Introduction to Python Input and Output

What is Python?  Use input() to get user input and print() to display output.
 Python is a popular programming language used to name = input("What is your name? ")
create software, games, websites, and much more. print("Hello, " + name)
 Known for its simplicity and readability, Python is a  Indentation: Python relies on indentation (spacing) to
define blocks of code. Make sure to use the same number
great language for beginners.
of spaces to avoid errors.
 Python is used in many fields: web development, data
science, game development, and more. Basic Operators
 It’s powerful but simple, which makes it a favourite for  Arithmetic Operators:
beginners and experts. + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division)
Example:
Basic Concepts in Python x=5
Variables y=2
 A variable is like a container for storing data. You can print(x + y) # 7
give it a name and assign it a value. print(x - y) # 3
For example: print(x * y) # 10
age = 12 print(x / y) # 2.5
name = "Aarav"
Data Types  Comparison Operators:
 Numbers: == (equal), != (not equal), < (less than), > (greater than), <=
Integers (e.g., 5, -3, 100) (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to)
Floats (decimals, e.g., 3.14, 0.5) ____________________________________________________
 Strings: Text inside quotes is called a string ("Hello",)
name = "Python" Conditional Statements: Conditional statements allow the
print (name) program to make decisions based on conditions.
 Booleans: Represents True or False values. Example: age = 14
is_sunny = True if age >= 13:
is_raining = False print("You are a teenager!")
else:
print("You are a child.")
 3. Perimeter of a Square:
Loops: Loops allow you to repeat a block of code multiple side = float(input("Enter the length of a side of the square: "))
times. perimeter = 4 * side
 For Loop: A for loop is used when we know how many print("The perimeter of the square is:", perimeter)
times we want to repeat a task.
for i in range(1, 6): 4. Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:
print(i) celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))
 While Loop: A while loop keeps going as long as a fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32
certain condition is true. print("Temperature in Fahrenheit is:", fahrenheit)
count = 1
while count <= 5: 5. Calculate the Volume of a Cuboid:
print(count) length = float(input("Enter the length of the cuboid: "))
count += 1 width = float(input("Enter the width of the cuboid: "))
height = float(input("Enter the height of the cuboid: "))volume =
When to Use For Loops and While Loops length * width * heightprint("The volume of the cuboid is:",
 Use a for loop when you know exactly how many times volume)
you need to repeat something.
 Use a while loop when you want to repeat something until 6. Calculate the Simple Interest:
a condition is met. principal = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))
Examples: rate = float(input("Enter the rate of interest: "))
time = float(input("Enter the time in years: "))
si = (principal * rate * time) / 100
1. Square of a Number
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) print("The simple interest is:", si)
square = num * num
print("The square of the number is:", square) 7. Calculate the Area of a Circle:
radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
area = 3.14* radius * radius
2. Area of a Rectangle:
length = float(input("Enter the length of the rectangle: ")) print("The area of the circle is:", area)
width = float(input("Enter the width of the rectangle: "))
area = length * width 8. Convert Kilometers to Miles:
print("The area of the rectangle is:", area) kilometers = float(input("Enter distance in kilometers: "))
miles = kilometers * 0.621371
print("Distance in miles is:", miles)
9. Convert Hours to Seconds 13. Combine First and Last Name:
hours = float(input("Enter time in hours: ")) first_name = input("Enter your first name: ")
seconds = hours * 3600 last_name = input("Enter your last name: ")
print("Time in seconds:", seconds) full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print("Your full name is:", full_name)
10. Sum of the Digits of a Two-Digit Number
number = int(input("Enter a two-digit number: ")) Conditional Statements
tens = number // 10 14. Check if Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero
units = number % 10 num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
digit_sum = tens + units if num > 0:
print("The sum of the digits is:", digit_sum) print("The number is positive.")
elif num < 0:
11. Product of the Digits of a Three-Digit Number print("The number is negative.")
number = int(input("Enter a three-digit number: ")) else:
hundreds = number // 100 print("The number is zero.")
tens = (number // 10) % 10
units = number % 10 15. Check if a Year is a Leap Year
digit_product = hundreds * tens * units year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
print("The product of the digits is:", digit_product) if year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 ==
0):
12. Swap Two Numbers Using Python’s Multiple Assignment print("It's a leap year.")
a = float(input("Enter the first number: ")) else:
b = float(input("Enter the second number: ")) print("It's not a leap year.")
print("Before swapping:")
print("First number:", a) 16. Check if a Character is a Vowel or Consonant
print("Second number:", b) char = input("Enter a single character: ").lower()
a, b = b, a if char in "aeiou":
print("After swapping:") print("The character is a vowel.")
print("First number:", a) else:
print("Second number:", b) print("The character is a consonant.")
