and use continue to skip even numbers:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
for i in range(1, n + 1):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)

OUTPUT-

Enter a number: 5

35. Demonstrate nested loops with break:

for i in range(1, 6):
for j in range(1, 4):
if j == 2:
break
print(f"i={i}, j={j}")

OUTPUT-
 i=1, j=1
i=2, j=1
i=3, j=1
i=4, j=1
i=5, j=1

36. Use continue in a nested loop to skip specific iterations:

for i in range(1, 6):
for j in range(1, 4):
if j == 2:
continue
print(f"i={i}, j={j}")

OUTPUT-

i=1, j=1

i=1, j=3

i=2, j=1

i=2, j=3

i=3, j=1

i=3, j=3

i=4, j=1

37. Exit a loop when a condition is met using break:

sum = 0
while True:
num = int(input("Enter a number (0 to exit): "))
if num == 0:
break
 sum += num
print(f"Sum: {sum}")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number (0 to exit): 7

Enter a number (0 to exit): 8
Enter a number (0 to exit): 0
Sum: 15

38.Print a pattern using nested loops with continue:

rows = 5
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(i + 1):
if j % 2 == 0:
continue
print("*", end=" ")
print()

OUTPUT-

**

**

39. Demonstrate the else clause in a for loop:

n = int(input("Enter a number to check if prime: "))

for i in range(2, n):
if n % i == 0:
print(f"{n} is not prime")
 break
else:
print(f"{n} is prime")

OUTPUT-

Enter a number to check if prime: 65

65 is not prime

40. Function to add two numbers and return the result:

def add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b
# Test the function
num1 = 5
num2 = 3
result = add_numbers(num1, num2)
print(f"Sum of {num1} and {num2} is: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Sum of 5 and 3 is: 8

41. Function to check if a number is even and return a boolean:

def is_even(num):
return num % 2 == 0
# Test the function
number = 6
print(f"Is {number} even? {is_even(number)}")

OUTPUT-
Is 6 even? True

42. Function to calculate the area of a circle with a parameter:

def circle_area(radius):
pi = 3.14159
return pi * radius * radius
# Test the function
r=5
area = circle_area(r)
print(f"Area of circle with radius {r} is: {area}")

OUTPUT-

Area of circle with radius 5 is: 78.53975

43. Function to find the maximum of three numbers:

def find_max(a, b, c):
return max(a, b, c)
# Test the function
x, y, z = 10, 25, 15
maximum = find_max(x, y, z)
print(f"Maximum of {x}, {y}, and {z} is: {maximum}")

OUTPUT-

Maximum of 10, 25, and 15 is: 25

44. Function with default arguments to print a greeting:

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")
# Test the function
greet("Dhruv")
greet("Rahul", "Hi")

OUTPUT-

Hello, Dhruv! Hi, Rahul!

45. Function using positional arguments to multiply numbers:

def multiply(a, b, c):
return a * b * c
# Test the function
result = multiply(2, 3, 4)
print(f"Result of multiplication: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Result of multiplication: 24

46. Function with keyword arguments to format a name:

def format_name(first, last, middle=""):
if middle:
return f"{first} {middle} {last}"
return f"{first} {last}"
# Test the function
print(format_name(first="Raj", last="singh"))
print(format_name(first="Raj", middle="veer", last="singh"))

OUTPUT-

Raj singh
Raj veer singh
47. Function with arbitrary arguments to sum all inputs:
def sum_all(*args):
return sum(args)
# Test the function
print(sum_all(1, 2, 3, 4))
print(sum_all(5, 10, 15))

OUTPUT-

10 30

48. Function to demonstrate local and global scope of variables:

x = 10 # Global variable
def scope_demo():
x = 5 # Local variable
print(f"Inside function, x = {x}")
return x
# Test the function
print(f"Before function, x = {x}")
scope_demo()
print(f"After function, x = {x}")

