Teacher Manual

Chapter-1 : Rational Numbers

2
Exercise 1.1 Since, the denominator of
3
is 3, divide OA into 3
1. (i) True (ii) False equal parts. Label the points as P and Q. Hence, point
2
(iii) False (iv) True Q represents .
3
− 12 − 12 × (− 1) 12 (ii) Draw a number line. Let O respresents 0 and A
2. (i) = =
− 13 − 13 × (− 1) 16 represent –1.
5 5 × ( − 1) −5 1 7/8 0
(ii) = =
−7 − −
( 7) × ( 1) 7
A V U T S R Q P O
−7 − 7 × (− 1) 7
(iii) = = −7
− 11 − 11 × (− 1) 11 Since, the denominator of is 8, divide OA into 8
8
13 13 × (− 1) − 13 equal parts. Label the points as P, Q, R, S, T, U and V.
(iv) = = −7
− 15 (− 15) × (− 1) 15 Hence, point V represents .
2 2 × ( − 1) −2 8
(v) = = (iii) Draw a number line. Let O respresent 0 and A
−9 ( − 9) × ( − 1) 9
9 9 × 3 27 represent 1.
3. (i) = = O P Q R S T V A
11 11 × 3 33
9 × 5 45 0 5/7 1
= = 5
11 × 5 55
Since, the denominator of is 7, divide OA into 7
9 × 6 54 7
= = equal parts. Label the points as P, Q, R, S, T and U.
11 × 6 66 5
Hence, point U represents .
3 3× 2 6 7
(ii) = =
4 4×2 8 (iv) Draw a number line. Let O respresent 0 and A
3 × 4 12 represent 1.
= =
4 × 4 16 A A' Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O
3 × 7 21
= = 1 2/13 0
4 × 7 28
81 ' 27 3 2
4. (i)
81
= = Since, the denominator of − is 13, divide OA into
108 108 ' 27 4 13
13 equal parts. Label the points as P, Q, R, S, T, U, V,
14 14 × (− 1) − 14 2
(ii) = = W, X, Y, Z, A'. Hence, point Q represents − .
− 35 − 35 × (− 1) 35 13
− 1 (− 1 ) × (− 1 ) 1
On dividing numerator and denominator by 7, we get (v) Given, fraction is = =
− 3 (− 3) × (− 1) 3
− 14 ' 7 − 2
= = Draw a number line. Let O respresent 0 and A
− 10 35 ' 7 5 represent 1.
(iii) O P Q A
22
On dividing numerator and denominator by 2, we get 0 1/3 1
− 10 ' 2 − 5
= = Since, the denominator is 3, divide OA into 3
22 ' 2 11 equal parts and name them as P and Q. Then, P
132
(iv) 1
144 represents .
On dividing numerator and denominator by 12, we get 3
4 − 14
132 ' 12 11 6. (i) >
= = 6 23
144 ' 4 12 As positive rational number is greater than negative
5. (i) Draw a number line. Let O respresent 0 and A rational number.
represent 1. −4 5
2/3 (ii) <
57 117
O P Q A
As positive rational number is greater than negative
0 1 rational number.

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 −7 35 ∴ Numbers in ascending order are :
(iii) =
8 − 40 −4 1 4 7
−7 − 7 × (− 1) 7 × 5 35 < < <
As, = = = 6 3 9 12
8 8 × ( − 1) − 8 × 5 − 40 (iii) Given, rational numbers are :
− 15 3
(iv) < 7 1 1 3
17 −7 , , ,
Converting the rational numbers into positive rational 10 5 35 7
LCM of 10, 5, 35 and 7 is 70.
numbers, we get
7 7 × 7 49
− 15 − 15 3 −3 ∴ = = ,
= and = 10 10 × 7 70
17 17 −7 7
1 1 × 14 14
LCM of 17 and 7 is 119 = = ,
5 5 × 14 70
− 15 − 15 × 7 − 105
Then, = = 1 1× 2 2
17 17 × 7 119 = =
35 35 × 2 70
−3 − 3 × 17 − 51
= = 3 3 × 10 30
7 7 × 17 119 = =
7 7 × 10 70
− 105 − 51
∴ < 2 14 30 49
119 119 Since, < < <
70 70 70 70
− 15 −3 1 1 3 7
Then,
17
<
7 ∴ < < <
35 5 7 10
7. (i) Converting all the rational numbers in positive 15 3 15 − 2
(iv) , , ,
denominators: − 20 4 32 6
−1 −3 −1 1 −1 Then, rational numbers with positive denominators
, , , ,
4 2 6 3 2 are :
LCM of 4, 2, 6, 3 and 2 is 24. − 15 3 15 − 2
, , ,
−1 −1× 6 −6 20 4 32 6
∴ = =
4 4×6 24 LCM of 20, 4, 32 and 6 is 480
−3 − 3 × 12 − 36 − 15 − 15 × 24 − 360
= = ∴ = =
2 2 × 12 24 20 20 × 24 480
−1 −1× 4 −4 3 3 × 120 360
=
= =
4
=
4 × 120 480
6 6×4 24
15 15 × 15 225
1 1× 8 8 = =
= = 32 32 × 15 480
3 3 × 8 24 −2 − 2 × 80 − 160
−1 − 1 × 12 − 12 = =
= = 6 6 × 80 480
2 2 × 12 24 − 360 − 160 225 360
Since, < < <
− 36 − 12 − 6 − 4 8 480 480 480 480
Since, < < < < − 15 − 2 15 3
24 24 24 24 24 ∴ < < <
∴ Numbers in ascending order are : 20 6 32 4
−3 −1 −1 −1 1 8. (i) Given, rational numbers are :
∴ < < < <
2 2 4 6 3 3 −1 −2 2
(ii) Given, rational numbers are : , , , − 1,
4 2 5 5
1 4 −4 7 Then rational numbers with positive denominators are :
, , ,
3 9 9 12 3 −1 −2 −1 2
LCM of 3, 9, 6, 12 is 36. , , , ,
4 2 5 1 5
1 1 × 12 12
∴ = = LCM of 4, 2, 5, 1 and 5 is 20.
3 3 × 12 36
3 3 × 5 15
4 4 × 4 16 ∴ = =
= = 4 4 × 5 20
9 9 × 4 36 −1 − 1 × 10 − 10
−4 − 4 × 6 − 24 = =
= = 2 2 × 10 20
6 6×6 36 −2 −2 × 4 −8
= =
7 7 × 3 21 5 5× 4 20
= = −1 − 20
12 12 × 3 36 =
− 24 12 16 21 1 20
Since, < < < 2 2×4 8
36 36 36 36 = =
5 5 × 4 20

2 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 15 8 − 8 − 10 − 20 1155 240 − 168 − 420 − 490
Since, > > > > Since, > > > >
20 20 20 20 20 1260 1260 1260 1260 1260
Then, numbers in descending order are : 11 4 −2 −1 −7
Therefore, > > > >
12 21 15 3 18
3 2 −2 −1
> > > >−1 2 − 14 −
2 × ( 14)
4 5 5 2 9. (i) × =
3 −5 4 −1 7 8 7×8
(ii) Given, , , ,
− 14 21 7 7 −1 1
= =
The rational nos. with positive denominators are: 2 2
−3 −5 4 −1
1 5 2−5 −3 3
(ii) − = = =
Exercise 1.2 14 , 21 , 7 ,7
8 16 16 16 16
9 1 27 + 10 37 37 7
LCM of 14, 21, 7 and 7 is 42. (iii) + = = = =1
10 3 30 30 30 30
−3 −3× 3 −9
∴ = = (iv) − 3 '
1 9
= − 3 × = |− 27 | = 27
14 14 × 3 42 9 1
−5 − 5 × 2 − 10
= = −1 2 − 5 + 12 7 7
21 21 × 2 42 10. (i) LHS: + = = =
6 5 30 30 30
4 4 × 6 24
= = −1 2 1 2 5 + 12 17
7 7 × 6 42 RHS: + = + = =
−1 −1× 6 −6 6 5 6 5 30 30
= = 7 17
7 7×6 42  <
24 − 6 − 9 − 10 30 30
Since, > > >
42 42 42 42 −1 2 −1 2
Hence, + < +
Then, rational numbers in descending order are : 6 5 6 5
11 3 11 3
4 −1 −3 −5 (ii) + = +
> > > 15 10 15 10
7 7 14 21
−2 3 −5 2 11 3 22 + 9 31 31 1
(iii) Given, , , , LHS: + = = = =1
3 4 12 9 15 10 30 30 30 30
LCM of 3, 4, 12 and 9 is 36. 11 3 11 3 22 + 9 31 1
RHS: + = + = = =1
15 10 15 10 30 30 30
−2 − 2 × 12 − 24
∴ = = 1 1
3 3 × 12 36  1 =1
30 30
3 3 × 9 27
= = 11 3 11 3
4 4 × 9 36 Hence, + = +
−5 − 5 × 3 − 15 15 10 15 10
= =
−3 −3
(iii) + d n <
12 12 × 3 36 5 5
+
2 2×4 8 8 8 8 8
= =
−3
+d n =
9 9 × 4 36 5 5 3 2 1 1
27 8 − 15 − 24 LHS: − = = =
Since, > > > 8 8 8 8 8 4 4
36 36 36 36
5 −3 5 3 5+3 8
Rational nos. in descending order are : RHS: + = + = = =1
8 8 8 8 8 8
3 2 −5 −2 1
> > >  <1
4 9 12 3 4
11 − 7 4 − 2 − 1 −3 −3
+d n <
5 5
(iv) Given, , , ,' ,
12 18 21 15 3 Hence, +
8 8 8 8
LCM of 12, 18, 21, 15 and 3 is 1260. − 5 18 −5 18
(iv) + < +
11 11 × 105 1155 9 25 9 25
∴ = =
12 12 × 105 1260 − 5 18 − 125 + 162 37 37
−7 − 7 × 70 − 490 LHS: + = = =
= = 9 25 225 225 225
18 18 × 70 1260 −5 18 5 18 125 + 162 287
4 4 × 60 240 RHS: + = + = =
= = 9 25 9 25 225 225
21 21 × 60 1260
−2 − 2 × 84 − 168 37 287
=  <
= 225 225
15 15 × 84 1260
−1 − 1 × 420 − 420 − 5 18 −5 18
= = Hence, + < +
3 3 × 420 1260 9 25 9 25

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 2 −7 20 + (− 63)
(vi) LHS: < + F + = < F+
Multiple Choice Questions 1 1
9 10 15 90 15
11. (i) (d) All the above − 43 1
−1 = +
90 15
(ii) (b)
3 − 43 + 6 − 37
1 = =
(iii) (c) 90 90
7 2 −7 1 2 − 21 + 2
3 RHS: + < + F = + < F
(iv) (d) 9 10 15 9 30
4
2 − 19
Exercise 1.2 = +< F
9 30
−7 3 −7 20 + (− 57) − 37
1. (i) LHS: 3+
= + = =
12 1 12 90 90
36 + (− 7) 29 ∴ LHS = RHS Verified
= =
12 12
−7 −7 3 5 (− 7) 15 (− 14)
RHS: +3 = + 2. (i) + = +
12 12 1 8 12 24 24
− 7 + 36 29 [LCM of 8 and 12 is 24]
= =
12 12
15 + (− 14)
∴ LHS = RHS Verified =
24
−4 −4 15 − 14 1
(ii) LHS: +0 = = =
13 13 24 24
−4 −4
RHS: 0 + = −5 9 (− 5 ) + 9 4
13 13 (ii) + = =
13 13 13 13
∴ LHS = RHS Verified
−1 3 −4 3
3 −4 1 15 + (− 16) + = + [LCM of 1 and 4 is 4]
+< + F = +< F
1 (iii)
(iii) LHS: 1 4 4 4
9 4 5 9 20 −4 + 3 −1
1 ( − 1) =
∴ = + < F
=
4 4
9 20 3 5 27 5
1 1 (iv) + = + [LCM of 1 and 9 is 9]
= − 1 9 9 9
9 20 32 5
20 − 9 11 = =3
= = 9 9
180 180 − 21 (− 5)
21
1 3 −4 4 + 27 − 4 + ( − 5) = +
RHS: < + F + = < F+
(v)
− 32 32 1
9 4 5 36 5
− 21 (− 5) × 32
31 − 4 = +
= + 32 1 × 32
36 5
155 + (− 144) 11 [LCM of 1 and 32 is 32]
= =
180 180 − 21 (− 160)
∴ LHS = RHS Verified = +
32 32
−5 5 −5 + 5 0 − 21 − 160
(iv) LHS: + = = =0 =
32
81 81 81 81
Verified − 181 21
∴ LHS = RHS = =−5
32 32
2 −7 4 + ( − 7)
(v) LHS: < + F + = < F+ 13 − 5 − 13 − 5
1 1
5 10 15 15 (vi) + = +
10 − 31 9 31 9
−3 1 − 117 − 155
= + +
10 15 =
279 279
−9 + 2 −7
= = [LCM of 31 and 9 is 279]
30 30
2 −7 1 2 − 21 + 2
RHS: + < + F = + < F (− 117) + (− 155)
5 10 15 5 30 =
279
2 − 19
= +< F
− 117 − 155 − 272

5 = =
30 279 279
12 − 19 − 7 − 15 − 13 − 255 − 546
= = (vii) + = +
30 30 42 17 714 714
∴ LHS = RHS Verified [LCM of 42 and 17 is 714]
4 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 − 255 − 546 −2 −1 − 2 − (− 1) − 2 + 1 − 1
= 5. (i) − = = =
714 26 26 26 26 26
− 801 87 7 −3 7 − (− 3) 7 + 3 10
= =−1 (ii) − = = = =1
714 714 10 10 10 10 10
−1 −1
is − < F = 4−3 1
1 4 3
3. (i) The additive inverse of
9 9 (iii) − = =
9 19 19 19 19
−8
is − < F =
8 8 5 1 55 12
(ii) The additive inverse of
15 15 15 (iv) − = −
12 11 132 132
(iii) The additive inverse of 14 is –[14] = –14 [LCM of 12 and 11 is 132]

is − < F =
4 4 4 55 − 12 43
(iv) The additive inverse of =
−7 −7 7 =
132 132
−3 −3 −3
(v) The additive inverse of is − < F= − 21 − 25
−
− 63 − 25
−
− 14 − 14 14 (v)
11 33
=
33 33
is − < F=
13 13 13
(vi) The additive inverse of [LCM of 11 and 33 is 33]
− 23 − 23 23
3 0 − 3 − 19 5 − 63 − (− 25)
4. (i) + + + + =
5 1 1 5 15 33
9 0 − 45 − 57 5 − 63 + 25
= + + + + =
15 15 15 15 15 33
[LCM of 5, 1, 5 and 15 is 15] − 38 5
= =−1
9 + 0 + (− 45) + (− 57) + 5 33 33
= 3 −5 3 5
15 (vi) − = +
14 − 102 18 27 18 27
=
15 9 + 10 19
= =
− 88 13 54 54
= =−5 −6 3 −6 − 9 − 15 − 5
15 15 − = =
(vii) =
3 −2 5 30 − 16 25 21 7 21 21 7
(ii) − − = − −
4 5 8 40 40 40 − 13 45 − 13
(viii) 3− = −
[LCM of 4, 5 and 8 is 40] 15 15 15
45 − (− 13)
30 − (− 16) − 25 =
= 15
40
30 + 16 − 25 +
45 13 58 13
= = = =3
40 15 15 15
46 − 25 21 6
2 −3
1 28 67
−
= = (ix)
11
=
22 11 22
40 40
2 1 1 − 17 7 13 56 67
(iii) −3 + 3 + 3 = + + = −
5 2 4 5 2 4 22 22
− 68 70 65 [LCM of 11 and 22 is 22]
= + +
20 20 20
56 − 67 − 11 − 1
[LCM of 5, 2 and 4 is 20] = = =
22 22 2
− 68 + 70 + 65 5 5
=
20 6. (i) −3 − ≠ − ( − 3)
11 11
67
=3
7 5 − 33 5
=
20 20 LHS: −3 − = −
11 11 11
6 19 −5 −7 6 − 19 − 5 − 7 − 33 − 5 − 38
(iv) + + + = + + + =−3
5
5 − 45 3 15 5 45 3 15 =
11
=
11 11
54 − 19 − 75 − 21 5
− ( − 3) =
5
+3
= + + + RHS:
45 45 45 45 11 11
[LCM of 5, 45, 3 and 15 is 45] 5 3
= +
11 1
54 + (− 19) + (− 75) + (− 21)
= 5 + 33 38 5
45 = = =3
− 61 11 11 11
16
= =−1 Now, LHS ≠ RHS Hence, Verified
45 45

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 1 3 1× 8 3 × 5 5 3 1 15 18 2
− =
(ii) LHS: − (iii) + + = + +
5 8 5×8 8×5 14 7 21 42 42 42
8 15 15 + 18 + 2
= − =
40 40 42
8 − 15 − 7 35 35 ' 7 5
= = = = =
40 40 42 42 ' 7 6
3 1 15 8 1 − 18 − 4 7 2 − 18 − 16 42
RHS: − = − (iv) + + + = + + +
8 5 40 40 6 12 3 2 12 12 12 12
15 − 8 7 2 + (− 18) + (− 16) + 42
= = =
40 10 12
LHS ≠ RHS Hence, Verified 44 − 34 10 5
= = =
12 12 6
< − F− = < − F − 14 − 5 24 105 42 − 25 168
5 2 2 10 6 2
(iii) LHS:
9 6 7 18 18 7 (v) 1 + + + = + + +
35 21 15 105 105 105 105
10 − 6 2 105 + 42 + (− 25) + 168
= < F− =
18 7 105
4 2 290 58 16
= − = = =2
18 7 105 21 21
28 36 2 −7 6 −7
= − 8. Sum = + = +
126 126 3 9 9 9
28 − 36 − 8 − 4 6 + (− 7) − 1
= = = = =
126 126 63 9 9
−1 1
−< − F = −; − E Required difference = −
5 2 2 5 14 12
RHS: 9 4
9 6 7 9 42 42
−4 9
5 14 − 12 −
= −< F
=
36 36
9 42 − 4 − 9 − 13
5 2 5 1 = =
= − = − 36 36
9 42 9 21 5 5
35 3 9. Required number = − (− 1) = + 1
= − 7 7
63 63 5 + 7 12 5
35 − 3 32 = = =1
= = 7 7 7
63 63 − 6 − 4 − 12 − 4
10. Sum 1 = + = +
∴ LHS ≠ RHS Hence, Verified 7 14 14 14
− 12 + (− 4) − 16
−6 −6 0 = =
(iv) LHS: −0 = − 14 14
11 11 11 1 −2 7 −4
−6 − 0 −6 Sum 2 = + = +
= = 2 7 14 14
11 11 7 + (− 4) 3
−6 = =
RHS: 14 14
11 ∴ Required difference = Sum 2 – Sum 1
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
3 − 16
−2 5 1 − 6 10 6 = −
7. (i) + − = + − 14 14
6 9 3 18 18 18 3 − (− 16) 3 + 16
− 6 + 10 − 6 = =
14 14
=
18 19 5
= =1
−2 −1 14 14
= =
18 9 11. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True
3 −< − F = − < − F
5 3 3 25 9
(ii) (iv) True (v) True (vi) False
9 15 1 45 45
3 25 − 9 3 16
= −< F = −< F Exercise 1.3
1 45 1 45
135 16 5 − 90 5 × (− 90)
= − 1. (i)
× =
45 45 18 109 18 × 109
135 − 16 119 29 − 25
= = =2 =
45 45 45 109

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 −3 28 − 3 28 × (− 3) − 12 7 − 15 −3 4
(ii)
= × = =
28 × (iv) < × F+< × F
7 1 7 1× 7 1 15 21 5 9
7 × (− 15) −3× 4
= < F+< F
= –12

15 × 21 5×9
3 4 3× 4 6
= −1 −4
= d n+d n
(iii) × =
10 7 10 × 7 35
5 33 5 33 × 5 3 15
(iv) 33 × = × = = − 15 −5 − 4 −9 −3
− 11 1 − 11 1 × (− 11) = = =
2 4 2×4 8 15 15 5
(v) × = = 1
3 5 3 × 5 15 5. (i) Reciprocal of 24 is .
10 − 32 −4 24
(vi) × = =−4 5 −1
− 16 − 5 1 (ii) Reciprocal of is .
6 − 65 6 × (− 65) − 5 −1 5
2. (i) × = = =−5 3 8
13 6 13 × 6 1 (iii) Reciprocal of is .
− 8 49 − 8 × 49 − 7 8 3
(ii) × = = 1 −1
7 64 7 × 64 8 (iv) Reciprocal of –19 is = .
1 5 1× 5 5 − 19 19
(iii) × = = − 30 − 83 83
4 2 4×2 8 (v) Reciprocal of is = .
−8 3 −8 × 3 −1 − 83 − 30 30
(iv) × = = − 1 24
24 16 24 × 16 16
(vi) Reciprocal of is = − 24.
−2 3 −2 × 3 −6 24 − 1
(v) × = =
7 11 7 × 11 77 −4 1 3
− 3 − 25 − 3 × (− 25) (− 1) × (− 1) 6. (i) Here, x =
3
,y= ,z=
5 4
(vi) × = = =1
−4 1 3
×c × m
5 15 5 × 15 1×1
LHS: x × (y × z) =
−7 3 −7
< × F× ×< × F
11 3 11 3 5 4
3. (i) =
12 − 8 12 − 8 5 −4
×c m
5 3
=
1 5 −5 1 5 −5
×< × F < × F×
3 20
(ii) =
3 7 8 3 7 8 −4 3 −1
= × =
− 30 − 30 − 30 3 20 5
(iii) ×1 = 1× =
95 95 95 −4 1 3
− 24 − 24 RHS: × n× (x × y) × z = d
(iv) ×0 = 0× =0 3 5 4
55 55 −4 ×1 3
− 10 − 8 − 2 − 10 − 8 − 10 − 2 = d n×
×< + F = × G+= × G

(v) = 3×5 4
23 9 5 23 9 23 5 −4 3
− 2 − 21 − 2 − 21
×< F
= ×
4. (i) = × 15 4
7 18 7 18 −4 × 3 −1
(− 2) × (− 21) 1 = =
= = 15 × 4 5
7 × (18) 3
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
(ii) ; × E−< × F
11 12 − 6 70
12 121 5 60 1 1 1
(ii) Here, x =
,y= ,z=
−4
= ; E−< F
1×1 −7 2 3

x × (y × z) = × d × n
1 × 11 5 1 1 1
LHS:
1 7 2 −4 3
= +
= ×d n
11 5 1 1
5 + 77 82
= =1
17 2 − 12
=
55 55 55 1×1 1 −1
−2 −3 = = =
2 −3
(iii) < × F − < × F + < × F 2 × (− 12) − 24 24
3 2

(x × y) × z = d × n×
5 10 3 5 4 3 1 1 1
RHS:
−< F+; E
3 −2 1 2 −4 3
=
25 5 2 1×1 1
= ×
3 2 1 2 × ( − 4) 3
= + + −1
25 5 2 1 1 1×1 1
= × = = =
3 + 20 + 25 48 24 − 8 3 − 8 × 3 − 24 24
= = =
50 50 25 ∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified

Fun & Joy with Math-8 7

 −3 5 1 3 −4 3 7
7. (i) Here, x =
,y= ,z= '
(iii) LHS:= ×
4 2 5 13 7 13 (− 4)
−3 5 1 21 − 21
×c + m
3× 7
LHS: x × (y + z) = = = =
4 2 5 −
13 × ( 4) − 52 52
− 3 25 2 −4 3 − 4 13
= ×c + m RHS: ' = ×
4 10 10 7 13 7 3
− 3 27 (− 4) × 13 − 52
= × = =
4 10 7×3 21
− 3 × 27 − 81 1 ∴ LHS ≠ RHS (False)
= = =−2
4 × 10 40 40
3 −4 3 7
−3 5 −3 1
RHS: (x × y) + (x × z) = d × n+d × n
'
(iv) LHS: = ×
10 7 10 − 4
4 2 4 5
− 15 − 3 3× 7 21 − 21
= = =
= + 10 × − 4 − 40 40
8 20
−4 3 − 4 10
− 75 + (− 6) RHS: ' = ×
= 7 10 7 3
40
− 75 − 6 − 81 − 4 × 10 − 40
= =−2
1 = =
= 7×3 21
40 40 40
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified ∴ LHS ≠ RHS (True)

−5 5 5 1 5
5 (v) LHS: '1 = × =
(ii) Here, x = 0, y = ,z= 13 13 1 13
6 12
5
5 −5
x × (y + z) = 0 × d + n
RHS:
LHS: 13
6 12
∴ LHS = RHS (True)
10 − 5
= 0 × d + n −3 −3
(vi) LHS: c ' m ' = c × m'
12 12 2 3 2 8
10 − 5
= 0 × d n = 0× = 0
5 5 8 5 5 3 5
12 12 16 − 3
= '
15 5
RHS: (x × y) + (x × z) = c 0 × m + d 0 ×
−5
n
5
16 5 − 16
6 12 = × =
15 − 3 9
= 0 + 0 = 0
−
RHS: ' d ' n= 'd × n
2 3 3 2 3 5
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified 5 8 5 5 8 −3
−5
= 'd n
8. (i) Positive (ii) Negative 2

5 8
(iii) 1 and –1 (iv) 0 − 16
2 8 16
= × = =
(v) a (vi) 1 5 − 5 − 25 25
(vii) no ∴ LHS ≠ RHS (True)
4 −2 −1
3. (i) Here, x =
,y= ,z=
Exercise 1.4 9 5 14
−2 −1
(x ÷ y) ÷ z = < ' d nF ' d n
4
7 LHS:
1. (i) 0 (ii) 9 5 14
5
−1
− 11 − 14 = d × n'd n
4 5

(iii)
13
(iv)
33 9 −2 14
−1
'd n
5 5 5 27 20
2. (i) LHS: ' = × =1 =
27 27 27 5 − 18 14
− 10 −1
'd n
RHS: –1
=
9 14
∴ LHS ≠ RHS (False) − 10 14 140
= × =
3 2 3 9 3 × 9 27 9 −1 9
' = × = = −2 −1
x ÷ (y ÷ z) = ' d n
(ii) LHS: 4
5 9 5 2 5 × 2 10 RHS: '
9 5 14
2 3 2 5 10
' = × = − 2 14
= 'd n
RHS: 4
9 5 9 3 27 ×
9 5 −1
∴ LHS ≠ RHS (False)

8 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 − 28 − 35 7
= 'd n
4
⇒ x= '
9 −5 81 3
4 5 20 − 35 3 35 × 3 − 5
= × = = × = =
9 28 252 81 7 81 × 7 27
∴ LHS ≠ RHS Hence, Verified −5
Hence, the required number is .
27
−2 −1
'd n
4
(ii) LHS: x ÷ (y + z) = + 7. Let the other number be x.
9 5 4
−8 −5 −4 − 16
= 'd n ∴
4 x× =
+ 3 9
9 20 20
− 8 + (− 5) − 16 − 4
= 'd n
4 ⇒ x= '
9 3
9 20
4 − 13 4 20 − 16 3
= ' = × = ×
9 20 9 (− 13) 9 −4
80 − 80 − 16 × 3 4
= = =
− 117 117 =
9 × ( − 4) 3
4 −2 4 −1
RHS:(x ÷ y) + (x ÷ z) = d ' n+d ' n 4
9 5 9 4 Hence, the other number is .
3
= d × n+= × G
4 5 4 4

9 −2 9 ( − 1) Exercise 1.5
− 10 − 16
= d n+d n 1. (i) Here,
−2
–1 =
and
3
9 9 2 2
(− 10) + (− 16) − 26
= = The integers between –2 and 3 are –1, 0, 1
9 9
−1 1
∴ LHS ≠ RHS Hence Verified ∴ Given integers are , 0,
2 2
10 1 10 1 4
3 6 Y3 20 10 1 (ii) Here, = and =
4. (i) ' = × = = =1 2 20 5 20
10 20 10 Y6 10 1 1 1
Y
2
The integers between and are:
8 6 8 21 8 × 21 2 5
(ii) ' = × = =4 5 7 9
7 21 7 6 7×6 , ,
20 20 20
5 −5 5 12 5 × 12
(iii) ' = × = =−1 1 1 5 7
12 12 12 − 5 12 × (− 5) ∴ Required integers between and are ,
9 2 5 20 20
9 0 17 0 × 17 0 and 20 .
(iv) 0' = × = = =0
17 1 9 1× 9 9 − 7 − 35 − 6 − 18
(iii) Here, = and =
1 6 4 6 × 4 24 15 75 25 75
(v) 6' = × = = = 24 −7 −6
4 1 1 1×1 1 The integers between and are:
− 6 (− 8) −6 1 −6 ×1 3 15 25
(vi) ' = × = = − 32 − 30 − 20
7 1 7 (− 8) 7 × (− 8) 28 , ,
75 75 75
12 (− 7) 12 × 1 3 −3 − 32 − 30 − 20
(vii) ' = = =
56 1 56 × (− 7) − 98 98 Hence, the required integers are ,
75 75
and
75
.
5. Let the number multiplied be x. 1 1 8 16
(iv) Here, = and =
10 10 5 10
−7 56
∴ ×x = ∴
1
<
2
<
3
<
4 16
<
26 78 10 10 10 10 10
56 7
⇒ x= ' Hence, the required integers are , and .
2 3 4
78 26 10 10 10
56 26 56 × 26 8
= × = = 2. (i)
4
and
1
78 7 78 × 7 3 7 2
8 4 40 1 35
Hence, the required number is .
3 Here, = and =
7 70 2 70
6. Let the number multiplied be x. But here, we get out 40 – 35 – 1 = 4 integers. So, it is
− 35 4 1
7 not easy to locate 10 integers between and .
∴ ×x = 7 2
3 81

Fun & Joy with Math-8 9

 4 120 1 105 1 10 1 12
Let, us write: = and = 4. Here, = and =
7 210 2 210 6 60 5 60
Now, between 105 and 120, we have (120 – 105 – 1) Between 10 and 12, we get only 12 – 10 – 1 = 1 integer.
= 14 integers.
1 30 1 36
Let us write, = and =
Then, 6 180 5 180
105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Now between 30 and 36, we have (36 – 30 – 1) = 5
< < < < < < integers.
210 210 210 210 210 210 210
112 113 114 115 120
< < < < < 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
210 210 210 210 210 Thus, < < < < < <
180 180 180 180 180 180 180
− 6 − 12 5 45
(ii) Here, = and =
27 54 6 54 MCQs
Now, between –12 and 45, we have (45 + 12 – 1) = 56
integers. 5. (i) (d) All of the above

Then, (ii) (a) to the left of 0

− 11 − 9 − 7 − 5 − 3 − 1 1 3 (iii) (a) Addition and Multiplication

< < < < < < <
54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 (iv) (d) Rational number is always closed under division.
5 7 10 45
< < < <
54 54 54 54 Mental Maths
4 16 − 3 − 30
(iii) Here, = and =
− 1 15 −2 (− 2) × (− 1) 15 1 − 2
d− 2 ×
+ ' 3n = d + × n
25 100 10 100
1.
Then, 3 2 3 1× 3 2 3 3
2 5 −2
= c + m
− 30 − 25 − 20 − 15 − 5 − 3 3
< < < < < < 3 2 3
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
4 + 15 − 2
= d n
6 9 12 15 16
< < < < <
100 100 100 100 100 6 3
− 6 − 12 1 4
(iv) Here, = and = 19 − 2
10 20 5 20 = ×
− 12 6 3
4
Then, required numbers between and are : − 38 − 19 1
20 20 = = =− 2
− 12 − 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 18 9 9
< < < < < <
−7 − 21
2d + d n + n = 2d + d n+ n
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 8 25 80
−4 −3 −2 −1 4 2.
6 3 30 30
< < < < < 10 30
20 20 20 20 20
25 + (− 21) + 80
3.
−3 3
= − 0.375 and = 0.375 = 2 d n
8 8 30

= 2 c m = 2 ×
7 84 84
(i) = 0.304
23 30 30
 –0.375 < 0.304 < 0.375 28
Y
2 × 84 28 3
7 −3 3 = = = 5
So, lies between and 30 5 5
23 8 8 15 5
−3 1 3
(ii) < <
c − + + m'3 = c + m'
8 8 8 16 5 2 4 2 192 100 30 40 41
3. − +
1 −3 3 5 3 4 6 13 60 60 60 60 13
So, lies between and .
192 − 100 + 30 + 40
= d n'
8 8 8 41
1 60 13
(iii) = 0.1429
7
162 41
 –0.375 < 0.1429 < 0.375 = '
60 13
1 −3 3 81
So, lies between and . 162 13
7 8 8 = ×
−5 −3 60 41
(iv)  < 30
8 8
−5 −3 3 1053 351
So, does not lie between and . = =
8 8 8 1230 410

10 Fun & Joy with Math-8

4.
Let the number to be added be x. 6. Given numbers are:
13 1
∴ − 2 + x = 14 − 11 − 2 16 − 4
8 5 , , ,
− 29 71 28 3 17 7
⇒ +x =
8 5 − 11 − 11 × 51 − 561
− 29 ∴ = =
−d n
71 28 28 × 51 1428
⇒ x =
5 8 −2 − 2 × 476 − 952
71 29 = =
= + 3 3 × 476 1428
5 8
568 + 145
16
=
16 × 84 1344
=
= 17 17 × 84 1428
40
713
= 17
33 −4 − 4 × 204 − 816
=
40 40 = =
7 7 × 204 1428
33
Hence, the required number is 17 . 1344 16
40 Here, greatest number is , which is .
− 2 − 29 − 65 1 1428 17
5. × × ×1 ×1
− 13 14 −8 5 Or
(− 2) × (− 29) × (− 65) 6 1 16
Here 17 is the only positive rational number. So, it is the
= × ×
(− 13) × (14) × (− 8) 5 1
greatest rational number.
-1 Y
5 3
(− 2) × (− 29) × (− 65) × 6 ×1 HOTS

=
( 13) × (14) × (− 8) × (− 5) × 1
−
7 -4
1. (b) a negative rational number.
(− 1) × (− 29) × (3) × 1
= 11
1 × 7 × ( − 4) × 1 2. Here, the greatest rational number is (Rest all numbers
− 87 3 28
= =−3 are negative)
28 28
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 11

 Chapter-2 : Exponents and Powers
c m ×c m = c m ×c m
5 -1 5 -1
=a a m = mG
Exercise 2.1 91 91 - 1
(v)
9 9 5 5 a
−2 −2 −2 −2 3
(i) d n×d n×d n = d n
= c m = × =
1. 9 2 9 9 81
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 25
(ii) c m
7
( − p)
(iii) ) 3
7 5
c m =1
8 0
11 q 5. (i) [ a0 = 1]
13
]− 7g 4
(iv) c m
( − 3) 4
(v) ) 3 (vi) ( 2 c m =1
x 7 2 0
3 (ii) [ a0 = 1]
y 8 3
c m ×c m = 1 × 1 = 1
−2 −2 (− 2) × (− 2) 4 7 0 8 0
2. (i) × = = (iii)
13 11
5 5 5×5 25
(iv) c m × (5) 0 × c m = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
−1 5 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 6 0 1 0
(ii) d n = d n × d n × d n × d n × d n 7 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
−1 − −1 −1
(–4)2 × d n = (–4 × –4) × d n
2
1
= 6. (i) ×
243 4 4 4
(iii) c m = × × =
4 3 1
4 4 4 64 = 16 × = 1
9 9 9 9 729 16
(− 3) 3 × c m = (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × × ×
1 3
(iv) c m = × × × =
2 4 2 2 2 2 16 1 1 1
(ii)
3 3 3 3 3 81 3 3 3 3
−3 −3 −3 −3 1
−3 4 = − 27 × =−1
(v) d n =
81
× × × = 27
7 7 7 7 7 2401
c m ×c m = × × × × × × × ×
3 4
2 5 Y3 Y3 Y 3 Y
3 Y 2 Y2 Y 2 Y2 Y 2
− 125 −5× − 5× − 5 −5 3
=d n
(iii)
3. (i) = 4 3 4 4 4 4 Y 3 Y3 Y 3 Y3 3
729 9×9×9 9 Y
2 Y
2 2
=c m
1 1×1×1 1 3 1 1
(ii) = = =
64 4×4×4 4 2 × 4 × 3 24
−9 3 −9 −9 −9
=c m d n ' 30 =
16 4×4 4 2
(iii) = (iv) × × '1
25 5×5 5 7 7 7 7
− 216 −6 × − 6 × − 6 −6 3 − 729
(iv) = =d n =
343
343 7×7×7 7
53 ÷ d n = 53 × (–15)2
2
1
−8 −2 × − 2 × − 2 −2 3
=d n
(v)
(v) =
− 15
27 3× 3× 3 3 = 5 × 5 × 5 × (–15) × (–15)
− 243 −3× − 3× − 3× − 3× − 3 −3 5
=d n
= 28,125
(vi) =
c m ×c m = × × × ×
3125 5×5×5×5×5 5 2 3 7 2 2 2 2 7 7
(vi)
4. (i) c m = c m
4 -5
=a c m = c b m G
9 5 -m m
a 7 2 7 7 7 2 2
9 4 b a 2
9 9 9 9 9 =
= × × × × 7
− 3 -4
(vii) d n × d n = d n × 1 =a c a m = c b m G
4 4 4 4 4 2 0 4 4 -m m
59049 4 −3 −3 b a
=
1024 4 4 4 4
= × × ×
c m = c m
-2
3 7 2 −3 −3 −3 −3
(ii)
7 3 256
7 7 49 =
81
= × =
c m ×c m = × × ×c m
3 3 9 1 3 3 -2 1 1 1 2 2
(viii)
(iii) c m = c m =
-1
=a c a m = c b m G
2 31 3 -m m
3 2 3 3 3 3
3 2 2 b a 1 2 2
(iv) c m × c m = c m × c m
13 2 13 -3 13 2 17 3 = × ×
27 3 3
17 17 17 13 4
13 13 17 17 17 =
= × × × × 243
d n 'c m = 1 ÷ 1
17 17 13 13 13 −1 0 2 0
17 (ix) [a0 = 1]
= 3 3
13 = 1

12 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 c m 'c m = c m 'c m c m = × × × ×
1 -4 1 4 2 4 1 4 3 5 3 3 3 3 3
(x) 9. (i) LHS:
2 3 1 3 7 7 7 7 7 7
243
= 24 × (3)4 = = RHS Verified
= (2 × 3)4 = (6)4 16807
−8 −8 −8 −8
d n =
3
= 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 (ii) LHS: × ×
11 11 11 11
= 1296
− 512
1 = = RHS Verified
7. (i) Reciprocal of (–3)2 is 1331
−
( 3) 2 3 3 1 1 1 −3 −3 −3
c m ×d n 'c m = × × ×
1 3 −3 3
1 10. × ×
(ii) Reciprocal of (–4)4 is 2 4 5 2 2 2 4 4 4
(− 4) 4
n'c m
− 27
= d
-3 3 3
− 11 − 11 3
(iii) Reciprocal of d n is d n
1
= 512 5
− 11 -3
d n
15 15
− 27 1
15 = ×
c m
512 3 3
− 3 11 − 3 -11
(iv) Reciprocal of d n is d n
1
= 5
− 3 11
d n
4 9 − 27 5 3
9 = ×c m
512 3
(v) Reciprocal of c m × c m
5 8 9 5 − 27 5 × 5 × 5
9 5 = ×
512 3 × 3 × 3
= c m ×c m = c m
5 8 5 -5 5 8-5
− 125
9 9 9 =
512
= c m is =c m .
5 3 1 5 -3
=c m
625 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 5 4
=
c m
9 5 3 9 11. (i) Reciprocal =
1296 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 6
9
− 392 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
−1 8 −1 2 −1 8-2 −1 6 =
d n 'd n = d n =d n
(ii) Reciprocal =
(vi) 675 5×5×3×3×3
8 8 8 8
−1 6 − 1 -6 23 × 7 2
Reciprocal of d n is = d n
1 = 3 2

−1 6 3 ×5
d n
8 8
8 −
( 3) 5
( − 2) 5
12. (i) 1' = 1×
− 10 2 ( − 2) ( − 3) 5
8. (i) Absolute value of d n is d 10 n
− 2 5

13 13 −2 × − 2 × − 2 × − 2 × − 2
=
(− 10) × (− 10) −3× − 3× − 3× − 3× − 3
=
13 × 13 − 32 32
= =
100 100 − 243 243
= =
169 169
−1 8-2
= d n =c m
−1 8 −1 2 −1 6 1 6
−4 n 'd n = d n
(ii) d
(ii) Absolute value of d n is d n
3
−4 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
−4 −4 −4 = × × × × ×
= × × 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 7 7 1
− 64 64 =
= = 15, 625
343 343
c m ×c m = × × × × × × × ×
3 3 7 6 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7
(iii) Absolute value of c m is c m
7 4 7 4 (iii)
9 7 3 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 3
9
= c m =
7 7 7 7 7 3 343
= × × ×
9 9 9 9 3 27
−4 − 4 − 4 16
d n =
2
2401 2401
= = (iv) × =
6561 6561 5 5 5 25
−2 −2 −2 −2 −2 −2
(iv) Absolute value of c m is c m
− 2 10
d n =
11 4 11 4
(v) × × × × ×
12 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
11× 11× 11× 11 −2 −2 −2 −2
= × × × ×
12 × 12 × 12 × 12 3 3 3 3
14641 1024
= =
20376 59, 049