17. Check Eligibility to Vote 21. Grade Based on Marks
age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))
if age >= 18: if marks >= 90:
print("You are eligible to vote.") print("Grade: A")
else: elif marks >= 75:
print("You are not eligible to vote.") print("Grade: B")
elif marks >= 50:
18. Check if a Number is Divisible by Both 5 and 11 print("Grade: C")
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) else:
if num % 5 == 0 and num % 11 == 0: print("Grade: F")
print("The number is divisible by both 5 and 11.")
else: 22. Check if a Character is Uppercase, Lowercase, or Digit
print("The number is not divisible by both 5 and 11.") char = input("Enter a single character: ")
if char.isupper():
19. Find the Smallest of Three Numbers print("It's an uppercase letter.")
a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) elif char.islower():
b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) print("It's a lowercase letter.")
c = int(input("Enter third number: ")) elif char.isdigit():
if a < b and a < c: print("It's a digit.")
print("The smallest number is:", a) else:
elif b < c: print("It's a special character.")
print("The smallest number is:", b)
else: 23. Electricity Bill Calculation
print("The smallest number is:", c) units = int(input("Enter electricity units consumed: "))
if units <= 100:
20. Check if a Number is a Multiple of Another Number bill = units * 1.5
a = int(input("Enter the first number: ")) elif units <= 300:
b = int(input("Enter the second number: ")) bill = 100 * 1.5 + (units - 100) * 2.5
if a % b == 0: else:
print(f"{a} is a multiple of {b}.") bill = 100 * 1.5 + 200 * 2.5 + (units - 300) * 3.5
else: print("Electricity bill:", bill)
print(f"{a} is not a multiple of {b}.")
24. Find the Type of a Triangle 28. Categorize a Person Based on Age
a = int(input("Enter first side: ")) age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
b = int(input("Enter second side: ")) if age <= 12:
c = int(input("Enter third side: ")) print("Child")
if a == b == c: elif age <= 19:
print("Equilateral triangle.") print("Teenager")
elif a == b or b == c or c == a: elif age <= 60:
print("Isosceles triangle.") print("Adult")
else: else:
print("Scalene triangle.") print("Senior Citizen")

25. Check if a Number is Between Two Given Numbers 29. Check if Two Numbers Are Equal or Unequal
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) a = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
low = int(input("Enter the lower bound: ")) b = int(input("Enter the second number: "))
high = int(input("Enter the upper bound: ")) if a == b:
if low <= num <= high: print("The numbers are equal.")
print("The number is within the range.") else:
else: print("The numbers are not equal.")
print("The number is outside the range.")
30. Check if a Number is a Three-Digit Number
26. Check if a Day is a Weekend or Weekday num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
day = input("Enter a day of the week: ").lower() if 100 <= num <= 999:
if day in ["saturday", "sunday"]: print("It's a three-digit number.")
print("It's a weekend.") else:
else: print("It's not a three-digit number.")
print("It's a weekday.")

27. Find the Absolute Value of a Number

num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num < 0:
num = -num
print("The absolute value is:", num)
 Looping Statements 34. Reverse a Number
31. Prime Numbers: Prime numbers are numbers that have only # Reverse a number
2 factors: 1 and themselves. num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Prime numbers in a range reversed_num = 0
start = int(input("Enter start of range: "))
end = int(input("Enter end of range: ")) while num > 0:
print(f"Prime numbers between {start} and {end}:") digit = num % 10
for num in range(start, end + 1): reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digit
if num > 1: # Numbers less than 2 are not prime num //= 10
for i in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):
if num % i == 0: print(f"Reversed number: {reversed_num}")
break
else: 35. Factorial of a Number: The factorial of a number is the
print(num, end=" ") product of that number and every positive integer less than it, up
to 1
32. Fibonacci Sequence: The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence # Factorial of a number
in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Fibonacci sequence generator factorial = 1
n = int(input("Enter the number of terms: ")) for i in range(1, num + 1):
a, b = 0, 1 factorial *= i
print("Fibonacci Sequence:") print(f"Factorial of {num}: {factorial}")
for _ in range(n):
print(a, end=" ") 36. Armstrong Numbers: An Armstrong number is a special
a, b = b, a + b kind of number in math. It's a number that equals the sum of its
digits, each raised to a power.