OUTPUT-

Before function, x = 10
Inside function, x = 5
After function, x = 10

49. Function to calculate power using recursive calls:

def power(base, exp):
if exp == 0:
 return 1
return base * power(base, exp - 1)
# Test the function
base = 2

exponent = 3
result = power(base, exponent)
print(f"{base} raised to {exponent} is: {result}")

OUTPUT-

2 raised to 3 is: 8

50. Capitalize the first letter of a string:

def capitalize_string(text):
return text.capitalize()
# Test the function
string = "hello world"
result = capitalize_string(string)
print(f"Original: {string}")
print(f"Capitalized: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Original: hello world

Capitalized: Hello world

51. Check if a string is alphanumeric:

def is_alphanumeric(text):
return text.isalnum()
# Test the function
string1 = "Hello123"
string2 = "Hello 123"
print(f"'{string1}' is alphanumeric: {is_alphanumeric(string1)}")
 print(f"'{string2}' is alphanumeric: {is_alphanumeric(string2)}")

OUTPUT-

'Hello123' is alphanumeric: True 'Hello 123' is alphanumeric: False

52. Center a string with a specified width:

def center_string(text, width):
return text.center(width, '*')
# Test the function
string = "Python"
width = 10
result = center_string(string, width)
print(f"Centered string: '{result}'")

OUTPUT-

Centered string: '**Python***'

53. Count occurrences of a substring:

def count_substring(text, sub):
return text.count(sub)
# Test the function
string = "hello hello world hello"
substring = "hello"
count = count_substring(string, substring)
print(f"'{substring}' appears {count} times in '{string}'")

OUTPUT-

'hello' appears 3 times in 'hello hello world hello'

54. Encode a string to bytes:
def encode_string(text):
return text.encode('utf-8')
# Test the function
string = "Hello World"
encoded = encode_string(string)
print(f"Original: {string}")
print(f"Encoded: {encoded}")

Original: Hello World Encoded: b'Hello World'

55. Check if a string ends with a specific suffix:

def ends_with(text, suffix):
return text.endswith(suffix)
# Test the function
string = "filename.txt"
suffix = ".txt"
print(f"'{string}' ends with '{suffix}': {ends_with(string, suffix)}")

OUTPUT-

'filename.txt' ends with '.txt': True

56. Find the index of a substring:

def find_substring(text, sub):
return text.find(sub)
# Test the function
string = "Hello World"
substring = "World"
index = find_substring(string, substring)
print(f"Index of '{substring}' in '{string}': {index}")
OUTPUT-

Index of 'World' in 'Hello World': 6

57. Format a string using the format() method:

def format_string(name, age):
return "Name: {n}, Age: {a}".format(n=name, a=age)
# Test the function
name = "Alice"
age = 25

result = format_string(name, age)

print(result)

OUTPUT-

Name: Alice, Age: 25

58. Check if a string contains only digits:

def is_digits_only(text):
return text.isdigit()
# Test the function
string1 = "12345"
string2 = "123abc"
print(f"'{string1}' contains only digits: {is_digits_only(string1)}")
print(f"'{string2}' contains only digits: {is_digits_only(string2)}")

OUTPUT-

'12345' contains only digits: True '123abc' contains only digits: False

59. Join a list of strings with a delimiter:

 def join_strings(string_list, delimiter):
return delimiter.join(string_list)
# Test the function
strings = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
delimiter = ", "
result = join_strings(strings, delimiter)
print(f"Joined string: '{result}'")

OUTPUT-

Joined string: 'apple, banana, orange'

60. Match a pattern of digits using re.search():

import re
def match_digits(text):
pattern = r'\d+'
match = re.search(pattern, text)
return match.group() if match else "No digits found"
# Test the function
string = "Hello 123 World"
result = match_digits(string)
print(f"First digit sequence found: {result}")

OUTPUT-

First digit sequence found: 123

61. Replace all digits with 'X' using re.sub():

import re
def replace_digits(text):
pattern = r'\d'
return re.sub(pattern, 'X', text)
# Test the function
 string = "Phone: 123-456-7890"
result = replace_digits(string)
print(f"Original: {string}")
print(f"After replacement: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Original: Phone: 123-456-7890 After replacement: Phone: XXX-XXX-XXXX