Fun & Joy with Math-8 13

 c m 'c m = c m
Exercise 1.2 3 7 3 6 3 7-6
(iii) [ am ÷ an = am – n]
7 7 7
c m = × × ×
4 1 1 1 1
1
= c m =
1. (i) 31 3
5 5 5 5 5
1 7 7
8-4
− − −
d n 'd n = d n
= 8 4
4 4 4
625 (iv) [ am ÷ an = am – n]
1 1 1 9 9 9
(ii) (–3)–2 = = = −4 4
(− 3) 2 − 3 × − 3 9 = d n
(iii) 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 9
c m 'c m = c m =c m
3 7
3 11
3 7 - 11 3 -4
-3 4. (i)
−1
d n =
1 1 5 5 5 5
(iv) =
−1 3 −1 −1 −1 =c m
1 5 4
d n
7 =
× ×
c m
7 7 7 7 3 4 3
5
1
= − 343 2 17
c m 'c m = c m
=
−1 2 20 2 17 - 20
(ii)
7 7 7
343
c m =c m
2 -3 7 3
−1 −1 -7
−1 2-7 =
2. (i) d n × d n = d n
2
7 2
[ am × an = am + n] 9 - 13
−3 −3 −3
(iii) d n ' d n = d n
2 2 2 9 13

− 1 -5
= d n
7 7 7

− 3 -4 −7 4
d n =d n
2
5 =
= (–2) 7 3
3-6
− − −
d n 'd n = d n
3 6

= –2 × –2 × –2 × –2 × –2 4 4 4
(iv)
5 5 5
= –32
− 4 -3 −5 3
2+3 = d n =d n
−1 −1 −1
(ii) d n × d n = d n
2 3 5 4

=c m G = c m
6 6 6 2 3 1 2×3
1
5. (i) [ (am)n = amn]
−1 5
= d n
3 3

= c m
6 1 6
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
3
= × × × ×
6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
−1 = × × × × × =
= 3 3 3 3 3 3 729
7776 -5
−2 3×-5
=d 2 n G = < F
− 3
c m ×c m = c m
2 -5 2 3 2 -5 + 3 (ii) [ (am)n = amn]
(iii) 3 3
9 9 9
− 2 -15
= d n
= c m =c m
2 -2 9 2
3

9 2
= d n =a a n = nG
3 15 - 1
9 9 81
= × = −2 a
2 2 4 3 3 3 3 3
c m ×c m = c m ×c m = c m
2 2 5 -3 2 2 2 3 2 5 = × ×
−2 −2 −2 −2 −2
× ×
(iv)
5 2 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3
× × × × ×
2 2 2 2 2 −2 −2 −2 −2 −2
= × × × × 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 × × × × ×
32 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2
= 14348907
3125 =
− 3 17 −3 4 − 3 17 - 4 32768
3. (i) d n ' d n = d n [ a ÷ a = a ] 3
−2 4×3 − 2 12
=d 2 n G = d n =d n
m n m – n
5 5 5 − 4
(iii)
3 3 3
− 3 13
= d n 4096
5 =
531441
c m 'c m = c m
11 7 11 - 7
-2 -4
=c m G = c m
3 3 3 5 8
(ii) [ a ÷ a = a ]
m n m – n
(iv)
5
10 10 10 7 7
= c m
3 4 390625
=
10 5764801
14 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 (v) c m × c m
3 -3 − 3 -3
c m × d n = c m × d n
3 4 2 5 7 3 7 3
8.
4 3 7 7 3 −3
Y
3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 2 Y 2 Y 2 Y 2 Y2 7 7 7 7 7 7
= × × × × × × × × = × × × × ×
Y
4 Y 4 4 4 Y 3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 3 3 3 3 3 −3 −3 −3

= −c m
=
1 2
76 7 6
24 =
− (3) 6 3
c m ×c m = × × × ×
2 3 7 2 Y
2 Y 2 Y 2 Y7 Y
7
c m ×c m = c m
(vi) 4 -5 4 -3 4 x-2
7 8 Y
7 Y 7 7 Y 8 8 9. (i)
1 7 7 7
c m = c m
=
56 4 -5 - 3 4 x-2
⇒
7 7
(vii) c m × c m × c m
5 -4 3 -5 3 -4
c m = c m
4 -8 4 x-2
9 5 5 ⇒
7 7
= c m × c m
9 4 3 -5 - 4 On comparing powers, we get
5 5 ⇒ x – 2 = –8
= c m × c m
9 4
3 -9 ⇒ x = –8 + 2 = –6
5 5
c m×c m = c m
125 125 x 5 18
= c m × c m
9 4 5 9 (ii)
5 3 27 27 3
c m ×c m = c m
Y
9 9 9 Y
Y Y 9 Y 5 Y 5 Y 5 Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3x 5 18
= × × × × × × × × × × × × ⇒
Y
5 Y 5 Y 5 Y5 Y 3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 3 3 3 3
c m = c m
5×5×5×5×5 5 3 + 3x 5 18
= ⇒
3 3 3
3125 On comparing powers, we get
= ⇒ 3 + 3x = 18
3
6. (i) (19)–19 + 19 = (19)0 = 1 [ a0 = 1] ⇒ 3x = 15
(ii) 38 – 8 = 30 = 1 [ a0 = 1] ⇒ x=5

c m ×c m = c m
7 9
(iii) 80 = 1 2 2 2 x
(iii)
(iv) (–17)2 × 9 – 10 – 8 = (–17)18 – 18 3 3 3

c m = c m
2 7+9 2 x
= (–17)0 = 1 ⇒
3 3
(v) (40 – 60) × 100 = (1 – 1) × 1
c m = c m
16
2 2 x
= 0 × 1 = 0 ⇒
3 3
On comparing powers, we get
(vi) (160 – 200) × 106 × 1012

⇒ 16 = x
= (1 – 1) 1018
or x = 16
= 0 × 1018 = 0
(iv) c
m ×c m = c m
7 -4 7 -2x 7 8
0 0 0 0
(vii) (1 – 3 ) × (7 + 2 ) = (1 – 1) × (1 + 1) 11 11 11

c m = c m
-4 - 2x
= 0 × 2 = 0 7 7 8
⇒
(viii) 30 + 50 + 70 = 1 + 1 + 1 11 11
=3 On comparing powers, we get
⇒ –4 – 2x = 8
(ix) 40 × 50 × 100 × 130 = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 ⇒ –2x = 12
=1 ⇒ x = –6
− 3 -3 − 3 -4 −3 x
(v) d n ' d n = d n
7. Let, the number to be multiplied be x.

c m × x = 20
1 -3 7 7 7
∴ −3 -3 - (- 4)
−3 x
4 ⇒ d n = d n [ am ÷ an = am–n]
x = 20 ÷ c m
1 -3
⇒ 7 7
4 −3 -3 + 4
−3 x
= 20 ÷ (4)3 ⇒ d n = d n
7 7
5 On comparing powers, we get
20 5 ⇒ x = –3 + 4
= =
Y
4×4×4 16 ⇒ x=1

Fun & Joy with Math-8 15

10. (i) c m × c m ' c m = c m 'c m = c m =c m
2 10 2 2 9 12 2 10 + 2 2 -12 4 24 - 20 4 4
9 9 2 9 9 9 9
= c m ' c m
2 12 2 -12 4 4 4 4 256
= × × × =
9 9 9 9 9 9 6561
= c m =c m
2 12 + 12 2 24
(vi) c m + c m − (4) -3 = (2)3 + (4)4 – c m
1 -3 1 -4 1 3
9 9 2 4 4
(ii) 120 = 1 [ a0 = 1] 1 1 1
= 8 + 256 – × ×
(iii) 60 × 40 × 30 × 20 × 50 = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 4 4 4
=1 1
= 264 –
64
n + (− 10) 0 − c m
− 13 0
(iv) d
7 0 264 × 64 − 1
6 20 =
64
= 1 + 1 – 1 [ a0 = 1] 16895 63
= = 263
= 2 – 1 = 1 64 64
−2 −2 −2 −2
−3 6 − 8 -6 −3 6 × × ×
12. (i) d n ' c m = 3
−2 4
(v) d n 'd n = d n 'd n
3 6 7 4 3 3 3 = 16
8 3 8 −8 3 3 7 7 7 7 2401
−3 6-6 −3 0 × × ×
= d n = d n =1
3 3 3 3

8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5
0 × × × × ×
{(3)–2 + (3)–2}0 = ) 2 + 2 3 c m 'c m =
1 1 5 6 10 6 13 13 13 13 13 13
(vi) (ii)
3 3 13 13 10 10 10 10 10 10
× × × × ×
= ' + 1
1 1 0 13 13 13 13 13 13

9 9 1×1×1×1×1×1
= ' 1 =1
2 0 =
2×2×2×2×2×2
9 1
=
11. (i) c m × c m + c m = c m × c m + c m
3 6 7 5 3 2 3 6 3 -5 3 2 64
c m ×c m = × × × × ×
7 3 7 7 7 7 3 3 4 3 Y
3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 4 Y 4 Y 4
(iii)
=a a m = c 1 m G
-m
4 9 Y Y Y
4 4 4 9 9 9 Y
a 1 1 3
= =
= c m +c m
3 6-5 3 2 9 × 3 27

−1 −1 −1 −1
d n×d n×d n×d n
7 7
= +c m = + d n 'c m =
3 3 2 3 9 −1 4 2 4 3 3 3 3
(iv)
c m×c m×c m×c m
7 7 7 49 3 3 2 2 2 2
21 + 9 30 3 3 3 3
= =
49 49 (− 1) × (− 1) × (− 1) × (− 1)
=
c m +c m = c m +c m
-1
=a a m = c 1 m G
3 3 2
4 1
3 2 -m
2×2×2×2
(ii) 1
4 2 3 2 a =
4 9 16 + 27 16
= + =
3 4 12 Exercise 2.3
43 7
= =3
12 12 1. (i) 5.08 × 1011 (iv) 3.006839 × 10–8

c m = c m = × =
3 -2 5 2 5 5 25 (ii) 1.36 × 10–9 (v) 1.25 × 1013
(iii)
5 3 3 3 9 (iii) 4.6 × 105
(iv) c m + c m + c m
-1 -2 -2
1 1 1 2. (i) 6500000 (ii) 0.0302
2 3 4
= (2)1 + (3)2 + (4)2 (iii) 200530000 (iv) 0.0000052
= 2 + 9 + 16 (v) 730000000 (vi) 66001300
1
= 27
2 5
3. (i) 1.28 × 10–5 m (ii) 6 = 10-6 m
(v) =c m × c m G ' =c m G
4 10 4 2 4 4 10
9 9 9 (iii) 4.9 × 10–7 m (iv) 7 × 1010 cm
2
4 10 + 2G ' c 4 m
= =c m
4×5 (v) 1.08323 × 1012 cu. km.

9 9 3.24 × 0.08666
4. = 0.056088374
= c m 'c m
12 × 2 20 5.006
4 4
9 9 = 5.608834 × 10–2

16 Fun & Joy with Math-8

5. Given, Diameter = 3 × 10–6 m On comparing powers we get,
= 0.000003 m ⇒ 12 + 12m = 96
6. Mass of Earth = 5.98 × 1027 g
⇒ 12m = 96 – 12 = 84
= 598 × 1025 g
Mass of Moon = 7.36 × 10­25 g ⇒ m=7
Total of mass = 598 × 1025 + 7.36 × 1025 Hence, m = 7.
= (598 + 7.36) × 1025 g
c m + c m + c m +c m +c m
1 -2 1 -3 1 -2 1 -3 1 0
= 605.36 × 1025 g 4.
2 3 4 5 6
− 27 = 22 + 33 + 42 + 53 + 1
7. (i) (b) ,
64
= 4 + 27 + 16 + 125 + 1
−3 3 −3 −3 −3 − 27
d n = × × = = 173
4 4 4 4 64
(10 + 20 + 30 + 60 + 80 + 91) ÷ 1
(ii) (b) c m ' c m
3 6 3 4 5.
5 5 = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 9) ÷ 1
= 14 ÷ 1 = 14
(iii) (d) c m
-6
1
c m
3 0.00000123 0.00000626
6. +
10000 1000000
Mental Maths = 0.000000000123 + 0.00000000000626

c m ×c m = c m
a 4m a 16m a 4m + 16m = 123 × 10–12 + 6.26 × 10–12
1. (a)
b b b = 129.26 × 10–12
= c m
a 20 m
b HOTS
x /4 x

= c m >e c 5 m o H
5 12 3 12 × 3 ×
4
− 3 -3 4 -2
d n ×c m = d n ×c m
(b) 8 3 9 2
4 4 1.
8 9 −3 4
= c m
5 9x 2 2 Y
3 3

4 8 8 8 9 9
= × × × ×
−3 −3 −3 Y4 Y
(c) c m − c m + c m + c m − c m
4 0 4 -1 2 -2 16 0 5 -1 4
3 3 5 99 6 -1 -1 -1
2×2×8×3
= − 96
= 1 − + c m +1− c m
3 2
5 6 =
−1× − 1× − 1
4 2 5
2. (3–1 + 4–1 ÷ 5–1) = c + ' m
1 1 1
1 25 6
= + +1− 3 4 5
4 4 5
5 + 125 + 20 − 24 4+3 1
= = d ' n
20 12 5
150 − 24 126 63 3 7 5 35 11
= = = =6 = × = =2
20 20 10 10 12 1 12 12
-1/2 -1 3. Size of bactericum = 5.1 × 10–6 m
=c m G = c m
16 4 16 4 × 2
2. = 0.0000051 m
3 3
Size of plant cell = 1.26 × 10–6 m
= c m = c m =
16 -2 3 2 9
3 16 256 = 0.00000126 m
9 256 From this we find size of bacterium is greater than the
Multiplicative inverse of is .
256 9 plant cell.

c m ×c m = c m ×c m
2 -6 2 102 2 12 2 12m
3. Project Work
5 5 5 5
Total thickness = 5 × 20 mm + 5 × 0.016 mm
c m = c m
-6 + 102 12 + 12m
2 2
⇒ = 100 mm + 0.080 mm
5 5
[ am × an = am + n] = 100.080 mm

c m = c m
2 96 2 12 + 12m = 1.00080 × 10–2 mm
⇒
5 5 Hence, the total thickness is 1.00080 × 10–2 mm.
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 17

 Chapter-3 : Squares and Square Root
Exercise 3.1 (vi) 576, prime factors are :
1. (i) Square of 10 = 100 2 576
2 288
Square of 11 = 121
2 144
There are 20 natural nos. between 102 and 112. 2 72
(ii) (100)2 = 10000 2 36
(101)2 = 10,201 2 18
3 9
There are 200 natural nos. between 1002 and 1012.
3 3
2. (i) 49, prime factors are : 1
7 49
576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
7 7
1 = 22 × 22 × 22 × 32 (Perfect Square)

49 = 7 × 7 = 72 (Perfect Square) (vii) 1225, prime factors are :
(ii) 121, prime factors are : 5 1225
11 121 5 245
11 11 7 49
1 7 7
121 = 11 × 11 = 112 (Perfect Square) 1
(iii) 332, prime factors are : 1225 = 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
2 332 = 52 × 72
(Perfect Square)
2 166
(viii) 1000, prime factors are :
83
2 1000
332 = 2 × 2 × 83 = 22 × 83
2 500
(Not a Perfect Square)
2 250
(iv) 729, prime factors are : 5 125
3729 5 25
3243 5 5
3 81 1
3 27
1000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
3 9
3 3 = 22 × 52 × 10 (Not a Perfect Square)

1
(ix) 1428, prime factors are :
729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
2 1428
= 32 × 32 × 32 (Perfect Square)
2 714
(v) 1575, prime factors are : 3 357
3 1575 7 119
3 525 17
5 175
1428 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 17
5 35
7 7 (Not a Perfect Square)
1 3. Perfect Squares : 121, 81, 144, 1600, 8100
1575 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 Not Perfect Squares : 55, 217, 69, 3200, 4000
= 32 × 52 × 7 4. Square of an even number is even.
(Not a Perfect Square) Squares of even numbers are : 576, 484, 1296, 676, 900.
18 Fun & Joy with Math-8
5. Square of the numbers ending with 1 and 9 will have 1 in So, 1575 should be divided by 7 to make it a
the end. perfect square.
So, the required nos. are –1, 109, 161. (b) 6912 prime factors are :
6. Square of an odd numbers are odd. 2 6912
Squares of odd numbers = 729, 225, 121, 289, 49, 1089. 2 3456

c m =
2 2 2×2 4 2 1728
7. (i) = 2 864
3 3× 3 9
2 432
(ii) c m =
12 2 12 × 12 144
= 2 216
25 25 × 25 625
2 108
(iii) c m =
101 2 101 × 101 10, 201
= 2 54
220 220 × 220 48, 400
3 27
(v) c m =
19 12 19 × 19 361
= 3 9
12 12 × 12 144 3 3
8. (i) (90)2 = 8100
1
(91)2 = 8281
∴ 6912 = 2 × 33
8

Required numbers = 181

So, 6912 should be divided by 3 to make it a
(ii) (1000)2 = 10,00,000 perfect square.
(1001)2 = 10,02,001 10. We will square the unit digit to know the last digit of the
Required numbers = 2001 square.
9. (i) (a) 512, prime factors are : (i) 42 = 16
2 512 So, last number is 6.
2 256 (ii) 22 = 4
2 128
So, last number is 4.
2 64
2 32 (iii) (8)2 = 64
2 16 So, last number is 4.
2 8 (iv) 62 = 36
2 4 So, last number is 6.
2 2 (v) 32 = 9
1 So, last number is 9.
∴ 512 = 29
(vi) 02 = 0
To make it a perfect square multiply it by 2.
So, last number is 0.
(b) 1323, prime factors are :
11. (i) (732)2 – (731)2 = (732 – 731) (732 + 731)
3 1323
3 441 [ a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
3 147 = 1 × 1463 = 1463
7 49 (ii) (34)2 – (33)2 = (34 – 33) (34 + 33)
7 7 = 1 × 67 = 67
1 (iii) (15)2 – (14)2 = (15 – 14) (15 + 14)
∴ 1323 = 33 × 72
= 1 × 29 = 29
So, 1323 should be multiplied by 3 to make it a
(iv) (121)2 – (111)2 = (121 – 111) (121 + 111)
perfect square.
= 10 × 232 = 2320
(ii) (a) 1575, prime factors are :
(v) (1002)2 – (1001)2 = (1002 – 1001) (1002 + 1001)
3 1575
3 525 = 1 × 2003 = 2003
5 175 (vi) (2115)2 – (2114)2 = (2115 – 2114) (2115 + 2114)
5 35 = 1 × 4229 = 4229
7 7 12. When the consecutive odd numbers are added. Then,
1 sum of odd numbers = n2, where n is the number of odd
∴ 1575 = 32 × 52 × 7 numbers taken.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 19

 (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 (ii) Let us take (ab)2 = (54)2
Here, n =4 Column I Column II Column III
2
Then, required sum = 4 = 16 a2
2ab b2
(ii) Here, n =8 25 40 16
Then, required sum = 82 = 64 Now, I II III
2 2
a 2ab b
(iii) Here, n = 12
25 40 16
Then, required sum = 122 = 144. 4 1
29 41
(iv) Here, n =9 Then, (54)2 = 2916
2
Then, required sum = 9 = 81
(iii) (ab)2 = (12)2
13. For any natural number n, where n > 1 (2n, n2 – 1, n2 + 1)
is a Pythagorean triplet. Column I Column II Column III
2
(i) Here, one member is 99 a 2ab b2
1 4 4
Then, n2 – 1 = 99
Hence, (12)2 = 144
⇒ n2 = 99 + 1
⇒ n2 = 100 (iv) Let us take (ab)2 = (43)2
Column Column Column
⇒ n = 10 I II III
2 2
Then, pythagorean triplet is 20, 99 and 101. a 2ab b
(ii) Here, one member is 24 16 24 9
2
2
Then, n – 1 = 24 18
⇒ n2 = 24 + 1 Hence, (43)2 = 1849
2
⇒ n = 25
(v) Let us take (ab)2 = (25)2
⇒ n =5 Column Column Column
Then, pythagorean triplet is 10, 24 and 26. I II III
2 2
a 2ab b
(iii) Here, one member is 82
4 20 25
Then, n2 + 1 = 82 2 2
6 22
⇒ n2 = 82 – 1
⇒ n2 = 81 Hence, (25)2 = 625
⇒ n =9 (vi) Let us take (ab)2 = (98)2
Then, pythagorean triplet is 18, 80 and 82. Column Column Column
I II III
(iv) Here, one member is 14 a
2
2ab b
2

Then, 2n = 14 81 144 64
15 6
⇒ n =7 96 150
Then, other members are 14, 48 and 50.
Hence, (98)2 = 9604
2 2
14. (i) Let us take (ab) = (37)
15. (i) The least square number divisible by each one of 8, 9,
Column I Column II Column III 10 is their LCM.
a2 2ab b2 2 8, 9, 10
32 = 9 2 × 3 × 7 = 42 72 = 49 2 4, 9, 5
Step I Step II Step III 2 2, 9, 5
3 1, 9, 5
I II III I II III I II III
a
2
2ab b
2
a
2
2ab b
2
a
2
2ab b
2 3 1, 3, 5
5 1, 1, 5
9 42 49 9 42 49 9 42 49
4 4 4 4 4 1, 1, 1
46 13 46 13 6 9 LCM of 8, 9, 10 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
2
Hence, 37 = 1369 = 360

20 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 To make it a perfect square one 2 and one 5 is needed. 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
So, 360 should be multiplied by 2 × 5. ∴ 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
Hence, the required number is 360 × 10 = 3600.
(iii) By prime factorisation method, we get
(ii) The least square number divisible by each one of 6, 9
and 15 is their LCM. 3 6561
2 6, 9, 15 3 2187
3 3, 9, 15 3 729
3 1, 3, 5 3 243
5 1, 1, 5 3 81
1, 1, 1 3 27
LCM of 6, 9, 15 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 3 9
= 90 3 3
Prime factorisation of 90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 1
We need to make pairs of 2 and 5 to make it a perfect 6561 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
square. So, 90 should be multiplied by 2 × 5.
∴ 6561 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81
Hence, the required square number is 90 × 10 = 900.
16. (i) 36 = 62 (iv) By prime factorisation method, we get
Then, it is given by sum of first 6 odd numbers 2 41616
2 20808
62 = 36 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11
2 10404
(ii) 16 = 42
2 5202
Then, it is given by sum of first 4 odd numbers 3 2601
42 = 16 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 3 867
(iii) 81 = 92 17 289
92 = 81 17 17
= 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 1
(iv) 25 = 52 41616 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 17 × 17
52 = 25 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9
∴ 41616 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 17
(v) 49 = 72
72 = 49 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 204
(vi) 9 = 32 (v) By prime factorisation method, we get
32 = 9 = 1 + 3 + 5 3 2025
Exercise 3.2 3 675
3 225
1. (i) 225,
3 75
By prime factorisation method, we get
5 25
3 225
5 5
3 75
1
5 25
5 5 2025 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
1 ∴ 2025 = 3 × 3 × 5
225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 45
∴ 225 = 3 × 5 = 15
(vi) By prime factorisation method, we get
(ii) By prime factorisation method, we get
7 5929
3 729 7 847
3 243 11 121
3 81 11 11
3 27 1
3 9
5929 = 7 × 7 × 11 × 11
3 3
1 ∴ 5929 = 7 × 11 = 77

Fun & Joy with Math-8 21

 (vii) By prime factorisation method, we get 676 26 × 26 26
(iii) = =
2 8464 625 25 × 25 25
2 4232 10000 396 100 × 100
(iv) = 1 =
2 2116 9604 9604 98 × 98
2 1058 100
=
23 529 98
23 23 3. Let, the number of trees in a row be x.
1 Then, number of rows = x
8464 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 23 × 23
∴ x × x = 1024
∴ 8464 = 2 × 2 × 23 = 92 ⇒ x2 = 1024
(viii) By prime factorisation method, we get ⇒ x = 1024
210, 000 2 1024
2 5000 2 512
2 2500 2 256
2 1250 2 128
5 625 2 64
5 125 2 32
5 25 2 16
5 5 2 8
1 2 4
10000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 2 2
∴ 10000 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 100 1

(ix) By prime factorisation method, we get = 2×2 × 2×2 × 2×2 × 2×2

2 24336 × 2×2
2 12168 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
2 6084 = 32
2 3042 Hence, the number of trees in a row is 32.
3 1521
3 507 4. For finding the smallest number, we must find the prime
13 169 factorisation of 9,126.
13 13 2 9126
1 3 4563
24336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 13 × 13 3 1521
∴ 24336 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 156 3 507
13 169
(x) On finding prime factorisation,
13 13
3 11025 1
3 3675
5 1225 ∴ 9126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 13 × 13
5 245 So, to make 9126 a perfect square we should multiply
7 49 9126 by 6.
7 7 Then, Required number = 9126 × 6
1 = 54,756
11025 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 54756 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 13 × 13
∴ 11025 = 3 × 5 × 7 = 105 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 13
64 8×8 8 = 234
2. (i) = = So, the number 9126 should be multiplied by 6 and square
169 13 × 13 13
961 31 × 31 31 root so obtained is 234.
(ii) = =
25 5×5 5
5. First we will find the prime factorisation of 3,528.

22 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 2
3528 For 1152 :
2
1764 2 1152
2882 2 576
3441 2 288
3147 2 144
7 49 2 72
7 7 2 36
1 3 18
∴ 3528 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 3 9
Only number 2 is left unpaired. 3 3
1
So, 3528 should be multiplied by 2, to make it a perfect
square. Prime factorisation = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
∴ Required number = 3528 × 2 ×3×3
= 7056 1152 should be divided by 2.
1152
So, Required square root = 7056 Then, required number = = 576
2
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
= 24
= 84
For 7776 :
Hence, the number to be multiplied is 2 and the square
2 7776
root of the perfect square is 84.
2 3888
6. For finding the smallest number, we need to find the LCM 2 1944
of 6, 9, 15 and 20. 2 972
3 6, 9, 15, 20 2 486
2 2, 3, 5, 20 3 243
3 1, 3, 5, 10 3 81
2 1, 1, 5, 10 3 27
5 1, 1, 5, 5 3 9
1, 1, 1, 1 3 3
1
∴ LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
Prime factorisation = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
= 180
×3×3×3
Prime factorisation of 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
So, 7776 should be divided by 6.
On multiplying by 5, the number will become a perfect Then, required perfect square number
square. 7776
= = 1296
So, Required number = 180 × 5 = 900. 2
1296 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
7. For 3528 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
2 3528 = 36
2 1764
2 882 8.(i) We will find the LCM of 4, 5 and 8
3 441 2 4, 5, 8
3 147 2 2, 5, 4
7 49 2 1, 5, 2
7 7 5 1, 5, 1
1 1, 1, 1
Prime factorisation = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 ∴ LCMof 4, 5 and 8 = 40
So, 3528 should be divided by 2. Prime factorisation of 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
3528 So, 40 should be multiplied by 10, to make it a perfect
Then, required number = = 1764
2 square.
1764 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 ∴ 40 × 10 = 400
= 42 Hence, required least square number is 400.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 23

 (ii) We will find the LCM of 16, 15 and 20. Exercise 3.3
2 16, 15, 20
1. (i) 1024
2 8, 15, 10 32
2 4, 15, 5 3 1024
2 2, 15, 5 3 9
62 124
3 1, 15, 5 2 124
5 1, 5, 5 ×
1, 1, 1 Thus, 1024 = 32
∴ LCMof 16, 15 and 20 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 (ii) 44,100
Prime factors of 240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 210
Then, 240 should be multiplied by 15 to make it a 2 44100
perfect square. 2 4
∴ Required number = 240 × 15 = 3600 41 × 41
1 41
420 × 00
(iii) We will find the LCM of 16, 18 and 45. 0 00
2 16, 18, 45 ×
2 8, 9, 45 Thus, 44100 = 210
2 4, 9, 45 (iii) 841
2 2, 9, 45 29
3 1, 9, 45 2 841
2 4
3 1, 3, 15 49 441
5 1, 1, 5 441
1, 1, 1 ×
Thus, 841 = 29
∴ LCMof 16, 18 and 45 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
= 720 (iv) 7,921
Prime factors of 720 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 89
8 7921
Then, 720 should be multiplied by 5 to make it a 8 64
perfect square. 169 1521
∴ Required number = 720 × 5 = 3600 1521
×
Let, the side of the square field be s.
9. Thus, 7921 = 89
∴ s2 = 31684
(v) 8,649
s = 31, 684
93
2 31684 9 8649
2 15842 9 81
183 549
89 7921 549
89 89 ×
1 Thus, 8649 = 93
= 2 × 2 × 89 × 89 (vi) 15,129
123
= 2 × 89 1 15129
= 178 m 1 1
22 × 51
Hence, the side of the square is 178 m. 2 44
243 × 729
10. (i) 225 × 676 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 13 729
= 3 × 5 × 2 × 13 ×
= 390 Thus, 15129 = 123
625 × 1296 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 ×
(ii) (vii) 7,20,801
849
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 3× 3 8 720801
= 5 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 8 64
= 900 164 × 808
4 656
(iii) 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 1689 15201
9 15201
= 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 ×
= 54
Thus, 720801 = 849
24 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 (viii) 9,74,169 (iii) Let us try the square root of 1,989.
987 44
9 974169 4 1989
9 81 4 16
188 1641 84 389
8 1504 4 336
1967 ×13769 53
7 13769
× So, 53 should be subtracted from 1989.
Thus, 9, 74, 169 = 987 (iv) Let us try the square root of 1,525.
(ix) 4,624 39
68 3 1525
6 4624 3 9
6 36 69 625
128 1024 9 621
8 1024 4
×
So, 4 should be subtracted from 1525.
Thus, 4, 624 = 68
(v) Let us try the square root of 2,73,682.
(x) 66,049
257 523
2 66049 5 273682
2 4 5 25
45 260 102 236
5 225 2 204
507 3549 1043 3282
7 3549 3 3129
× 163
Thus, 66049 = 257 3. (i) Let us try the square root of 45,15,600.
(xi) 4,26,409 2124
653 2 4515600
6 426409 2 4
6 36 41 51
125 664 1 41
5 625 422 1056
1303 3909 2 844
3 3909 4244 21200
× 16976
4224
Thus, 426409 = 653
(xii) 55,225 From the solution it is clear that 4515600 is greater
235 than (2124)2 but less than (2125)2.
2 55225
2 4 Thus, the number to be added
43 152 = (2125)2 – 45,15,600
3 129
465 2325 = 45,15,625 –45,15,600
5 2325
× = 25
Thus, 55225 = 235 So, 25 needed to be added.
2. (i) Let us try the square root of 6,249. (ii) Let us try the square root of 6,708.
79
7 6249 81
8 6708
7 49
149 1349 8 64
1341 161 308
8 161
147
So, 8 should be subtracted from 6249.
From the solution it is clear that 6708 is greater than
(ii) Let us try the square root of 1,19,766
346 (81)2 but less than (82)2.
3 119766 Thus, the number to be added
3 9
64 297 = (82)2 – 6708
4 256
686 4166 = 6724 – 6708
4116
50 = 16
So, 50 should be subtracted from 119766. So, number to be added is 16.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 25

 (iii) Let us try the square root of 3,90,615. 99
624 9801 = 9 9801
6 390615 9 81
6 36 189 1701
122 306 9 1701
2 244 ×
1244 6215 The greatest number of 5 digit is 99999.
4976
1239 Let, us find the square root of 99999.
From the solution it is clear that 390615 is greater 316
than (624)2 but less than (625)2. 3 99999
3 9
Thus, the number to be added 61 × 99
= (625)2 – 390615 1 61
626 3899
= 390625 – 390615 6 3756
= 10 143
So, number to be added is 10.
So, required number = 99999 – 143
(iv) Let us try the square root of 7,912.
88 = 99856
8 7912 316
8 64
∴ 99856 = 3 99856
168 1512 3 9
1344 61 × 98
168 1 61
626 3756
From the solution it is clear that 7912 is greater than 6 3756
(88)2 but less than (89)2. ×
Thus, the number to be added Thus, 99856 = 316
= (89)2 – 7912 6. For finding the number to be multiplied we find the prime
= 7921 – 7912 factors of 4410.
= 9 2 4410
So, number to be added is 9. 3 2205
4. Let, the least four-digit number be 1000. 3 735
31 5 245
3 1000 7 49
3 9
61 100 7 7
1 61 1
39
4410 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 7
From the solution it clear that 1000 is greater than (31)2
So, 4410 should be multiplied by 10 to get make it a
but less than (32)2.
perfect square.
∴Number to be added = (32)2 – 1000
∴ Required smallest number
= 1024 – 1000 = 24 = 4410 × 10
∴ Required number = 1000 + 24 = 44100
= 1024 Now, 44100 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
1024 = 32
3 1024 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
3 9 = 210
62 124 ∴Required square root = 210.
124
× 7. For finding the number of roots, we will find the square
∴ 1024 = 32 root of 1525
5. The greatest number of 4 digit is 9999. 39
9 1525
Let us find the square root of 9999. 9 9
99 69 625
9 9999 9 621
9 81 4
189 1899
1701 So, there will be a square in which 39 students will there
198 in each row and column and extra 4 students will be left.
∴ Required number = 9999 – 198 8. (i) 121.
= 9801 Step 1 : The ones digit of square root may be 1 or 9.
26 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 Step 2 : D
 eleting the ones and tens digits of 121, we 2 5776
are left with 1. The tens digit of the square 2 2888
root of 121 is 1. 2 1444
Step 3 : The square root of 121 is probably 11 or 19. 2 722
By multiplying, we confirm that 121 is 11. 19 361
(ii) 625. 19 19
Step 1 : The ones digits of square root will be 5. 1
Step 2 : Deleting the ones and tens digit, we are left Here, 5776 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 19 × 19
with 6. The tens digit of the square root of 5776 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 19 × 19
625 is 2. (The largest square < 6 is 4). = 2 × 2 × 19
Step 3 : The square root of 625 is 25. = 76
(iii) 841. Hence, here 5776 is already a perfect square. So, no need
Step 1 : One’s digit of square root may be 1 or 9. to divide it further to make it a perfect square.
Step 2 : Deleting the one’s and ten’s digit of 841, we
are left with 8. The ten’s digit of the square Exercise 3.4
root of 841 is 2. (The largest square < 8 is 4).
1. (i) 0.9025 = 0.95
Step 3 : The square root of 841 is probably 21 or 29. 9 0.9025
By multiplying, we confirm 841 = 29. 9
185
81
925
(iv) 676. 925
×
Step 1 : One’s digit of square root may be 4 or 6.
Step 2 : Deleting the one’s and ten’s digit of 676, we ∴ 0.9025 = 0.95
are left with 6. The ten’s digit of the square (ii) 37.0881 = 6.0
6 37.0881
root of 676 is 2. 6 36
Step 3 : The square root of 676 may be probably 24 120 108
0 0
or 26. By multiplying, we confirm that 676 1209 10881
= 26. 10881
×
9. Let us try to find the square root of 1,102*. ∴ 37.0881 = 6.09
105
1 1102* 25.01
(iii) 625.550121 = 2 625.550121
1 1
205 ×102* 2 4
1025 45 225
5 225
500 × 155
So, to make the given number perfect square, put 5 in 0 00
place of *. 5001 × 5501
1 5001
11025 = 105 50021 50021
10. Let, the total number of students went for the outing be x. 50021
×
Then, contribution of each student be `x.
∴ x × x = 16,129 ∴ 625.550121 = 25.011
x2 = 16129 (iv) 0.848241 =
0.921
9 0.848241
x = 16129 9 81
127 182 382
1 16129 2 364
1 1 1841 1841
22 ×61 1841
2 44 ×
247 1729 ∴ 0.848241 = 0.921
1729 3.5
× (v) 12.25 = 3 12.25
∴ 16129 = 127 3 9
65 325
Hence, the total number of students went for outing is 127. 325
11. We will do the prime factorisation of 5776. ×

We get, ∴ 12.25 = 3.5

Fun & Joy with Math-8 27

 (vi) 7260.7441 = 85.21 1.732
8 7260.7441
(iii) 3 = 1 3.000000
8 64 1 1
165 860 27 200
5 825 7 189
1702 3574 343 1100
2 3404 3 1029
17041 17041 3462 7100
17041 6924
× 176

∴ 7260.7441 = 85.21
∴ 3 = 1.732 ~ 1.73
(vii) 7.29 = 2.7
2 7.29 (iv) 0.9 = 0.948
2 4 9 0.900000
47 329 9 81
329 184 900
× 4 736
1888 16400
∴ 7.29 = 2.7 15104
1296
(viii) 0.00053361 = 0.0231
2 0.00053361
2 4 ∴ 0.9 = 0.948 ~ 0.95
43 133
3 129 4.806
461 461
(v) 23.1 = 4 23.100000
461 4 16
× 88 7.10
8 704
9606 60000
∴ 0.00053361 = 0.0231 57636
1.6 2364
(ix) 2.56 = 1 2.56
1 1 ∴ 23.1 = 4.806
26 156
156 11.180
× (vi) 125 = 1 125.000000
1 1
∴ 2.56 = 1.6 21 25
1 21
0.048 221 400
(x) 0.002304 = 4 0.002304 1 221
4 16 2228 17900
168 704 17824
704
× 7600
∴ 0.002304 = 0.048Exercise 3.4
∴ 125 = 11.18
4.472
2. (i) 20 = 4 20.000000 3. (i) 0.000001 = 1 0.001
0.000001
4 16
84 400 1 1
4 336 ×
887 6400
7 6209 ∴ 0.000001 = 0.001
8942 19100
17844
21.7618
1256 (ii) 473.56 = 2 473.56000000
2 4
∴ 20 = 4.472 ~ 4.47 41 73
1 41
2.645
(ii) 7 = 2 7.000000 427 3256
7 2989
2 4 4346
46 300 26900
6 276 6 20076
524 2400 43521 82400
4 2096 1 43521
5285 435228 3887900
30400
26425 3481824
3975 406076

∴ 7 = 2.645 ~ 2.65 ∴ 473.56 = 21.762

28 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 2.8284 x= 61.7796
(iii) 8 = 2 8.00000000
2 4 7.86
48 400 7 61.7796
8 384 7 49
562 1600 148 1277
2 1124 8 1184
5648 47600 1566 9396
8 45184 9396
56564 241600 ×
226256 ∴ x = 7.86
15344
Hence, the value of decimal fraction is 7.86.
∴ 8 = 2.828
0.8215 6. (i) 144.
(iv) 0.675 = 8 0.67500000 Here, number of digits are 3 (which is odd)
8
162
64
350 3+1
No. of digits in its square root =
2 324 2
4
1641
1
2600
1641 = =2
2
16425 95900
82125 (ii) 4,489.
13775 Here, number of digits are 4 (which is even)
∴ 0.675 = 0.822 4
No. of digits in its square root = = 2
(v) 1.39754 = 1.1821 2
1 1.39754000 (iii) 27,225.
1 1 Here, number of digits are 5 (which is odd)
21 39
1 21 5+1
228 1875 No. of digits in its square root = =3
2
8 1824
2362 5140 7. (i) 97 ,
2 4724
23641 41600 92 = 81 and 102 = 100
23641 Since, 81 < 97 < 100
17959
∴ 9 < 97 < 10
∴ 1.39754 = 1.182 But 97 is closer to 100 than 81
5.4772 So, 97 is approximately 10.
(vi) 30 = 5 30.00000000
5 25
104 500 (ii) 520 ,
4 416 (22)2 = 484 and (23)2 = 529
1087 8400
7 7609 Since, 484 < 520 < 529
10947 79100
7 76629 ∴ 22 < 520 < 23
109542 247100 But 520 is closer to 529 rather than 484.
219084
28016 So, 520 is approximately 23.