33. Sum of Digits # Armstrong numbers in a range
# Sum of digits of a number start = int(input("Enter start of range: "))
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) end = int(input("Enter end of range: "))
sum_digits = 0 print(f"Armstrong numbers between {start} and {end}:")
while num > 0: for num in range(start, end + 1):
sum_digits += num % 10 sum_of_powers = sum(int(digit)**len(str(num)) for digit in
num //= 10 str(num))
print(f"Sum of the digits: {sum_digits}") if num == sum_of_powers:
print(num, end=" ")
37. Check if a Number is Palindrome: A palindrome number is 40. Decimal to Binary Conversion
a number that reads the same forward and backward # Convert a decimal number to binary
# Check if a number is palindrome num = int(input("Enter a decimal number: "))
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) binary = ""
original_num = num while num > 0:
reversed_num = 0 binary = str(num % 2) + binary
while num > 0: num //= 2
digit = num % 10 print(f"Binary equivalent: {binary}")
reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digit
num //= 10 41. Check if a Number is Perfect: A perfect number is a
if original_num == reversed_num: positive integer that is equal to the sum of its positive divisors,
print(f"{original_num} is a palindrome.") excluding the number itself
else: # Check if a number is perfect
print(f"{original_num} is not a palindrome.") num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum_of_divisors = 0
38. Count Digits in a Number for i in range(1, num):
# Count digits in a number if num % i == 0:
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) sum_of_divisors += i
count = 0 if sum_of_divisors == num:
while num > 0: print(f"{num} is a perfect number.")
count += 1 else:
num //= 10 print(f"{num} is not a perfect number.")
print(f"Number of digits: {count}")
42. Sum of First N Natural Numbers
39. Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) # Sum of first N natural numbers
# Find HCF of two numbers n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) sum_n = 0
b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) for i in range(1, n + 1):
while b: sum_n += i
a, b = b, a % b print(f"Sum of first {n} natural numbers: {sum_n}")
print(f"HCF is: {a}")
43. Sum of Squares of Digits 47. Inverted Right-Angled Triangle:
# Sum of squares of digits for i in range(5, 0, -1):
num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) print("* " * i)
sum_of_squares = 0 Output:
while num > 0: *****
digit = num % 10 ****
sum_of_squares += digit**2 ***
num //= 10 **
print(f"Sum of squares of digits: {sum_of_squares}") *
48. Pyramid Pattern:
44. Multiplication Table Program: rows = 5
number = int(input("Enter a number: ")) for i in range(1, rows + 1):
for i in range(1, 11): print(" " * (rows - i) + "* " * i)
print(number, "x", i, "=", number * i) Output:
*
45. Simple Star Square: **
for i in range(4): ***
print("* " * 4) ****
Output: *****
*****
***** 49. Diamond Pattern:
***** rows = 5
***** # Top half of the diamond
for i in range(1, rows + 1):
46. Right-Angled Triangle: print(" " * (rows - i) + "* " * i)
for i in range(1, 6): # Bottom half of the diamond
print("* " * i) for i in range(rows - 1, 0, -1):
print(" " * (rows - i) + "* " * i)
Output:
*
**
***
****
*****
Output: 52. Hollow Square:
* size = 5
** for i in range(size):
*** if i == 0 or i == size - 1:
**** print("* " * size)
***** else:
**** print("* " + " " * (size - 2) + "*")
*** Output:
** *****
* * *
50. Repeating Number Triangle: * *
for i in range(1, 6): * *
print((str(i) + " ") * i) *****
Output:
1 53. Checkerboard Pattern:
22 size = 5
333 for i in range(size):
4444 print((" * " if i % 2 == 0 else " * ") * size)
55555 Output:
*****
51. Alphabet Triangle: *****
alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" *****
for i in range(5): *****
print(" ".join(alphabet[:i + 1]))
Output:
A
AB
ABC
ABCD $$$$$$$$$$$$$
ABCDE