62. Find all email addresses in a string using regex:

import re
def find_emails(text):
pattern = r'[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}'
return re.findall(pattern, text)
# Test the function
string = "Contact: alice@example.com, bob123@domain.co.uk"
emails = find_emails(string)

print(f"Emails found: {emails}")

OUTPUT-

Emails found: ['alice@example.com', 'bob123@domain.co.uk']

63. Validate a phone number format with regex (e.g., XXX-XXX-

XXXX):
import re
def is_valid_phone(phone):
pattern = r'^\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}$'
return bool(re.match(pattern, phone))
# Test the function
phone1 = "123-456-7890"
phone2 = "123-456-789"
print(f"'{phone1}' is valid: {is_valid_phone(phone1)}")
print(f"'{phone2}' is valid: {is_valid_phone(phone2)}")

OUTPUT-

'123-456-7890' is valid: True

'123-456-789' is valid: False

64. Split a string by whitespace using re.split():

import re
def split_by_whitespace(text):
pattern = r'\s+'
return re.split(pattern, text)
# Test the function
string = "Hello World Python Programming"
result = split_by_whitespace(string)
print(f"Split result: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Split result: ['Hello', 'World', 'Python', 'Programming']

65. Remove special characters using regex:

import re
def remove_special_chars(text):
pattern = r'[^a-zA-Z0-9\s]'
return re.sub(pattern, '', text)
# Test the function
string = "Hello!@# World$%^"
result = remove_special_chars(string)
print(f"Original: {string}")
print(f"Cleaned: {result}")

OUTPUT-

Original: Hello!@# World$%^

Cleaned: Hello World

66. Find the first match of a word in a string:

import re
def find_first_word(text, word):
pattern = rf'\b{word}\b'
match = re.search(pattern, text)
return match.start() if match else -1
# Test the function
string = "The quick brown fox jumps"
word = "brown"
index = find_first_word(string, word)
print(f"First occurrence of '{word}' at index: {index}")

OUTPUT-

First occurrence of 'brown' at index: 10

67. Replace multiple spaces with a single space:

import re
def normalize_spaces(text):
pattern = r'\s+' return re.sub(pattern, ' ', text.strip())
# Test the function
string = "Hello World Python "
result = normalize_spaces(string)
print(f"Original: '{string}'")
print(f"Normalized: '{result}'")
OUTPUT-

Original: 'Hello World Python '

Normalized: 'Hello World Python'

68. Check if a string is a valid URL using regex:

import re
def is_valid_url(url):
pattern = r'^(https?://)?[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}(/.*)?$'
return bool(re.match(pattern, url))
# Test the function
url1 = "https://www.example.com"
url2 = "invalid url"
print(f"'{url1}' is valid: {is_valid_url(url1)}")
print(f"'{url2}' is valid: {is_valid_url(url2)}")

OUTPUT-

'https://www.example.com' is valid: True

'invalid url' is valid: False

69. Extract all dates from a text using regex (format: DD/MM/YYYY):
import re
def extract_dates(text):

pattern = r'\b\d{2}/\d{2}/\d{4}\b'
return re.findall(pattern, text)
# Test the function
string = "Meetings on 12/05/2023 and 25/12/2024"
dates = extract_dates(string)
print(f"Dates found: {dates}")

OUTPUT-
Dates found: ['12/05/2023', '25/12/2024']

70. Create an empty list and append elements:

def append_to_list():
my_list = []
my_list.append(1)
my_list.append(2)
my_list.append(3)
return my_list
# Test the function
result = append_to_list() print(f"List after appending: {result}")

OUTPUT-

List after appending: [1, 2, 3]

71. Access the first element of a list:

def get_first_element():
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40]
return my_list[0]
# Test the function
first = get_first_element()
print(f"First element: {first}")