∴ 30 = 5.477 (iii) 1100 ,

4. Let, the decimal fraction be x. (33)2 = 1089 and (34)2 = 1156
∴ x2 = 51.84 Since, 1089 < 1100 < 1156
⇒ x = 51.84 ∴ 33 < 1100 < 34
On finding the square root by division method. But 1100 is closer to 1089.
7.2
7 51.84 So, 1100 is approximately 33.
7 49
142 284 (iv) 6800 ,
284
× (82)2 = 6724 and (83)2 = 6889
∴ x = 7.2 Since, 6724 < 6800 < 6889
Hence, the value of decimal fration is 7.2. ∴ 82 < 6800 < 83
5. Let, the decimal fraction be x. But 6800 is closer to 6724.
∴ x2 = 61.7796 So, 6800 is approximately 82.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 29

 MCQs On solving, we get
59 + 45 + 65
8. (i) (d) Square number = 1300
0.13
(ii) (d) 8
3. Finding the square root of 15800.
(iii) (b) 9 125
n 1 15800
(iv) (a) 1 1
2 22 ×58
(v) (c) n2 2 44
245 1400
Mental Maths 1225
175
1.(a) (114)2 × (142)2 From the solution, it is clear that 15800 is greater than
Square of 4 is 16 (125)2 but less than (126)2
Square of 2 is 4 So, number to be added = (126)2 – 15800
Since, 6 × 4 = 24 = 76
So, unit digit is 4. 4. Finding the square root of 84102
290
(b) Square of 3 is 9 2 84102
Square of 2 is 4 2 4
49 441
Since, 9 × 4 = 36 9 441
So, unit digit is 6. 58 × 02

3481 + 2025 + 4225 So, 2 should be subtracted from 84102 to make it a perfect
2. square.
0.0169
Prime factors of 3481 5. Finding the square root of the greatest 6-digit number
59 3481 i.e., 999999 999
59 59 9 999999
9 81
1 189 1899
9 1701
3481 = 59 1989 19899
Prime factors of 2025 9 17901
5 2025 1998
5 405 So, the required number = 999999 – 1998
3 81
3 27 = 9,98,001
3 9
3 3
HOTS
C
1
1.
2025 = 5 × 3 × 3 5m
= 45
Prime factors of 4225 A E
12 m
5 4225
5 845
20 m 25 m
13 169
13 13
1
B 12 m D
4225 = 5 × 13
= 65 Here, AB and CD are towers of length 20 m and 25 m
0.0169 = 0.13 respectively and BD = 12 m
1 0.0169 ∴ AB = ED = 20 m
1 1
23 69 and CE = CD – ED
69 = 25 – 20
×
= 5 m
∴ 0.0169 = 0.13
∠AEC = 90°
30 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 In ∆AEC, AC2 = AE2 + EC2 PR = 289 = 17 × 17
(By pythagoras theorem) = 17 km
= 122 + 52 Hence, the distance he covered on his back journey was 17 km.
= 144 + 25
AC2 = 169
Project Work
AC = 169 We will find the square root of 2352, by prime factorisation
= 13 × 13 = 13 cm method.
Hence, the distance between their tops is 13 cm. 2 2352
2 1176
2. Ending point 2 588
Q R
8m 2 294
3 147
7 49
15 m 7 7
1
2352 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 7
Here, all numbers are paired except 3. So, 2352 is to be
multiplied by 3 to make it a perfect square.
P Starting point
∴ Multiply of 2352, which is a perfect square
He goes PQ = 15 km and QR = 8 km. = 2352 × 3
Then, distance between point R and P is given by using = 7056
pythagoras theorem in ∆PQR. ∴ 7056 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
i.e., PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
PR2 = 152 + 82

= 84
= 225 + 64
Hence, the required square root is 84.
= 289
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 31

 Chapter-4 : Cubes and Cube Root
Exercise 4.1 (ii) Prime factories of 2700 are :
1. (i) 13 = 1 3 2700
3 900
(ii) Let (ab)3 = (27)3 3 300
3 2 2 3
a 3a b 3ab b 2 100
8 84 294 343 2 50
11 32 34
19 116 328 5 25
5 5
1
∴ (27)3 = 19683
27 ∴ 2700 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
(iii) 2.7 =
10 Here, 2 and 5 does not occur in a group of three so,
(2.7)3 = c m = 3
27 3 273
∴ 2700 is not a perfect cube.
10 10
From (ii), we get (iii) Prime factors of 726 are :
19683
= 19.683 2 726
1000
3 363
(iv) Let, (ab) = (50)3
3

3 2 2 3
11 121
a 3a b 3ab b
11 11
125 0 0 0 1

∴ (50)3 = 125000 ∴ 726 = 2 × 3 × 11 × 11

38 Here, no number occur in a group of three. So, 726 is
(v) 3.8 = not a perfect cube.
10
(3.8)3 = c m = 3
38 3 383
∴ (iv) Prime factors of 343 are :
10 10
Let (ab)3 = (38)3 7 343
3 2 2 3 7 49
a 3a b 3ab b
7 7
27 216 576 512
27 62 51 1
54 278 627
∴ 343 = 7 × 7 × 7
∴ 3
(38) = 54872 Here, number 7 occurs in a group of three. So, 343 is
54872 a perfect cube.
Then, (3.8)3 = = 54.872
1000 (v) Prime factors of 900 are :
− 11 3 (− 11) 3 − 1331
(vi) d n = 3 = 3
900
6 6 216
3
300
c m =
3 64
4
(vii) 2
100
5 125
250
c m =
9 3 729
(viii) 525
17 4913
5 5
c2 m = c m =
1 3 13 3 2197
(ix) 1
6 6 216
2. (i) Prime factors of 49 = 7 × 7 ∴ 900 = 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5

There should be a group of three 7s to make it a No number occur in a group of three. Hence, 900 is
perfect cube. So, 49 is not a perfect cube. not a perfect cube.
32 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 (vi) Prime factores of 64,000 are : 3. (i) 3 15625
2 64000 Prime factors of 15,625
2 32000 5 15625
2 16000 5 3125
2 8000 5 625
2 4000 5 125
2 2000 5 25
2 1000 5 5
2 500 1
2 250
∴ 15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
5 125
3
5 25 ∴ 15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
5 5 = 5 × 5
1 = 25
∴ 6400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (ii) 3 13824
×5×5×5 Prime factors of 13,824
Each number occurs in a group of three. So, 64,000 is 2 13824
a perfect cube. 2 6912
2 3456
(vii) Prime factors of 13,824 are :
2 1728
2 13824 2 864
2 6912 2 432
2 3456 2 216
2 1728 2 108
2 864 2 54
2 432 3 27
2 216 3 9
2 108 3 3
2 54 1
3 27 ∴ 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
3 9 ×3×3×3
3 3 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2×2×2
∴ 13824 = 3
1
× 3× 3× 3
∴ 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
×3×3×3 = 24
Each number occurs in a group of three. So, 13824 is (iii) 3 512
a perfect cube. Finding the prime factors of 512.
(viii) Prime factors of 1,25,000 are : 2 512
2 256
2
125000
2 128
2
62500
2 64
2
31250
2 32
5
15625
2 16
5
3125
2 8
5
625
2 4
5
125
2 2
5
25
1
55
∴ 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
1
3
∴ 125000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 512 = 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
Each number occurs in a group of three. So, 1,25,000 = 2 × 2 × 2
is a perfect cube. = 8

Fun & Joy with Math-8 33

 (iv) 3 91125 8. Cube of all odd numbers are odd.
Finding the prime factors of 91,125 Cube of all even numbers are even.
∴ 91125 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3 (i) 15625 – Cube of odd number
3 91125 = 3 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 (ii) 512 – Cube of even number
= 3 × 3 × 5 (iii) 2744 – Cube of odd number
= 45 (iv) 729000 – Cube of even number
(v) 46656 – Cube of even number
4. Finding the prime factors of 1,372.
(vi) 1331 – Cube of odd number
2 1372
2 686 9. If we cube a negative number, then the cube is also a
7 343 negative number.
2 49 If we cube a positive number, then the cube is also a
7 7 positive number.
1 (i) –2197 – It is a cube of negative number
∴ 1372 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7 (ii) –3,375 – It is a cube of negative number
So, 1372 should be multiplied by 2 to make it a perfect (iii) 64 – It is a cube of positive number
cube. (iv) 3658 – It is a cube of positive number
5. Find the prime factors of 392 (v) –8000 – It is a cube of negative number
2 392 (vi) 729 – It is a cube of positive number
2 196
10. Consider a odd natural number 11 and 29.
2 98
Then, (11)3 = 11 × 11 × 11
7 49
7 7 = 1331
3
1 And (29) = 29 × 29 × 29
∴ 392 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 = 24,389
So, 392 is not a perfect cube. So, 392 need to be divided 11. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True
by 49 to make it a perfect cube. (iv) True (v) True (vi) False
6. Finding the prime factors of 2304 (vii) False.
2 2304 12. (i) Let (ab)3 = (36)3
2 1152
a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
2 576
27 162 324 216
2 288
+ 19 + 34 + 21
2 144
2 72 46 196 345
2 36 46 6 5 6
2 18 ∴ (36)3 = 46656
3 9 (ii) Let (ab)3 = (42)3
3 3 a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
1
∴ 2304 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 64 96 48 8

×3×3 10 +4
74 100
So, 2304 should be multiplied by 6 to make it a perfect
cube. 74 0 8 8

7. Cube of all odd numbers are odd. ∴ (42)3 = 74088

Cube of all even numbers are even. (iii) Let (ab)3 = (79)3
(i) 343 – Cube of odd number a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
(ii) 13824 – Cube of even number 343 1323 1701 729
(iii) 216 – Cube of even number + 150 + 177 + 72
(iv) 3375 – Cube of odd number 493 1500 1773
493 0 3 9
(v) 1728 – Cube of even number
(vi) 5832 – Cube of even number ∴ (79)3 = 493039
34 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 (iv) Let (ab)3 = (84)3 3
9261 = 3 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7
3
a 3a2b 3ab2 b3
= 3 × 7 = 21
512 768 384 64
∴ 9261 is the cube of 21.
+ 80 + 39 +6
16. (i) False (ii) True (iii) True
592 807 390
(iv) False (v) True.
592 7 0 4
3
Exercise 4.2
∴ (84) = 592704
1. (i) 125,
(v) Let (ab)3 = (105)3
125 – 1 = 124 (Subtract 1)
Here, a = 10, b = 5
a
3 2
3a b 3ab
2
b
3 124 – 7 = 117 (Subtract 7)
1000 1500 750 125 117 – 19 = 98 (Subtract 19)
98 – 37 = 61 (Subtract 37)
+ 157 + 76 + 12
1157 1576 762
61 – 61 = 0 (Subtract 61)
Since, the subtraction is carried out 5 times,
3
∴ (105)3 = 1157625 ∴ 125 = 5
13. (i) 73. (ii) 64,
By following the pattern of adding odd consecutive 64 – 1 = 63 (Subtract 1)
numbers, we get : 63 – 7 = 56 (Subtract 7)
43 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 51 + 53 + 55 = 343 = 73 56 – 19 = 37 (Subtract 19)
(ii) 123. 37 – 37 = 0 (Subtract 37)
By following the pattern of adding odd consecutive Since, the subtraction is carried out 4 times,
numbers, we get : 3
∴ 64 = 4
133 + 135 + 137 + 139 + 141 + 143 + 145 + 147 +
149 + 151 + 153 + 155 = 1728 = 123 (iii) 216,
(iii) 283. 216 – 1 = 215 (Subtract 1)
By following the pattern, we get : 215 – 7 = 208 (Subtract 7)
 283 = 757 + 759 + 761 + 763 + 765 + 767 + 769 + 771 208 – 19 = 184 (Subtract 19)
+ 773 + 775 + 777 + 779 + 781 + 783 + 785 + 787 + 189 – 37 = 152 (Subtract 37)
789 + 791 + 793 + 795 + 797 + 799 + 801 + 803 + 152 – 61 = 91 (Subtract 61)
805 + 807 + 809 + 811 = 21952 91 – 91 = 0 (Subtract 91)
14. (i) 83 – 73 Since, the subtraction is carried out 6 times,
On following the pattern : ∴ 3
216 = 6
83 – 73 = 1 + 8 (8 – 1) × 3
(iv) 512,
= 1 + 168
= 169 512 – 1 = 511 (Subtract 1)
(ii) 153 – 143 = 1 + 15 (15 – 1) × 3 511 – 7 = 503 (Subtract 7)
= 1 + 15 × 14 × 3 503 – 19 = 484 (Subtract 19)
= 1 + 630 484 – 37 = 448 (Subtract 37)
= 631 448 – 61 = 387 (Subtract 61)
3 3
(iii) 27 – 26 = 1 + 27 (27 – 1) × 3 387 – 91 = 296 (Subtract 91)
= 1 + 27 × 26 × 3 296 – 127 = 169 (Subtract 127)
= 2107
169 – 169 = 0 (Subtract 169)
15. Finding the prime factors of 9261.
Since, the subtraction is carried out 8 times,
3 9261 3
∴ 512 = 8
3 3087
3 1029 2. (i) 1331,
7 343 Prime factors of 1331
7 49 11 1331
7 7 11 121
1 11 11
∴ 9261 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 1

Fun & Joy with Math-8 35

 ∴ 1331 = 11 × 11 × 11 (vi) Finding the prime factors of 1,10,592
3 3 2 110592
∴ 1331 = 11 × 11 × 11 = 11
(ii) 27000 2 55296
2 27648
2 27000
2 13824
2 13500
2 6912
2 6750
2 3456
3 3375
2 1728
3 1125
2 864
3 375
2 432
5 125
2 216
5 25
2 108
5 5
2 54
1
3 27
∴ 27000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 3 9
3 3 3 3
27000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 3 × 5×5×5
1
= 2 × 3 × 5
∴ 110592 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 30
×2×2×2×3×3×3
(iii) Prime factors of 27 are :
3 − 110592 = − 23 × 23 × 23 × 23 × 33
3
3 27
= –2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
3 9
3 3 = –48
1 (vii) Finding the prime factors of 85,184 are :
∴ 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 2 85184
3 3 2 42592
27 = 3× 3× 3 = 3
2 21296
(iv) Prime factors of 15,625 are : 2 10648
5 15625 2 5324
5 3125 2 2662
5 625 11 1331
5 125 11 121
5 25 11 11
5 5 1
1 ∴ 85184 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
∴ 3
15625 = 3 5×5×5 × 5×5×5 × 11 × 11 × 11
3 − 85184 = − 23 × 23 × 113
3
= 5 × 5
= 25 = – 2 × 2 × 11
(v) Prime factors of 17,576 are : = – 44
2 17576 (viii) Finding the prime factors of 19,683 are :
2 8788 3 19683
2 4394 3 6561
13 2197 3 2187
13 169 3 729
13 13 3 243
1 3 81
3 27
∴ 17576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 13 × 13
3 9
3 3
17576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 13 × 13 3 3
= 2 × 13 1
= 26 ∴ 19683 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
36 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 Also, 43 < 103 and 53 > 103
3 − 19683 = − 33 × 33 × 33
3
Hence, the digit at ten’s place of the cube root is 4.
= –3 × 3 × 3 ∴ 3
103823 = 47
= –27 (ii) 15,625
(ix) Finding the prime factors of 6,14,125 are : In 15625; the unit’s digit is 5. Therefore, the digit at
5 614125 unit place is the cube root of 5. After striking out the
5 122825 last three digits from right, the number left is 15.
5 24565 Also, 23 < 15 and 33 > 15
Hence, digit at ten’s place of the cube root is 2.
17 4913 3
∴ 15625 = 25
17 289 (iii) 12,167
17 17 In 12167; the unit’s digit is 7. Therefore, the digit at
1 unit place in the cube root is 3. After striking out the
∴ 6,14,125 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 17 × 17 × 17 last three digits from right, the number left is 12.
Also, 23 < 12 and 33 > 12
3− 614125 = 3 − 53 × 173
Hence, digit at ten’s place of the cube root is 2.
= –5 × 17 ∴ 3
12167 = 23
= –85 (iv) 35,937
(x) Finding the prime factors of 2197 are : In 35,937; the unit’s digit is 7. Then, the digit at unit
13 2197 place in the cube root is 3. After striking out the last
13 169 three digits from right, the number left is 35.
Also, 33 < 35 and 43 > 35
13 13
Hence, digit at ten’s place of the cube root is 3.
1 ∴ 3
35937 = 33
∴ 2197 = 13 × 13 × 13 (v) 27,000
3 −
2197 = − 133
3
In 27,000; the unit’s digit is 0. Therefore, the digit
= –13 at unit place in the cube root is 0. After striking out
Prime factors of 17,576 are : the last three digits from right, we are left with the
number 27. And cube root of 27 is 3.
2 17576 3
∴ 27000 = 30
2 8788
3 − 64 3 −4 × − 4 × − 4 −4
2 4394 5. (i) = =
1331 11 × 11 × 11 11
13 2197
3 125 3 5×5×5 5
13 169 (ii) = =
1728 12 × 12 × 12 12
13 13 3 343 3 7×7×7 7
1 (iii) = =
216 6×6×6 6
∴ 17576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 13 × 13 3 3375 3 15 × 15 × 15 15
3 (iv) = =
17576 = 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 13 × 13 512 8×8×8 8
3 6
= 2 × 13 (v) 2 × 36 × 53 = (26 × 36 × 53)1/3
= 26 = 22 × 32 × 5
− 3 − = 180
2197 2197 − 13 − 1
∴ 3
= 3 = = 3 32768 3 32 × 32 × 32
17576 17576 26 2 (vi) 3
32768 = =
1000 10 × 10 × 10
3. 32
= = 3.2
Unit digit’s of the 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 3 3 3
given number (vii) 11 × 7 × 5 = (11 × 73 × 53)1/3 = 11 × 7 × 5
3

Unit digit’s of the = 385

0 1 8 7 4 5 6 3 2 9 3 3 1331
Cube root (viii) 1.331 =
1000
(i) For 18,60,867 unit digit of cube root is 3. 3 11 × 11 × 11 11
= = = 1.1
(ii) For 15,625 unit digit of cube root is 5. 10 × 10 × 10 10
(iii) For 12,167 unit digit of cube root is 3. (ix) 3
(− 6) 3 × (− 3) 3 = {(–6)3 × (–3)3}1/3 = –6 × –3 = 18
(iv) For 35,937 unit digit of cube root is 3. 3 3 3375
(x) 0.003375 =
1000000
(v) For 27,000 unit digit of cube root is 0. 15
4. (i) 1,03,823 = = 0.15
100
In 1,03,823, the unit digit is 3. Therefore, the digit at
3
unit place is the cube root of 7. After striking out the 6. (i) 3
27 × 216 = 33 × 63 = (33 × 63)1/3
last three digits from the right number left is 103. = 3 × 6 = 18

Fun & Joy with Math-8 37

 (ii) 3
1331 × 1728 =
3
113 × 123 = (113 × 123)1/3 (vii) 3 5112
= 11 × 12 = 132 Finding prime factors of 5112
(iii)
3 3
5 × 63 = (53 × 63)1/3 = 5 × 6 = 30 2 5112
3 2 2556
(iv) 3
64 × 125 = 43 × 53 = (43 × 53)1/3
2 1278
= 4 × 5 = 20
3 3 639
(v) 3
3375 × 512 = 153 × 83 = (153 × 83)1/3
3 213
= 15 × 8 = 120
3 71
3 2 3 38 38 3
7. (i) 12 =
3 3
= 3 ∴ 5112 = 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 71
3 3
= 23 × 3 2 × 71
143 14
2744 3
= 2 × 3 9 × 3 71
(ii)
3
==
153 15
3375 = 2 × 2.080 × 4.141
(iii) 24 = 3 27 × x = 17.22656
⇒ (24)3 = 27 × x (ix) 3 1040 Prime factors of 1040
(24) 3 2 1040
⇒ x=
27 2 520
13824 2 260
= = 512
27 13 130
∴ 24 = 3 27 × 512 2 10
3
(iv) 480 = 3 3 × 2 × 3 ..... 5 5
2 480 1
3
2 240 ∴ 3
1040 = 23 × 5 × 2 × 13
2 120 = 2 × 3 5 × 3 2 × 3 13
2 60 = 2 × 1.710 × 1.260 × 2.351
2 30 = 10.1309292
3
3 15 (x) 85 = 4.397
3
5 5 (xi) 364
1 Finding the prime factors of 364
3 3
2 364
∴ 480 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3×5
2 182
3
= 23 × 2 2 × 3 × 5 7 91
= 2 × 3 3 × 3 20 13 13
3
∴ 480 = 3 3 × 2 × 3 20 1
3
3 ∴ 364 = 3 2 × 2 × 7 × 13
8. (i) LHS: 3 27 × 216 = 33 × 63
= 3 4 × 3 7 × 3 13
= 3 × 6 = 18
3 3 = 1.587 × 1.913 × 2.351
RHS: 27 × 216 = 33 × 63
3 3
= 7.137473781
= 3 × 6 = 18 10. Let, the numbers be 2x, 3x and 4x.
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Proved Then, (2x)3 + (3x)3 + (4x)3 = 33,957
3
64
3
4 3 ⇒ 8x3 + 27x3 + 64x3 = 33,957
(ii) LHS: 3 = 3 ⇒ 99x3 = 33,957
83 512
4 1 ⇒ x3 = 343
= = ⇒ x = 3 343
8 2
x=7
3 64 3 1
RHS: = Hence, the numbers are 14, 21 and 28.
512 8
11. Let, the three numbers be x, 2x and 3x.
1 1
=
3
= Then, x3 + (2x)3 + (3x)3 = 62,208
23 2 ⇒ x3 + 8x3 + 27x3 = 62,208
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Proved ⇒ 36x3 = 62,208
We will find the values by using cube root table: 62, 208
9. ⇒ x3 = = 1728
3 3 36
(i) 9 = 2.080 (ii) 14 = 2.410 ⇒ x = 3 1728
3 3 x = 12
(iii) 25 = 2.924 (iv) 38 = 3.362
3 3
(v) 82 = 4.344 (vi) 36 = 3.302 Hence, the numbers are 12, 24 and 36.
38 Fun & Joy with Math-8
12. (i) 3
729 × 64 = 3 9 × 9 × 9 × 4 × 4 × 4 14. Finding the prime factors of 4116, we get
= 93 × 43
3 2 4116
= 3 9×4 2 2058
= 36 3 1029
7 343
3 1331
11 × 11 × 11 11
3
(ii) = = = 1.1 7 49
1000
10 × 10 × 10 10
3 85184 7 7
3
(iii) 0.085184 = 1
1000000
2×2×2×2×2×2 ∴ 4116 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7
3
× 11 × 11 × 11 For making 4116 a perfect cube the number should be
= multiplied by 18.
100 × 100 × 100
3 3
3 443 Then, 4116 × 18 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 3× 7 × 7 × 7
= 3
74088 = 2 × 3 × 7
1003
44 = 42
= = 0.44 So, the required cube root is 42.
100
15. Finding the prime factors of 6,912
3 3375 3 15 × 15 × 15
(iv) = 2 6912
1331 11 × 11 × 11
2 3456
3 153 15
= = 2 1728
113 11 2 864
3
(v) 17576 = 3 13 × 13 × 13 × 2 × 2 × 2 2 432
3
= 133 × 23 2 216
3
= 263 2 108
= 26 2 54
13. (i) Doing the repeated subtraction of 682 3 27
∴ 682 – 1 = 681 3 9
681 – 7 = 674 3 3
674 – 19 = 655 1
655 – 37 = 618 ∴ 6912 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
618 – 61 = 557 ×3×3×3
557 – 91 = 466 So, 6912 should be divided by 4, so that 6912 becomes a
466 – 127 = 339 perfect cube.
6912
339 – 169 = 170 Then, = 1728
4
Now, 170 cannot be further subtracted. So, required
∴ 3
1728 = 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
no. to be subtracted is 170 to make it a perfect cube
= 2 × 2 × 3
= 682 – 170 = 12
= 512 Hence, the required cube root of the quotient is 12.
512 is a perfect cube no. 16. (i) 210,
So, minimum number to be subtracted is 170. 53 = 125 and 63 = 216
53 < 210 and 210 < 63
(ii) Doing the repeated subtraction of 725
∴ 6 is the minimum number which could be added to
∴ 725 – 1 = 724 210 to make it a perfect cube.
724 – 7 = 717 (ii) 196,
717 – 19 = 698 53 = 125 and 63 = 216
699 – 37 = 661 125 < 196 and 196 < 216
661 – 61 = 600 So, minimum number to be added
600 – 91 = 509 = 216 – 196
509 – 127 = 382 = 20
∴ We will add 20 to make 196 at perfect cube.
382 – 169 = 213
Now, this cannot be further subtracted. Mental Maths
∴ Minimum number to be subtracted to make it a 1. Finding the prime factor of 390625
perfect cube = 725 – 213 ∴ Prime factors of 390625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
= 512 ×5×5
 512, is a perfect cube. So, minimum number to be Here, one 5 is less to make it a perfect cube. So, 390625
subtracted is 213. must be divided by 25 to make 390625 a perfect cube.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 39

 1 3
2. 3
0.000001 =
3 = 23 × 33 × 33
1000000 = 2 × 3 × 3
3 (1) 3 = 18
= Hence, the numbers are 18, 36 and 54.
(100) 3
1
= = 0.01 HOTS
100
1. 153 = 3375 and 163 = 4096
3. 3
(i) 64 × 1331 + 3 3375 × 216
So, the perfect cube nearest to 4100 is 4096.
2 64 5 3375 2 216 2. 113 = 1331 and 123 = 1728
2 32 5 675 2 108 So, minimum number to be added = 9
11 1331
2 16 5 135 2 54 Then, 1719 will become a perfect cube.
11 121 3 5832
2 8 3 27 3 27 3. (a)
11 11 1331
2 4 3 9 3 9 2 5832
1
2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2916
1 1 1 2 1458
3 3 3 3 +3 3 3 3 3 3 729 11 1331
= 2 × 2 × 11 5 ×3 ×2 ×3
= 2 × 2 × 11 + 5 × 3 × 2 × 3 3 243 11 121
= 44 + 90 3 81 11 11
= 134 3 27 1
(ii) 3 125 × 343 × 2744 3 9
2 2744 3 3
2 1372 1
2 686
3 2 × 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 3× 3× 3× 3
7 343 =
11 × 11 × 11
7 49 3 3 3
3 2 ×3 ×3
7 7 =
113
1 2 × 9 18
3 = =
= 53 × 73 × 23 × 73 11 11
=5×7×2×7 3 3 3375
(b) 0.003375 =
= 490 1000000
4. Let the three numbers be x, 2x and 3x. 3 3375
x3 + (2x)3 + (3x)3 = 209952 3 1125
⇒ 3 3 3
x + 8x + 27x = 209952 3 375
5 125
⇒ 36x3 = 209952
209952 5 25
⇒ x3 = 5 5
36
⇒ x3 = 5832 1
3 3
3
x = 5832 3 3 ×5
=
2 5832 106
3 × 5 15
2 2916 = = = 0.15
10 2 100
2 1458
3 729 4. Let, the numbers be x, 2x and 3x.
3 243 ∴ x3 + (2x)3 + (3x)3 = 972
3 81 ⇒ x3 + 8x3 + 27x3 = 972
3 27 ⇒ 36x3 = 972
972
3 9 ⇒ x3 = = 27
3 3 36
x=3
1 Hence, the numbers are 3, 6 and 9.
qq

40 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-5 : Playing with Numbers
Exercise 5.1 (iii) Let, the original number be 10p + q, with p as ten’s
digit and q as unit’s digit. Now, sum of the digit is 8.
1. (i) 207 = 100 × 2 + 0 + 7 p+q=8
(ii) 302 = 100 × 3 + 0 + 2 i.e., q=8–p
(iii) 113 = 100 × 1 + 10 × 1 + 3 So, the original number is 10p + 8 – p = 9p + 8
(iv) 201 = 100 × 2 + 10 + 1 Number obtained by reversing the digits
= 10q + p
2. (i) 70 + 6 = 76 (ii) 300 + 20 + 8 = 328
= 10(8 – p) + p
(iii) 100p + 100q + 2
= 80 – 10p + p
3.(i) Let the original number be 10p + q. Then, p is the = 80 – 9p
ten’s digit and q is the unit’s digit. Since, sum of digits
According to the question,
is 9.
⇒ 80 – 9p = 9p + 8 – 36
p+q=9
⇒ 18p = 80 – 8 + 36
i.e., q=9–p ⇒ 18p = 108
So, the original number is 10p + 9 – p= 9p + 9 ⇒ p=6
Number obtained by reversing the digits Hence, the number is 9 × 6 + 8 = 54 + 8 = 62.
= 10q + p 4. Let the two digit number be 10p + q.
Also, = 10(9 – p) + p Then, sum of digits = p + q = 9
= 90 – 10p + p Then number is 10p + 9 – p = 9p + 9
= 90 – 9p According to the question,
According to the question, ⇒ 9p + 9 = 6q
90 – 9p = 9p + 9 + 9 ⇒ 9p + 9 = 6(9 – p)
⇒ 9p + 9 = 54 – 6p
⇒ 18p = 90 – 18
⇒ 9p + 6p = 54 – 9
⇒ 18p = 72
⇒ 15p = 45
⇒ p=4
⇒ p=3
Then, original number is 9 × 4 + 9 = 36 + 9 = 45.
Hence, the number = 9 × 3 + 9 = 27 + 9 = 36.
(ii) Let, the original number be 10p + q. Then, p is the 5. Let, digit at ten’s place be 5x and digit at unit’s place
ten’s digit and q is unit’s digit. Since, sum of digit is 7. be 3x.
p+q=7 Then, original two digit number = 10 × 5x + 3x = 53x
i.e., q=7–p Number obtained by reversing digits = 10 × 3x + 5x = 35x
So, the original number is 10p + 7 – p = 9p + 7 According to the question,
Number obtained by reversing the digits ⇒ 53x – 35x = 18
= 10q + p ⇒ 18x = 18
= 10(7 – p) + p ⇒ x=1
= 70 – 10p + p Hence, the required number is 53.
6. Let, the original number be 10x + y where x is ten’s digit
= 70 – 9p
and y is one’s digit.
According to the question,
Given, x + y = 10 ⇒ y = 10 – x
⇒ 70 – 9p = 9p + 7 + 27 Given, x = 4y
⇒ 9p + 9p = 70 – 7 – 27 i.e., x = 4(10 – x)
⇒ 18p = 70 – 34 ⇒ x = 40 – 4x
⇒ 18p = 36 ⇒ 5x = 40
p=2 x=8
Hence, the number is 9 × 2 + 7 = 25. Hence, the number is 10 × 8 + 10 – 8 ⇒ 80 + 2 = 82.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 41

7. Let, the original number be 10x + y where x is the ten’s 2. The number which are divisible by 3, if the sum of its
digit and y is the one’s digit. digits is divisible by 3.
Sum of digits = x + y (i) Sum of digits = 3 + 2 = 5 (not divisible by 3)
Given, 10x + y = 8(x + y) (ii) Sum of digits = 3 + 9 = 12 (divisible by 3)
i.e., 10x + y = 8x + 8y (iii) Sum of digits = 4 + 8 = 12 (divisible by 3)
⇒ 10x – 8x = 8y – y (iv) Sum of digits = 1 + 5 = 6 (divisible by 3)
⇒ 2x = 7y (v) Sum of digits = 2 + 5 = 7 (not divisible by 3)
7y
x= ....(i) (vi) Sum of digits = 3 + 6 + 3 = 12 (divisible by 3)
2
Then, number of digit’s are reversed = 10y + x (vii) Sum of digits = 2 + 7 + 3 + 7 = 19 (not divisible by 3)
According to the question, (viii) Sum of digits = 5 + 5 + 8 + 4 = 22 (not divisible by 3)
⇒ 10y + x = 10x + y – 45 3. If the number is divisible by 5, then number ends either
⇒ 10y + x – 10x – y + 45 = 0 with 0 and 5.
⇒ 9y –9x + 45 = 0 (i) 75 (divisible by 5) (ii) 45 (divisible by 5)
⇒ y–x+5=0 (iii) 185 (divisible by 5) (iv) 310 (divisible by 5)
7y
⇒ y– + 5 = 0 [Using (i)] (v) 2631 (not divisible by 5) (vi) 4040 (divisible by 5)
2
(vii) 3952 (not divisible by 5)
2y − 7y
⇒ = –5 (viii) 7908 (not divisible by 5)
2
⇒ –5y = –10 4. A number is divisible by 9, if sum of its digits is divisible
⇒ y=2 by 9.
7×2 (i) 7 + 5 = 12 (Not divisible by 9)
Then, x= =7
2 (ii) 6 + 3 = 9 (Divisible by 9)
Hence, the required number is 72.
8. Let, the original number be 10x + y (iii) 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 (Divisible by 9)
Given, x + y = 13 ⇒ y = 13 – x (iv) 5 + 9 +4 = 18 (Divisible by 9)
Then original number = 10x + (13 – x) = 10x + 13 – x (v) 4 + 8 + 6 + 9 = 27 (Divisible by 9)
= 9x + 13 (vi) 1 + 0 + 2 + 9 = 12 (Not divisible by 9)
Number formed by reversing digits (vii) 2 + 3 + 9 = 14 (Not divisible by 9)
Given, 10y + x = 10(13 – x) + x 5. A number is divisible by 10, if number ends with 0.
i.e., = 130 – 10x + x (i) 70 (divisible by 10)
⇒ = 130 – 9x (ii) 1005 (not divisible by 10)
⇒ 2x = 7y (iii) 1785 (not divisible by 10)
According to the question, (iv) 740 (divisible by 10)
⇒ 10x + 13 – 130 + 9x = 27 (v) 105 (not divisible by 10)
⇒ 18x – 117 = 27
(vi) 280 (divisible by 10)
⇒ 18x = 117 + 27
(vii) 98550 (not divisible by 10)
⇒ 18x = 144
6. (i) Given, Number = 469
144
⇒ x= =8 Number formed by reversing digits = 964
18
Hence, the required number = 9 × 8 + 13 = 72 + 13 = 85. ∴ Difference = 964 – 469
Exercise 5.2 = 495
Number will be divisible by 99, if it is divisible by
1. The number which are divisible by 2 ends with digits
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 11 and 9
(i) 212 – divisible by 2 Sum of digits of 495 = 18 (divisible by 9)
(ii) 33 – not divisible by 2 Difference of sum of digits at odd place and even place
(iii) 48 – divisible by 2 = 9 – 9
(iv) 92 – divisible by 2 = 0 (divisible by 11)
(v) 219 – not divisible by 2 Hence, the difference is divisible by 99.
(vi) 385 – not divisible by 2 (ii) Given, Number = 739
(vii) 412 – divisible by 2 Number formed by reversing digits = 937
42 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 Difference = 937 – 739 9. A number is divisible by 9, if sum of its digits is
= 198 divisible by 9.
Sum of digits of 198 = 18 (divisible by 9) (i) 24*35
Difference of sum of digits at odd place and even place Sum of digits = 2 + 4 + 3 + 5
= (1 + 8) – 9 = 14
= 0 (divisible by 11) So, * should be replaced by 4.
Hence, the difference is divisible by 99. (ii) 3*8237
(iii) Given, Number = 901 Sum of digits = 3 + 8 + 2 + 3 + 7
Number formed by reversing digits = 109 = 23
∴Required difference = 901 – 109 So, * should be replaced by 4.
= 795 (iii) 763*302
Sum of digits = 7 + 9 + 5 Sum of digits = 7 + 6 + 3 + 3 + 0 + 2
= 21 (not divisible by 9) = 21
Hence, the difference is not divisible by 99. So, * should be replaced by 6.
7. (i) Given, Number = 632 10. (i) 1,530
Number formed by interchanging digits are 263, 326  It ends with 0, then it is divisible by 2
Sum = 632 + 263 + 326  Sum of digits (1 + 5 + 3 + 0 = 9), then it is
= 1221 divisible by 3
∴ 1221 ÷ 37 = 33  It ends with 0, then it is divisible by 5.
So, it is divisible by 33.  Sum of digits is 9, then it is divisible by 9.
(ii) Given, Number = 937  It ends with 0, then it is divisible by 10.
Number formed by interchanging digits are 379, 793 (ii) 7,625
Sum = 937 + 379 + 793
 It ends with 5, so it is not divisible by 2
= 2109
 Sum of digits (7 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 20), so it is not
∴ 2109 ÷ 37 = 57 divisible by 3
So, it is divisible by 37.  It ends with 0, so it is divisible by 5.
(iii) Given, Number = 417  Sum of digits is 20, so it is not divisible by 9.
Number formed by interchanging digits are 174, 741
 It ends with 5, so it is not divisible by 10.
Sum = 417 + 174 + 741
(iii) 19,890
= 1332
 It ends with 0, so it is divisible by 2
∴ 1332 ÷ 37 = 36
 Sum of digits (1 + 9 + 8 + 9 + 0 = 27), so it is
So, it is divisible by 37.
divisible by 3
8. For a number to be divisible by 3, its sum of the digits
 It ends with 0, so it is divisible by 5.
should be divisible by 3.
 Sum of digits is 27, so it is divisible by 9.
(i) 8*15
Sum of digits = 8 + 1 + 5  The number ends with 0, so it is divisible by 10.
= 14 (iv) 24,525
So, * should be replaced by 1.  Number ends with 5, so it is not divisible by 2
(ii) 528*1  Sum of digits (2 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 5 = 18), so it is
Sum of digits = 5 + 2 + 8 + 1 divisible by 3
= 16  Number ends with 5, so it is divisible by 5.
So, * should be replaced by 2.  Sum of digits is 18, so it is divisible by 9.
(iii) *30746  Number ends with 5, so it is not divisible by 10.
Sum of digits = 3 + 0 + 7 + 4 + 6 (v) 4,44,780
= 20  Number ends with 0, so it is divisible by 2
So, * should be replaced by 1.  Sum of digits = 4 + 4 + 4 + 7 + 8 + 0
(iv) 523*4 = 27, so it is divisible by 3.
Sum of digits = 5 + 2 + 3 + 4  Number ends with 0, so it is divisible by 5.
= 14  Sum of digits is 27, so the number is divisible by 9.
So, * should be replaced by 1.  Number ends with 0, so it is divisible by 10.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 43

11. Let, the number according to the given condition is a0c. Exercise 5.3
Here ‘0’ is the middle digit, a and c are digitis at the
hundred’s place and ‘c’ at unit’s place respectively. 1. (i) z56
i.e., the number is 100 × a + 0 + c = 100a + c +3yx
And, a + c = 11 8y5
Or, c = 11 – a In one’s column 6 + x = 5
Then, number is 100a + (11 – a) = 100a – a + 11 So, x=9
= 99a + 11 So, 1 will be carry over to the next column
New number formed by reversing digits ∴ 5 + y + 1 = 10
= 100 × c + 0 + a Then, y=0
= 100c + a And again 1 will over to the next column
= 100(11 – a) + a ∴ 1+z+3=8
= 1100 – 100a + a ⇒ z=8–4=4
= 1100 – 99a Hence, x = 9, y = 0, z = 4.
According to the question, (ii) 3x
1100 – 99a = 99a + 11 + 495 +25
⇒ –99a – 99a = 11 + 495 – 1100 y2
⇒ –198a = –594 In one’s column x + 5 = 2
a=3 ∴ x=7
Hence, the number is 99 × 3 + 11 = 297 + 11 = 308. So, 1 will be carry over to the next column
12. (i) A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by ∴ 3+2+1=y
its tens and one’s digit is divisible by 4. Then, y=6
(a) 4,326 – 26 is not divisible by 4, so this Hence, x = 7 and y = 6.
number is not divisible by 4
(iii) 2xy
(b) 84,316 – 16 is divisible by 4, so this number is
+xy1
divisible by 4
(c) 5,79,802 –  02 is not divisible by 4, so this y18
number is not divisible by 4 Here, y+1=8
(d) 6,84,572 – 72 is divisible by 4, so this number is ∴ y=7
divisible by 4 Then, x+y=1
(ii) A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by 2 and 3. ∴ x+7=1
(a) 57,832 ⇒ x=4
 Number ends with 2, so it is divisible by 2. Now, 1 will be carry over to the next column
 Sum of digits = 5 + 7 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 25, so it ∴ 2+4+1=7
is not divisible by 3. Hence, x = 4 and y = 7.
Hence, 57832 is not divisible by 6. (iv) 7y7
(b) 2,95,486 –z4x
 Number ends with 6, so it is divisible by 2. 645
 Sum of digits of give number = 2 + 9 + 5 + 4 Here, 7–x=5
+ 8 + 6 = 34, which is not divisible by 3.
∴ x=7–5=2
Hence, the number 2,95,486 is not divisible by 6.
Then, y–4=4
(c) 70,806
⇒ y=4+4=8
 Number ends with 6, so it is divisible by 2.
Then, 7–z=6
 Sum of digits of give number = 7 + 0 + 8
+ 0 + 6 = 21, which is divisible by 3. ⇒ z=7–6=1
Hence, the number 70,806 is divisible by 6. Hence, x = 2, y = 8 and z = 1.
(d) 6,57,828 (v) xyx
 Number ends with 8, so it is divisible by 2. + 1yz
 Sum of digits of give number = 6 + 5 + 7 666
+ 8 + 2 + 8 = 36, which is divisible by 3. Starting from first column on left corner, we get
Hence, the number 6,57,939 is divisible by 6. Here, x+1=6
44 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 ⇒ x=6–1=5 ∴ 375
∴ x=5 × b7
Now, in column on right corner, we get c6c5
Then, x+z=6 15000
17625
⇒ 5+z=6
Then, c = 2
⇒ z=6–5=1
 7 × 7 + 3 = 52
∴ y+y=6 ∴ 375
⇒ y=3 × b7
Hence, x = 5, y = 3, z = 1. 2625
(vi) xy1 15000
+ zxy 17625
y88 Hence, a = 5, b = 4, c = 2.
Starting from first column on left corner, we get 3. (i) 1DFD
D) A B C D)
Here, y+1=8 5
⇒ y=8–1=7 2B
CD
In Second Column, 4C
4E
⇒ 7+x=8 CD
⇒ x=8–7=1 CD
0
In Third Column,
In the quotient, the first number is 1 and 5 × 1 = 5.
⇒ x+z=y ∴ D = 5, A = 7, C = 2
⇒ z=y–x  25 + 4 = 29
⇒ z=7–1=6 Then, B=9
Hence, x = 1, y = 7 and z = 6. Then, on calculation, 4C to be divisible by 5, 4E be 40.
2. (i) a b 24  E=0
∴ F=8
× 6 × 6 1585
1 b b 144 5 ) 7925 )
5
Here, a = 2 and b = 4. 29
25
(ii) 2b 42
× ca 40
25
75 25
+1000 ×
1075 Hence, A = 7, B = 9, C = 2, D = 5, E = 0 and F = 8.
Here, b = 5 and a = 3 (ii) 1FG
AB ) 4 C D E )
∴ 25 × 3 = 75 28
Then, c =4 H56
I JK
(iii) x2x LMN
PQR
× y
0
121 In the quotient first number is 1.
× 3 ∴ A = 2 and B = 8
Then C = 8 + 5 = 13
363
i.e., C=3
Here, y = 3 and x = 1 (from hit and trial)
and H = 3 – 2 = 1, D = 6
(iv) 37a 1FG
∴ ) )
× 57 28 4 3 6 E
28
c6c5 156
1a000 IJK
17625 LMN
PQR
Here, a = 5 0
 7 × 5 = 35 Here, 28 × 5 = 140