OUTPUT-

First element: 10

72. Slice a list to get elements from index 1 to 3:

def slice_list():
my_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
return my_list[1:4]
 # Returns elements at index 1, 2, 3
# Test the function
sliced = slice_list()
print(f"Sliced list (index 1 to 3): {sliced}")

OUTPUT-

Sliced list (index 1 to 3): [1, 2, 3]

73. Use negative indices to access the last element:

def get_last_element():
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
return my_list[-1]
# Test the function
last = get_last_element()
print(f"Last element: {last}")

OUTPUT-

Last element: 50

74. Reverse a list using the reverse() method:

def reverse_list():
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.reverse()
return my_list
# Test the function
reversed_list = reverse_list()
print(f"Reversed list: {reversed_list}")

OUTPUT-

Reversed list: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

75. Sort a list using the sort() method:
def sort_list():
my_list = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9]
my_list.sort()
return my_list
# Test the function
sorted_list = sort_list()
print(f"Sorted list: {sorted_list}")

OUTPUT-

Sorted list: [1, 2, 5, 8, 9]

76. Remove an element from a list using remove():

def remove_element():
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 20]
my_list.remove(20)
# Removes first occurrence of 20
return my_list
# Test the function
result = remove_element() print(f"List after removing 20: {result}")

OUTPUT-

List after removing 20: [10, 30, 40, 20]

77. Create a list comprehension for squares of numbers:

def square_list():
return [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]
# Test the function
squares = square_list() print(f"List of squares: {squares}")
OUTPUT-

List of squares: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

78. Count occurrences of an element in a list:

def count_element(my_list, element):
return my_list.count(element)
# Test the function
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5]
element = 2
count = count_element(my_list, element)
print(f"Occurrences of {element} in {my_list}: {count}")

OUTPUT-

Occurrences of 2 in [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5]: 3

79. Extend a list with another list:

def extend_list():
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
list1.extend(list2)
return list1
# Test the function
extended = extend_list()
print(f"Extended list: {extended}")

OUTPUT-

Extended list: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

80. Create an empty tuple:

def create_empty_tuple():
my_tuple = ()
return my_tuple
# Test the function
empty_tuple = create_empty_tuple()
print(f"Empty tuple: {empty_tuple}")

OUTPUT-

Empty tuple: ()

81. Access the second element of a tuple:

def get_second_element():
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40)
return my_tuple[1]
# Test the function
second = get_second_element()
print(f"Second element: {second}")

OUTPUT-

Second element: 20

82. Slice a tuple to get the first three elements:

def slice_tuple():
my_tuple = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
return my_tuple[:3]
# Returns elements at index 0, 1, 2
# Test the function
sliced = slice_tuple()
print(f"First three elements: {sliced}")

OUTPUT-
First three elements: (0, 1, 2)

83. Use negative indices to access the last element of a tuple:

def get_last_element():
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
return my_tuple[-1]
# Test the function
last = get_last_element()
print(f"Last element: {last}")

OUTPUT-

Last element: 50

84. Concatenate two tuples:

def concatenate_tuples():
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
return tuple1 + tuple2
# Test the function
concatenated = concatenate_tuples()
print(f"Concatenated tuple: {concatenated}")

OUTPUT-

Concatenated tuple: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

85. Repeat a tuple three times:

def repeat_tuple():
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
return my_tuple * 3
# Test the function
repeated = repeat_tuple()
print(f"Tuple repeated 3 times: {repeated}")

OUTPUT-

Tuple repeated 3 times: (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

86. Find the length of a tuple:

def tuple_length():
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
return len(my_tuple)
#Test the function
length = tuple_length()
print(f"Length of tuple: {length}")

OUTPUT-

Length of tuple: 5

87. Check if an element exists in a tuple:

def check_element(my_tuple, element):
return element in my_tuple
# Test the function
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
element = 3
result = check_element(my_tuple, element)
print(f"Is {element} in {my_tuple}? {result}")