Fun & Joy with Math-8 45

 Then, F = 5, I = 1, J = 4, K = 0. Now, 5 + c + 6 = 12
Then, L = 1, M = 6. ⇒ c = 12 – 11 = 1
15G Hence, a = 3, b = 6 and c = 1.
28) 4 3 6 E )
28
156 Mental Maths
140
16N 1. A number which is divisible by 5 has either 0 or 5 in it
PQR one’s place.
×
Since, the number N leaves 3 as the remainder when
Here, P = 1, Q = 6
divided by 5, the last digit can be (0 + 3 = 3) or (5 + 3 = 8)
Then, 28 × 6 = 168
So, the last digit or one’s digit of the number which leaves
Then, E = 8, N = 8, R = 8, G = 6. 3 as a remainder is either 3 or 8.
Hence, A= 2, B = 8, C = 3, D = 6, E = 8, F = 5,
2. Then, A could be either 0 or 5.
G = 6, H = 1, I = 1, J = 4, K = 0, L = 1, M = 6,
N = 8, P = 1, Q = 1, R = 8. 3. Sum of digits i.e., 7 + 3 + 2 = 12
4. Then, 12 is divisible by 3. Hence, x = 0.
a
4. A number which is divisible by 2 ends with even number.
If a number is leaving 1 on getting divided by 2. Then,
12 3 c 11 possible values of one’s digit are 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
5. Sum of give digitis = 7 + 2 + 1 =10
b 4
To make the number divisible by 18, x should be replaced
7
by 8.
d 8 Hence, x=8
Then, 12 + 3 + c + 11 = 32
HOTS
⇒ c = 32 – 26 = 6
Now, a + c + 4 + 8 = 32 6 1 a
⇒ b = 32 – 19
b 5 c
⇒ b = 13
And a + 3 + b + d = 32 d e f
⇒ 14 + 3 + 13 + d = 32
⇒ d = 32 – 30 = 2 Then, 6 + 1 + a = 15 ⇒ a = 8
Hence, a = 14, b = 13, c = 6, d = 2. 1 + 5 + e = 15 ⇒ e = 15 – 6 = 9
Now, 6 + 5 + f = 15 ⇒ f = 15 – 11 = 4
5. 5
8 + 5 + d = 15 ⇒ d = 15 – 13 = 2
6 + b + d = 15 ⇒ 6 + b + 2 = 15
⇒ b = 15 – 8 = 7
a c And, b + 5 + c = 15
7 + 5 + c = 15 ⇒ c = 15 – 12 = 3
Hence, a = 8, b = 7, c = 3, d = 2, e = 9, f = 4.
4 2 b
Project Work
Now, 5+a+4 = 12 A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is
⇒ a = 12 – (4 + 5) divisible by 9.
⇒ a = 3 ∴ 2+4+x=6+x
Then, 4+2+b = 12 ∴ x=3
⇒ b = 12 – 6 = 6 If x = 3, then number is divisible by 9.

qq

46 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-6 : Algebraic Expressions and Identities
Exercise 6.1 = 14x2 – 2x2 – 6y – 3y – 5 – 4
1. (i) Terms → 3, a, – 2a2 = 12x2 – 9y – 9

Numerical cofficients → 3, 1, – 2 (iv) (p2 + 3q2 – 4pq) – (3pq – 4q2 – 7p2)

(ii) Terms → 0.2ab, – 0.4a, 0.7b = p2 + 3q2 – 4pq – 3pq + 4q2 + 7p2

Numerical cofficients → 0.2, – 0.4, 0.7 = (7p2 + p2) + (3q2 + 4q2) + (–4 pq – 3pq)

x y = 8p2 + 7q2 – 7pq

(iii) Terms → 2 , 2 , –xy
(v) (12x3 – 8y3 + z3 + 8) – (7x3 + y3 + 2z3)
1 1
Numerical cofficients → 2 , y , – 1
= 12x3 – 7x3 – 8y3 – y3 + z3 – 2z3 + 8
(iv) Terms → 2m2n2, – 4m2n2p2
= (12x3 – 7x3) – (8y3 + y3) + (z3 – 2z3) + 8
Numerical cofficients → 2, – 4 = 5x3 – 9y3 – z3 + 8

2. (i) monomial (ii) Quadrinomial (vi) (5x2y2 – 6z2) – ( – 2x2y2 + 3z2)

(iii) Trinomial (iv) Binomial = 5x2y2 – 6z2 + 2x2y2 – 3z2

(v) Trinomial (vi) Binomial = (5x2y2 + 2x2y2) + (– 6z2 – 3z2)

3. (i) 2 (ii) 2 = 7x2y2 + (– 9z2)

(iii) 4 (iv) 2 = 7x2y2 – 9z2

4. (i) x, 3x and 3x + 2 6. (i) 4x + 2x + (– 5x)

A B C = 4x + 2x – 5x
x 3x 3x + 2 = (4 + 2 – 5)x
The variable x is respresented at the point A. Then,
 = (6 – 5)x = x
variable 3x is point B. And variable 3x + 2 is at point
C. (ii) p2 + 5pq + 6p2 – 4pq

(ii) a, a + 3 and a – 7 = p2 + 6p2 + 5pq – 4pq

The variable a is at the point X. The point Y respresents

 = (1 + 6)p2 + (5 – 4) pq
a + 3.
= 7p2 + 1pq
= 7p2 + pq
a a a
(iii) – 12xy + 9xy + (– 3xy)
And point Z represents a – 7. = (– 12 + 9 – 3)xy
2 2
5. (i) 5a b – (–13a b) = (– 15 + 9)xy
= 5a2b + 13a2b
= – 6xy
= 5a2b + 13a2b
(ii) – 6x – (– 3x) (iv) 15m2 + 6m – 7 + 7m + 7 – 2m2 + 5 – 5m + 3m2

= – 6x + 3x = – 3x = 15m2 – 2m2 + 3m2 + 6m + 7m – 5m – 7 + 7 + 5

(iii) (14x2 – 6y – 5) – (2x2 + 3y + 4) = (15 – 2 + 3)m2 + (6 + 7 – 5)m + (– 7 + 7 + 5)
= 14x2 – 6y – 5 – 2x2 – 3y – 4 = 16m2 + 8m + 5

Fun & Joy with Math-8 47

 (v) 3p3 + 2pq + p3 – 7pq + 6 –2 2 2 5 2
(iv) 5 a b c × 3 ab c
= 3p3 + p3 + 2pq – 7pq + 6
= b 5 × 3 l × a 2 b 2 c × ab 2 c
–2 5
= (3 + 1)p3 + (2 – 7)pq + 6
= 4p3 + (– 5)pq + 6 –2 3 4 2
= 3 abc
= 4p3 – 5pq + 6 14 4
(v) 27 pq × 7 p 2
2 2 2
7. (i) 4p – 4q + 6p – (5p + 2q)
= b 27 × 7 l × pq × p 2
14 4
2 2 2
= 4p – 4q + 6p – 5p – 2q
8
= 27 p 3 q
= 4p2 + 6p2 – 5p2 – 4q – 2q
–9 –3
= (4 + 6 – 5)p2 + (– 4 – 2)q (vi) 11 x 3 y × 7 x 2 y

= b 11 × 7 l x 3 y ×x 2 y
= 5p2 – 6q –9 –3

(ii) 9x – 4y + 2x + 3y 27
= 77 x5 y 2
= 9x + 2x – 4y + 3y 2. (i) 5xy × (– 3x2) × 8xy3
= (9 + 2)x + (– 4 + 3)y = 5 × (– 3) × 8 × xy × x2 × xy3

= 11x – y = – 120x1 + 2 + 1y1 + 3

= – 120x4y4
(iii) 16x2 + 2z2 – 5 + z2 – 2x2 + 6
(ii) xy × yz × xz
= 16x2 – 2x2 + 2z2 + z2 – 5 + 6
= x × x × y × y × z × z
= (16 – 2)x2 + (2 + 1)z2 + (– 5 + 6)
= x1 + 1 × y1 + 1 × z1 + 1
= 14x2 + 3z2 + 1
= x2y2z2
(iv) 11a2b – 9a2 + 3ab2 + 3b2 + a2 – 4a2b
= 11a2b – 4a2b – 9a2 + a2 + 3ab2 + 3b2 (iii) –12p2q × 3pq2 × 0
= (11 – 4)a2b + (– 9 + 1)a2 + 3ab2 + 3b2 = (– 12 × 3)p2.pqq2 × 0
= 7a2b + (– 8)a2 + 3ab2 + 3b2
= (– 36)p2 + 1q1 + 2 × 0
2 2 2 2
= 7a b – 8a + 3ab + 3b
= – 36p3q3 × 0 = 0
Exercise 6.2 –2 2 2 7 2 3 2
(iv) 7 p q × 8 pq × 7 p q
1. (i) (3ab) × (– 4a2b)
= b 7 × 8 × 7 l × p2q2 × pq2 × p2q
–2 7 3
= (4) × (– 3) × ab × a2b
= b 4 × 7 l × p 2 + 1 + 2 q 2 + 2 + 1
– 1× 3
= – 12a3b2

(ii) (7x2) × (–5y3) –3

= 28 p5 q5
= (7) × (– 5) × x2 × y3 –3 – 15 –1
(v) 15 x 2 y × 8 y 2 z × 5 z 2 x
= – 35x2y3
= b 15 × 8 × 5 l x 2 y × y 2 z × z 2 x
– 3 – 15 – 1
(iii) 6x2yz × 3x2yz
= b
– 3 × – 1× – 1 l 2 +1 2 +1 2 +1
8×5 x y z
= 6 × 3 × x2yz × x2yz
–3
= 18x4y2z2 = 40 x 3 y 3 z 3

48 Fun & Joy with Math-8

3. Exercise 6.3
First 1. (i) 8x × (2x + 3)
monomial → = 8x × 2x + 8x × 3
6x –10xy 3a2b2 4x3y2 – 7m3n
Second
= 16x2 + 24x
monomial ↓
(ii) (3x + 2y) × (x – y)
4x 24x2 – 40x2y 12xa2b2 16x4y2 – 28xm3n
6xy 36x2y – 60x2y2 18xya2b2 24x4y3 – 42xym3n = 3x × (x – y) + 2y × (x – y)
5a2b2 30xa2b2 – 50a2xb2y 15a4b4 20a2b2x3y2 – 35a2b2m3n
= 3x × x – 3x × y + 2y × x – 2y × y
– 7x3y3 – 42x4y3 70x4y4 – 21a2bxx3y3 – 28x6y5 49x3y3m3n = 3x2 – 3xy + 2xy – 2y2

7mn2 42xmn2 – 70xymn2 21a2b2mn2 28mn2x3y2 – 49m4n3 = 3x2 – xy – 2y2

12xy × b 3 l x 2 y 2 = 12 × b 3 l × xy × x 2 y 2
–1 –1 (iii) (16ab) × (9 + 2b)
4.
= 16ab × 9 + 16ab × 2b
= 4 × (– 1)1x1 + 2y1 + 2 = 144ab + 32ab2
= – 4x3y3 2. (i) (x2 – 6y) × (2x2 – 3y)
Put x = 1, y = 1 = x2(2x2 – 3y) – 6y(2x2 – 3y)
Then, product = – 4(1)3(1)3 = – 4 = x2 × 2x2 – x2 × 3y – 6y × 2x2 + 6y × 3y

And 12 × (1) × (1) × 3 × ]1g2 × ]1g2 = 2x4 – 3x2y – 12x2y + 18y2

–1
= 2x4 – 15x2y + 18y2

= 12 × b 3 l = – 4 Hence, verified
–1
(ii) (x + 4y)(3x + y)
Put x = 2, y = 2
= x(3x + y) + 4y(3x + y)
Then, product = – 4(2)3(2)3


= x × 3x + x × y + 4y + 3x + 4y × y
= – 256
= 3x2 + xy + 12xy + 4y2

And 12 × 2 × 2 × c − m × (2)2 × (2)2
1
3 = 3x2 + 13xy + 4y2
−1
(iii) c xy + xy
1 mb + 1 l

= 12 × 4 × ×4×4
3 x x
= – 256 Hence, verified
5. 3xy × b 9 x y z l × ^– 8xyh = xy bx + 1x l + xy bx + 1x l
– 1 2 2 2
1

= 3 × b 9 l × ]– 8g × xy × x 2 y 2 z 2 × xy
–1 1 1 1 1
= x2y + xy × x + xy × x + xy × x

1× – 1× – 8 1 1
= 3 × x1 + 2 + 1 × y1 + 2 + 1 × z 2 = x2y + y + y + 2
xy
(iv) b 2 ab 2 – 3bl (7ab2 + 4b)
8 1
= 3 x4 y4 z2
Put x = – 2, y = 2, z = – 3
= 2 ab 2 ]7ab 2 + 4bg – 3b(7ab2 + 4b)
1
3xy = 3 × (– 2) × 2 = – 12
–1 2 2 2 – 1 ] g2 ] g2 ] g2
9 x y z = 9 × –2 × 2 × –3 1 1
= 2 ab 2 × 7ab 2 + 2 ab 2 × 4b – 3b × 7ab2 – 3b × 4b

–1
= 9 ×4×4×9 7
= 2 a 2 b 4 + 2ab3 – 21ab3 – 12b2

= – 16
(v) b3x 2 + 2 xlb6x 2 + 3 xl
– 8xy = – 8 × (– 2) × (2) = 32 1 5
–1 2 2 2
Then, 3xy × 9 x y z × – 8xy = – 12 × – 16 × 32
= 3x 2 b6x 2 + 3 xl + 2 x b6x 2 + 3 xl
5 1 5
= 6144  ...(i)
8 4 4 2 8 ] g4 ] g4 ] g2 5 1 1 5
And 3x y z = 3 × –2 × 2 × –3
= 18x4 + 3x 2 × 3 x + 2 x × 6x 2 + 2 x × 3 x

8 5
= 3 × 16 × 16 × 9 = 18x4 + 5x3 + 3x3 + 6 x 2

= 6144  ...(ii)
5
From (i) & (ii), the product is verified. = 18x4 + 8x3 + 6 x 2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 49

3. (i) (3x + y) × (4x + 5y + 7) (ii) (2a + b) × (3a2 + 5ab + 4b2 – 5)
= 3x(4x + 5y + 7) + y(4x + 5y + 7) = 2a(3a2 + 5ab + 4b2 – 5) + b(3a2 + 5ab + 4b2 – 5)
= 3x × 4x + 3x × 5y + 3x × 7 + y × 4x + y × 5y + y × 7 = 2a × 3a2 + 2a × 5ab + 2a × 4b2 – 2a × 5 + b × 3a2
= 12x2 + 15xy + 21x + 4xy + 5y2 + 7y + b × 5ab + b × 4b2 – b × 5
= 12x2 + 19xy + 21x + 7y + 5y2 = 6a3 + 10a2b + 8ab2 – 10a + 3a2b + 5ab2 + 4b3 – 5b
(ii) (x + 5y) × (x2 – xy + y2) = 6a3 + 10a2b + 3a2b + 8ab2 + 5ab2 – 10a – 5b + 4b3
= x(x2 – xy + y2) + 5y(x2 – xy + y2) = 6a3 + 13a2b + 13ab2 – 10a – 5b + 4b3
= x × x2 – x × xy + x × y2 + 5y × x2 – 5y × xy + 5y × y2 (iii) (4z + 5y + 2) × (x2 – xy + y + 1)
= x3 – x2y + xy2 + 5x2y – 5xy2 + 5y3 = 4z(x2 – xy + y + 1) + 5y(x2 – xy + y + 1) + 2(x2 – xy
+ y + 1)
= x3 + 4x2y – 4xy2 + 5y3
= 4zx2 – 4z × xy + 4z × y + 4z + 5y × x2 – 5y × xy + 5y
(iii) (a2 + 2b2) × (a2 – 5b2 + ab)
× y + 5y + 2 × x2 – 2 × xy + 2y + 2
= a2(a2 – 5b2 + ab) + 2b2(a2 – 5b2 + ab)
= 4x2z – 4xyz + 4yz + 4z + 5x2y – 5xy2 + 5y2 + 5y +
= a2 × a2 – a2 × 5b2 + a2 × ab + 2b2 × a2 – 2b2 × 5b2 + 2x2 – 2xy + 2y + 2
2b2 × ab
(iv) (a – b) × (a + b)
= a4 – 5a2b2 + a3b + 2a2b2 – 10b4 + 2ab3
= a(a + b) – b(a + b)
= a4 – 3a2b2 + a3b – 10b4 + 2ab3
= a2 + ab – ab – b2 = a2 – b­2
(iv) b 5 p 2 + 5 l × b2p 2 – 3pq + 3 l
1 2 5
= a2 – b­2(a2 + b2 + 2xy)

= 5 p 2 × 2p 2 + 5 × 2p 2 – 5 p 2 × 3pq + 5 × ^– 3pqh +
1 2 1 2 = a2(a2 + b2 + 2xy) – b2(a2 + b2 + 2xy)
= a4 + a2b2 + 2a2xy – a2b2 – b4 – 2b2xy
1 2 5 2 5 = a4 + 2a2xy – b4 – 2b2xy
 5p ×3 + 5 ×3
(v) (5x2y + 3x + 3) × (6x4 + 7x3y + y3 + 3)
2 4 3 6 p2 2
= 5 p 4 + 5 p 2 – 5 p 3 q – 5 pq + 3 + 3 = 5x2y(6x4 + 7x3y + y3 + 3) + 3x(6x4 + 7x3y + y3 + 3) +
3(6x4 + 7x3y + y3 + 3)
= 5 p 4 + b 5 + 3 l p 2 – 5 p 3 q – 5 pq + 3
2 4 1 3 6 2
= 30x6y + 35x5y2 + 5x2y4 + 15x2y + 18x5 + 21x4y + 3xy3
2 17 3 6 2  + 9x + 18x4 + 21x3y + 3y3 + 9
= 5 p 4 + 15 p 2 – 5 p 3 q – 5 pq + 3
5. (i) (p – 1)(5p + 3q – 7) – (p + 4)(q + 3 – 2p)
(v) (5a + 9b) b3a + 3 b + 5l
2
= p(5p + 3q – 7) – 1(5p + 3q – 7) – p(q + 3 – 2p) – 4(q
 + 3 – 2p)
= 5a b3a + 3 b + 5l + ab b3a + 3 b + 5l
2 2
2
= 5p + 3pq – 7p – 5p – 3q + 7 – pq – 3p + 6p – 4q –
2 2  12 + 8p
= 5a × 3a + 5a × 3 b + 5a × 5 + 9b × 3a + 9b × 3 b 2
+ 9b × 5 = 5p + 3pq – pq – 7p – 5p – 3p + 6p + 8p – 3q – 4q
+ 7 – 12
10
= 15a2 + 3 ab + 25a + 27ab + 6b2 + 45b = 5p2 + 2pq – p – 7q – 5

= 15a3 + b 3 + 27l ab + 25a + 6b2 + 45b

10 (ii) (5x + 2)(2x2 – 3x + 5) – 7x(3x – 5y)
= 5x(2x2 – 3x + 5) + 2(2x2 – 3x + 5) – 7x(3x – 5y)
91 = 10x3 – 15x2 + 25x + 4x2 – 6x + 10 – 21x2 + 35xy
= 15a3 + 3 ab + 25a + 6b2 + 45b
= 10x3 – 15x2 + 4x2 – 21x2 + 25x – 6x + 35xy + 10
(vi) (x2 – y2) × (x2 + y2 + 2xy)
= 10x2 – 32x2 + 19x + 35xy + 10
= x2(x2 + y2 + 2xy) – y2(x2 + y2 + 2xy)
(iii) (2a2 – a + 1)(a – 3) – (a2 – 6a + 3)(2a + 2)
= x4 + x2y2 + 2x3y – x2y2 – y4 – 2xy3
= 2a2(a – 3) – a(a – 3) + 1(a – 3) – [a2(2a + 2) – 6a(2a
= x4 – y4 + 2x3y – 2xy3  + 2) + 3(2a + 2)]
4. (i) (2x + 3) × (x2 – 3x + 7) = 2a – 6a – a + 3a + a – 3 – [2a + 2a2 – 12a2 – 12a
3 2 2 3

= 2x(x2 – 3x + 7) + 3(x2 – 3x + 7)  + 6a + 6]
= 2x × x2 – 2x × 3x + 2x × 7 + 3x2 – 3 × 3x + 3 × 7 3 2 3 2
= 2a – 7a + 4a – 3 – [2a – 10a – 6a + 6]
= 2x3 – 6x2 + 14x + 3x2 – 9x + 21 = 2a3 – 7a2 + 4a – 3 – 2a3 + 10a2 + 6a – 6
= 2x3 – 6x2 + 3x2 + 14x – 9x + 21 = 10a2 – 7a2 + 4a + 6a – 3 – 6
= 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 21 = 3a2 + 10a – 9
50 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 (iv) (y + 3)(y + 5) + (y – 5)(y – 7) 7. Perimeter of triangle = 17a + 11b + 13c
= y(y + 5) + 3(y + 5) + y(y – 7) – 5(y – 7) one side = 6a + 3b – 4c
= y2 + 5y + 3y + 15 + y2 – 7y – 5y + 35 Second side = 7a + 8b + 3c
= 2y2 + 5y + 3y – 7y – 5y + 15 + 35 Then, third side = Perimeter – Sum of two sides
= 2y2 – 4y + 50 = (17a + 11b + 13c) – (6a + 3b – 4c + 7a + 8b + 3c)
6. (i) (2x2 + 2y2) × (2x2 + xy2) = 17a + 11b + 13c – (13a + 11b – c)
= 2x2(2x2 + xy2) + 2y2(2x2 + xy2) = 17a + 11b + 13c – 13a – 11b + c
= 17a – 13a + 11b – 11b + 13c + c
= 4x4 + 2x3y2 + 4x2y2 + 2xy4  ...(i)
= 4a + 14c
Put x = 2, y = –1
Hence, third side is 4a + 14c.
L.H.S. : (2x2 + zy2)(2x2 + xy2)
8. Sum 1 = (18a + 13b + 15c) + (16a – 20b + 11c)
= [2 × 22 + 2 × (– 1)2][2 × (2)2 × 2 × (–1)2]
= 18a + 16a + 13b – 20b + 15c + 11c
= [8 + 2][8 + 2]
= 34a – 7b + 26c
= [10][10] = 100
Sum 2 = (18a + 12b – 10c) + (9a + 13b – 15c)
R.H.S. : 4x4 + 2x3y2 + 4x2y2 + 2xy3 = 18a + 9a + 12b + 13b – 10c – 15c
= 4(2)4 + 2(2)3(– 1)2 + 4(2)2(– 1)2 + 2 × (2)(– 1)4 = (18 + 9)a + (12 + 13)b – (10 + 15)c
= 64 + 16 + 16 + 4 = 27a + 25b – 25c
= 100 Required difference = (27a + 25b – 25c) – (34a – 7b +
... L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence verified 26c)
(ii) (x + 2y ) × (8x + xy2)
2 2 = 27a – 34a + 25b + 7b – 25c – 26c
= x2(8x + xy2) + 2y2(8x + xy2) = – 7a + 32b – 51c
= 8x3 + x3y2 + 16xy2 + 2xy4 9. Given, X = 5x + 16y – 15z
Put x = 2, y = –1 Y = 12x – 13y + 12z
Z = 8x – 6y + 21z
L.H.S. : [(22 + 2(–1)2] × [8 × (2) + 2 × (–1)2]
(a) X + Y + Z
= [4 + 2] × [16 + 2]
= 5x + 16y – 15z + 12x – 13y + 12z + 8x – 6y + 21z
= 6 × 18 = 108
= 5x + 12x + 8x + 16y – 13y – 6y – 15z + 12z + 21z
R.H.S. : 8(2)3 + 23(–1)2 + 16(2)(–1)2 + 2(2)(–1)4
= 25x – 3y + 18z
= 64 + 8 + 32 + 4 (b) X – Y – Z
= 108 = (5x + 16y – 15z) – (12x – 13y + 12z) – (8x – 6y +
... L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence, verified 21z)
(iii) (6x2 – 15y2) × 3 ^6x 2 + 15y 2h
1 = 5x + 16y – 15z – 12x + 13y – 12z – 8x + 6y – 21z
= 5x – 12x – 8x + 16y + 13y + 6y – 15z – 12z – 21z
= (6x2) × 3 (6x2 + 15y2) – 15y2 × 3 ^6x 2 + 15y 2h
1 1
= – 15x + 35y – 45z
(c) X + Y – Z
= 2x2(6x2 + 15y2) – 5y2(6x2 + 15y2)
= (5x + 16y – 152) + (12x – 13y + 12z) – (8x – 6y
= 12x4 + 30x2y2 – 30x2y2 – 75y4 = 12x4 – 75y4
+ 21z)
Put x = 2 and y = – 1
= 5x + 16y – 15z + 12x – 13y + 12z – 8x + 6y – 21z
L.H.S. : [6(2)2 – 15(– 1)2] × 3 66 ]2g2 + 15 ]– 1g2@
1
= 5x + 12x – 8x + 16y – 13y + 6y – 15z + 12z – 21z

= (24 – 15) × 3 ]24 + 15g

1 = 9x + 9y – 24z

(d) X + 6Y – 2Z
1 = (5x + 16y – 15z) + 6(12x – 13y + 12z) – 2(8x – 6y +
= 9 × 3 × 39 = 117
21z)
R. H. S. : 12(2)4 – 75(– 1)4
= 5x + 16y – 15z + 72x – 78y + 72z – 16x + 12y – 42z
= 12 × 16 – 75 = (5x + 72x – 16x) + (16y – 78y + 12y) + (– 15z + 72z
= 192 – 75  – 42z)
= 117 = (77x – 16x) + (28y – 78y) + (72z – 57z)
... L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence, verified = 61x – 50y + 15z

Fun & Joy with Math-8 51

 Exercise 6.4 (v) (3p – 7q)2 = (3p)2 – 2 × 3p × 7q + (7q)2
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
1. (i) (4x + 4y)2 = (4x)2 + 2 × 4x × 4y + (4y)2
= 9p2 – 42pq + 49q2
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
ba – 3l = bal – 2 × a × 3 + b3 l
2 2 2

(vi) 3 a 3 3 a a
= 16x2 + 32xy + 16y2
(ii) (3a + b)2 = (3a)2 + 2 × 3a × b + b2 [... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
[... (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2] a2 9
= 9 –2+ 2
= 9a2 + 6ab + b2 a
(iii) (9a – 2b)2 = (9a)2 – 2 × 9a × 2b + (2b)2 3. (i) (7x + y)(7x – y) = (7x)2 – (y)2
[... (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2] [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]

= 81a2 – 36ab + 4b2 = 49x2 – y2
(iv) (5x + 12)2 = (5x)2 + 2 × 5x × 12 + (12)2 (ii) (7x + 9y)(7z – 9y) = (7x)2 – (9y)2
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
= 25x2 + 120x + 144 = 49x2 – 81y2
(v) (2x2 + 3y)2 = (2x2)2 + 2 × 2x2 + 3y + (3y)2 (iii) (3a + 5y)(3a – 5y) = (3a)2 – (5y)2
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] [... (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2]
= 4x4 + 12x2y + 9y2 = 9a2 – 25y2

b 2 x – 4l = b 2 xl – 2 × 2 x × 4 + ]4g2 (iv) b6 – 5 xlb6 + 5 xl = ]6g2 – b 15 xl

2
2 2 1 1
(vi) 5 5 5
. .
[ . (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]

4 16 x2
= 25 x 2 – 5 x + 16 = 36 – 25

b 9 x – 3yl = b 9 xl – 2 × 9 x × 3y + ^3yh2 (v) b 5 x + 4lb 5 x – 4l = b 5 xl – 4 2

2 2 3 3 3 2
(vii) 4 4 4
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]

81 27 9x 2
= 10 x 2 – 2 xy + 9y 2 = 25 – 16

b 1 x + 1 yl = b 1 xl + 2 × 1 x × 1 y + b 1 yl
2 2 2
(viii) 4. (i) (67)2 = (70 – 3)2
7 2 7 7 2 2
= (70)2 – 2 × 70 × 3 + 32
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
2
x xy y 2
= 4900 – 420 + 9
= 49 + 7 + 4
= 4489
2. (i) (3 + 5b)2 = 32 + 2 × 3 × 5b + (5b)2 (ii) (102)2 = (100 + 2)2
[... (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2] = (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 2 + 22

= 9 + 30b + 25b2 [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
(ii) (x + 5)2 = x2 + 2 × x × 5 + 52 = 10000 + 400 + 4
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] = 10404
= x2 + 10x + 25 (iii) (496)2 = (500 – 4)2
bx + 2 yl = x 2 + 2 × x × 2 y + b 2 yl
2 2
(iii) = (500)2 – 2 × 500 × 4 + 42
3 3 3
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 250000 – 4000 + 16
4xy 4y 2 = 2,46,016
= x2 + 3 + 9
(iv) (792)2 = (800 – 8)2
b1 – 3 xl = ]1g2 – 2 × 1 × 3 x + b 3 xl
2 2
(iv) 5 5 5 = (800)2 – 2 × 800 × 8 + 82
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] [... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
6 9 = 640000 – 12800 + 64
= 1 – 5 x + 25 x 2
= 627264

52 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 (v) 52 × 48 = (50 + 2)(50 – 2) 7. (i) 6a = 292 – 232
[... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] 6a = (29 – 23)(29 + 23)
= (50)2 – 22 [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= 2500 – 4 6a = 6 × 52
= 2496 6 × 52
a= 6 = 52
(vi) 10.3 × 9.7 = (10 + 0.3)(10 – 0.3)
Hence, a = 52
[... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
(ii) 48a = 25 × 25 – 23 × 23
= (10) – (0.3)2
2
48a = 252 – 232
= 100 – 0.09
48a = (25 – 23)(25 + 23)
= 99.91 [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
(vii) 103 × 97 = (100 + 3)(100 – 3) 48a = 2 × 48
[... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] 2 × 48
a = 48 = 2
= (100)2 – 32
= 10000 – 9 Hence, a=2
= 9991 (iii) 38 – 322 = 4a
2

ba – 1 l =
(38 – 32)(38 + 32) = 4a
5. Given, a 7
6 × 70 = 4a
ba – l =
1 2
6 × 70
Then, a 72 a= 4
ba – l =
1 2
a = 3 × 35 = 105
Now, a 49
Hence, a = 105
1 1
(i) 9 x 2 + 6xy + 81y 2 = b 3 xl + 2 × 3 x × 9y + ^9yh
⇒ a + 2 – 2×a× a =
2
49 1 1 2 1 2
a 8.
[... (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2]
= b 3 x + 9yl
2
1
1
a2 + – 2 = 49
a2 [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

1
a 2 + 2 = 51 Put x = – 1 and y = 1
= b 3 × ]– 1g + 9 × 1l
a 1 2

ba – 1 l = 49 and a 2 + 12 = 51
2
Hence, a
= b 3 + 9l
a –1 2

1
6. x+ x =2
= b – 1 3 27 l
2
+

On squaring both sides
= b3l
26 2
bx + 1 l
2
x = 22
676
1 1 = 9
x 2 + 2 × x × x + 2 =4
x
(ii) 49x2 + 70x + 25 = (7x)2 + 2 × 7x × 5 + (5)2
1
x2 + 2 + 2 =4 [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
x
1 = (7x + 5)2
x2 + 2 =2
x Put x = 1
Again squaring both sides Then, (7x + 5)2 = (7 × 1 + 5)2

bx 2 + 12 l
2 = 122
x = 22­
= 144
(iii) 16x 2 – 3 xy + 9 y 2 = (4x)2 – 2 × 4x × 3 y + b 3 yl
1 1 16 4 2 2 2
x4 + 4 + 2 × x2 × 2 =4
x x

1
x4 + 4 + 2 =4 [... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
x
= b4x – 3 yl
1 2 2
x4 + 4 =2
x
1 1 1 1
Here, x2 + 2 = 2 and x 4 + =2 Put x = 3 and y = 2
x x4

Fun & Joy with Math-8 53

 b4x – 2 yl = b4 × 1 – 2 × 1 l Exercise 6.5
2 2
Then 3 3 3 2
– 90a 3 b
= b3 – 3l
4 1 2 1. (i) – 90a3b ÷ 5ab =
5ab

= – 18a2
= b3 l
2
3

96x 2 y 2 z
96x2y2z ÷ 16xyz = 16xyz
(ii)
= 12 = 1
= 6xy
a2 – b2 ]a – bg]a + bg – 144x 3 y 2 z
9. (i) a–b = a–b =a+b
(iii) – 144x3y2z ÷ 12xy =
]a + bg2 – ]a – bg2 5a 2 + b 2 + 2ab? – 5a 2 + b 2 – 2ab?
12xy
(ii) = = – 12x2yz
4b 4b
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab – a 2 – b 2 + 2ab 35x 2 y 3 z 4
= (iv) 35x2y3z4 ÷ 5xyz2 =
4b 5xyz 2
4ab = 7xy2z2
= 4b = a
125m 6 n 3 p 2
3.5 × 3.5 – 2 ]3.5g]0.5g + 0.5 × 0.5 (v) 125m6n3p2 ÷ (–5mnp2) =
– 5mnp 2
3.5 × 3.5 + 2 ]3.5g]0.5g + 0.5 × 0.5
(iii)
= – 25m5n2
]3.5g2 – 2 × 3.5 × 0.5 + ]0.5g2
= ] g2
3.5 + 2 × 3.5 × 0.5 + ]0.5g2
– 160a 4 b 2 c 2
(vi) – 160a4b2c2 ÷ – 20a2b2c =
]3.5 – 0.5g2
– 20a 2 b 2 c
]3.5 + 0.5g2
2
= = 8a c

a a 2 – 2ab + b 2 = ]a – bg2 2.(i) (9x3 + 18x2 + 45x) ÷ 9x

= 2 G
a + 2ab + b 2 = ]a + bg2
9x 3 + 18x 2 + 45x
=
]3g2
9x
9
= ] g2 = 16 = 9x
9x 3 + 18x 2 + 45x
4 9x 9x
2
10. (i) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x2 + 4y2) = x + 2x + 5
= [x2 – (2y)2][x2 + 4y2]  [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] (ii) (21x2y3 – 48xy2 + 36x3y3) ÷ 3xy
21x 2 y 3 – 48xy 2 + 36x 3 y 3
= [x2 – 4y2][x2 + 4y2] = 3xy
= [(x2)2 – (4y2)2] 21x y2 3
48xy 2 36x 3 y 3
= [x4 – 16y8] = 3xy – 3xy + 3xy
(ii) (x + y)(x – y)(x2 + y2) = 7xy2 – 16y + 12x2y2
= [x2 – y2][x2 + y2]  [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] (iii) (20a2 – 15a3b2 + 20a4) ÷ (– 5a)
= [x4 – y4] 20a 2 – 15a 3 b 2 + 20a 4
= – 5a
(iii) (16x2 + 25y2)(4x – 5y)(4x + 5y) 20a 2
15a 3 b 2 20a 4
= – 5a – – 5a + – 5a
= (16x2 + 25y2)[(4x)2 – (5y)2]
= – 4a + 3a2b2 – 4a3
 [... (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
1
= (16x2 + 25y2)(16x2 – 25y2) (iv) (4x4y4 – 8x3y3 – x2y2) ÷ 2 xy
= (16x2)2 – (25y2)2 4x 4 y 4 – 8x 3 y 3 – x 2 y 2
= 1
= 256x4 – 625y4
2 xy
(iv) b 9 a 2 + 9b 2lb 3 a + 3blb 3 a – 3bl
1 1 1 4 4
4x y 8x 3 y 3 x2 y2
= 1 – 1 – 1
2 xy 2 xy 2 xy
= b 9 a 2 + 9b 2l;b 3 al – ]3bg2E
1 1 2
3 3 2 2
= 8x y – 16x y – 2xy
[... (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2]
(v) 56x2y2 – 32x4y + 48x2y ÷ (– 8x2y)
= b 9 a 2 + 9b 2lb 9 a 2 – 9b 2l
1 1 56x 2 y 2 – 32x 4 y + 48x 2 y
=
– 8x 2 y
= b 9 a 2l – ]9b 2g2
1 2
56x 2 y 2 32x 4 y 48x 2 y
= – +
a4 – 8x y – 8x y – 8x 2 y
2 2

= 81 – 81b 4
= – 7y + 4x2 – 6

54 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 (vi) 18m5n3p3 – 63m2np + 27m2n2p2 ÷ 9m2np 4. (i) (8y3 – 6y2 + 10y + 15) ÷ (7y + 1)
18m5 n5 p 3 – 63m 2 np + 27m 2 n 2 p 2
=
9m 2 np
18m5 n 3 p 3 63m 2 np 27m 2 n 2 p 2
= – +
9m 2 np 9m 2 np 9m 2 np
= 2m3n2p2 – 7 + 3np
3. (i) (15x2 + x – 6) ÷ (3x + 2)
Arranging the terms of dividend and divisor in
desending order, we get

Hence, quotient = 2y2 – 2y – 2

remainder = 17
3
(ii) (4a + a – 5) ÷ (a – 1)

... (15x2 + x – 6) ÷ (3x + 2) = 5x – 3
(ii) (2a3 – 6a2b – 13ab2 – 35b3) ÷ (a – 5b)
Arranging the terms of divisor and dividend in
descending order, we get

Hence, quotient = 4a2 + 4a + 5
remainder = 0
(iii) (3x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 – 4x) ÷ (x2 – 2x)

... (2a3 – 6a2b – 13ab2 – 35b3) ÷ (a – 5b)
= 2a2 + 4ab + 7b2
(iii) (x3 + 1) ÷ (x + 1)

Hence, quotient = 3x2 + 3x + 2
remainder = 0
(iv) (x6 + 3x2 + 10) ÷ (x3 + 1)

... (x3 + 1) ÷ (x + 1) = x2 – x + 1
(iv) (x2 + 11x – 26) ÷ (x – 2) Hence, quotient = x3 – 1
remainder = 3x2 + 11

MENTAL MATHS
1
1. x2 + = 146
x2
Subtracting 2 on both sides
1
... (x2 + 11x – 26) ÷ (x – 2) = x + 13 x2 + – 2 = 146 – 2
x2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 55

 1 1 Then, (5x + 3y)2 = (5 × 4 + 3 × 5)2
x 2 + 2 – 2 × x × x = 144
x
= (20 + 15)2
bx – 1 l = 144
2
x = 35 × 35
Taking square root on both sides = 1225
bx – 1 l = 144 1
x 2. (a) Given, a– a =5
bx – l = + 12
1
ba – 1 l = 52
x 2
Then,
i.e. bx – l = 12 or bx – 1 l = – 12
1 a
x x
1 1
2. 21952a31b19c18 ÷ 2744a17b20c8 a 2 + 2 – 2 × a × a = 25

a
21952a 31 b19 c18 1
= a 2 + 2 – 2 = 25
2744a17 b 20 c8 a
= 8a31 – 17 b19 – 20 c18 – 8 1
a 2 + 2 = 25 + 2
= 8a14b–1c10 a
8a14 c10 = 27
= b
1 9
3. Given, x + x = 16 1
(b) b+ b =7
Then, on squaring both sides, we get
on squaring both sides, we get
bx + 1 l = b 9 l
2 2

bb + 1 l
2
x 16
b = 72
1 1 81
x 2 × 2 + 2 × x × x = 256
x 1 1
b2 + 2 + 2 × b × b
= 49 [... (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy]
1 81 b
x 2 + 2 + 2 = 256
x 1
b2 + 2 + 2 = 49
1 81 b
x 2 + 2 = 256 – 2
x 1
b2 + 2 = 49 – 2 = 47
1 81 – 512 b
x2 + 2 = 256
x 3. (a) (105)2 = (100 + 5)2
1 – 431
x 2 + 2 = 256 = (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 5 + 52
x
4. 216m = (162)2 – (126)2 [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
216m = (162 – 126)(162 + 126) = 10000 + 1000 + 25
[... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)] = 11025
216m = 36 × 288
(b) (48)2 = (50 – 2)2
36 × 288
m= 216 = 48 = (50)2 – 2 × 50 × 2 + (2)2
[... (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
18
144a 9 b 20 35x 9 c15 160y
5. 5 9 × 5 15 × 2
20x y 12b c 5a
= 2500 – 200 + 4
= 12 × 7 × 8 × a9 – 2 × b20 – 5 × c15 – 15 × x9 – 5 × y18 – 9
= 2304
= 672a7b15c0x4y9
= 672a7b15x4y9 Project Work
2pq(p + q) – 3pq(p – q) = 2p2q + 2pq2 – 3p2q + 3pq2
HOTS
= 2p2q – 3p2q + 2pq2 + 3pq2
1. Given, 25x + 9y + 30xy
2 2
= (2 – 3)p2q + (2 + 3)pq2
2 2
= (5x) + (3y) + 2 × 5x × 3y
= – p2q + 5pq2
= (5x + 3y)2  [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
Put x = 4 and y = 5, we get = 5pq2 – p2q

qq

56 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-7 : Factorization of Algebraic Expressions
Exercise 7.1 (vi) 5a2 + 5a + 15ab + 10b
H.C.F. of given expression is 5.
1. (i) Factors of 8x2y are 1, 8, x, 8x, x2, 8x2, y, 8y, xy,
8xy, x2y, 8x2y ∴ 5a2 + 5a + 15ab + 10b = 5(a2 + a + 3ab + 2b)

(ii) Factors of 6x2 are 1, 6, x, 6x, x2, 6x2 4. (i) a + 2 + 2ab + a2b

(iii) Factors of 13pq are 1, 13, p, 13p, q, 13q, pq, 13pq Here, there is no factor common in all four terms. so,
1(a + 2) + ab(2 + a)
(iv) Factors of 5xy2 are 1, 5, x, 5x, y, y2, 5y, 5y2, xy,
xy2, 5xy2 = 1(a + 2) + ab(a + 2)

2. (i) For 6mn = 2 × 3 × m × n = (ab + 1)(a + 2)

Then, common factor of 6mn and 2n is 2n. (ii) 2x(x + y) + 4y(x + y)

(ii) 3x2 = 3 × x × x = (x + y)(2x + 4y)

9xy = 3 × 3 × x × y = (x + y) × 2(x + 2y)

Common factor of 3x2 and 9xy is 3x. = 2(x + y)(x + 2y)

(iii) 12x2y = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x × y (iii) 6(x + 2y)3 – 8(x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y)

36xy = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × x × y = (x + 2y)[6(x + 2y)2 – 8(x + 2y) + 4]

Common factor of 12x2y and 36xy is 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y. = (x + 2y)[6(x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) – 8x – 16y + 4]

i.e. 12xy = (x + 2y)[6x2 + 24y2 + 24xy – 8x – 16y + 4]
(iv) 45a = 3 × 3 × 5 × a = (x + 2y)(6x2 – 8x – 16y + 24xy + 24y2 + 4)
15a2b = 3 × 5 × a × a × b = 2(x + 2y)(3x2 – 4x – 8y + 12xy + 12y2 + 2)
Common factor of 45a and 15a2b is 3 × 5 × a i.e 15a (iv) x(4x + 12y) – 3(2x + 6y)
3. (i) 30x – 25y = 4x(x + 3y) – 6(x + 3y)
H.C.F. of 30x and 25y is 5 = (4x – 6)(x + 3y)
∴ 30x – 25y = 5(6x – 5y) = 2(2x – 3)(x + 3y)
(ii) 3x2 + 9 (v) 2x(a – b)3 + 3y(a – b)2 – 5(a – b)
H.C.F. of 3x2 and 9 is 3 = (a – b)[2x(a – b)2 + 3y(a – b) – 5]
∴ 3x2 + 9 = 3(x2 + 3) (vi) 5a(2b – 3c)2 + 2a(2b – 3c)
(iii) 54m2 – 18mn – 27n2 = (2a – 3c)[5(2b – 3c) + 2a]
H.C.F. of 54m2, 18mn, 27n2 is 9. = (2a – 3c)(10b – 15c + 2a)
2 2 2 2
∴ 54m – 18mn – 27n = 9(6m – 2mn – 3n ) = (2a – 3c)(2a + 10b – 15c)
(iv) 5x3 + 10x2y 5. (i) ab – xy + ya – xb
H.C.F. of 5x3 and 102y is 5x2 = ab + ya – xy – xb
= a(b + y) – x(y + b)
∴ 5x3 + 10x2y = 5x2(x + 2y)
= a(b + y) – x(b + y)
(v) 42x2y2 – 36y = (a – x)(b + y)
2 2
H.C.F. of 42x y and 36y is 6y (ii) x2 + yz + xy + xz
∴ 42x2y2 – 36y = 6y(7x2y – 6) = x2 + xy + y + xz

Fun & Joy with Math-8 57

 = x(x + y) + z(y + x) (ii) x2 – 16z2
= x(x + y) + z(x + y) = (x)2 – (4z)2]  [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= (x + z)(x + y) = (x – 4z)(x + 4z)

(iii) 1 + x + 8y + 8xy (iii) x8 – 81

= 1(1 + x) + 8y(1 + x) = (x4)2 – (9)2

= (1 + x)(1 + 8y) = (x4 – 9)(x4 + 9)

(iv) 3a(xy + 3) + b(xy + 3) = [(x2)2 – 32](x4 + 9)

= (xy + 3)(3a + b) = (x2 – 3)(x2 + 3)(x4 + 9)

= _]xg2 – ^ 3h i]x 2 + 3g]x 4 + 9g
2
(v) 8 – 4x – 2x2 + x3
= 4(2 – x) – x2(2 – x) = ^x – 3h^x + 3h]x 2 + 3g]x 4 + 9g

= (4 – x2)(2 – x) (iv) 81(a – b)2 – 36(a + b)2

= [(22 – x2)])(2 – x) = [(9(9a – b)]2 – [6(a + b)]2

= (2 – x)(2 + x)(2 – x)  [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)] = [9(a – b) – 6(a +b)][9(a – b) + 6(a + b)]

= (2 – x)2(2 + x) = (9a – 9b – 6a – 6b)(9a – 9b + 6a + 6b)

= (3a – 15b)(15a – 3b)
(vi) 5 – 2a – 6ab + 15b
= 3(a – 5b) × 3(5a – b)
= 5 + 15b – 2a – 6ab
= 9(a – 5b)(5a – b)
= 5(1 + 3b) – 2a(1 + 3b)
(v) a2 + 2ab + b2 – z2
= (5 – 2a)(1 + 3b)
= (a + b)2 – z2  [... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
(vii) (x + y)3 – 3(x + y)2 + 4(x + y)
= (a + b – z)(a + b + z)  [... x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y)]
= (x + y)[(x + y)2 – 3(x + y) + 4]
(vi) x8 – y8 = (x4)2 – (y4)2
(viii) a(y + z)3 + b(y + z)4 + c(y + z)2
= (x4 – y4)(x4 + y4)  [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= (y + z)2[a(y + z) + b(y + z)2 + c]
= [(x2)2 – (y2)2](x4 + y4)
(ix) xz2 + xt2 + yz2 + yt2
= (x2 – y2)(x2 + y2)(x4 + y4)
= x(z2 + t2) + y(z2 + t2)
= (x – y)(x + y)(x2 + y2)(x4 + y4)
= (x + y)(z2 + t2)
x2
(vii) 36 – 4
(x) 14(m – n) – 21(m – n)
= b 6 l – ]2g2
x 2
= 7(m – n)(2 – 3)
= b 6 – 2lb 6 + 2l 
x x
= 7(m – n)(– 1) [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= – 7(m – n) x2
(viii) 4 – 16z 2

= b 2 l – ]4zg2
= 7(n – m) x 2

Exercise 7.2 = b 2 – 4zlb 2 + 4zl 

x x
[... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
1. (i) a2 – (x + 2)2 x2
(ix) 9 – 16
= [a – (x + 2)][(a + (x + 2)]
= b 3 l – 4 2
x 2
[... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= b 3 – 4lb 3 + 4l 
x x
= (a – x – 2)(a + x + 2) [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]

58 Fun & Joy with Math-8

2. (i) 25a2 + 30ab + 9b2 (ix) 25x2 – 40x + 16
= (5a)2 + 2 × 5a × 3b + (3b)2 = (5x)2 – 2 × 5x × 4 + (4)2
= (5a + 3b)2
= (5x – 4)2
= (5a + 3b)(5a + 3b)  [... (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2]
= (5x – 4)(5x – 4)
(ii) 4a2 – 4a + 1
Exercise 7.3
= (2a)2 – 2 × 2a × 1 + (1)2
= (2a – 1)2 Given, 3x2 – 15x + 18
1.
We have, 3 × 18 = 54
= (2a – 1)(2a – 1)
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 15 and product
(iii) 16a2b2 – 8ab2 + b2 is 54.
Clearly the numbers are – 9 and – 6
= b2(16a2 – 8a + 1)
3x2 – 9x – 6x + 18 = 3x(x – 3) – 6(x – 3)
= b2[(4a)2 – 2 × 4a × 1 + (1)2] = (3x – 6)(x – 3)
= b2(4a – 1)2 = 3(x – 2)(x – 3)

= b2(4a – 1)(4a – 1) Given, 2x2 – 3ax – 2a2

2.
We have, 2 × – 2 = – 4
(iv) 16x2 – 40x + 25
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 3 and product
= (4x)2 – 2 × 4x × 5 + (5)2 is – 4.
Clearly the numbers are – 4 and 1
= (4x – 5)2
2x2 – 4ax + ax – 2a2 = 2x(x – 2a) + a(x – 2a)
= (4x – 5)(4x – 5) = (2x + a)(x – 2a)
(v) 9x2 – 24x + 16 Given, x2 – 17x + 60
3.
= (3x)2 – 2 × 3x × 4 + (4)2 We have, 1 × 60 = 60
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 17 and product
= (3x – 4)2 is 60.
= (3x – 4)(3x – 4) Clearly the numbers are – 12 and – 5.
x2 – 12x – 5x + 60 = x(x – 12) – 5(x – 12)
(vi) – 8xyz + 2x2 + 8y2z2
= (x – 5)(x – 12)
= 2(– 4xyz + x2 + 4y2z2) – (– 4x2 + 4x + 15)
4.
= 2[(x)2 – 2 × x × 2yz + (2yz)2] = 4x2 – 4x – 15
We have, 4 × (– 15) = – 60
= 2(x – 2yz)2
First we find two numbors whose sum is – 4 and product
= 2(x – 2yz)(x – 2yz) is – 60.
(vii) 9a2 – 6a + 1 Clearly the numbers are – 10 and 6.
4x2 – 10x + 6x – 15 = 2x(2x – 5) + 3(2x – 5)
= (3a)2 – 2 × 3a × 1 + (1)2
= (2x – 5)(2x + 3)
= (3a – 1)2­ – z2 – 13z – 40
5.
= (3a – 1)(3a – 1) We have, – 1 × – 40 = 40
1 First we find two numbers whose sum is – 13 and product
(viii) a 2 – a + 4 is 40.
= (a)2 – 2 × a × 2 + b 2 l Clearly the numbers are – 8 and – 5.
1 1 2
– z2 – 8z – 5z – 40 = – z(z + 8) – 5(z + 8)
= ba – 2 l
1 2
= (z + 8) –5(z + 8)

= ba – 2 lba – 2 l
1 1 = (– z – 5)(z + 8)
= – (z + 5)(z + 8)

Fun & Joy with Math-8 59

 6x2 + x – 7
6. 13. m2 – 4m – 12
We have, 6 × (– 7) = – 42 We have, 1 × (– 12) = – 12
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 1 and product First we find two numbers whose sum is – 4 and product
is – 42. is – 12.
Clearly the numbers are 7 and – 6. Clearly the numbers are – 6 and 2.
6x2 + 7x – 6x – 7 = x(6x + 7) – 1(6x + 7) m2 – 6m + 2m – 12 = m(m – 6) + 2(m – 6)
= (x + 1)(6x + 7) = (m + 2)(m – 6)
2x2 + x – 6
7. 14. – x2 + 3x + 18
We have, 2 × (– 6) = – 12 We have, – 1 × 18 = – 18
First we find two numbers whose sum is 1 and product First we find two numbers whose sum is 3 and product is
is – 12. – 18.
Clearly the numbers are 4 and – 3.
Clearly the numbers are 6 and – 3.
2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6 = 2x(x + 2) – 3(x + 2)
– x2 + 6x – 3x + 18 = – x(x – 6) – 3(x – 6)
= (2x – 3)(x + 2)
= (– x – 3)(x – 6)
m2 + 3m – 4
8.
= – (x + 3)(x – 6)
We have, 1 × (– 4) = – 4
15. a2 – 5a – 176
First we find two numbers whose sum is 3 and product is – 4.
We have, 1 × (– 176) = – 176
Clearly the numbers are 4 and – 1.
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 5 and product
m2 + 4m – m – 4 = m(m + 4) – 1(m + 4)
is – 176.
= (m – 1)(m + 4)
Clearly the numbers are – 16 and 11.
3m2 + 14m + 8
9.
a2 – 5a – 176 = a2 – 16a + 11a – 176
We have, 3 × 8 = 24
= a(a – 16) + 11(a – 16)
First we find two numbers whose sum is 14 and product is
24. = (a + 11)(a –16)
Clearly the numbers are 12 and 2 16. x2 – 2x – 24
3m2 + 14m + 8 = 3m2 + 12m + 2m + 8 We have, 1 × (– 24) = – 24
= 3m(m + 4) + 2(m + 4) First we find two numbors whose sum is – 2 and product
= (3m + 2)(m + 4) is – 24.
10. 4x2 – 19x + 15 Clearly the numbers are – 6 and 4.
We have, 15 × 4 = 60 x2 – 6x + 4x – 24 = x(x – 6) + 4(x – 6)
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 19 and product = (x + 4)(x – 6)
is 60. 17. x2 – 21x + 54
Clearly the numbers are – 15 and – 4. We have, 1 × 54 = 54
4x2 – 15x – 4x + 15 = x(4x – 15) – 1(4x – 15) First we find two numbers whose sum is – 21 and product
= (x – 1)(4x – 15) is 54.
11. 3x2 + 15x – 72 Clearly the numbers are – 18 and – 3
We have, 3 × (– 72) = – 216 x2 – 18x – 3x + 5y = x(x – 18) – 3(x – 18)
First we find two numbers whose sum is 15 and product = (x – 3)(x – 18)
is – 216. 18. z2 – z – 2
Clearly the numbers are 24 and – 9. We have, 1 × – 2 = 2
3x2 + 24x – 9x – 72 = 3x(x + 8) – 9(x + 8)
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 1 and product
= (3x – 9)(x + 8) is – 2.
12. 3x2 + 5x + 2 Clearly the numbers are – 2 and 1.
We have, 3 × 2 = 6 z2 – 2z + z – 2 = z(z – 2) + 1(z – 2)
First we find two numbers whose sum is 5 and product is 6. = (z + 1)(z – 2)
Clearly the numbers are 2 and 3.
19. 3x2 – 15x + 18
3x2 + 2x + 3x + 2 = x(3x + 2) + 1(3x + 2)
3(x2 – 5x + 16)
= (x + 1)(3x + 2)
We have, 1 × 6 = 6

60 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 First we find two numbers whose sum is – 5 and product is 6. 2. 15x2 – 26x – 8
Clearly the numbers are – 2 and – 3. Here, 15 × – 8 = – 120
3(x2 – 2x – 3x + 6) = 3[x(x – 2) – 3(x – 2)] First, we find two numbers whose sum is – 26 and product
= 3[(x – 3)(x – 2)] is – 120.
= 3(x – 2)(x – 3) Clearly the numbers are – 30 and 4.
2
20. a – 24a + 128 15x2 – 30x + 4x – 8 = 15x(x – 2) + 4(x – 2)
We have, 128 × 1 = 128 = (15x + 4)(x – 2)
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 24 and product 3. a2 + bc + ab + ac = a2 + ab + bc + ac
is 128.
= a(a + b) + c(a + b)
Clearly the numbers are – 16 and – 8.
= (a + c)(a + b)
a2 – 16a – 8a + 128 = a(a – 16) – 8(a – 16)
4. 8x2 – 18x + 9
= a(a – 8) – 8(a – 16)
Here, 8 × 9 = 72
21. x2 – 40x + 279
First, we find two numbers whose sum is – 18 and product
We have, 1 × 279 = 279 is 72.
First we find two numbers whose sum is – 40 and product
Clearly the numbers are – 12 and – 6.
is 279.
8x2 – 12x – 6x + 9 = 4x(2x – 3) – 3(2x – 3)
Clearly the numbers are – 9 and – 31.
= (4x – 3)(2x – 3)
x2 – 31x – 9x + 279 = x(x – 31) – 9(x – 31)
= (x – 9)(x – 31) 5. 3x2 – 17x + 10

22. 4x2 + 8x + 3 Here, 3 × 10 = 30

We have, 4 × 3 = 12 first, we find two numbers whose sum is – 17 and product
is 30.
First we find two numbers whose sum is 8 and product is
12. Clearly the numbers are – 15 and – 2.
Clearly the numbers are 2 and 6. 3x2 – 15x – 2x + 10 = 3x(x – 5) – 2(x – 5)
4x2 + 2x + 6x + 3 = 2x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = (3x – 2)(x – 5)
= (2x + 3)(2x + 1) 6. 9x2 – 16 = (3x)2 – (4)2 
23. a2 + 9a + 20 
[... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
We have, 1 × 20 = 20 = (3x – 4)(3x + 4)
First we find two numbers whose sum is 9 and product
HOTS
is 20.
Clearly the numbers are 4 and 5. 1. (a) pq – mn + pn – mq = pq + pn – mn – mq
2
a + 4a + 5a + 20 = a(a + 4) + 5(a + 4) = p(q + n) – m(n + q)
= (a + 5)(a + 4) = (p – m)(q + n)
2
24. x + 9x + 18 (b) pq2 + q(p – 1) – 1 = pq2 + pq – q – 1
Here, 1 × 18 = 18 = pq(q + 1) – 1(q + 1)
First we find two numbers whose sum is 9 and product = (pq – 1)(q + 1)
is 18.
(c) y2 – xy(1 – x) – x3 = y2 – xy + x2y – x3
Clearly the numbers are 6 and 3.
= y(y – x) + x2(y – x)
x2 + 6x + 3x + 18 = x(x + 6) + 3(x + 6)
= (y + x2)(y – x)
= (x + 6)(x + 3)
2. (a) a2 – 4b2 = (a)2 – (2b)2
MENTAL MATHS = (a – 2b)(a + 2b)
1. 2 2
(502) – (498) = (502 – 498)(502 + 498) a2 – 4ab + 4b2 = (a)2 – 2 × a × 2b + (2b)2
[... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)] = (a – 2b)2
= 4 × 1000 = (a – 2b)(a – 2b)
= 4000 The common factor = (a – 2b)

Fun & Joy with Math-8 61

 b 2 l – ]4xg2
4 2 2p2 + 11p – 21 = 2p2 + 14p – 3p – 21
(b) 9 – 16 x 2
= 3
= 2p(p + 7) – 3(p + 7)
= b 3 – 4xlb 3 + 4xl
2 2

= (2p – 3)(p + 7)
 [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
Hence, the common factor is (2p – 3).
16x 2 + 3 x + 9 = ]4xg2 + 2 × 3 × 4x + b 3 l
16 4 2 2 2 3. 4x2 – y2 + 6y – 9 = (2x)2 – (y2 – 6y + 9)

= b4x + 3 l
2 2 = (2x)2 – (y – 3)2­

= (2x – y + 3)(2x + y – 3)
[... (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
Project Work
= b4x + 3 lb4x + 3 l
2 2
3m + 9m + 8 = 3(m2 + 3m + 2)
2

2 2 = 3(m2 + 2m + m + 2)
Hence, the common factor is 4x + 3 or 3 + 4x.
= 3[m(m + 2) + 1(m + 2)]
(c) 4p2 – 9 = (2p)2 – (3)2
= 3[(m + 1)(m + 2)]
= (2p – 3)(2p + 3) = 3(m + 1)(m + 2)
qq

62 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-8 : Linear Equation in One Variable
3−2
Exercise 8.1 ⇒ x=
3
1. 5x + 7 = 2x – 8 1
⇒ x=
⇒ 5x – 2x = –8 – 7 (By transposition) 3
1
Hence, x = is the solution of the equation.
⇒ 3x = –15 3
− 15 Verification:
⇒ x= =−5 2 1 2 2 5
3
LHS: 3x + = 3 × + = 1 + =
Hence, x = –5 is the solution of the equation. 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2+3 5
Verification: RHS: 2× +1 = +1= =
3 3 3 3
LHS: 5x + 7 = 5 × (–5) + 7 LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
= –25 + 7 8x − 3
5. =2
= –18 3x
⇒ 8x – 3 = 2 × 3x (on cross-multiplication)
RHS: 2x – 8 = 2 × (–5) – 8
⇒ 8x – 3 = 6x
= –10 – 8
⇒ 8x – 6x = 3
= –18
⇒ 2x = 3
∴ LHS = RHS Hence, Verified 3
2. 8x + 3 = 27 ⇒ x=
2
⇒ 8x + 3 – 3 = 27 – 3(Subtracting 3 on both sides) Hence, x =
3
is the solution of the equation.
2
⇒ 8x = 24 Verification:
24 24 − 6
⇒ x= =3 3
8× − 3
24
−3
8 2 2
Hence, x = 3 is the solution the equation. LHS: = = 2
3 9 9
Verification: 3×
2 2 2
18
LHS: 8x + 3 = 8 × 3 + 3 = = 2 = RHS. Hence, Verified
9
= 24 + 3 = 27 = RHS 8
6. 5x − = 2x
Hence, Verified 5
8
2 3 ⇒ 5x – 2x = (By transposition)
3. x +1 = 5
3 3 8
⇒ 3x =
2 5
⇒ x +1 = 1 8 8
3 ⇒ x= =
2 3 × 5 15
⇒ x + 1– 1 = 1 – 1 8
3 Hence, x = is the solution of the equation.
(Subtracting 1 on both sides, we get) 5
Verification:
2
⇒ x =0 8 8 8 8 8
3 LHS: 5x − = 5 × − = −
⇒ x= 0 5 15 5 3 5
40 − 24 16
Hence, x = 0 is the solution of the equation. = =
15 15
Verification:
8 16
2 2 RHS: 2× =
LHS: x +1 = ×0 +1=1 15 15
3 3
3 LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
= = 1 = RHS Hence, Verified x 5
3
2 7. − =8
4. 3x + = 2x + 1 5 2
3 x 5 5 5 5
⇒ 3x – 2x = 1 −
2
(By transposition) ⇒ − + =8+ (Adding on both sides)
3 5 2 2 2 2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 63

 x 16 + 5 Verification:
⇒ =
− 10
7× d n
5 2 − 70 − 70
x 21 11 11 11
⇒ = LHS: = =
− 10 − 20 − 20 − 55
2×d n− 5
5 2
−5
21 × 5 105 11 11 11
⇒ x= =
2 2 − 70
105
Hence, x = is the solution of the given equation. 70 14
2 = 11 = = = RHS
Verification: − 75 75 15
11 Hence, Verified
x 5 105/2 5
LHS: − = − x−5 x−6
5 2 5 2 11. =
21 5 21 − 5 16 6 3
= − = = =8 ⇒ 3(x – 5) = 6(x – 6) (On cross multiplication)
2 2 2 2
LHS = RHS Hence, Verified ⇒ 3x – 15 = 6x – 36
3x − 5 8
8. = ⇒ 3x – 6x = –36 + 15 (By transposition)
2x + 15 9
On cross multiplication, we get ⇒ –3x = –21
⇒ 9(3x – 5) = 8(2x + 15) − 21
⇒ x= =7
⇒ 27x – 45 = 16x + 120 −3
Hence, x = 7 is the solution of the equation.
⇒ 27x – 16x = 120 + 45
Verification:
⇒ 11x = 165
x−5 7−5 2 1
165
= 15 LHS: = = =
⇒ x= 6 6 6 3
11 −
x 6 −
7 6 1
Hence, x = 15 is the solution of the equation. RHS: = =
3 3 3
Verification: LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
3x − 5 3 × 15 − 5 45 − 5
LHS: = = 3x x 1
− =
2x + 15 2 × 15 + 15 30 + 15 12.
5 4 8
40 8
= = RHS Hence, Verified 12x − 5x 1
=
45 9 ⇒ =
20 8
1 1
9. = 7x 1
2x + 1 3x + 1 ⇒ =
On cross multiplication, we get 20 8
⇒ 7x × 8 = 20 (On cross multiplying)
⇒ 3x + 1 = 2x + 1
⇒ 56x = 20
⇒ 3x – 2x = 1 – 1
20 5
⇒ x= 0 ⇒ x= =
56 14
Hence, x = 0 is the solution of the equation. 5
Hence, x = is the solution of the equation.
Verification: 14
Verification:
1 1 1
LHS: = = =1 5 5
2x 1+ +
2×0 1 1 3×
1 1 1 14 − 14 = 3 × 5 − 5
RHS: = = =1 LHS:
3x + 1 3× 0 + 1 1 5 4 14 × 5 14 × 4
Hence, Verified 3 5
LHS = RHS = −
14 14 × 4
7x 14
10. = 12 − 5 Y
7 1
2x − 5 15 = = = = RHS
14 × 4 14 × 4 8
On cross multiplication, we get 2 Hence, Verified
⇒ 7x × 15 = 14(2x – 5)
5 26
⇒ x × 15 = 2(2x – 5) 13. 2+ = −1
3y 3y
⇒ 15x = 4x – 10 5 26
⇒ − = –1 – 2 (By transposition)
⇒ 15x – 4x = –10 (By transposition) 3y 3y
5 − 26
⇒ 11x = –10 ⇒ = –3
3y
− 10
⇒ x= − 21
11 ⇒ = –3
− 10 3y
Hence, x = is the solution of the equation.
11 ⇒ –21 = –3 × 3y (On cross multiplying)

64 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 − 21 7 ⇒ 3b + 9 = 4b – 10
⇒ y= =
−9 3 ⇒ 3b – 4b = – 10 – 9
7
Hence, y =
3
is the solution of the equation. ⇒ –b = –19
Verification: ⇒ b = 19
5 5
LHS: 2+ = 2+ Hence, b = 19 is the solution of the given equation.
3y 7
3× Verification:
3
5 14 + 5 19 3 3
=
3
=
3
=
1
= 2+ = = LHS:
2b − 5
=
2 × 19 − 5 38 − 5 33 11
7 7 7
26 − 7 19 2 2 2 1
26
−1 =
26
− 1=
26
− 1= = RHS: = = =
RHS:
3y 7 7 7 7 b+3 19 + 3 22 11
3× LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
3
LHS = RHS Hence, Verified 0.21 + 0.7a
17. = 0.56
2x − 11 x−1 a
14. +x+ = 12 ⇒ 0.21 + 0.7a = 0.56a (By cross multiplication)
3 3
2x − 11 + 3x + x − 1 ⇒ 0.7a – 0.56a = –0.21 (By transposing)
⇒ = 12
3 ⇒
6x − 12 0.14a = –0.21
⇒ = 12 − 0.21 − 21 − 3
3 ⇒ a= = = = − 1.5
3 (2x − 4) 0.14 14 2
⇒ = 12 0.21 + 0.7 (− 1.5)
3
⇒ Verify: LHS =
2x – 4 = 12 − 1.5
0.21 − 1.05
⇒ 2x = 12 + 4 =
− 1.5
⇒ 2x = 16 = 0.56 = RHS Hence, Verified
⇒ x=
16
=8 11 (2 + x) − 5 (x + 12)
18. =2
2 3 − 7x
\ x = 8 is the solution of the equation. ⇒ 22 + 11x – 5x – 60 = 2(3 – 7x)
Verification: (By cross multiplication)
2 × 8 − 11 8−1 ⇒
LHS: +8+ 22 + 6x – 60 = 6 – 14x
3 3
16 − 11 7 ⇒ 6x + 14x = 6 + 60 – 22 (By transposition)
= +8+
3 3 ⇒ 20x = 44
5 7 44 11
= +8+ ⇒ x= = = 2.2
3 3 20 5
5 + 24 + 7 36
= = = 12 = RHS Verify:
3 3
Hence, Verified 11 (2 + x) − 5 (x + 2) 11 (2 + 2.2) − 5 (2.2 + 12)
LHS: =
x+5 2 3 − 7x 3 − 7 × 2.2
15. = 11 × 4.2 − 5 × 14.2
3x − 7 7 =
On cross multiplying, we get 3 − 15.4
46.2 − 71
⇒ 7(x + 5) = 2(3x – 7) =
− 12.4
⇒ 7x + 35 = 6x – 14 − 24.8
= = 2 = RHS
− 12.4
⇒ 7x – 6x = –14 – 35
Hence, Verified
⇒ x = –49 0.3x − 5 −3
19. =
\ Hence, x = –49 is the solution of the equation. 1.5x + 11 5
Verification: ⇒ 5(0.3x – 5) = –3(1.5x + 11)
− 49 + 5 − 44 − 44 2 (On cross multiplication)
LHS: = = = = RHS
3 × (− 49) − 7 − 147 − 7 − 154 7 ⇒ 1.5x – 25 = –4.5x – 33
Hence, Verified
⇒ 1.5x + 4.5x = –33 + 25 (By transposition)
3 2
16. = ⇒ 6x = –8
2b − 5 b+3
−8 −4
⇒ 3(b + 3) = 2(2b – 5) (On cross multiplying) ⇒ x= =
6 3
Fun & Joy with Math-8 65
 Verification: Verification:
−4
0.3 × d
n− 5 LHS: 9(6 – 1) – 20(6 – 4) = 9 × 5 – 20 × 2
3 − 0.4 − 5 − 5.4
LHS: = = = 45 – 40 = 5
−4 0.5 × (− 4) + 11 − 2 + 11
1.5 × d n + 11
3 − 5.4 − 54 − 6 96
(6 − 6) + 5 =
96
×0 + 5= 5
= = = RHS:
5 5
9 90 10
−3 Hence, LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
= = RHS
5 22. 1.4 (2 – x) = 0.5 (2x – 4)
Hence, Verified
⇒ 2.8 – 1.4x = x – 2
+
3x 4 x 1 +
20. − =0 ⇒ –1.4x – x = –2 – 2.8 (By transposition)
6x + 7 2x + 3
3x + 4 x+1 ⇒ –2.4x = –4.8
⇒ = − 4.8
6x + 7 2x + 3 =2
⇒ x=
⇒ (3x + 4) (2x +3) = (6x + 7) (x +1) − 2.4
Verification:
(On cross multiplication)
⇒ 6x2 + 8x + 9x +12 = 6x2 + 7x + 6x +7 LHS: 1.4(2 – 2) = 0
⇒ 17x + 12 = 13x + 7 RHS: 0.5(2 × 2 – 4) = 0
⇒ 17x – 13x = 7 – 12 (By transposition) Hence, LHS = RHS Hence, Verified
⇒ 4x = –5 23. 0.02x – 0.13x + 0.11 = 0.101 – 0.2x
−5
⇒ x= ⇒ 0.02x – 0.13x + 0.2x = 0.101 – 0.11
4
Verification: (By transposition)
−5 ⇒ 0.09x = –0.009
3×d
n+4
−5
+1 − 0.009
LHS =
4 − 4 x= = − 0.1
−5 −5
6×d n + 7 2×d n + 3
0.09
4 4 Verification:
− 15 −5 LHS = 0.02 × (–0.1) – 0.13 (–0.1) + 0.11
+4 +1
= 4 − 4
− 30 − 10 = –0.002 + 0.013 + 0.11
+7 +3
4 4 = 0.121
− 15 + 16 −5 + 4
RHS = 0.101 – 0.2 × (–0.1)
= 4 − 4
− 30 + 28 − 10 + 12 = 0.101 + 0.02
4 4
1 −1 = 0.121

= 4 − 4 LHS = RHS Hence, Verified

−2 2
2a − 5 a−5
4 4 24. =
8a + 3 4a
1 1
= + = 0 = RHS ⇒ 4a(2a – 5) = (a – 5) (8a + 3)
−2 2
Hence, Verified ⇒ 8a2 – 20a = 8a2 – 40a + 3a – 15
96 ⇒ –20a + 40a – 3a = –15
21. 9(x – 1) – 20(x – 4) = ( x − 6) + 5
5 ⇒ 17a = –15
96x − 576
⇒ 9x – 9 – 20x + 80 = +5 − 15
5 a=
96x − 576 + 25 17
⇒ –11x + 71 =
5 Verification:
⇒ 5(–11x + 71) = 96x – 551
− 15
⇒ n−5 2d
–55x + 355 = 96x – 551 17 2a − 5
LHS: =
⇒ − 15 8a + 3
8d n+3
–55x – 96x = –551 – 355
⇒ –151x = –906 17
− 906 − 30 − 85 115 5
x= =6 = = =
− 151 − 120 + 51 69 3

66 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 − 15 − 15 − 85 2
−5 a−5 ⇒ x =1–4
RHS: 17 == 17 3
− 15 − 60
4×d n
4a 2
⇒ x = –3
17 17 3
−9
− 100 5 ⇒ x=
= = 2
−9
− 60 3
Hence, the number is .
LHS = RHS Hence, Verified 2
4. Let, the two consecutive numbers be x and x + 1.
9y + 11 4y + 4 According to the question,
25. =
3y + 7 3y + 2 4
x = ( x + 1)
⇒ (4y + 11) (3y + 2) = (3y + 7) (4y + 4) 5
⇒ 5x = 4x + 4
(On cross multiplication)
⇒ 5x – 4x = 4
⇒ 12y + 33y + 8y + 22 = 12y2 + 28y + 12y + 28
2
⇒ x=4
⇒ 41y + 22 = 40y + 28
Hence, the numbers are 4 and 5.
⇒ 41y – 40y = 28 – 22
5. Let, the three multiples of 8 are 8x, 8x + 8, 8x + 16
y=6
According to the questions,
Verification: 8x + 8x + 8 + 8x + 16 = 888
4y + 11 4 × 6 + 11 24 + 11 ⇒
LHS: = = 24x + 24 = 888
3y + 7 3× 6 + 7 18 + 7 ⇒ 24x = 888 – 24
35 7
= = ⇒ 24x = 864
25 5
4y + 4 4×6 + 4 864
RHS: = ⇒ x= = 36
3y + 2 3× 6 + 2 24
24 + 4 28 7 Hence, the number are 8x = 288
= = =
18 + 2 20 5 8x + 8 = 296
LHS = RHS Hence, Verified 8x + 16 = 304
Exercise 8.2 6. Let, the three consecutive numbers are x, x + 1, x + 2.
According to the questions,
1. Let, the number be x and 5x.
When 21 is added, the new numbers are x + 21 and x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 48
5x + 21 ⇒ 3x + 3 = 48
According to the questions, ⇒ 3x = 48 – 3
5x + 21 = 2(x + 21) ⇒ 3x = 45
⇒ 5x + 21 = 2x + 42 45
⇒ x= = 15
⇒ 5x – 2x = 42 – 21 3
Hence, the three numbers are 15, 16 and 17.
⇒ 3x = 21
21 7. Let, the three numbers be 3x, 4x and 5x
⇒ x= =7 According to the question,
3
Hence, the numbers are 7 and 35.
⇒ 5x + 3x = 4x + 64
2. Let, the one number be x.
⇒ 8x = 4x + 64
Then, another number = x + 3
⇒ 8x – 4x = 64
According to the questions,
⇒ 4x = 64
4x = 3(x + 3)
⇒ 4x = 3x + 9 ⇒ x = 16
⇒ 4x – 3x = 9 Hence, the numbers are 48, 64, 80.
⇒ x =9 8. Let, the present ages of Suman and Khushi be 3x and 4x.
Hence, the numbers are 9 and 12. Five years from now :
3. Let, the number be x. Age of Suman = 3x + 5
2 Age of Khushi = 4x + 5
Then, two-third of a number = x
3 According to the question,
According to the question,
2 3x + 5 4
x+4 =1
4x + 5
=
5
3

Fun & Joy with Math-8 67

 ⇒ 5(3x + 5) = 4(4x + 5) 12. Let, the length of the rectangle be ‘x’ m.
⇒ Width = c + 2 m m
15x + 25 = 16x + 20 x
Then,
3
⇒ 15x – 16x = 20 – 25 Perimeter of the rectangle = 52m
⇒ x=5 According to the question,
2 <x + + 2F = 52
Hence, Present age of Suman = 3 × 5 = 15 years x
⇒
Present age of Khushi = 4 × 5 = 20 years 3
3x + x
9. Let, the present ages of Naresh’s brother be x years. ⇒ < + 2F = 26
3
\ Present age of Naresh = 4x years
4x
After 10 years, ⇒ = 26 – 2
3
Age of Naresh’s brother = (x + 10) years 4x
⇒ = 24
Age of Naresh = (4x + 10) years 3
24 × 3
According to the question, ⇒ x= = 18 m
4
4x + 10 = 2(x + 10) Hence, the dimensions of rectangle are 18m and
c + 2 m m = 8m.
⇒ 4x + 10 = 2x + 20 18
3
⇒ 4x – 2x = 20 – 10
13. Let, the speed of the steamer in still water be x km/hr.
⇒ 2x = 10
Speed of stream = 2 km/hr
⇒ x=5
Speed of steamer in downstream = (x + 2) km/hr
Hence, their present ages are 5 years and 20 years. Speed of steamer in upstream = (x – 2) km/hr
10. Let, the two numbers be 8x and 7x According to the question,
According to the question, ⇒ 5(x + 2) = 8(x – 2)
8x − 2 7 ⇒ 5x + 10 = 8x – 16
=
7x − 2 8 ⇒ 5x – 8x = –16 – 10
⇒ 8(8x – 2) = 7(7x – 2) ⇒ –3x = –26
⇒ 64x – 16 = 49x – 14 ⇒ x=
26
3
⇒ 64x – 49x = 16 –14 Hence, the speed of the steamer in the still water is
⇒ 15x = 2 26
km/hr.
2 3
⇒ x= 14. Let, the time taken for reaching 18 km apart be ‘t’ hr.
15
16 14 1
Hence, the numbers are and . Given, Speed of Sonia = 2 km/hr
15 15 2
5
11. Let, the speed of the steamer in the still water be x km/hr. = km/hr
2
We have speed of steam = 4 km/hr 5
Distance covered by Sonia in time t = t
2
Speed in downstream = (x + 4) km/hr Speed of Kiran = 2 km/hr
Speed in upstream = (x – 4) km/hr Distance covered by Kiran in time ‘t’ = 2t
30 According to the question,
Time taken to travel 30 km upstream =
x−4 5
60 ⇒ t + 2t = 18
2
Time taken to travel 60 km downstream =
x+4 5t + 4t
According to the question, ⇒ = 18
2
30 60 ⇒ 9t = 18 × 2
⇒ =
x−4 x+4 18 × 2
⇒ t= = 4 hour
⇒ 30(x + 4) = 60(x – 4) 9
Hence, the required time is 4 hour.
⇒ 30x + 120 = 60x – 240
15. Let, the numerator of fraction be x.
⇒ 30x – 60x = –240 – 120 Then, denominator of fraction = x + 8
⇒ –30x = –360 According to the question,
x = 120 x + 17 3
⇒ =
Hence, the speed of the steamer in the still water is x+8+1 2
120 km/hr. ⇒ 2(x + 17) = 3(x + 9)
68 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 ⇒ 2x + 34 = 3x + 27 ⇒ 60x – 300 + 10x = 1380
⇒ 3x – 2x = 34 – 27 ⇒ 70x = 1380 + 300
⇒ x=7 ⇒ 70x = 1680
7 1680
Hence, the original fraction =
15
. ⇒ x= = 24
70
16. Let, the breadth of a rectangle be ‘x’ cm Hence, the number of working days be 24.
Then length of a rectangle = (x + 9) cm 19. Let, the number of ` 5 coins be x.
Then, Area of a rectangle, A = x(x + 9) cm2 5
Then the number of ` 2 coins = x
New length = x + 9 + 3 = (x + 12) cm 8
According to the question,
New breadth = (x + 3) cm
5
New area = (x + 12) (x + 3) cm2 ⇒ 5x + 2 × x = 1000
8
According to the question, 5
⇒ 5x + x = 1000
⇒ (x + 12)(x + 3) = x(x + 9) + 84 ....(i) 4
⇒ 2 2
x + 12x + 3x + 36 = x + 9x + 84 25x
⇒ = 1000
⇒ 15x + 36 = 9x + 84 4
40
⇒ 15x – 9x = 84 – 36 200
⇒ 6x = 48 ⇒ x=
1000 × 4
= 160
25
⇒ x=8 Y
5
Hence, length of rectangle is 17 cm and breadth is 8 cm. Hence, number of ` 5 coins = 160
Verification: 5
Number of ` 2 coins = × 160
LHS: (8 + 12) (8 + 3) = 20 × 11 = 220 8
RHS: 8(8 + 9) + 84 = 8 × 17 + 84 = 5 × 20 = 100

= 136 + 84 20. Let, the numerator of the rational number be x.