OUTPUT-

Is 3 in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)? True

88. Count occurrences of an item in a tuple:
def count_item(my_tuple, item):
return my_tuple.count(item)
# Test the function
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5)
item = 2
count = count_item(my_tuple, item)
print(f"Occurrences of {item} in {my_tuple}: {count}")

OUTPUT-

Occurrences of 2 in (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5): 3

89. Find the index of an element in a tuple:

def find_index(my_tuple, element):
return my_tuple.index(element)
# Test the function
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
element = 30
index = find_index(my_tuple, element)
print(f"Index of {element} in {my_tuple}: {index}")

OUTPUT-

Index of 30 in (10, 20, 30, 40, 50): 2

90.Create an empty dictionary and add a key-value pair:

def add_to_dict():
my_dict = {}
my_dict["name"] = "Alice"
 return my_dict
# Test the function
result = add_to_dict()
print(f"Dictionary after adding pair: {result}")

Output-
Dictionary after adding pair: {'name': 'Alice'}

91. Access a value by key in a dictionary:

def get_value():
my_dict = {"name": "Bob", "age": 25}
return my_dict["name"]
# Test the function
value = get_value()
print(f"Value for key 'name': {value}")

Output-
Value for key 'name': Bob

92. Replace a value for an existing key in a dictionary

def replace_value():
my_dict = {"name": "Charlie", "age": 30}
my_dict["age"] = 35 return my_dict
# Test the function
result = replace_value()
print(f"Dictionary after replacing value: {result}")

Output-:
Dictionary after replacing value: {'name': 'Charlie', 'age': 35}

93. Add a new key-value pair to a dictionary:

 def add_new_pair():

my_dict = {"name": "David"}

my_dict["city"] = "New York"
return my_dict
# Test the function
result = add_new_pair()
print(f"Dictionary after adding new pair: {result}")

Output-
Dictionary after adding new pair: {'name': 'David', 'city': 'New York'}

94. Remove a key-value pair using pop():

def remove_pair():
my_dict = {"name": "Eve", "age": 28}
removed_value = my_dict.pop("age")
return my_dict, removed_value
# Test the function
dict_result, value = remove_pair()
print(f"Dictionary after removal: {dict_result}")
print(f"Removed value: {value}")

Output-
Dictionary after removal: {'name': 'Eve'} # Removed value: 28

95. Get all keys from a dictionary:

def get_keys():
my_dict = {"name": "Frank", "age": 40, "city": "London"}
return my_dict.keys()
# Test the function
keys = get_keys()
print(f"All keys: {list(keys)}")

Output-
: All keys: ['name', 'age', 'city']

96. Get all values from a dictionary:

def get_values():
my_dict = {"name": "Grace", "age": 22, "city": "Paris"}
return my_dict.values()
# Test the function
values = get_values()
print(f"All values: {list(values)}")

Output-
All values: ['Grace', 22, 'Paris']

97. Check if a key exists in a dictionary:

def check_key(my_dict, key):
return key in my_dict
# Test the function
my_dict = {"name": "Hank", "age": 33}
key = "age"
result = check_key(my_dict, key)
print(f"Is '{key}' in dictionary? {result}")

Output-
Is 'age' in dictionary? True

98. Merge two dictionaries:

def merge_dicts():
 dict1 = {"name": "Ivy"}
dict2 = {"age": 27, "city": "Tokyo"}
dict1.update(dict2)
return dict1
# Test the function
merged = merge_dicts()
print(f"Merged dictionary: {merged}")

Output-
Merged dictionary: {'name': 'Ivy', 'age': 27, 'city': 'Tokyo'}’’

99. Clear all items from a dictionary

def clear_dict():
my_dict = {"name": "Jack", "age": 45, "city": "Berlin"}
my_dict.clear()
return my_dict
# Test the function
result = clear_dict()
print(f"Dictionary after clearing: {result}")

Output-
Dictionary after clearing: {}

100.Create an empty set and add an element:

def add_to_set():
my_set = set()
my_set.add(5)
return my_set
# Test the function
result = add_to_set()
print(f"Set after adding element: {result}")
Output-
Set after adding element: {5}