= 220 Then, denominator of the rational number be x + 5.
LHS = RHS Hence, Verified According to the question,
17. Let, the digit at one’s place of a 2-digit number be x. x − 15 3
⇒ =

Then digit at ten’s place = 9 – x x+5−1 2
x − 15 3
Then, Number = 10(9 – x) + x ⇒ =
x+4 2
= 90 – 10x + x
⇒ 2(x – 15) = 3(x + 4)
= 90 – 9x
⇒ 2x – 30 = 3x + 12
When digits are interchanged, the new number
= 10x + 9 – x ⇒ 2x – 3x = 12 + 30

= 9x + 9 ⇒ –x = 42
According to the question, ⇒ x = –42
⇒ 90 – 9x – 27 = 9x + 9 \ The numerator is –42 and the denominator is –42 + 5
⇒ 63 – 9x = 9x + 9 = –37.
− 42
⇒ 9x + 9x = 63 – 9 Hence, the required fraction is .
− 37
⇒ 18x = 54 21. Let, the length of the rectangle be 11x and breadth be 4x.
⇒ x=3 Then, perimeter of rectangle
Hence, the number = 90 – 9 × 3 = 90 – 27 = 63.
= 2(11x + 4x)
18. Let, the number of working days be x.
= 2 × 15x = 30x
Then, number of days labourer was absent = (30 – x)
Rate of fencing the plot at the cost of ` 100/m is ` 75,000.
According to the question,
75000
⇒ 60x – 10(30 – x) = 1380 Then, Perimeter of plot =
100
= 750

Fun & Joy with Math-8 69

 According to the question, 5. Let, the one’s digit of the number be x.
⇒ 30x = 750 Then, the ten’s digit of the number = 14 – x
x = 25 m Then, the number = 10(14 – x) + x
Hence, the length and breadth of rectangle are 25 × 11 = = 140 – 10x + x
275 m and 25 × 4 = 100 m.
= 140 – 9x
Mental Maths If the digits are interchanged, the new number is

1. Let, the one number be x. = 10x + 14 – x

Then, other number = 2x = 9x + 14
Then, according to the statement According to the question,

⇒
1 1
+ =
7 ⇒ 140 – 9x + 36 = 9x + 14
x 2x 2
⇒ –9x – 9x = 14 – 36 – 140
( x − 1) x+1
2. x− = ⇒ –18x = –162
3 4
3x − (x − 1) x+1 ⇒ x=9
⇒ =
3 4 Hence, the number is 59.
3x − x + 1 x+1
⇒ = 6. Let, the age of Lalita’s father be x years.
3 4
x
2x + 1 x+1 Then, age of Lalita is years.
⇒ = 7
3 4 After 8 years,
⇒ 4(2x + 1) = 3(x + 1)
Age of Lalita’s father = (x + 8) years
(On cross multiplication)
Age of Lalita = c + 8 m years
x
⇒ 8x + 4 = 3x + 3
7
⇒ 8x – 3x = 3 – 4 According to the question,

c + 8 m = ( x + 8)
⇒ x 1
5x = –1 ⇒
7 3
−1
⇒
3 c + 8 m = (x + 8)
x= x
5 ⇒
3. Let, the three numbers be x + 1, x + 3 and x + 5 7
3x
Then, x + 1 + x + 3 + x + 5 = 45 ⇒ + 24 = x + 8
7
⇒ 3x + 9 = 45 3x
⇒ − x = 8 – 24
⇒ 3x = 45 – 9 7
⇒ 3x = 36 3x − 7x
⇒ = –16
7
⇒ x = 12
− 4x
Hence, the numbers are 13, 15 and 17. ⇒ = –16
7
4. Let, the numbers of correct sum be x. ⇒ x = 28

Then, number of incorrect sum = 24 – x Hence, the age of Lalita’s father is 28 years.
28
According to the question, Then, age of Lalita = = 4 years .
7
⇒ 3x – 2(24 – x) = 37 7. Let, the length of the rectangle be ‘x’ cm

Then, breadth of the rectangle = c + 2 m cm

⇒ 3x – 48 + 2x = 37 x
⇒ 5x – 48 = 37 4
Then, Perimeter = 2(l + b)
⇒ 5x = 37 + 48
= 2 c x + + 2 m
⇒ 5x = 85 x
4
⇒ x = 17
= 2 c + 2 m
5x
Hence, the number of correct sum is 17. 4

70 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 ⇒
2c + 2m =
5x –14p – 2 = 3p – 21
\ 54
4 ⇒ –14p – 3p = –21 + 2
5x
⇒ +2 = 27 ⇒ –17p = –19
4
5x 19
⇒ = 25 p=
4 17
⇒ x= 5 × 4 = 20
Project Work
Hence, length of rectangle = 20 cm
Let, the present age of Sahil be ‘x’ years
20
Breadth of rectangle = + 2 = 7 cm Then present age of Sahil’s mother = 3x
4
After 5 years,
HOTS Age of Sahil = (x + 5) year
1 − 3p p−7
(4p − 1) − <4p − F
2 Age of Sahil’s mother = (3x + 5) years
2. =
3 3 2 According to question,
2 1 − 3p p−7 ⇒ x + 5 + 3x + 5 = 66
⇒ (4p − 1) − 4p + =
3 3 2 ⇒ 4x + 10 = 66
8p − 2 − 12p + 1 − 3p p−7 ⇒
⇒ = 4x = 56
3 2
− 7p − 1 p−7 ⇒ x = 14
⇒ = Hence, the present age of Sahil is 14 years and Sahil’s
3 2
⇒ 2(–7p – 1) = 3(p – 7) mother is 42 years.
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 71

 Chapter-9 : Percentage and Its Applications
c × 100 m % = (2 × 100) = 200%
Exercise 9.1 6
(ii)
1 21 3

(iii) c × 100 m % = c × 100 m % = 50%

1. (i) = 5 20 1
4 4
21 25 40 2
= × 100 %
Y
(iv) c × 100 m % = (7.50 × 2)% = 15%
4 ` 7.50
= 525%
` 50
1 25
(ii) 12 % = % 5. (i) Let, the number be x.
2 2
25 1 1 65
= = = ⇒ × x = 260
2 × 100 2 × 4 8 100
4 20 20
(iii) 0.78 = (0.78 × 100)% 260 × 100
⇒ x=
65
= 78% 13
200 = 20 × 20 = 400
(iv) 200% = =2
100
Hence, the number is 400.
70 7
(v) 70% = = Y
30
100 10 (ii) Required number = 320 +
Y
× 320
6 YY
100
18 18 50 = 320 + 96
(vi) = × 100
6 Y6 = 416
Y
3
JK 5 NO
= 300% KK 3 O
YOOO
Y 25
20
Y litres = 12 litres (iii) Required number = ` KK120 − × 120
2. (i)
YY
× 60 KK 200 Y OO
100 Y
(ii) 40% of 300 kg = d × 300 n kg
40 L 4 P
= ` (120 – 15)
100
= 120 kg = ` 105
5 6. Let, the number be x.
1 25 12
(iii) 12 % of 480 ml = Y
× 480
2 Y
200 26
Y
⇒ × x = 65
5 100
5 50
= 60 ml 65 × 100
30 ⇒ x=
(iv) 30% of 200 metre = × 200 26
100 Y
2
= 60 metre = 5 × 50 = 250
1
3. (i) × x = 16 Hence, the number is 250.
200
⇒ x = 16 × 200
7. Let, the quantity of orange juice be 2x and quantity of
= 3200 pineapple juice be 3x.
(ii) 50% of x = 35 Then, total quantity of juice = 2x + 3x
50
⇒ × x = 35 = 5x
100
Percentage of orange juice = c × 100 m %
⇒ x = 35 × 2 = 70 2x
60 5x
(iii) × x = 300
= d × 100 n %
100 2 20
5
300Y × 100 Y
5
⇒ x=
YY
60 = 40%
⇒ x = 500
Percentage of pineapple juice = c × 100 m %
4. (i) 3 litre = 3000 ml 3x
Y 10 5x
300 ml
\ Required % = × 100 = (3 × 20)%
3000 ml
10 = 60%

72 Fun & Joy with Math-8

8. Let, the number be x. 12. Let, the original price of the ticket be ` x
50 20
Then, × x = 250 \ New, price of ticket = x + x
100 100
2
250 × 100 120x 6
⇒ x= = = x
50 100 5
6
= 500 ⇒ x = 240
5
Hence, the required number is 500. 40
240 × 5
9. Earlier capacity of holding rice = 5 kg ⇒ x= = 200
Y6

New capacity of holding rice = 7 kg Hence, original price of ticket was ` 200.
Increase in capacity = 7kg – 5 kg = 2 kg 13. Let the original price of onion be ` 100.

% increase in size = c × 100 m %

2 Increase in price = 30% of ` 100 = ` 30

5 Increased price of onion = ` 130
= (2 × 20)%
In order to resolve the original expenditure, a reduction of
= 40%
` 30 should be made on ` 130.
Hence, the required increase in size is 40%.
\ Percentage reduction in consumption
10. Side of rectangles are 20 cm and 15 cm 30
= × 100Y
Increase in each side = 20% Y
130
Y
20 300
Then, one side of rectangle = 20 +Y
× 20 =
13
%
YY
100
= 20 + 4 = 24 cm 1
= 23 %
13
20
Other side of rectangle = 15 + × 15 1
100 Hence, reduction in consumption = 23 %
13
= 18 cm
14. Let, the population of the village a year ago was x.
Previous area of rectangle, A1 = 20 cm × 15 cm
Increase in population = 6% every year
= 300 cm2 6
Population after an year = x + x
New area of rectangle, A2 = 24 cm × 18 cm 100
= 432 cm2 106
= x
100
Increase in area = A2 – A1 According to the question,
= 432 – 300 106
⇒ x = 17490
= 132 cm2 100
17490 × 100
⇒
% Increase in area = c × 100 m %
132 x=
\ 106
300 = 16,500
= c m%
132 Hence, the population of the village a year ago was 16,500.
3
= 44% 15. Let, the total number of valid votes in the election be x.
36
11. Let, the salary of Kiran be ` x No. of votes Ramprakash got = x
100
10
Then, Rani’s Salary = x + x No. of votes Birendra Mohan got
100
(100 − 36)
11x = x
= 100
10 64
11x = x
Difference in income = −x 100
10 Now, according to the question,
11x − 10x x
= =` ⇒
64
x−
36
x = 700
10 10 100 100
x ⇒ 64x – 36x = 700 × 100
10 × 100
Required percentage =
11x ⇒ 28x = 70000
70000
10 ⇒ x= = 2500
28
100
= = 9.09% Hence, the total number of valid votes are 2500.
11

Fun & Joy with Math-8 73

 Exercise 9.2
Loss
× 100 Loss % =
1. C.P. of Wrist Watch = ` 850 CP
S.P. of Wrist Watch = ` 918 270 × 100
=
Gain = SP – CP 4500
` 918 – ` 850 270
= = = 6%
= ` 68 45
Gain
\ Gain % = × 100 6. Let, C.P. of a pen = ` x
C.P.
4 2 C.P. of 20 pens = ` 20 x
Y
68 × 100 Gain = S.P. of 4 pens
= = 8%
850Y \ SP of 20 pens – CP of 20 pens
17
= SP of 4 pens
2. C.P. of Table = ` 6250
SP of 16 pens = CP of 20 pens
Money spent on its repair = ` 375 Gain of 20 pens
Total CP of table = ` 6250 + ` 375 \ Gain % = × 100
CP of 20 pens
= ` 6625 SP of 4 pens
S.P. of table = ` 6890 =
SP of 16 pens
× 100
Gain = S.P. – C.P.
1
= 6890 – 6625 = × 100 = 25%
4
= ` 265 7. SP of a refrigerator = ` 8,100
Gain
\ Gain% = × 100 Loss = 10%
C.P. CP − SP
265 Then, Loss % = × 100
= × 100 = 4% CP
6625 CP − 8100
3. Given, C.P. of 16 articles = S.P. of 12 articles ⇒ 10 = d n × 100
12 CP
C.P. of 1 article =
16
of S.P. of an article ⇒ CP = 10(CP – 8100)
SP − CP ⇒ CP = 10CP – 81000
\ Gain % = × 100 ⇒ 9CP = 81000
CP
⇒ CP = 9000
12
SP − of SP If Gain % = 10%
16 100 + gain %
SP = d n × CP
= × 100
12 Then,
of SP 100
16
16 − 12 100 + 10
d n of SP =
100
× 9000
16
= × 100% 110
12 = × 9000
of SP 100
16
4 = 9,900
= × 100% Hence, the required SP is ` 9,900.
12
100 1 8. Cost of 100 flower pots = ` 8000
= % = 33 % 8000
= ` 80
3 3 Cost of 1 flower pot = `
100
4. C.P. of toaster = ` 510 Cost of 20 flower pots = ` 80 × 20
Profit earned = 10% = ` 1600
SP − CP Gain = 5%
Profit % = × 100
100 + gain %
SP of 20 flower pots = d n × CP
CP
SP − 510 100
⇒ 10 = × 100
100 + 5
= d n × 1600
510
⇒ SP – 510 = 51
100
⇒ SP = 51 + 510
= ` 561 = 105 × 16
Hence, SP of the toaster is ` 561. = ` 1680
100 + 20
5. C.P. of DVD Player = ` 4,500 SP on whole transaction = d n × 8000
S.P. of DVD Player = ` 4,230 100
Then, Loss = CP – SP 120
= × 8000
= 4500 – 4230 100
= ` 270 = ` 9600

74 Fun & Joy with Math-8

Then, SP of remaining flower pots Loss
Loss % = × 100
= 9600 – 1680 CP
= ` 7920 6x
= × 100 = 4%
56 14 150x
9. CP of a egg = ` =` If CP = 3600
20 5
35 Then, 150x = 3600
SP of a egg = ` 3600
12 x = = 24
Then, Gain = SP – CP 150
Then, SP of one pencil = ` 24.
35 14
= − 12. SP of two tables = 2 × ` 1500
12 5
= ` 3000
175 − 168 7 Gain on first table = 20%
= =
60 60
Then, CP of first table = e o × SP
100
Gain % =
Gain
× 100 +
100 gain%
CP 100 × 1500
=
7 100 + 20
= 60 × 100 150000Y
14 =
Y
120
5
= ` 1250
Y7×5 5
= × 100Y Loss on second table = 20%
Y × 14
60
Then, CP of second table = d n × SP
100
3 2
25 1 100 − loss%
= %=4 % 100
6 6 = × 1500
10.Total CP of 2 chairs = 2 × ` 1200 100 − 20
= ` 2,400 150000 Y
=
Loss on 1st Chair = 6% Y
80
100 − loss %
SP of 1st Chair = d n × CP = 1875
100 Total CP = 1875 + 1250
100 − 6 ` 3125
d n × 1200
=
=
100 Loss = CP – SP
= 94 × 12 = 3125 – 3000
= ` 1128 = 125
Gain on 2nd chair = 10% Loss
Then, Loss % = × 100
100 + Gain %
d n × CP
CP
SP of 2nd chair = 125
100
= × 100 = 4%
100 + 10 3125
= e o × 1200
13. CP of computer = ` 16,800
100
= 110 × 12 Money spent on repair = ` 1,200
Total CP = ` 16800 + 1200
= ` 1320
= ` 18000
Total SP = ` 1128 + ` 1320
Total SP = ` 19200
= ` 2448
Gain = SP – CP
Then, Gain = Total SP – Total CP
= 19200 – 18000
= 2448 – 2400
= 1200
= ` 48 Gain
Gain Gain % = × 100
Gain % = × 100 CP
Total CP
1200Y
48 = × 100
= × 100 Y
18000
2400
120
= 2 % = = 6.67 %
18
11. Let, the SP of one pencil be ` x. 14. Let, the CP of computer set be ` x
SP of 144 pencils = ` 144x Loss = 12%
100 − Loss %
SP = d n × CP
Loss = 6x
CP = 144x + 6x = 150x Then,
100

Fun & Joy with Math-8 75

 100 − 12
= d n× x
= 110 × 12
100 = ` 1320
88x Total SP = ` 1128 + ` 1320
= = 0.88x = ` 2448
100
New SP = 0.88x + 3600 Then, Gain = Total SP – Total CP
Profit = 18% = 2448 – 2400
18 (0.88x + 3600) − x = ` 48
⇒ = Gain
100 x Gain % = × 100
⇒ 0.18x = 0.88x + 3600 – x Total CP
⇒ 0.18x + x – 0.88x = 3600 48
⇒ x(0.18 + 1 – 0.88) = 3600 =
2400
× 100
⇒ 0.3x = 3600
= 2 %
x = 12000
Hence, the CP of computer set is ` 12,000. 18. CP of bike = ` 20,000
15. SP of table = ` 2231 Loss % on bike = 25%
100 − loss %
Loss % = 3% SP of bike = d n × CP
CP = d n × SP
100 100
Then,
100 − loss% 100 − 25
= × 20, 000
100 100
= × 2231
100 − 3 = 75 × 200
100 = 15000
= × 2231
97 CP of Car = ` 1,60,000
= ` 2300 Gain % on car = 5%
100 + gain %
For gaining 5%, SP = d n × CP
d
100 + gain %
n × CP
100 SP of car =
100
100 + 5
100 + 5
e o × 1, 60, 000
= × 2300
100 =
= 105 × 23 100
= ` 2415 = 105 × 1600
Hence required SP is ` 2415. = ` 1,68,000
16. SP of mobile set = ` 5,400 Total CP = ` 20,000 + ` 1,60,000
VAT on it = 8% = ` 1,80,000
Let, the price before VAT be ` x Total SP = ` 15,000 + ` 1,68,000
8 ` 1,83,000
Then, x+ × x = 5400 =
100 Gain
8x Then, Gain % = × 100
⇒ x+ = 5400 CP
100 1, 83, 000 − 1, 80, 000
108x = × 100
⇒ = 5400 1, 80, 000
100 5400 × 100 10
⇒ x = 3000 5 2
108 = = % =1 %
= 5,000 1800 3 3
6
Hence, the price before VAT is ` 5,000.
19. CP of 9 pencils = ` 10
17. Total CP of 2 chairs = 2 × ` 1200
= ` 2,400 CP of 1 pencil = `
10
Loss on 1st Chair = 6% 9
100 − loss % CP of 11 pencils = ` 10
SP of 1st Chair = d n × CP


100 10
CP of 1 pencil = `
100 − 6
= d n × 1200
11
10 10
100 \ CP of 2 pencils = ` +`
= 94 × 12 9 11
= ` 1128 110 + 90 200
= =
Gain on 2nd chair = 10% 99 99
100 + Gain %
SP of 2nd chair = d n × CP
200 100
Then, CP of 1 pencil = =`
100 99 × 2 99
100 + 10
= e o × 1200 SP of 10 pencils = ` 10
100 SP of 1 pencil = ` 1

76 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 CP − SP 100 × SP
Loss % =
× 100 3. (i) MP =
CP 100 − Discount %
JK100 N 100 × 990
KK − 1 OOO =
100 − 10
= KKK 100 OOO × 100
99
99000Y
KK OO = = ` 1100
99 Y
90
L P 100 × SP
1 (ii) MP =
100 − discount %
99 12
= × 100 Y
100 × 1080
100

=
99 YY
90
100 = ` 1200
= = 1% 4. Discount = 25% on MP
100
Let, the CP be ` 100.
20. Price of an a.c. = ` 13,000 Gain required = 17%
Sales tax on a.c. = 12% \ SP = ` 117
12 Let, the MP be ` x.
SP of a.c. = 13000 + × 13000
100 25 x
Then, discount = ×x=`
= 13000 + 560 100 4
= ` 14560 \ SP = MP – discount
x 3x
= x− =`
Exercise 9.3 3x 4 4
\ = 117
1.
(i) Discount = MP – SP 4 39
= 2675 – 1675 117 × 4
x= = ` 156
Y
3
= ` 1000
Discount Hence, M.P. of article is ` 156.
Discount % = × 100 5. Here, CP = ` 7660, discount = 12%, gain = 10%
MP 110
1000 SP = ` × 7660
= × 100 100
2675 = ` 11 × 766
= 37.38% = ` 8426
Also, discount of 12% is given
(ii) Discount = MP – SP
100 × SP
= 24 – 18 = ` 6 Then, MP =
Discount 100 − Discount %
Discount % = × 100 100 × 8426 842600
MP = =
100 − 12 88
Y6
=
24
× 100 = ` 9575
4 6. Discount = 20%
100 SP = ` 360
= % = 25% 100 × SP
4 Then, MP =
100 − Discount %
MP (100 − d%) 100 × 360
2. (i) SP = =
100 100 − 20
1500 c100 − m
25 36000Y
2 = = ` 450
= Y
80
100 Hence, M.P. is ` 450.
200 − 25
= 15 d n
7. Discount given on cash payment = 10%
MP of computer set = ` 22,000
2
MP − (100 − discount %)
15 × 175 Then, SP =
= = ` 1312.5 100
2
22000 (100 − 20)
MP ^100 − discount %h =
100
(ii) SP =
100
= 220 × 80
1120 (100 − 20) = 17600
=
100 Hence, priya got the complete set for ` 17,600.
1120 Y × 80
Y 8. Given, discount on book = 20%
= = ` 896
YY
100 SP of the book = ` 64

Fun & Joy with Math-8 77

 100 × SP Discount = 20%
Then, MP = 100 × SP
100 − discount % Then, MP =
100 × 64 6400 100 − discount %
= = = ` 80 100 × 744 100 × 744
100 − 20 80 = = = 930
Hence, MP of book is ` 80. 100 − 20 80
9. Let, the CP be x Hence, MP of article is ` 930.
Profit earned = 20% 14. SP of stereo = ` 5760
6x Let, MP of article be ` x
SP of goods = `
5 Discounts offered = 10% and 20%
Now, marked price of goods is ` 1000 \ SP = (1 – d1) (1 – d2) × MP
Discount offered = 20% 5760
20 ⇒ MP =
\ SP = 1000 − × 1000 = ` 800
c1 − mc1 − m
10 20
6x 100
\ = 800 100 100
5 800 × 5 5760
⇒ x= =
90 80
6
×
4000 ` 2000 100 100
= =
6 3 5760 × 100 × 100
` 2, 000 =
Hence, the CP of goods is = ` 666.66 . 90 × 80
3 = 8000
10. MP of article = ` 5130 Hence, the MP of the article is ` 8,000.
Successive discounts offered 15. Let, the MP of shirt be ` x.
= 10% and 5% 20 80 4
Then, SP = (1 – d1%)(1 – d2%) × MP Then, CP (purchase price) = x − x= x= x
100 100 5
= c1 − mc1 − m × 5130
10 5 ⇒ SP of shirt = ` x
100 100 SP − CP
90 95 \ Gain % = × 100
= × × 5130 SP
100 100 JK 4 N
= 4386.15 KK x − x OOO
= KKK 4 OOO × 100
5
Hence, the net selling price is ` 4386.15.
11. Let, the CP be ` 100 K x O
K 5 O
Profit = 10% JLK 5x − 4xPNO
Then, SP = ` 110 KK O
Let, the MP be ` x K
K 5 OOO
= K × 100
Then, discount = 12% of x KK 4 x OOO
=
12
x=`
3x Lx 5 P
100 25
SP = MP – discount = 5 × 100
3x 4x
= x − 5
25
25x − 3x 22x 100
= = = % = 25%
25 25 4
22x
\ = 110 Mental Maths
25 5
10 1.
(i) Loss = CP – SP ( CP > SP)
110 × 25
⇒ x= = ` 125 = 3.50 – 2 = 1.50
22 Loss
Y
2 Loss % = × 100
Hence, MP is 25% above the C.P. CP
12. Single discount equivalent to two successive discounts of 1.50
30% and 10% is : = × 100
3.50
10 × 30
= 30 + 10 – 300 6
100 = % = 42 %
= 40 – 3 7 7
= 37 (ii) Total CP = ` 250 + ` 50
\ Single discount = 37%
= ` 300
13. CP of the article = ` 620
Then, gain = 20% Loss = ` 50
Y
20 Loss
\ SP of article = 620 + Y
× 620 \ Loss % =
Total CP
× 100
YY
100
= ` (620 + 124) 50 50 2
= × 100 = % = 16 %
= ` 744 300 3 3

78 Fun & Joy with Math-8

2. SP of table = ` 504 HOTS
Gain on table = 12%
1.Given, CI – SI = ` 96
CP = e
o × SP
100
Then, Principal, P = ` 15,000
100 + gain % Here,

= d n × 504
100 Time period, t = 2 years

100 + 12 Let, the rate of interest be r %

Then, 15000 =c1 + m − 1G −

50400 r 2 15000 × r × 2
= = ` 450 = 96;
112 100 100
If gain = 18%
9 ⇒ 1.5r2 + 300r – 300r = 96
18 9
Then, SP = 450 + × 450Y ⇒ 1.5r2 = 96
Y
100
Y
2 96
= 450 + 81 ⇒ r2 = = 64
1.5
= ` 531 ⇒ r = 8%
Hence, New SP = ` 531.
2. Total cost of land = ` 96,000
3. (i) CP = 300, gain % = 2 2 2 19200
100 + gain %
SP = d n × CP
CP of th of land = ` × 96000
Then, 5 Y5
100
= ` 38400
100 + 2
= d n × 300 Loss = 6%
100
100 − loss %
Then, SP of th of land = d n × CP
2
= 102 × 3
5 100
= `306
100 − 6
\ SP = ` 306 = d n × 38400
(ii) SP = ` 261, Loss % = 10 100
100
Then, CP = × SP = 94 × 384
100 − Loss %
= ` 36096
= d n × 261
100

100 − 10 Let, the SP of remaining land be ` x
100Y 29 Total Profit = 10%
= × 261
90Y \ SP = CP + Profit % of CP
= ` 290 10
\ CP = ` 290 36096 + x = 96000 + × 96000
100
4. SP of a pen = ` 23.75
Discount on pen = 5% ⇒ 36096 + x = 96000 + 9600
100 × SP ⇒ 36096 + x = 105600
\ Marked price =
100 − discount % ⇒ x= 105600 – 36096
100 × 23.75
= = ` 69,504
100 − 5
100 × 23.75 Hence, the remaining piece of land should be sold at `
= 69,504.
95
= ` 25
5. Let, the CP of goods be ` 100. Project Work
Then, MP of goods = ` 135 Total number of trees = 1200
Discount = 20% Guava trees = 10%
20
\ SP = 135 −
× 135 Orange trees = 20%
100
= 135 – 27 Lemon trees = 35%
= ` 108 Mango trees = 100 % – (10 + 20 + 35)%
Here, SP > CP = 100 – 65%
So, it is gain, = 35%
Gain
\ Gain % = × 100 No. of mango trees = 35% of 1200
CP 35
−
= d n × 100
108 100 = × 1200
100
100 = 35 × 12
= 8% = 420
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 79

 Chapter-10 : Compound Interest
3450 × 15 × 1
Exercise 10.1 Interest for 2nd year = 100
1. (i) P = ` 9,000 345 × 3
= 2 = ` 517.5
T = 3 years Total interest earned = ` 517.5 + ` 450 = ` 967.50
R = 10% p.a. (iv) P = ` 15,000, T = 3 years, R = 10% p.a.
For compound interest (CI) PRT
Interest for 1st year = 100
P×R×T
Interest for 1st year = 100 15, 000 × 10 × 1
9000 × 10 × 1 = 100
= 100 = ` 1500
= 900
Principal for 2nd year = 15,000 + 1500
Principal for 2nd year = 9000 + 900
= ` 16,500
= 9900 PRT
nd
9900 × 10 × 1 Interest for 2 year = 100
Interest for 2nd year = 100 16, 500 × 10 × 1
= ` 990 = 100
Pricipal for the 3rd year = 9900 + 990 = ` 1650
= 10,890 Principal for 3rd year = 16500 + 1650
Interest for 3th year =
10890 × 10 × 1 = ` 17,150
100 17, 150 × 10 × 1
= 1089 Interest for 3rd year = 100
Here, total interest earned is ` = 900 + 990 + 1089 = ` 1715
= ` 2979 Total interest earned = ` 1500 + ` 1650 + ` 1715
(ii) P = ` 5,000 = ` 4865
T = 2 years
R = 5% p.a. 2. Principal, P = ` 12,000
PRT 8
Interest for 1st year = 100 Rate of interest = 8% p.a. =
2
5000 × 1 × 5 = 4% half yearly
= 100
= ` 250 Time = 1 year = 2 half years
Interest for 1st half year = ` b l
12, 000 × 1 × 4
Principal for 2nd year = 5000 + 250
100
= `5,250 = ` 480
PRT
Interest for 2nd year = 100 Amount at the end for 1st year = ` 12,000 + ` 480

=
5250 × 5 × 1 = ` 12,480
100
Interest for 2nd half year = ` b
12480 × 1 × 4 l
525 100
= 2 = ` 262.5
Hence, total interest earned = ` 250 + ` 262.5 = ` 499.20
= ` 412.5 Total interest earned = ` 480 + ` 499.20
(iii) P = ` 3,000 T = 2 years, R = 15% p.a. = ` 979.20
PRT 3. Sum borrowed P = ` 2,00,000
Interest for 1st year = 100
3000 × 15 × 1 Rate of interest, R = 8% p.a.
= 100 Time period = 2 years
= ` 450
2, 00, 000 × 8 × 1
Principal for 2nd year = ` 3000 + 450 Interest to be paid in 1st year = 100
= ` 3450 = ` 16,000

80 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Amount for 2nd year = 2,00,000 + 16,000 6.Principal amount, P = ` 9,000
= ` 2,16,000 Time, T = 12 months = 1 year = 2 half years
2, 16, 000 × 8 × 1 Rate of interest = 16% p.a.
Interest to be paid in 2nd year = 100 = 8 % half yearly
= ` 17,250
PRT
... Total amount to be paid to bank Interest for first half year = 100
= ` 2,00,000 + ` 16,000 =
9000 × 8 × 1
100
+ ` 17,280
= ` 720
= ` 2,33,280
Principal for second half year = 9000 + 720
4. Principal, P = ` 9000 = ` 9720
Time, t = 2 years 9720 × 8 × 1
Interest for second half year = 100
1 15
Rate of interest, R = 7 2 % p.a. = 2 % p.a. = ` 777.6
P×R×T Total interest earned = 720 + 777.60
Interest to be paid in 1st year = 100 = ` 1497.60
9000 × 15 × 1
= 2 × 100 7. Principal, P = ` 9000
= 45 × 15 = ` 675 Time, T = 3 years
Principal for 2nd year = ` 9000 + ` 675 Rate, R = 10% p.a.
= ` 9675 PRT
S.I. = 100
PRT
Interest to be paid in 2nd year = 100 3000 × 3 × 10
= 100
9675 × 15 × 1
= 2 × 100 = ` 900
= ` 725.625 For compound interest,
Total interest = ` 675 + 725.625 3000 × 1 × 10
Interest for 1st year =
= ` 1400.625 100
= ` 300
5. Principal, P = ` 15,625
Principal for 2nd year = 3000 + 300
Rate of interest, R = 16% p.a. = 4 % per quarter
Time, T = 9 months = ` 3300
= (3 × 3) months 3300 × 1 × 10
Interest for 2nd year = 100
= 3 × 1 quarter = 3 quarter
Principal for the 1st quarter = ` 15,625 = ` 330
Principal for 3rd year = 3300 + 330
15, 625 × 4 × 1
Interest for the 1st quarter =100 = ` 625 = ` 3630
Principal for the second quarter = ` 15,625 + ` 625 3630 × 1 × 10
Interest for 3rd year = 100
= ` 16,250
= ` 363
16, 250 × 4 × 1
Interest for the 2nd quarter = 100 Therefore, total interest earned = ` 300 + ` 330 + ` 363
= ` 650 = ` 993
Principal for 3rd quarter = ` 16250 + ` 650 ... Difference between CI and SI = ` 993 – ` 900
= ` 16,900 = ` 93
16, 900 × 4 × 1 8. Principal, P = ` 16,000
Interest for third quarter =
100 Rate of interest, R = 10% p.a. = 5% half yearly
= ` 676
1
Then, amount at the end of third quarter = 16900 + 676 Time, T = 1 2 years = 3 half years
= ` 17,576 PRT 16, 000 × 5 × 1
Interest for 1st half year = 100 =
... Compound interest = 17,576 – 15625 100
= ` 1951 = ` 800

Fun & Joy with Math-8 81

 Principal for 2nd half year = ` 16,000 + ` 800 Principal for second year = 5000 + 500
= ` 16,800 = ` 5500
16800 × 5 × 1 5500 × 1 × 10
Interest for 2nd half year = Interest paid in second year = 100
100
= ` 840 = ` 550
Principal for 3rd half year = ` 16800 + 840 Principal for third year = 5500 + 550
= ` 17640 = ` 6050
6050 × 10 × 1
17640 × 5 × 1 Interest paid in third year = 100
Interest for 3rd half year = 100
= ` 605
= ` 882
... Total interest paid on loan = ` 500 + ` 550 + ` 605
Total interest earned = ` 800 + ` 840 + ` 882
= ` 2522 = ` 1655
Principal, P = ` 6,000
9. 12. Principal borrowed, P = ` 20,000
Time, T = 2 years = 4 half years Time, T = 2 years
Rate of interest = 10% p.a. = 5%/half year Rate of interest = 12% p.a.
6000 × 1 × 5 20000 × 1 × 12
Interest for 1st half year = Interest paid in 1st year = 100
100
= 2400
= ` 300
Principal for 2nd year = ` 20,000 + ` 2400
Principal for 2nd half year = 6000 + 300
= ` 22,400
= ` 6300 22400 × 1 × 12
6300 × 1 × 5 Interest paid in 2nd year = 100
Interest for 2nd half year = 100 = 2688
= ` 315
Total compound interest to be paid = ` 2400 + ` 2688
Principal for 3rd half year = 6300 + 315
= ` 5,058
= ` 6615
13. Principal, P = ` 1400
6615 × 1 × 5
Interest for 3rd half year = 100 Time, T = 9 months = (3 × 3) months = 3 quarters
= ` 330.75 Rate of interest = 12% p.a. = 3% per quarter
Principal for 4th half year = ` 6615 + ` 330.75 1400 × 1 × 3
Interest for 1st quarter = 100
= ` 6945.75 = ` 42
6975.75 × 1 × 5
Interest for 4th half year = 100 Principal for 2nd quarter = 1400 + 42
= ` 347.2875 = ` 1442
1442 × 1 × 3
Total interest earned = ` 1293.0375 Interest for 2nd quarter = 100
10. Principal, P = ` 8,000, Time = 2 years = ` 43.26
1 13 Principal for 3rd quarter = 1442 + 43.26
Rate of interest = 6 2 % = 2 % quarterly
= ` 1485.26
13 1485.26 × 1 × 3
= × 4% = 26% per annum Interest for 3rd quarter = 100
2
8000 × 1 × 26 = 44.5578
Interest for 1st year = 100 = ` 2080
Total interest paid = 42 + 43.26 + 44.5578
Principal for 2 year = ` (8000 + 2080) = ` 10,080
nd

10, 080 × 1 × 26 = ` 129.8178

Interest for 2nd year = = ` 2620.80
100
Total interest for 2 years = ` (2080 + 2620.80) Exercise 10.2
= ` 4700.80 1. (i) Given, P = ` 5,000, n = 3 years, r = 5% p.a

A = P b1 + 100 l
11. Principal, P = ` 5,000 r n
Then,
Time, T = 3 years
= 5000 b1 + 100 l
Rate of Interest = 10% p.a. 5 3

5000 × 1 × 10
Interest paid in first year =
= 5000 b1 + 20 l
100 1 3

= ` 500
82 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 = 5000 b 20 l
21 3 108 108
= 2000 × 100 × 100
21 21 21 = ` 2332.8
= 5000 × 20 × 20 × 20
C. I. = A – P
5 × 21 ×21 ×21 = 2332.8 – 2000
= 8
= ` 332.8
= ` 5788.125
Here, P = ` 16,000, n = 9 months = 3 quarter
2.
C.I.= A.P = 5788.125 – 5000 = ` 788.125
r = 16% p.a. = 4% per quarter
Amount = P b1 + 100 l
(ii) Given, P = ` 64,000, n = 3 years, r = 5% p.a. r n

A = P b1 + 100 l = 16, 000 b1 + 100 l

r n 4 3
Then,

= 64000 b1 + 100 l = 16, 000 b100 × 100 × 100 l

5 3 104 104 104

= 64000 b100 l
105 3 = ` 17997.824

Then, Interest = A – P
21 21 21
= 64000 × 20 × 20 × 20 = 17997.824 – 16,000
Then, amount = ` 74085 = ` 74,088 = ` 1997.824
C.I. = A – P = 74088 – 64000 Principal, P = ` 5000
3.
= ` 10,088 n = 1 year = 2 half years
25 r = 10% p.a. = 5% per half year
(iii) P = ` 72,000, n = 3 years, r = 2 % p.a.
Amount, A = P b1 + 100 l
r n

A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
= 5000 b1 + 100 l
5 2

= 72000 b1 + 200 l
25 3
= 5000 b100 l
105 2

= 72000 b 8 l
9 3 105 × 105
= 5000 × 100 × 100
9 9 9 = ` 5512.5
= 72000 × 8 × 8 × 8
= ` 102515.625 C. I. = A – P
C. I. = 102515.625 – 72000 = 5512.5 – 5000
= ` 512.5
= ` 30,515.625
Let, the principal be ` P
4.
13 ` 28113.75
(iv) P = ` 48,000, n = 3 years, r = 2 % p.a. Then, A=
T=2 years
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
r=5 % p.a.
= 48000 b1 + 200 l P b1 + 100 l
13 3 5 2
... 28113.75 =

28113.75 = P × b100 × 100 l

213 213 213 105 105
= 48000 × 200 × 200 × 200
28113.75 × 100 × 100
= ` 57981.582 P= 105 × 105
C. I. = A – P = 25,500
= 57981.582 – 48000 Hence, the sum is ` 25,500
= ` 9981.582 P = ` 16,000, n = 3 years, r = 10% p.a.
5.
A = P b1 + 100 l
(v) P = ` 2000, n = 2 years, r = 8% p.a. r n

A = P b1 + 100 l = 16, 000 b1 + 100 l
r n 10 3

= 2000 b1 + 100 l = 16, 000 b10 × 10 × 10 l

8 2 11 11 11

= 2000 b100 l
108 2 = 16 × 11 × 11 × 11

= ` 21,296

Fun & Joy with Math-8 83

 C.I. = A – P ... C. I. – S. I. = 500
P b100 × 100 l – P – 10 = 500
= 21296 – 16000 105 × 105 P

= ` 5,296 1.1025P – P – 0.1P = 500
6. P = ` 15,000 0.0025P = 500
n = 3 years P = 2,00,000
r = 10% p.a. Hence, the sum is ` 2,00,000

A = P b1 + 100 l
r n 10. Let, the time be n years

Here, P = 1000
= 15, 000 b1 + 100 l
10 3 A = 1331

11 11 11 r = 10%
1331 = 1000 b1 + 100 l
= 15, 000 × 10 × 10 × 10 .. . 10 n
= 15 × 11 × 11 × 11
b11 l
n
1331
= ` 19,965 1000 = 10
b l = b11 l
3 n
C.I. = A – P 11
10 10
= 19,965 – 15,000
11. Let, the sum invested be ` P
= ` 4965
Here, time = 3 years and rate = 5% p.a.
Let the sum be ` P.
C.I. = P b1 + 100 l – P
7. r n
Then,
Then, C.I. – S.I. = ` 3050
;P b1 + l E = P ;b1 + 100 l – PE
5 3
P×5×3 5 3

100 – P – 100 = 30.50

;b 21 l P – PE – 3P = 30.50 = P ;b1 + 20 l – 1E
3 1 3

20 20
= P ;b 20 l – 1E
21 3
1.157625P – P – 0.15P = 30.50

= P :8000 – 1D
0.007625P = 30.50 9261

P = 4000
1261P
Hence, the sum is ` 4,000 = 8000
8. P = ` 30,000 = 0.157625P
r = 7 % p.a. P×R×T
S.I. =
100
C. I. = ` 4,347
P×5×3
Then A = P + C.I. = 30,000 + 4347 = 100
= ` 34,347 15P
= 100
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
Then, = 0.15 P

34,347 = 30, 000 b1 + 100 l

7 n Now, CI – SI = 61

0.157625P – 0.15P = 61
b107 l = 34347
n
0.007625P = 61
100 30000
11449 P = ` 8000
= 10000 Hence, sum invested is ` 8000
b107 l = b107 l
n 2
12. Principal, P = ` 2,000
100 100
Amount, A = ` 2,205
Hence, n= 2
Time = 2 years
9. Let, the sum be ` P Let, the rate percent be r.
C. I. = P b1 + 100 l – P A = P b1 + 100 l
5 2 r n
Then, Then,
= P b100 l – P 2205 = 2000 b1 + 100 l
105 2 r 2

b1 + r l
P×5× 2 2205 2
S. I. = 100 =
2000 100
b r l
P 441
= 10 400 = 1 + 100

84 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 b r l
21 16. Principal, P = ` 625
20 = 1 + 100 Amount, A = ` 676
r 21
100 = 20 – 1 rate of interest = 4%
r 21 – 20 Let, the time be n.
100 =
A = P b1 + 100 l
20 r n
r 1 Then,
100 = 20
676 = 625 b1 + 100 l
4 n

r = 5%
b1 + 1 l
n
Hence, rate of interest is 5%. 676
625 = 25
13. Principal = ` 5000, time = 3 years
b l = b l
2 n
26 26
25 25
rate of interest = 4 % p.a.
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n ... n= 2

Hence, time required is 2 years
= 5000 b1 + 100 l
4 3
17. Here, principal, P = ` 1600
= 5000 b1 + 25 l
1 3 Amount, A = ` 1852.20

rate of interest = 5%
= 5000 b 25 l
26 3
Let the time required be n.
A = P b1 + 100 l
= 5000 × 25 × 25 × 25
26 26 26 r n
Then,

1852.20 = 1600 b1 + 100 l

= 5624.32 5 n

C. I. = 5624.32 – 5000
b 21 l
n
= 624.32 185220
100000 = 20
PRT
b 21 l
S. I. = 1000 46305 n
40000 = 20
5000 × 4 × 3
b 21 l
= 100 9261 n
8000 = 20
= ` 600
b 21 l = b 21 l
3 n
... Required difference = C. I. – S. I. 20 20
= 624.32 – 600
Hence, n = 3 years
= 24.32
18. (i) (d)
14. Let, the sum invested be ` P.
A. I. = 5000 b1 + 100 l – 5000
Here, Amount = ` 72,900, rate of interest = 8% p.a. 4 2

time = 2 years 26 26
= 5000 × 25 × 25 – 5000
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
Then,
= 5408 – 5000 = ` 408
72,900 = P b1 + 100 l
8 2
(ii) (a) 2
72,900 = P b100 l
108 2 C. I. = ` 425

72, 900 × 100 × 100 P = ` 1600
P= 108 × 108 Then, A = 1600 + 425
= 62,500
= ` 2025
Hence, the sum invested is ` 62,500.
1
15. Amount of loans principal = ` 5,00,000 Rate of interest = 12 2 %
Rate of interest = 16% p.a. = 4% quarterly 25
= 2 %

A = P b1 + 100 l
Time 1 year = 4 quarters r n
...
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
Then,
2025 = 1600 b1 + 200 l
25 n

= 5, 00, 000 b1 + 100 l
4 4

b 1l
n
2025
1600 = 1 + 8
= 5, 00, 000 b1 + 25 l
1 4
= c m
81 9 n

26 26 26 26 64 8
= 500000 × 25 × 25 × 25 × 25
c m = c m
9 2 9 n

= 5,84,929.28 8 8
Then, debt will be discharged if paid ` 5,84,929.28 ... n = 2 years

Fun & Joy with Math-8 85

 (iii) (a) Let, principal for first year be ` P.
= 5, 40, 000 b1 – 100 l
20 1

P × 10 × 1 P
Then, C.I. = 100 = 10 4
= 5, 40, 000 × 5
P 11
Then, principal for second year = P + 10 = 10 P = ` 4,32,000
11 Then, machine's value depreciated at 10% rate of interest
P × 1 × 10
Then, C. I. = 10 100 after 1 year for 2 years.

11P
132 = 100 Here, P0' = ` 4,32,000 R = 10%, T = 2 years
13200 P1' = value after 2 years
= 432000 b1 – 100 l
P = 11 = 1200 10 2

11
Then, principal amount for second year = 10 × 1200
9 9
= 432000 × 10 × 10
= 1320

12100 = 10000 b1 + 100 l

10 n = 4320 × 81
(iv) (a)
= 3,49,920
121 b 1 ln Total depreciation = 4,32,000 – 3,49,920
100 = 1 + 10
= ` 82,080
b11 l = b11 l
2 n
10 10 5. P0 = 2,50,000, R = 5%, T = 3 hours
... n = 2 years P1 = bacteria after 3 hours
P1 = P0 b1 + 100 l
R T
Exercise 10.3
= 2, 50, 000 b1 + 100 l
5 3
1. P0 = ` 50,000
21 21 21
r = 10 % = 250000 × 20 × 20 × 20
T = 2 years = 289406.25
P1 = after 2 years = 289407 (approx.)
P1 = P0 b1 – 100 l 6. For first year
r t

P0 = 1,60,000, R = 3%, T = 1 year
= 50000 b1 – 100 l
10 2
P1 = P0 b1 + 100 l
R T

= 50000 b10 l
9 2
= 1, 60, 000 b1 + 100 l
3 1

9×9
= 50000 × 10 × 10 103
= 1, 60, 000 × 100
= 40,500
= 1,64,800
Hence, the value after 2 years is ` 40,500.
Now, for second year
2. P0 = 15000, r = 10%, T = 2 years
P0' = 1,64,800, R = 3%, T' = 1 year
P1 = after 2 years
P1' = P0 ' b1 + 100 l
R T
P1 = 15, 000 b1 + 100 l
10 2
Then,
= 1, 64, 800 b1 + 100 l
3
= 15000 b10 × 10 l
11 11

103
= 1, 64, 800 × 100
= 150 × 11 × 11 = 18150
P0 = ` 1,60,000, r = 10%, T = 1 year
3. = 1,69,744
P1 = value after 3 year Hence, the present population is 1,69,744.

P1 = P0 b1 – 100 l
R T
MENTAL MATHS
= 1, 60, 000 b1 – 100 l
10 1. Principal, P = ` 40,000

9 Rate of interest, R = 8% p.a.
= 1, 60, 000 × 10
Time, T = 2 years
A = P b1 + 100 l
= 144000 R T

4. P0 = ` 5,40,000, R = 20%, T = 1 year
= 40, 000 b100 × 100 l
108 108
P1 = value after Ist year

86 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 = 4 × 108 × 108 6. A = ` 4913
= 46,656
T = 3 years
... C.I. = A – P
= 46,656 – 40,000 1 25
R = 6 4 % p.a. = 4 %
= ` 6656
Let the principal be ` P

A = P b1 + 100 l
2. For calculating C.I., fomula is : R T
Then,
C.I. = P b1 + 100 l – P
n
r

4913 = P b1 + 400 l
25 3
Here, P = principal, r = rate of interest and n = time
P = ` 10,000 4913 = P b1 + 16 l
3. 1 3

r=7%
4913 = P b16 l
17 3
C.I. = ` 1449
A = P + C.I. 4913 × 16 × 16 × 16
P= 17 × 17 × 17
= 10,000 + 1449
P = ` 4096
= ` 11449
Let, time be ‘n’ years HOTS
A = P b1 + 100 l
r n
Then,
Principal = ` 10,000
10, 000 b1 + 100 l
7 n Time = 20 years
11,449 =

b107 l
11449 n Rate = 15% p.a.
10000 =
A = P b1 + 100 l
100 R n

b107 l = b107 l
2 n

= 10, 000 b1 + 100 l
100 100 15 20
Then, n= 2 years
= 10000 × b 20 l
23 20
4. Compound interest

5. Principal = ` 1000 = ` 163665.37

Amount = ` 1728 So, he will get ` 1,63,665.37 on his 45th birthday.
time = 3 years Project Work
Let, rate of interest be r %. Principal, P = ` 1,25,000
P = A b1 + 100 l
r n
... Rate = 6.5% p.a.
1728 = 1000 b1 + 100 l
r 3
Time = 2 years
b1728 l = b1 + r l A = P b1 + 100 l
3
R n
1000 100
1728 b r l
= 1, 25, 000 b1 + 100 l
3
6.5 2
1000 = 1 + 100
b12 l = b1 + r l
3

= 1, 25, 000 b 100 l

3
10 100 106.5 2
12 + r
10 = 1 100 106.5 106.5
= 125000 × 100 × 100
r 12 2
100 = 10 – 1 = 10 = ` 141778.125
2 × 100
r = 10 = 20% Hence, the amount to be repayed after 2 years is
Hence, rate of interest is 20% ` 141778.125.
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 87

 Chapter-11 : Direct and Inverse Variations
Exercise 11.1 3. Let, the distance travelled be x km.
x 5 8 12 1 Distance 60 km x km
1.
(i) Here y = 15 = 24 = 36 = 3
Petrol 3l 12 l
15 1 18 1
But, 60 = 4 , 72 = 4 Since, two qualities vary directly.
Hence, x and y do not vary directly. The ratio of distance = ratio of petrol used
(ii) It is obvious from the table that the ratios of the 60 3
x = 12
corresponding values of x and y are not constant. x = 60 × 4
So, x and y are not in direct variation i.e. they do not = 240 km
vary directly. Hence, distance covered in 12l of petrol is 240 km.
1 2 3 4 1
(iii) Here, we have 40 = 80 = 120 = 160 = 40
4. Let the number of boxes be x.
Thus, the ratio of the corresponding values of x and y
1 Boxes 275 x
is constant and equal to 40 .
Cartons 25 16
Hence, x and y vary directly with the constant of
1 Since, two quantitees vary directly.
variation equal to 40 .
x Then, ratio of boxes = ratio of cartons
2. (i) Given that x and y vary directly. So, the ratio y will
be constant and positive. 275 25
x = 16
2 4 b c 12
Now, 3 = a = 12 = 15 = d should have the same
275 × 16 = 25 × x
value.
275 × 16
2 4 x= 25 = 176
3 = a
Hence, 176 boxes will be packed in 16 cartons.
4×3
a= 2 =6
5. Let, cost of 180 bananas be ` x.
2 b
... 3 = 12 No. of bananas 2 × 12 = 24 180
2 × 12
b= 3 =8 Cost of bananas ` 48 `x
c 2 Since, two quantitees vary directly.
15 = 3
Then, ratio of bananas = cost of bananas
15 × 2
c= 3 = 10 24 48
180 = x
12 2
d = 3 24 × x = 48 × 180
12 × 3 48 × 180
d= = 18 x= 24
2
Hence, a = 6, b = 8, c = 10 and d = 18. = 360
x
(ii) Given that x and y vary directly. So, the ratio y will Hence, the required cost is ` 360.
be constant and positive. 6. Let, the time taken to travel be ‘t’ hours.
1
1 2 = 22 = c = d Time taken 3 t
Now, a = 2 b 1 1
42 Speed 45 km/hr 90 km/hr
2
Thus, a= 1 Since, two quantities vary indirectly of speed.
1 3 × 45 = t × 90
b= 22
3 × 45
1 t = 90 = 1.5
c= 42
1 Hence, the time taken to travel by the speed of 90 km/hr is
d= 2 1.5 hours.

88 Fun & Joy with Math-8

7. Let, the length of model ship be x m. (iii) For 39 days, let payment be ` z.
Length of model ship 9 9m x 6 720
Then, 39 = y
Length of actual ship 9 12 m 27 m 720 × 39
⇒ z= 6
Since, the two quantities vary directly.
9 x = 4680
... 12 = 27 Hence, worker will be paid ` 4680 for 39 days.
9 × 27
x = 12
12. (a) Let, the actual distance be x km.
81 1 6
x= 4 Then, 20002 = x  (As variation is direct)
= 20.25 m
x = 6 × 20002
Hence, length of model ship is 20.25 m. = 120012 km.
8. Let, the distance covered in map be x cm (b) Let, the distance on map be x cm.
1 x
Distance on map (in cm) Then, 20002 = 720
1 x
720
Actual distance (in m) 6 72 x = 20002
Since, the two quantity vary directly. = 0.01 cm
1 x
... 6 = 72 13. (c) 3 : 4
72 x 8 2
x = 6 = 12 cm y = 12 = 3
Hence, distance covered on map is 12 cm. 12 2
Then, for (a) = 18 = 3
9.
Let, the time taken to reach school be ‘t’ min. 16 2
for (b) 24 = 3
Since, the variation is inverse. 3 2
for (c) 4 ≠ 3
... 40 × 12 = x × 30
40 × 12
x= 30 = 16 Exercise 11.2
Hence, the time taken is 16 minutes.
1. We know that if x and y vary inversely, then the product xy
10. (i) Let, the sugar crystals be ‘x’ in 5 kg sugar. Since, the remains same for all values of x and y.
variation is direct.
3 9 × 108 (i) Hence, 4 × 20 = 80, 6 × 30 = 180, 8 × 40 = 320
... 5 = x Clearly the products of the values of x and
3 × x = 5 × 9 × 108 corresponding values of ‘y’ is not fixed, so x and y do
5 × 9 × 108 not vary inversely.
x= 3
(ii) Here, 3 × 12 = 36, 6 × 24 = 144, 13 × 39 = 507
Hence, the sugar crystals are 15 × 108
Clearly, the products of the values of x and the
(ii) Let, the sugar crystals be ‘x’ in 1.2 kg of sugar. Since, corresponding values of ‘y’ is not fixed. So, x and y do
the variation is direct. not vary inversely.
3 9 × 108
1.2 = x (iii) Here, 6 × 10 = 60, 2 × 30 = 60, 3 × 20 = 60, 5 × 12 =
9 × 108 × 1.2 60
x= 3 Clearly, the products of the values of x and the
= 3.6 × 108 corresponding values of ‘y’ is fixed. so x and y vary
11. (i) For 15 days let payment be ` x. inversely.
6 720 2.
Let, the speed be x km/hr.
Then, 15 = x  (As variation is direct)
720 × 15 If the time is increased, then speed will be lessened. So, it
x= 6 is a case of inverse proportion.
= 1800
i.e. 20 × 6 = x × 24
Hence, worker will be paid ` 1800 for 15 days. 20 × 6
(ii) For 21 days let payment be ` y x = 24 = 5 km/hr
6 720 Hence, the speed is 5 km/hr
Then, 21 = y 3. Since, x and y vary inversely.
720 × 21
y= 6 So, product of x and y will be fixed.
= 1470 ... 6 × l = 2 × 30 = m × 20 = 5 × n
Hence, worker will be paid ` 1470 for 21 days. Hence, l = 10, m = 3 and n = 12.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 89

4. Let, the total number of labourers needed be x. ... 45 × 13 = x × 9
45 × 13
Labourers 10 x x= 9
Days 6 y = 65
If the number of days is to be decreased, then number of Hence, 65 goats will graze in 9 days.
labourers is to be increased. 9.
Let, quantity of rice bought be x kg.
It is a case of inverse variation It is a case of inverse variation.
... 10 × 6 = x × 4 i.e. 50 × 15 = x × 25
10 × 6 x = 2 × 15 = 30
x= 4
Hence, 30 kg rice will be bought.
= 5
10. Let, total work to be done is 1.
Hence, extra labourers needed = 15 – 10 = 5
210 men builds a house in 60 days
5. Let, the number of taps required be x. 1
Each men 1 day work = 210 × 60
Taps 6 x After 16 days.
Time 30 min 20 min Total work done by 210 workers in 16 days.
1 4
If the time is reduced, then more taps are needed. = 210 × 60 × 210 × 16 = 15
So, it is a case of inverse variation. 70 extra workers joined the work now.
6 × 30 = x × 20 ... Total workers = 280
x= 9 4 11
Remaining workers = 1 – 5 = 15  ...(i)
Hence, 9 taps will be needed for the same. Let the remaining work be finished in next x days.
Total work done by 280 workers in x days.
6. Let the number of days food lasts be x.
1
Total number of soldiers = 50 + 25 = 75 = 210 × 60 × 280 × x  ...(ii)
11 1
No. of soldiers 50 75 ... 15 = 210 × 60 × 280 × x
Days 30 x x = 33 days.
If the soldiers are increased, then food will last for lesser Hence, remaining work will be finished in 33 days.
no. of days.
... It is a case of inverse proportion.
Exercise 11.3
... 50 × 30 = 75 × x 1
1. Mohan’s one day’s work = 10  ...(i)
50 × 30
x= 75 = 20 1
Suman’s one day’s work = 15  ...(ii)
Hence, number of days food last will be 20.
1 1
7. Let the ‘x’ men be required to complete the work in 75 Mohan’s and Suman’s 1 day’s work = 10 + 15
days. 3+ 2
= 30
Men 45 x 5
= 30
No. of days 20 75
1
If the number of days are increased, so lesser men will be = 6
required. ... They both can complete the work tagether in 6 days.
... It is a case of inverse proportion 2. Rajesh’s 1 day’s work = 24
1
... 45 × 20 = x × 75 1
45 × 20 Vinay’s 1 day’s work = 15
x= 75 = 12
1 1
Hence, the number of men will be 12. Rajesh’s + Vinay’s 1 day work = 24 + 15
8. Let, the number of goats be x. 5+8
= 120
No. of goats 45 x 13
= 120
Days 13 9
13
If lesser number of days are required, then number of goats Then, 6 day’s work = 120 × 6
will be more. 13
= 20
... It is a case of inverse proportion.

90 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 13 4 13
Then, work left = 1 – 20 x = 1 – 20
20 – 13 4 7
= 20 x = 20
7 80
= 20 x= 7
7 7 3
Then, 20 th of the work done by Rajesh = 20 × 24 Hence, Sohna can alone complete the work in 11 7 days.
1
42 7. The tap x's 1 hour work = 6
= 5 = 8.4 days
1
1 The tap y's 1 hour work = 8
3. First tap's 1 hour's work = 5
1 1
Then, 1 hour work of tap x and tap y = 6 – 8
1
Second tap's 1 hour's work = 6 4−3
=
1 1 24
Both taps' 1 hour work = 5 + 6 1
= 24
6+5 11
= 30 = 30
So, the cistern will be filled in 24 hours.
30 8
Then, the cistern will be filled in 11 hours or 2 11 hours. 8. A’s 1 day work = 25
1

4.Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in 6 hours. B’s 1 day work = 20
1
2 1
Part filled in 2 hours = 6 = 3 1 1
(A + B)’s 1 day work = 25 + 20
Remaining part = b1 – 3 l = 3
1 2 4+5 9
= 100 = 100
2
... (A + B)’s 7 hours work = 3 9
(A + B)’s 5 day work = 100 × 5 = 20
9
2 9
(A + B)’s 1 hour work = 21 Work left = 1 – 20
... C’s 1 hour work = {(A + B + C)’s 1 hour work – (A +
20 – 9
= 20 = 20
11
 B)’s 1 hour work}
11
1 2 1 Then, B can alone finish the work = 20 × 20 = 11 days
= 6 – 21 = 14
9. Let, the son of carpenter can finish the work in ‘x’ days
Hence, C an alone fill the tank in 14 hours.
alone.
1 1
5. Sohan’s one day work = 20 Carpenter’s 1 day work = 5
1 1
Rohan’s one day work = 15 Carpenter son’s 1 day work = x
1 1
(Rohan + Sohan)'s 1 day work = 20 + 15 Since, both can finish the work in 3 days.

3b 5 + x l
3+ 4 7 1 1
= 60 = 60 ... =1
60 4 3 3
Then, work will be completed in 7 days or 8 7 days. 5 + x =1
1 3 3
6. Reshma’s 1 day work = 10 x = 1– 5
1 3 2
Rani’s 1 day work = 16 x = 5
Let, Sohna can complete the work in x days. 15
x= 2
1
... Sohna’s one day work = x x = 7.5 days
In 4 days, Reshma, Rani and Sohna can finish the complete Hence, the son of carpenter can finish the work in 7.5
work days.
... 4 b10 + 16 + x l = 1
1 1 1 1
10. Tap A’s 1 hour work = 12

4 b 8805 l + x = 1
+ 4 1
Tap B’s 1 hour work = 16
13 + 4 1
Tap C’s 1 hour work = 8
20 x = 1

Fun & Joy with Math-8 91

 Then, work done by all three pipes in 1 hour is : 1
13. Tap A’s 1 hour’s work = 3
1 1 1 4+3−6 1 1
12 + 16 – 8 = 48
= 48 Tap B’s 1 hour’s work = 6
Then, the cistern will be filled in 48 hours. 1 1
Tap (A + B)’s 1 hour’s work = 3 + 6
1
11. (A + B)’s 1 day work = 12  ...(i) 2 +1
= 6
1
(B + C)’s 1 day work = 15  ...(ii) 3
= 6
1
(C + A)’s 1 day work = 20  ...(iii)
1
= 2
Adding (i), (ii) & (iii) we get
1 1 1 Then, both the taps can fill the tank in 2 hours.
2(A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work = 12 + 15 + 20
1
5+4+3 14. Rohit can do 5 th of a work in 5 days
= 60 5
12 1 ... Rohit’s can compelete work = 1 = 25 days
= 60 = 5
5
1 1 1 2
... (A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work = 2 × 5 = 10 Mohit can to 3 rd of work in 8 days.
Thus, all the three can finish the work in 10 days. 8
... Mohit’s can complete work = 2 = 12 days
Now, (A + B + C)’s day’s work – (B + C)’s 1 day work 3
1 1 .. . Rohit’s 1 day work = 1
= 10 – 15 25
3– 2 1
= 30 Mohit’s 1 day work = 12
1 1 1
= 30 (Rohit + Mohit)’s 1 day work = 25 + 12
... A can finish the work alone in 30 days.
12 + 25
= 300 = 300
37
(A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work – (C + A)’s 1 day work
Then, Rohit and Mohit together can complete work in
1 1 300 4
= 10 – 20
37 days = 8 37 days.
2 –1
= 20 1
15. (A + B)’s 1 day work = 12
1
= 20 1
B’s 1 day work = 30
... B can finish the work alone in 20 days.
1 1
(A + B + C)’s 1 day work – (A + B)’s 1 day work ... (A + B)’s 1 day work – B’s 1 day work = 12 – 30
1 1 5–2
= 10 – 12 = 60
6–5 3
= 60 = 60
1 1
= 60 = 20
So, C can alone finish the work in 60 days. 1
... A’s one day work = 20
1
12. First pipe's 1 hour's work = 10
Hence, A can finish work in 20 days.
1
Second pipe's 1 hour's work = 12
1 MCQ
Third pipe's 1 hour's work = 15
16. (i) (c) 3 hours
1 1 1
Then, all the three pipes' 1 hour work = 10 + 12 – 15
It is a case of inverse variation. Let, the time taken at
6+5–4 the speed of 45 km/hr is x hours.
= 60
7 ... 54 × 2.5 = 45 × x
= 60 54 × 2.5 6 × 2.5
60 = x=
So, all the three pipes can fill the tank in 7 hours. i.e. 45 5
4 = 6 × 0.5
8 7 hours.
=3

92 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 (ii) (d) 56 m 5. 25 cows in 12 days feed on = 5 bags
Road built by 20 mens in 6 days = 56 m 5
1 cow in 1 day feed on = 25 × 12 bags
56 56
Road built by 1 men in 1 day = 20 × 6 = 120 5 × 10 × 18
10 cows in 18 days feed on = 25 × 12 bags
56 × 40 × 3
Well built by 40 men in 3 days = 120 Hence, the bags required are 3.
= 56 m
HOTS
MENTAL MATHS 5 oxen and 9 cows can graze field = 19 days
1.
19
1.
Wall built by 20 men in 6 days = 56 m 1 oxen and 1 cow can graze field = 5 × 9 days
56 19
Wall built by 1 men in 1 day = 20 × 6 3 oxen and 6 cows can graze field = 5 × 9 × 3 × 6
56 19 × 6
Wall built by 35 men in 3 days = 20 × 6 × 35 × 3 = 15
7 × 35 38
= 5 = 49 m = 5 dyas
Hence, 49 m road will be built. = 7.6 days
2. Cost of 16 packets each weighing 900 gm = ` 128
2.
labourers 20 25 128
Cost of 16 packets each weighing 1 gm = 16 × 900
Days 20 x Cost of 27 packets each weighing 1000 gm
This is case of inverse variation 128
= 16 × 900 × 27 × 1000
... 20 × 20 = 25 × x = ` 240
20 × 20 3.
6 typists work 5 hours and complete a book = 16 days
x= 25 = 16
16
Hence, 16 days will be required. 1 typist work 1 hour day to complete a book = 6 × 5 days
Then,4 typists work for 6 hours days to complete a book
1
3. Work done by a pipe in 1 hour = 9 16
= 6 × 5 × 4 × 6
1
Work done by the hole in pipe in 1 hour = 10
64
Let the full cistern is emptied by leak in ‘x’ hours. = 5 days
1 = 12.8 days
Work done by leak in ‘1’ hour = x
1 1 1 Project Work
... 9 – x = 10 Cost of 2 meters of cloth = ` 210
1 1 1
x = 9 – 10 210
Cost of 1 meter of cloth = ` 5
10 – 9 = ` 42
= 90
1 Cost of 2 meters of cloth = ` 42 × 2
= 90
= ` 84
Hence, the full cistern is emptied by leak in 90 hours.
Cost of 4 meters of cloth = ` 42 × 4
4. Let, the time taken to cover the same distance with = `168
decreased speed be ‘x’ hours.
Cost of 10 meters of cloth = ` 42 × 10
... 54 × 2.5 = 45 × x
= ` 420
54 × 2.5
x= 75 =3 Cost of 13 meters of cloth = ` 42 × 13
Hence, the time taken is 3 hours. = ` 546
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 93

 Chapter-12 Understanding Quadrilaterals
Exercise 12.1 4.
(i) Sum of all exterior angles = 360º
1. (i) Simple curve (i), (ii), (v), (vi), (vii) Let ‘n’ be the number of sides.
360º 8
Then, n = 22 = 16 22 , which is not a
As these curves does not cross its itget and can be
 natural number.
both open or close.
(ii) Simple closed curve- (i), (ii), (v), (vi), (vii) Hence, a regular polygon with each exterior angle 22º
is not possible.
In simple closed curves the shapes are closed by line
segments or by a curved line (ii) If interior angle = 22º, then exterior angle = 180º – 22º
= 158º
(iii) Polygon (i) and (ii)
Let, n be the number of sides
Closed curve made up of line segments are called
360º
polygons Then, n = 158º = 2.27, which is not a
(iv) Convex polygon- (ii)  natural no.
A convex Polygon is closed figure, where all its Hence, a regular polygon with each interior angle
interior angles are less than 180 and the vertices are 158° is not possible.
pointing outwards. 5.(i) Consider a regular Polygon having the least number
(v) Concave polygon- (i) of sides (i.e. an equilateral triangle)
A concave polygon is defined as polygon with one or We know that sum of all three angles of a triangle is
more interior angles greater than 180º. 180º
2. A regular polygon is one which is both ‘equiangular’ and x + x + x = 180º
equilateral. 3x = 180º
(i) Equilateral triangle x = 60º
(ii) Square Hence, minimum interior angle possible for a regular
(iii) Regular hexagon polygon = 60º
Hence, max extorior angle possible for a regular
Exercise 12.2 polygon is 120º.

1. (i) Total measure of all exterior angles is 360º. 6.

(i) Sum of all exterior angles of a regular polygon is
360º.
Here, number of sides, n = 9
125º + 125º + x = 360º
360º
Then, measure of each angle = 9 = 40º x = 360º – 250º
(ii) Total measure of all exterior angles is 360º = 110º
Here, number of sides = 15 Hence, x = 110º
360
Then measure of each angle = 15 = 24º (ii) sum of all exterior angles = 360º
2. Total measure of all exterior angles = 360º A
Measure of each exterior angle = 24º
90º
360
Then, number of sides = 24 60º
= 15
Hence, number of sides are 15.
3.
Sum of an interior angle and exterior angle = 180º
Here, measure of each interior angle = 165º 70º
Then, measure of each exterior angle = 180º – 165º
x
= 15º
Let, number of sides in regular polygon be n. ... 70º + x + 90º + 60º + 90º = 360º
360 x + 310º = 360º
Then, n = 15 (Since, sum of all
 exterior angles is 360º) x = 360º – 310º
= 24 = 50º
Hence, number of sides are 24. Hence, x = 50º

94 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Exercise 12.3 ... a + y + 90º + z = 360º
125° + 50° + 90º + z = 360º
1. Since, the sum of four angles of a quadrileteral is 360º
z = 360º – (125 + 50 + 90)°
...
x + 60º + 105º + 90º = 360º = 360º – 265°
x + 255º = 360º = 95º
x = 360º – 255º Now z + x = 180º
x = 105º ... x = 180º –z
2. (i) Since, a pair of interior and exterior angle forms a = 180º – 95º
linear pair. = 85º
3. Let, the measure of each of the equal angle be x.
140º x ... Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral = 360º

y 67º + 115º + x + x = 360º

z
140º 182º + 2x = 360º
130º
2x = 360º – 182º
... y + 140º = 180º 2x = 178º
y = 180º – 140º = 40º x = 89º
And z + 130º = 180º Hence, the measure of each equal angle is 84º.
z = 180º – 130º
4. Let, the measure of two remaining angles be 2x and 3x.
= 50º Q Sum of angles of a quadrilateral = 360º
Now, the sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.
∴ 53º + 67º + 2x + 3x = 360º
... y + x + 140º + z = 360º
120º + 5x = 360º

40º + x + 140º + 50º = 360º
5x = 360º + 120º
x = 360º – (40º + 140º + 50º)
= 360º – 230º x = 240º
x = 48º
= 130º
Hence, the angles are 2 × 48º = 96º and 3 × 48º = 144º.
Hence, the value of x is 130º.
5. Total measure of all exterior angles = 360º
(ii) First of all we have to find the measure of a, y and w
for finding the value of x. Total measure of each exterior angles = 72º
368º
Then, number of exterior angles = 72º = 5
130º Hence, the polygon has 5 sides.
y 6. ... Pair of interior and exterior angle forms a linear pair
a Given, measure of each interior angle = 160º
55º
... Measure of each exterior angle = 180º – 160º
= 20º
z x Sum of all exterior angles = 360º
360º
Then, no of exterior angles = 20º = 18º
Hence, number of sides are 18.
Sum of the pair of interior and exterior angle is 180º. 7. Let four angles of quadrilateral be 2x, 2x, 3x and 3x.

... 55º + a = 180º Sum of all angles of quadrilateral = 360º

a = 180º – 55º 2x + 2x + 3x + 3x = 360º
a = 125º 10x = 360º
y + 130º = 180º 360º
x = 10 = 36
y = 180º – 130º = 50º Hence, the measure of each angle 2 × 36º = 72º, 2 × 36º =
Since, sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360º. 72º, 3 × 36 = 108º and 3 × 36 = 108º.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 95

8. Sum of all angles of quadrilateral is 360º. ∠P = 180º – 60º = 120º
Here, 105º + 155º + 55º + 65º = 380° ≠ 360º Now ∠P = ∠R = 120º
Here, sum of all angles is not 360º, so they do not form a Hence, ∠P = 120º, ∠Q = 60º, ∠R = 120º, ∠S = 60º
quadrilateral.
2. Here, a pair of lines is parallel.
Let, the three equal angles of a quadrilateral be x each.
9. i.e. BC || LM
Then, x + x + x + 150º = 360º Hence, BCML is a trapezium.
3x + 150º = 360º Given ∠B = 75º and ∠A = 30º
3x = 360º – 150º Now ∠B + ∠MLB = 180º(As sum of interior angles
3x = 210º  on same side of transversal of
x = 70º  parallel line are supplementary)
BLM = 180º – B
Hence, three equal angles are 70º each.
= 180º – 75º
10. Let the angles of quadrilateral be x, 2x and 3x. = 105º
And, 3x + x = 180º Now in ∆ABC
4x = 180º ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º
x = 45º  (Sum of three angles of a triangle)
Then, three angles are 45º, 90º, 135º. = 180º – (75º + 30º)
Let, the fourth angles of quadrilateral be y. = 180º – 105º
Then, = 75º
45º + 90º + 135º + y = 360º Now, ZM || BC
y + 270º = 360º ... ∠LMC + ∠C = 180º
y = 360º – 270º .. . ∠LMC = 180º – ∠C
= 90º or ∠CML = 180º – 75º
Hence, the four angles of quadrilateral are 45º, 90º and = 105º
135º and 90°. Hence, ∠BLM = ∠CML = 105º
11. Here, ∠A = 90º, ∠C = 90º, ∠B = 45º Given, two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 4 cm
3.
A and 7 cm.
D ... Perimeter of paralelogram = 2(a + b)
Where a and b are adjacent sides of parallelogram
40º = 2(4 + 7)
B C = 2 × 11
... Sum of all angles of quadrilateral is 360º. = 22 cm
... 90º + 90º + 40º + ∠ADC = 360º Let, two adjacent angles of a parallelogram PQRS be 4x
4.
and 5x.
∠ADC = 360 – (90º + 90º + 40º)
Now, opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
= 360º – (220º)
... ∠P = ∠R = 4x and ∠Q = ∠S = 5x
= 140º Now, sum of all angles of a Parallelogram PQRS is 360º.
Hence, ∠ADC = 140º ... 5x + 4x + 5x + 4x = 360º
12. (i) diagonal (ii) two (iii) 360º (iv) 360º (v) two 18x = 360
x = 20º
13. (i) (d) 4 (ii) (d) 4 (iii) (b) vertices (iv) (a)
Hence, measure of angles are = 5 × 20º = 100º
Exercise 12.4 4 × 20º = 80º
So, the four angles are 80°, 100°, 80° and 100°.
1. In a paralelogram, the opposite angles are equal
5. Let, the one side of a parallelogram be ‘x’ cm.
... ∠S = ∠Q = 60º
Then, other side of parallelogram = (x + 10) cm
And Sum of adjacent angles is 180º And other two sides of parallelogram ae x and (x + 10) cm
... ∠P + ∠S = 180º Given, Perimeter of parallelogram = 140 cm.

96 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 ...
x + x + x + 10 + x + 10 = 140 ∠OPQ + ∠OQP = 90º
1 1
4x + 20 = 140 [... OPQ = 2 +P and ∠OQP = 2 +Q ]
4x = 140 – 20 Now in DPOQ, ∠POQ + ∠OPQ + ∠OQP = 180°
4x = 120 (Sum of angles of a D is 180°)
x = 30 cm ⇒ ∠POQ + 90° = 180°
Hence, the length of each side of parallelogram are 30 cm, ⇒ ∠POQ = 90° Hence, Proved
40 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm.
10. Since, diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right
6.
Let, the length and breadth of parallelogram be 3x and 2x. angle.
Since Perimeter of parallelogram = 20 cm R
... 2(3x + 2x) = 20 S
2 × 5x = 20 6 cm
O
x= 2
Hence, length and breadth of parallelogram are 6 cm and 4 P 10 cm Q
cm respectively.
Here, PQ = 10 cm, OQ = 6 cm
7. Given : In parallelogram ABCD, ∠BAD = 75, ∠ABC = From right ∆OPQ, we have
105º
PQ2 = OP2 + OQ2
D C
 (by pythagoras theorem)
10 = OP + 62
2 2

OP2 = 102 – 62
OP2 = (10 – 6)(10 + 6)
75º 105º
OP = 4 × 16
A B
= 2×2×4×4
Since, Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
= 8 cm
∠DAB = ∠BCD = 75º
Hence, length of another diagonal, PR = 2OP
and ∠ABC = ∠ADC = 105º
= 2 × 8
Let, two adjacent angles of a parallelogram be 7x and 11x.
8. = 16 cm
Since, sum of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is
11. Given : WXYZ is a rhombus. A, B, C and D are mid-
180º
points of sides WX, XY, ZY and WZ.
... 7x + 11x = 180º C
Z Y
18x = 180º
x = 10º M
.. . Measure of angles are : – 70º and 110º and measure of D B
O
other two angles are : 70º and 110º
9. Given : Parallelogram PQRS in which OP and OQ are the N
bisectors of ∠P and ∠Q. W A X
S R To Prove : ABCD is a rectangle.
Proof : In ∆ZYX, C and B are the mid-points of sides YZ
and YX respectively.
O
1
... CB || ZX and CB = 2 ZX  ...(i)
 (using midpoint theorem)
P Q In ∆ZWX, A and D are the mid-points of sides WX and
WZ respectevely
To Prove : ∠POQ = 90º 1
... AD || ZX and AD = 2 ZX  ...(ii)
Proof : Since, sum of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram
is 180º. From equation (i) and (ii), we obtain
... ∠P + ∠Q = 180º AD || CB and AD = BC
.. . Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram, as one pair of
1 ^+P + +Qh 1
= 2 × 180º
2 sides is parallel and equal.

Fun & Joy with Math-8 97

 Let diagonals of rhombus WXYZ intersect each other at 0. But EM = OM (Side of rhombus are equal)
In quadrilateral MBNO, ... EM = OE = OM
MB || ON  (... BC || XZ) .. . ∆EMO is an equilateral triangle.
and OM || NB  (...WX || AB) ... ∠M = 60º
.. . MBNO is a parallelogram
∠M = ∠C = 60º
∠MBN = ∠MON (opp. angles of a  (opp. angles of rhombus are equal)
parallelogram) But sum of adjacent angles of a rhombus is supplementary.
However ∠MON = 90º (Diagonals of a rhombus
∠MOR + ∠ERO = 180º
 are perpendicular to each other)
∠MOR = 180º – 60º = 120º
... ∠MBN = 90º
∠O = 120º
Clearly ABCD is a parallelogram with one of its interior .. .
angle as 90º. ∠O = ∠E = 120º
Hence, ABCD is a rectangle. Hence, ∠M = 60, ∠O = 120, ∠R = 60º and ∠E = 120º
12. Let, the sides of rectangle be 7x and 5x, 15. Given : PQRS is a paralellogram, PE and RF bisects ∠P
and ∠R.
Perimeter of rectangle = 72 cm
S E R
... 2(7x + 5x) = 72
12x = 36 2
x= 3
Hence, length of rectangle = 7 × 3 = 21 cm 1
breadth of rectangle = 5 × 3 = 15 cm P F Q
13. Given : ABCD is a paralellogram. To prove : PE = RF
D C Proof : Since, PQRS is a parallelogram.
... ∠P = ∠R (opposite angles are equal)
1 1
and 2 +P = 2 +R
A B ∠1 = ∠2  ...(i)
To Prove : ∠A + ∠B = 180º In ∆PSE and ∆RQF
= ∠B + ∠C = ∠C + ∠D PS = QR
= ∠D + ∠A  (Sides of Parallelogram are equal)
Proof : Since, AD || BC and AB is a transversal. ∠B = ∠Q
... ∠A + ∠B = 180º  (Opposite angles of parallelogram are equal)
(Since, sum of interior angles on same side of transversal ∠1 = ∠2  from ..(i)
is 180º) .. . ∆PES = ∆RFQ
Similarly, ∠B + ∠C = ∠C + ∠D = ∠D + ∠A = 180º .. . PE = RF  (by CPCT)
Hence Proved Hence Proved
14. Given, MORE is a rhombus and EF is an altitude from 16. PQRS is a rectangle in which side PQ = 6 cm and PR
point E such that MF = FO. = 10 cm.
E x R In ∆PQR, as ∠Q = 90º
S R
x x
x x
10

2 2
cm

M F O O
In ∆MFE and ∆OFE
cm
10

EF = EF (Common)
∠MRE = ∠OFE = 90º P Q
MF = FO (given) ... PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
DMFE ≅ DOFE  (SAS congruency)  (by Pythagoras theorem)
.. . EM = EO  (by CPCT) 10 = 6 + QR2
2 2

98 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 QR2 = 102 – 62 ... x + x + 110º = 180º
QR2 = 100 – 36 2x = 180º – 110º = 70º
QR2 = 64 70º
x = 2 = 35º
QR = 8 cm (ii) In ∆PSQ
Hence, other side of rectangle is 8 cm. ∠PQS = 35º
17. Since, PQRS is a square. PR and SQ are its diagonals. ∠SPQ = 90º
S R Then ∠PSQ + ∠SPQ + ∠PQS = 180º
∠PSQ + 90º + 35º = 180º
∠PSQ = 180º – 125º
= 55º
P Q
(iii) Since PS || PQ and PR is a tangent
In ∆PSQ
... ∠RPQ = ∠SPR = 35º
PS = PS (Since, all sides of square
are equal) 20. Let, the side of the square be a.
... ∠PSQ = PQS = x Given, Perimeter = 60 cm
P = 90º (Since, all angles of a 4a = 60
square is 90º) 60
a = 4 = 15 cm
... x + x + 90º = 180º ABCD is a square, in which all sides are equal and all
2x = 180º – 90º angles are 90º.
90º D C
x = 2 = 45º
... ∠PSQ = 45º
Similarly, ∠SQR = 45º
18. ∠FOE = GOD = 60º A B
 (Vertically opposite angles) .. . In DABC, by Pythagoras theorem
G F
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
60º 60º 152 + 152 = AC2
O
225 + 225 = AC2
D E 450 = AC2
Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other. AC = 450
... OG = OE = OD = OF = 15 2 cm
Then DOGD is an isosceles triangle Hence, the diagonal of a square is 15 2 cm.
∠OGD = ∠ODG = x 21. Given, two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are (3x +
x + x + 60º = 180º 25)º and (2x – 5)º
2x = 180º – 60º The sum of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180º
2x = 120º Then, 3x + 25º + 2x – 5º = 180º
x = 60º 5x + 20º = 180º
Hence, ∠ODG = ∠OGD = 60º 5x = 180º – 20º
19. Here, PQRS is a rectangle. 5x = 160º
Then all its angles will be right angle and diagonals are x = 32º
equal and bisect eacth other. Hence, the value of x is 32º
S R 22. Given : ABCD is a rectangle LB ⊥ AC and MD ⊥ AC
O D C
L
110º O

P Q M
A B
(i) In ∆POQ
To Prove : (i) ∆AMD ≅ ∆CLB
PO = OQ, then ∠OPQ = ∠OQP = x and ∠POQ = 110º

Fun & Joy with Math-8 99

 (ii) LB = MD z 100
Then, 2x + 5y + 2 = 2 × 100º + 5 × 90º + 2
Proof : In ∆AMD and ∆CLB
= 200º + 450º + 50º
∠AMD = ∠CLB = 90º (given)
= 700º
AD = BC
 (opposite sides of rectangle are equal) 2.
Since, each interior angle of polygon is 140º.
∠DAM = ∠BCL Then each exterior angle of polygon = 180º – 140º
 (alternate pair of angles as AD || BC) = 40º
... ∆AMD ≅ ∆CLB  (By ASA congruency) Sum of all exterior angle = 360°
360
(ii) Since, ∆AMD ≅ ∆CLB Then, no. of sides = 40 = 9
.. . DM = LB  (by CPCT) Hence, the sides of polygon is 9.
Hence proved 3.
Given, adjacent angles are (2x + 30)º and (x + 15)º
23. (i) (c) 24 cm Since, Sum of adjacent anlges of a parallelogram = 180º
P = 2(5 + 7) = 2 × 12 = 24 cm ... 2x + 30° + x + 15° = 180º
(ii) (d) Kite 3x + 45° = 180º
(iii) (c) 5 cm 3x = 180º – 45º
In ∆OQR, by Pythagoras theorem, 3x = 135º
P x = 45º
Then, angles are 2 × 45° + 30° = 120° and 45° + 15° = 60°
8 cm and other two angles are 120º and 60º.

6 cm 4.(a) Given BD = AB
Q 3 cm S
But AB = AD (As all four sides of
 rhombus are equal)
4 cm .. . AB = AB = BD
Then ∆ABD is an equilateral triangle.
R Hence, ∠x = 60º
QR = OQ2 + OR2 2
(b) Since, diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right
= 32 + 42 angle
= 9 + 16 = 25 ... ∠AOD = 90º
QR = 25 = 5 cm By pythagoras theorem, in ∆AOD
(iv) (c) Rhombus AD2 = OA2 + OB2
(10)2 = OA2 + 62
MENTAL MATHS OA2 = 102 – 62
1. Here, x + 80º = 180º OA = 100 – 36 = 64
110º OA = 64 = 8 cm
90º Then, AC = 2OA = 2 × 8 = 16 cm
z y
80º .. . AC + BD = 16 + 12
= 28 cm
80º
x
HOTS
x= 180º – 80º 1. Given, SR = 12 cm and PQ = 24 cm. E and F are the mid
x= 100º points of SP and QR respectively.
y + 90º = 180º S R
y= 180º – 90 E F
y= 90º
z + 80º = 180º P Q G
z= 180º – 80º Const : Join SF and produce it to meet PQ at G.
z= 100º In ∆SRF and ∆GQF
100 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 ∠SFR = ∠GFQ (vertically opposite ... PQ = 2(x + 3)
angles) = 2(3 + 3) = 12 cm
∠SRF = ∠GQF (alternate pair of angles 2. Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD bisect each
 as SR || PQ) other.
... RF = FQ (As F is mid-point of RQ) D 5
y+ x
C
... ∆SRF ≅ ∆GQF  (by ASA similarity) 4

... SR = QG and SF = FG  (by CPCT) ...(i) x+

8O 2y +
3
In ∆SPG, A B
E is the mid-point of SP and F is the mid-point of SG ... AO = OC and OB = OD
... By mid-point theorem Then, x + 8 = 16 – x
1 x + x = 16 – 8
EF || PG and EF = 2 PG
2x = 8
EF = 2 ^PQ + GQh
1
... ....(ii) x=4

EF = 2 ^PQ + SRh  (Q GQ = SR)

1 and 2y + 3 = 5y + 4

2y – 5y = 4 – 3
EF = 2 ]24 + 16g
1
... –y=1
1 Hence, x = 4 and y = – 1
= 2 × 40 = 20 cm
Project Work
If EF = 2x + 4, SR = x + 5, PQ = 2(x + 3), then put the
value in (ii), we get Let, the number of sides in polygon be n.
Sum of all exterior angles = 360º
2x + 4 = 2 62 ]x + 3g + x + 5@
1
360º
... Each exterior angle = n
2(2x + 4) = [2x + 6 + x + 5]
360º
4x + 8 = 3x + 11 45º = n

4x – 3x = 11 – 8 360º
n = 45º = 8
x=3 Hence, number of sides are 8.
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 101

 Chapter-13 Construction of Quadrilaterals
Exercise 13.1 P S
5.5 cm
1. Steps of Construction
C
6.3 cm
D 5 cm
5.8 4 cm 7 cm
cm 4.8 cm
2.9 cm

A 5.4 cm B
Q 6 cm R
Step 1 : Draw a base AB of length 5.4 cm.
3. Steps of Construction :
Step 2 : With A as centre and radius AD = 2.9 cm draw R
an arc.
K
Step 3 : With B as centre and radius BD = 5.8 cm draw
another arc to intersect arc drawn in step 2 at point D. 3.6 cm
Step 4 : With D as centre and radius 6.3 cm draw an arc. 5.8 cm cm
5
7. 4c
m
Step 5 : With B as centre and radius 4.8 cm draw another
arc which intersect the arc in step 4 at C.
M 7 cm A
Step 6 : Join BC, CD and AD
Step 1 : Draw a line segment MA = 7 cm
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Step 2 : With M as centre and radius KM = 5.8 cm draw
C an arc.
cm Step 3 : With A as a centre and radius AR = 4 cm draw
6.3
another arc which intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at point
D
4.8 cm K.
5.8
cm
2.9 cm Step 4 : With N as centre and radius NR = 7.5 cm draw an
arc.
A 5.4 cm B
Step 5 : With A as a centre and radius AR = 3.6 cm draw
2. Steps of Construction : another arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 4 at point R.
S Step 6 : Now join MK, KR and RA. Thus, MARK is the
c m
5.5 required quadrilateral.
P R
7c 5 cm K
4 cm m
5.8 cm
4c

3.6 cm
m

cm
Q 6 cm R 7.5
Step 1 : Draw a base QR of length 6 cm. M 7 cm A
Step 2 : With Q as centre and radius PQ = 4 cm draw an 4. Steps of construction
arc. R 4.2 cm A
Step 3 : With R as centre and radius PR = 7 cm draw
m
another arc to interect the arc drawn in step 2 at point P. 5.5 cm 6c 4.2 cm
Step 4 : With P as centre and radius 5.5 cm draw an arc.
Step 5 : With R as a centre and radius 5 cm draw another H 5 cm E
arc which intersect the arc in step 4 at S.
Step 1 : Draw a line segment HE = 5 cm
Step 6 : Join RS, PS and QP. PQRS is the required Step 2 : With H as a centre and radius HA = 6 cm draw an
quadrilateral. arc.

102 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Step 3 : With E as centre and radius AE = 4.2 cm draw Step 1 : Draw a line segment WA = 5.7 cm
another arc to intersenct the arc drawn in step 2 at point A. Step 2 : With W as centre and radius 5.5 cm draw an arc.
Step 4 : With point H as a centre and radius HR = 5.5 cm Step 3 : With A as centre and radius 6.5 cm draw another
draw an arc. arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at point I.
Step 5 : With A as centre and radius AR = 4.2 cm draw an Step 4 : With I as centre and radius IT = 4.5 cm draw an
arc which intersect the arc drawn in step 4 at point R. arc.
Step 6 : Join AE, AR and RH. Then, HEAR is the required Step 5 : With A as centre and radius AT = 7 cm draw an
quadrilateral. arc cutting the arc in step 4 at T.
R Step 6 : Join WT, TI and AI. Thus, WAIT is the required
quadrilateral.
4.2 c A I
m

5.5 cm cm 4.2 cm cm
5
6 4. 6.5 cm
5.5 cm
T
E 7 cm
H 5 cm
5. Steps of Construction A
W 5.7 cm
C 7. Steps of Contruction
m
5.4 c
D S 4 cm W
4.6 cm
m

5.4 cm
7c

5.8 cm cm
6.9 5.2 cm

A 6 cm B
Step 1 : Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm. N 4.3 cm E
Step 2 : With A as centre and radius AC = 7 cm draw an Step 1 : Draw a line segment NE = 4.3 cm.
arc. Step 2 : With E as centre and radius WE = 5.2 cm draw an
Step 3 : With B as centre and radius BC = 4.6 cm draw arc.
another arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at point C. Step 3 : With N as centre and radius NW = 6.9 cm, draw
Step 4 : With C as centre and radius CD = 5.4 cm draw an an arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at point W.
arc. Step 4 : With N as centre and radius NS = 5.8 cm draw an
Step 5 : With A as centre and radius AD = 5.4 cm draw an on the same side of NE.
arc which intersect the arc drawn in step 4 at point D. Step 5 : With W as centre and radius WS = 4 cm draw an
Step 6 : Join BC, CD and AD. Then ABCD is the required arc, cutting the arc drawn in step 4 at S.
quadrilateral. Step 6 : Join NS, WS and WE. Thus, NEWS is the required
D
5.4 cm quadrilateral.
C
S 4 cm
W

5.4 cm m E
7c 4.6 cm
cm

5.8 cm 5.2 cm
6.9

A 6 cm B
6. Steps of Construction N 4.3 cm E
T 4.5 cm I 8. Steps of Construction
4.4 cm I
N
6.5 cm m
cm
7c

3 cm 6c 5.6 cm
.5
m

W 5.7 cm A M 8 cm A

Fun & Joy with Math-8 103

 Step 1 : Draw a line segment MA = 8 cm. Step 1 : Draw line segment NE = 5 cm.
Step 2 : With A as centre and radius AI = 5.6 cm draw an Step 2 : With N as centre and radius AN = 7.5 cm draw an
arc.
arc.
Step 3 : With M as centre and radius MI = 6 cm, draw
another arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at point I. Step 3 : With E as centre and radius EA = 10 cm draw an
Step 4 : With M as centre and radius MN = 3 cm draw an arc cutting the arc in step 2 at A.
arc on same side of MA.
Step 4 : With E as centre and radius BE = 6 cm draw an
Step 5 : With I as center and radius NI = 4.4 draw an arc,
cutting the arc drawn in step 4 at N. arc on same side of NE.
Step 6 : Join AI, NI and MN. Thus MAIN is the required Step 5 : With N as centre and radius BN = 6 cm draw an
quadrilateral.
arc intersecting the arc in step 4 at B.
Step 6 : Join NA, AB and BE. Thus BANE is the required
4.4 cm I
N quadrilateral.
5.6 cm A
cm

3 cm
6

10
M 8 cm A

cm
9. Steps of Construction
5 cm 7.5 cm 6 cm
E C
6.8

m
6c
cm
N 5 cm E
4.5 cm
cm
5.5

Exercise 13.2
F 6.5 cm A
Step 1 : Draw a line segment EF = 4.5 cm 1. Steps of Construction
Step 2 : With E as centre and radius EC = 5 cm draw an R
E º
arc. 105
Step 3 : With F as centre and radius FC = 5.5 cm draw
another arc intersecting the arc drawn in step 2 at C. 6.5 cm
º
Step 4 : With F as centre and radius FA = 6.5 cm draw an 75º 115
arc FA = 6.5 cm P 3.5 cm U
Step 5 : With E as a centre and radius EA = 6.8 cm draw
another arc intersecting the arc drawn in step 4 at A. Step 1 : Draw PU = 3.5 cm
Step 6 : Join FA, AC and EC. Thus, FACE is the required Step 2 : At U, draw an angle of 115º and cut UR = 6.5 cm.
quadrilateral.
A Step 3 : At R, draw an angle of 105º
C Step 4 : At P, draw an angle of 75º and let ray PO and
RO' intersect at point E. Thus, PURE is the required
quadrilateral.
6.5 cm
5 cm
5.5

O' O
cm

cm
6.8

E F
105º R
10. Steps of Construction
B 6 cm E
6.5 cm

6c
m
5 cm
m 75º 5º
0c
1 11
A 7.5 cm N P 3.5 cm U
104 Fun & Joy with Math-8
2. Steps of Construction 4. Steps of Contruction
E M
T
105º R 3 cm
4 cm
4.5 cm 70º 120º
60º 105º U 3.5 cm S
F 6 cm O
Step 1 : Draw US = 3.5 cm
Step 1 : Draw FO = 6 cm Step 2 : Draw ∠U = 70º
Step 2 : At O, draw an angle of 105º and cut OR = 4.5 cm. Step 3 : With U as centre and radius MU = 3 cm cut an arc
Step 3 : At R, draw an angle of 105º. to intersect ray UU' at M.
Step 4 : At S, draw ∠120º.
Step 4 : At F, draw an angle of 60º, and let ray FM and RN
Step 5 : With S as centre and radius ST = 5 cm, cut an arc
intersect each other at point E. Thus, FORE is the required
to intersect ray SS' at T.
quadrilateral.
Step 6 : Join MT
M
N Thus, MUST is the required quadrilateral.
E U' S'

R
105º
M T

3 cm 4 cm
5º

60º
70º 120º
10

F O
U 3.5 cm S
3. Steps of Contruction
5. Here, ∠M = 60º, ∠A = 90º, ∠K = 120º
Y 5 cm
A Since, ∠M + ∠A + ∠R + ∠K = 360º
105º 60º + 90º + ∠R + 120º = 360º
∠R = 360º – 270º = 90º
4.5 cm
60º Steps for Construction
P 3.6 cm R K R
Step 1 : Draw AR = 4.5 cm 90º
4.5 cm
Step 2 : Draw ∠R = 60º
60º 90º
Step 3 : With R as centre and radius PR = 3.6 cm cut an M 6.5 cm A
arc to intersect ray RR' at P. Step 1 : Draw MA = 6.5 cm
Step 4 : At A, draw an ∠105º. Step 2 : At M, draw an angle of 60º.
Step 5 : With A as centre and radius AY = 5 cm, cut an arc Step 3 : At A, draw an angle of 90º and cut AR = 4.5 cm
to intersect ray AA' at Y. Step 4 : At R, draw an angle of 90º and let ray MO and
Step 6 : Join PY. RO' intersect each other at point K. Thus, MARK is the
required quadrilateral.
Thus, PRAY is the required quadrilateral.
O X
A' R'
O' R
K
Y 90°
4.5 cm
P
5 cm 60º 90º
3.6 cm M 6.5 cm A
105º 60º 6. Here, ∠O = 75º, ∠C = 120º, ∠M = 60º
R
A 4.5 cm Since, ∠M + ∠C + ∠O + ∠E = 360º

Fun & Joy with Math-8 105

 60º + 120º + 75º + ∠E = 360º Exercise 13.3
∠E = 360º – (60º + 120º + 75º)
1. All sides of square are equal.
= 360º – 255º
` = 105º ... PQ = QR = RS = PS = 6 cm
Steps of Construction : And all the angles are right angle.
... ∠P = ∠Q = ∠R = ∠S = 90º
M S 6 cm
R

105º E
6 cm 6 cm
75º 120º
O L 90º 90º
Step 1 : Draw OL = 4.2 cm P 6 cm Q
Step 2 : Draw ∠O = 75º
Steps of Construction
Step 3 : Draw ∠L = 120º
Step 1 : Draw PQ = 6 cm
Step 4 : With L as centre and radius LE = 4.5 cm, cut an
arc to intersect LL' at E. Step 2 : At P, draw a right angle
Step 5 : At E draw an angle of 105º Step 3 : With P as centre and radius PS = 6 cm cut an arc
Step 6 : Let OO' and EE' intersect at M. from PP' at S.
Thus, MOLE is the required quadrilateral. Step 4 : Similarly at Q draw a right angle.
E' O' Step 5 : With Q as centre and radius QR = 6 cm cut an arc
M from OQ' at R.
Step 6 : Join Rs.
L' PQRS is a required square.
105º E S 6 cm R

75º 120º 6 cm 6 cm
O L
7. Here, ∠P = 55º, ∠I = 110º, ∠R = 70º
∠A = 360º – (∠P + ∠I + ∠R)
P 6 cm Q
Since, sum of four angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.
... ∠A = 360º – (55º + 110º + 70º) 2. Diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at
= 360º – 235º right angle.
P
= 125º
Steps of Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment PA = 6 cm
Step 2 : At A draw an angle of 125º and cut AD = 5 cm.
7.2 cm
Step 3 : At I, draw an angle of 110º
Step 4 : At P, draw an angle of 55º and let ray PP' and II' 3.6 cm 3.6 cm
A O T
intersect each other at point R. 7.2 cm
Thus, PAIR is the required quadrilateral.
P'
I
R

A' R
110º I Steps of construction
Step 1 : Draw AT = 7.2 cm
55º 5º Step 2 : Draw a perpendicular bisector of line segment AT,
12
P 6 cm A which is intersecting AT at O.
106 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 Step 3 : With O as centre and radius, OP = OR = 3.6 cm, 4. All the sides of a rhombus are equal.
draw arcs, one above PT on the ⊥r bisector OO' and other i.e. OB = OC = OD = BD = 7 cm
below. AT on the ⊥r bisector OO'.
Here, one diagonal OD = 7.5 cm
Step 4 : Join AP, PT, TR and AR.
Thus, PART is the required square. B
O'
7 cm
P
O 7.5 cm
D

3.6 cm

A O T C
Steps of Construction :
3.6 cm

Step 1 : Draw a line segment OD = 7.5 cm

Step 2 : With O as centre draw arcs of radius 7 cm on both
R sides of OD.
Step 3 : With D as centre draw arcs of radius 7 cm on both
sides of OD, cutting the arcs drawn in step 2 at B and L.
3. The diagonals of a rhombus, bisect each other at right
angle. Step 4 : Join OB, OL, LD and BD.
F
Thus, BOLD is the required rhombus.
B
3 cm
6 cm

3.5 cm 3.5 cm
A O R
7 cm

3 cm O 7.5 cm D

I
Steps of Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment AR = 7 cm L
Step 2 : Construct a ⊥r bisector of AR.
Step 3 : Cut off 3 cm lengths on either side of the drawn 5. In a rhombus all sides are equal and opposite angles are
bisector. equal.
Step 4 : You now get F and I. D 6.9 cm
Join FAIR to get the required rhombus. C

6.9 cm
6.9 cm
F
A 6.9 cm B
Steps of Construction
3 cm

Step 1 : Draw a line segment AB = 6.9 cm

A R Step 2 : At A draw an angle of 75º
7 cm
O
Step 3 : With A as centre and radius 6.9 cm cut an arc on
AY at point D.
3 cm

Step 4 : With D as centre and radius 6.9 cm, cut an arc.

Step 5 : With B as centre and radius 6.9 cm cut an arc
I drawn in step 4 at point C.
Step 6 : Join CD and BC

Fun & Joy with Math-8 107

 Thus, ABCD is the required rhombus. Step 4 : Join AV
Y
Step 5 : At R, draw ∠ARE = 90º
D C Step 6 : From A, draw an arc of radius 5.5 cm which
meets RY at E.
Step 7 : Join RE and VE. Thus R AVE is the required
75° rectangle.
A 6.9 cm B Y X
6. Draw a rough figure of the required parallelogram.
From the properties of the parallelogram, we know that O
is the mid-point of the diagonals NA and MI E 4.8 cm V
N 5.1 cm 5.5
I cm
O cm O
5.5
6.2

m
5.8c
cm

M R 4.8 cm A
5.1 cm A
Steps of Construction 8. Steps of Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment MI = 5.8 cm. Draw a ⊥r D
bisector of line MI, intersecting MI at O.
Step 2 : With O as a centre and radius = 3.1 cm, draw two
arcs one above MI and other below MI. C
85º
Step 3 : With I as centre and radius = 5.1 cm ( = NI) draw
an arc above MI to cut the previous arc at N. 75º 114º 5.8 cm
Step 4 : With M as centre and radius = 5.1 cm (= MA) A
draw an arc below MI to cut the arc drawn in step 3 at A.
4.7 cm B
Step 5 : Join MN, NI, AI and MA. MAIN is the required Step 1 : Draw a line segment AB of length 4.7 cm.
parallelogram.
Step 2 : At A draw an angle of 75º.

N Step 3 : At B draw an angle of 114º

Step 4 : With B as centre and radius 5.8 cm, cut an arc on
5.1 cm
the ray BY at C.

O Step 5 : At C, draw an angle of 85º

M 5.8 cm
I
Step 6 : Extend ray AX and CZ such that they intersect at D.
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
X
A Z D Y

85º C
7. In a rectangle opposite sides are equal, all angles are 90º,
diagonals are equal in length.
The rough sketch of the rectangle is shown below. 5.8 cm
E 4.8 cm V 75º 114º
5.5
cm A 4.7 cm B

cm 9. Draw a rough figure of the required parallelogram.

5.5
From the properties of parallelogram, we know that R is
R 4.8 cm A the mid-point of both the diagonals LN and MO.
Steps of Construction : O 4.2 cm N
Step 1 : Draw RA = 4.8 cm
R
Step 2 : At A, draw ∠RAV = 90º
5.4

7 cm
cm

Step 3 : From R, draw an arc of radius 5.5 cm which meets

AX at V. L 4.2 cm M

108 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Steps of Construction MENTAL MATHS
Step 1 : Draw MO = 5.4 cm. Draw a ⊥r bisector of line 1.
Since, diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right
MO, intersecting MO at R. angle.
Step 2 : With R as centre and radius = 3.5 cm, draw two
... In ∆PEM, by Pythagoras theorem
arcs one above MO and other below MO.
EM2 = PE2 + PM2
Step 3 : With O as centre and radius = 4.2 cm ( = ON)
draw an arc above OM to cut the previous arc at N. EM2 = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25
Step 4 : With M as centre and radius = 4.2 cm (= LM) EM = 25
draw an arc below OM to cut the arc drawn in step 2 at L. = 5 cm
Step 5 : Join ON, NM, LM and OL. Since, all the sides of a rhombus are equal
Thus, LMNO is the required parallelogram. ... EM = MO = 5 cm
Then, EM + MO = 5 + 5 = 10 cm
N 2. To determine a quadrilateral, we require either- 3 sides and
4.2 2 angles or 3 angles and 2 sides. We require at least 5
cm measurements to draw a quadrilateral.
7 cm
R 3. To draw a parallelogram we need at least 3 measurement.
M 5.4 cm
O
4.2 4. To draw a rhombus, we need 2 measurements.
cm 4.2 cm
5. Since, opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
L ... HO = EP = 3.5 cm
and OP = HE = 4.5 cm
Then, HE + EP = 4.5 + 3.5 = 8 cm
10. Draw a rough figure of the given parallelogram.
In a parallelogram, the sum of adjacent angles are HOTS
supplementary.
1. In a rhombus all sides are equal.
... ∠W + ∠X = 180º 7.2 cm
D C
∠X = 180º – 75º
= 105º 7.2 cm
7.2 cm
Now in a parallelogram opposite sides and opposite angles
are equal. 60º
8 cm A 7.2 cm B
Z Y
105º 75º Steps of Construction
cm Step 1 : Draw a line segment AB = 7.2 cm
9.2
105º
Step 2 : At A draw an angle 60º
75º
W 8 cm X Step 3 : With A as centre and radius 7.2 cm cut an arc on
Steps of Construction AY at point D.
Step 1 : Draw a line segment WX = 8 cm. Step 4 : With D as centre and radius 7.2 cm cut an arc.
Step 2 : Draw an angle ∠W = 75º and ∠X = 105º Step 5 : With B as centre and radius 7.2 cm, cut an arc
Step 3 : Cut off WY = 9.2 cm. drawn in step 4 at C.
Step 4 : Take measure of XY in compass and cut of WZ. Step 6 : Join CD and BC.
Step 5 : Join XY, YZ and WZ. Thus, ABCD is the required rhombus.
Thus, WXYZ is a required parallelogram. Y
D 7.2 cm
C
Z Y 7.2 cm
c m 7.2 cm
9.2
75º 105º 60º
W X A 7.2 cm B

Fun & Joy with Math-8 109

2. Steps of Construction Step 5 : Now measure length OA, which is equal to OA =
D C 3 cm.
Step 6 : Now on ray OY, with O as centre cut an arc of
60º
radius OC = 9 cm (12 – 3 = 9 cm)]
O

4.6
cm Step 7 : Join BC and CD.
3.8

cm
... ABCD is the required kite.
A B X
Step 1 : Draw a line AC = 3.8 cm
Step 2 : Bisect AC at O. A
Step 3 : At O, draw ∠COX = 60º 5
m 3 cm cm
Step 4 : Set the value OB = 2.3 cm and OD = 2.3 cm 5c
on XX' B D
8 cm O
Step 5 : Join AB, BC, CD and AD
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
X 9 cm

D C
cm

Y
2.3

O 60º Project Work

A 3.8 cm C

Steps of Construction
cm

C
4 cm
2.3

D
6c 5.6 cm
4.5 cm m
B
A 3.5 cm B
Step 1 : Draw AB = 3.5 cm
X'
Step 2 : With A as centre and radius AD = 4.5 cm draw an
3. Steps of Construction arc.
A
5c Step 3 : With B as centre and radius BD = 6 cm draw an
5 cm m
arc to intersect the arc drawn in step 2 at D.
O
B D Step 4 : With D as centre and radius CD = 4 cm draw
8 cm
an arc.
12 cm
Step 5 : With B as centre and radius BC = 5.6 cm draw an
arc cutting the arc drawn in step 4 at C.
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilatral.
D 4 cm C
C
Step 1 : Draw BD of length 8 cm.
Step 2 : Draw a ⊥r bisector of BD, which intersect BD at O.
6c

Step 3 : With B as centre and radius BA = 5 cm, draw an 4.5 cm 5.6 cm

m

arc on upper side of BD at point A on OX.

Step 4 : Similarly with D as centre and radius AD = 5 cm
draw an arc cutting the arc drawn in step 3. Join AB and
AD. A 3.5 cm B

qq

110 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-14 : Representation of Three-
Dimensional Figures
Exercise 14.1 V – 4= 2
V= 2 + 4 = 6
1. Solid F V E F+V E+2 Hence, number of vertices of polyhedron is 6.
(i) Cuboid 6 8 12 14 14 5. (i) Edge
(ii) Triangular 5 6 9 11 11 (ii) Vertex
Prism (iii) Tetrahedron
(iii) Triangular 4 4 6 8 8 (iv) F + V – E = 2
Pyramid
(iv) Prism with 6 8 12 14 14 Exercise 14.2
square base 1. (i) Cylinder (ii) Cylinder (iii) Cuboid
(v) Pyramid with 5 5 8 10 10 (iv) Cuboid (v) Cylinder (vi) cuboid
square base
2. (i) (ii)
From last column, we get that
F+V=E+2
or F+V–E=2
2. (i) Vertices, V = 6 Edges, E = 12
Since, F + V – E= 2
Cube
F + 6 – 12 = 2
F – 6= 2 Triangular Prism
(iii) (iv)
F= 2 + 6 = 8
Hence, faces (F) are 8.
(ii) Faces, F = 6, Edges, E = 8
Since, F + V – E= 2
6 + V – 8= 2
V – 2= 2
Square Pyramid
V= 2 + 2 = 4 Triangular Prism
Hence, vertices (V) are 4. (v) (vi)
(iii) Faces, F = 20, Vertices, V = 12
Since, F + V – E= 2
20 + 12 – E = 2
E = 32 – 2 = 30
Hence, edges (E) are 30.
Cube
3. Vertices (V) = 10
Faces (F) = 6
By using Euler’s formula. Hexagonal Prism
F + V – E= 2 3. (ii) and (iii)
6 + 10 – E = 2 4. (i) A triangular prism
E = 16 – 2 = 14
Hence, edges of the polyhedron is 14.
4. Faces (F) = 8
Edges (E) = 12
By using Eular’s formula,
F+V–E=2
8 + V – 12 = 2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 111

 (ii) A hexagonal prism (v) Do it yourself
(vi) Do it yourself
6. (i) Front view, top view, side view
(ii) Top view, Front view, side view
(iii) Front view, top view, side view
(iii) A tetrahedron
Exercise 14.3
1. (i) Do it yourself
(ii) Do it yourself
(iv) a rectangular pyramid (iii) court
(iv) Primary school
2. (i) Street A
(ii) Street C
(iii) Link Road
(v) a square pyramid (iv) Link Road
3. Do it yourself
4. Do it yourself

MENTAL MATHS

(vi) a hexagonal pyramid 1. Shapes No. of Edges
(i) Triangular Prism 9
(ii) Cube 12
(iii) Tetrahedron 6
(iv) Square Pyramid 8
So, shape having maximum edges is cube.
5. Front View Side View TopView i.e. 12
2. No, 3D shapes not always have more edges than faces.
(i)
The number of edges and faces in a 3D shape can vary
depending on the specific shape.
3. two
4. net
(ii)
HOTS
Total surface area = Lateral Surface Area + Area of a base
220 = Lateral surface area + 60
Lateral surface area = 220 – 60
= 160 cm2
(iii) Area of each lateral face = 20 cm2
160
No. of lateral faces = 20 = 8

Project Work
Faces, F = 8 Vertices, V = 5
By Euler’s formula
(iv)
F+V–E=2
8+8–E=2
E = 16 – 2 = 14
Hence, the number of edges of polyhedron is 14.
qq

112 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-15 : Area
Area of trapezium PQRS = 2 ^PQ + RSh × PT
Exercise 15.1 1

(i) Area of a trapezium = 2 ]a + bg × h = 2 ]10 + 20g × 12

1 1
1.
Here, a = 17 cm, b = 28 cm and h = 12 cm 1
= 2 × 30 × 12
A = 2 ]17 + 28g × 12
1
...
= 180 cm2
= 2 × ]45g × 12
1

5. Given, area of trapezium PQRS = 69 cm2
= 270 cm2 S R
2.
Here, a = 28 m, b = 15m, and h = 6 m
A = 2 ]a + bg × h
1
Then,
= 2 ]28 + 15g × 6
1 P Q

1 SR = 8 cm
= 2 × 43 × 6
But PQ = 2(SR) – 1
= 129 cm2
... PQ = 2 × 8 – 1 = 15 cm
In ∆PSR, we can apply pythagoras theorem, as
3.
∠PSR = 90º Area of trap PQRS = 2 ^PQ + SRh × height
1
...
69 = 2 ]15 + 8g × h
PR2 = PS2 + SR2 1
412 = PS2 + 402
69 = 2 ]23g × h
PS2 = 412 – 402 1

PS2 = (41 – 40)(41 + 40) 69 × 2
PS = 1 × 81 h = 23 = 6 cm
= 1× 9 × 9 Hence, height of trapezium PQRS is 6 cm.
= 9 cm 6.
Let the height of the trapezium be ‘h’ cm
Here, parallel sides i.e. PQ = 15 cm and SR = 40 cm and Parallel sides are 85 cm and 63 cm.
height PS = 9 cm
1
... Area of trapezium = 2 × sum of parallel sides ×
AR = 2 ^PQ + SRh × PS
1
... height
= 2 ]15 + 40g × 9 2664 = 2 ]85 + 63g × h
1 1

1 2664 × 2
= 2 × 55 × 9 h= 148
1
= 2 × 495 2664
= 74 = 36 cm
= 247.5 cm2
Hence, height of trapezium is 36 cm.
4. Draw PT ⊥ SR and QU ⊥ SR
Q 7. Let the parallel sides of trapezium be 3x and 2x.
P
Height of trapezium = 15 cm
13 cm 13 cm Area of trapezium = 450 cm2
1
Then, area of trapezium = 2 (sum of parallel sides) ×
height
S R
450 = 2 ]3x + 2xg × 15
5 cm T 10 cm U 5 cm
1
20 cm
In DPTS, by Pythagoras therom, 450 × 2 = 5x × 15
PS2 = PT2 + ST2 450 × 2
x = 5 × 15
132 = PT2 + 52 = 6 × 2 = 12 cm
PT2 = 169 – 25 = 144 ... Length of parallel sides are 3 × 12 = 36 cm and 2 × 12
PT = 12 cm = 24 cm

Fun & Joy with Math-8 113

8. Here, GF and TD is a parallelogram. 11. Area of trapezium = 405cm2
G 11 cm F Let, the parallel sides be 4x and 5x.
Perpendicular distance = 18 cm
1
D T M E Area of trapezium = 2 × sum of parallel sides × height
25 cm
1
405 = 2 × (4x + 5x) × 18
... GF = DF = 11 cm
1
Then, TE = DE – DT 405 = 2 × 9x × 18
= 25 – 11 405 × 2
x = 9 × 18
= 14 cm 405
x = 81 = 5 cm
Now, area of ∆FTE = 84 cm2 Hence, the parallel sides are = 4 × 5 = 20 cm
1
... 2 × TE × FM = 84 and 5 × 5 = 25 cm
1
2 × 14 × FM = 84 12. Area of ∆EMF = 48 cm2
84 × 2 G 13 cm F
FM = 14 = 12 cm
9. Here YN = TA = 4 cm
M 1 0c D M L E
m 13 cm 16 cm
T Y GF = 13 cm and ME = 16 cm
10 cm
4 cm ... DE = 13 + 16 = 29 cm

A N In ∆FME,
1
... MT = MA – TA ar (∆EMF) = 2 × ME × FL
= 10 – 4 = 6 cm 1
48 = 2 × 10 × FL
Now, in right angled ∆MTY by Pythagoras theorem 48 × 2
FL = 10 = 6 cm
MY2 = MT2 + TY2 1
Now, ar trap DEFG = 2 × sum of parallel sides ×
102 = 62 + TY2
height
TY2 = 102 – 62 1
= 2 × 13 × 29 × 6
= 100 – 36 = 64
= 39 × 29
TY = 64 = 8 cm
= 1131 cm2
Area of trapezium MYNA
1 13. Let, one parallel side of trap be ‘x’ cm, then other side be
= 2 (sum of parallel sides) ×
(x + 2) cm.
height
Given, area of trapezium = 65 cm2
= 2 ]10 + 4g × 8
1

height of trapezium = 13 cm
1
= 2 × 14 × 8 = 56 cm2 1
Then, area of trapezium = 2 × sum of parallel sides ×
10. Area of trapezium = 960 cm2 height

65 = 2 5x + x + 2? × 13
Parallel sides of trapezium are 26 cm and 38 cm. 1

Let the distance between parallel sides be ‘h’ cm. 65 × 2
1 13 = 2x + 2
Then, Area of trapezium = 2 × sum of parallel sides × h
10 = 2x + 2
960 = 2 × ]26 + 38g × h
1
2x = 10 – 2
960 × 2
h= 64 2x = 8
960
= 32 = 30cm x = 4 cm
Hence, height of trapezium is 30 cm. Hence, length of parallel sides are 4 cm and 6 cm.

114 Fun & Joy with Math-8

14. Construct CE parallel to AW. 2. Area of quad ABCD = area (∆ABC) + ar (∆ADC)
D 52 cm C D

cm
28 cm 28 cm 34 cm
A

7
B Q P
A 52 cm
E
14 cm
66 cm 28
cm
s ]s – ag]s – bg]s – cg

m
Area of ∆BEC =

8c
B C
 (By heron’s formula)
a+b+c 1 1
Here, 2 S= = 2 × AC × BP + 2 × AC × QD
34 + 28 + 14 1 1
= 2 = 2 × 28 × 8 + 2 × 28 × 7
76
= 2 = 38 cm = 14 × 8 + 14 × 7
Area of ∆BEC = 38 ]38 – 14g]38 – 34g]38 – 28g
= 14(8 + 7)

= 38 × 24 × 4 × 10 = 14 × 15 = 210 cm2

= 2 × 19 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 3. Area of quadrilateral field
= 2 × 2 × 2 570 1
= 2 (length of perpendiculars) ×
= 8 570 cm2
 length of diagonal
1 ]16 + 14g
15. Let, the length of the other parallel side be ‘x’ cm = 2 × 60
Area of trapezium = 37.5 cm2 1
= 2 × 30 × 60
Distance between parallel sides = 3 cm.
= 30 × 30 = 900 m2
One parallel side = 8 cm
.. . Area of trapezium = 1 × sum of parallel sides × Area of quad MNOP = area of ∆MNO + area of ∆MPO
4.
2 1 1
height = 2 × MO × RN + 2 × PQ × MO
37.5 = 2 × ]x + 8g × 3 = 2 ]MOg^RN + PQh
1 1

(x + 8)3 = 75.0
1
3x + 24 = 75 = 2 × 6.5 × (1.5 + 2.5)
3x = 75 – 24 1
= 2 × 6.5 × 4.0
x = 51
= 2 × 6.5 = 13.0 cm2
x = 17
Hence, length of other parallel side is 17 cm. 1
5.
Area of rhombus = 2 × d1 × d2
1
= 2 × 14 × 10
Exercise 15.2
= 70 cm2
1. Area of quad PQRS = area of ∆PQS + area of ∆PQS
R 6. Area of quad PQRS = area of ∆PQR + area ∆PSR
S R
S
m

E
8

20

T
cm

16

28 F
cm
m

m 38 cm
13

P P Q
Q
1 1
= 2 × PR × QE + 2 × PR × SF
1 1
= 2 PR ^QE + SFh
= 2 × SQ × PT + 2 × SQ × RS 1

1 1
= 2 × 38 × ]16 + 20g
= 2 × 28 × 13 + 2 × 28 × 8 1

= 14 × 13 + 14 × 8
= 14(13 + 8) = 19 × 36
= 14 × 21 = 294 cm2 = 684 cm2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 115

7. Here, LMNO is a parallelogram i.e. OF || EM 1
= 90 × 3 + 2 × 5 × 100
O 10 cm F N
= 270 + 250
= 520 cm2
10 cm
(ii) Area of polygon
= area of trap GCEF + area of trap GCFE
= 2 ]3 + 7g × 25 + 2 ]9 + 3g × 25
L E M 1 1
16 cm
and OE ⊥ LM and FM ⊥ LM. = 5 × 25 + 6 × 25
Then, OE || FM = 25 × 11
Then, OFME is also a parallelogram = 275 cm2
... OF || ME = 10 cm
.. . MENTAL MATHS
LE = ML – EM
1. (a) Area of given figure
= 16 – 10 = 6 cm
A
and OE = FM = 10 cm
Area of shaded region = area of ∆LEO + area of ∆NFM 6
1 1 B C
= 2 × LE × OE + 2 × FN × FM
1 1
= 2 × 6 × 10 + 2 × 6 × 10 10
= 6 × 10 = 60 cm2
5 10 G
8.Area of polygon PQSTUV E D 40 F
= Area of ∆PQA + Area of trap AQRC + area of trap RSTC 10
+ area of ∆UDT + area of trap BDUV + area of ∆PBV J 30 I 5 H
= 2 × PA × AQ + 2 ^AQ + CQh × AC + 2 ]CR + STg × CT
1 1 1
= area of ∆ABC + area of rectangle BCDE + area of
+ 2 × UD × DT + 2 ]BV + DUg × BD + 2 × PB × BV
1 1 1 trap EGIJ + area of ∆GHI
= 2 × AC × BC + BE × ED + 2 ]EG + JIg × GH +
1 1
= 2 × 60 × 30 + 2 ]30 + 40g × ]20 + 40g + 2 (40 + 50) ×
1 1 1
1
 2 × GH × HI
1 1
= 2 × 6 × 5 + 10 × 5 + 2 ]40 + 30g × 10 + 2 × 10 × 5
(40 + 40) + 2 × 20 × 40 + 2 × (40 + 20)(40 + 40) + 1 1 1
1
2 × 80 × 40 = 15 + 50 + 350 + 25
= 900 + 2100 + 3600 + 400 + 2400 + 1600 = 440 unit2
= 11000 cm2 (b) Area of given figure
9. Area of field ABCDE A B
= area of ∆ABF + area of trap BCHF + area of ∆CHD + 10
area of ∆GED + area of ∆AGE
= 2 × AF × BF + 2 ]BF + CHg × FH + 2 × CH × HD +
1 1 1 F C
10
1 1
 2 × GD × GE + 2 × AG × GE 10

= 2 × 60 × 60 + 2 ]60 + 50g × 20 + 2 ]50g × 40 +

1 1 1
E G 5 H D
1 1
 2 × 50 × 40 + 2 × 70 × 40 10
= 1800 + 1100 + 1000 + 1000 + 1400 N 5 O J I K
= 6300 m2 15
10
10. (i) Area of polygon BCDEFJ
M 20 L
= area of trap DEFJ + area of trap BCDJ
= 2 ]FE + JDg × EG + 2 ]JD + BCg × HB
1 1 = area of rectangle ABCF + area of rectangle FCDE +
area of rectangle GHIJ + area of trape JKLM + area of
= 2 ]30 + 60g × 6 + 2 ]60 + 40g × 5 ∆MNO
1 1

116 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 = AF × FC + FE × FC + GH × HI + 2 ]ML + JKg × MN
1 3. (a) A B

1
 + 2 × MN × NO

= 10 × 10 + 10 × 10 + 10 × 5 + 2 ]20 + 15g × 10 + 2
1 1
G H C D
 × 10 × 5
= 100 + 100 + 50 + 175 + 25
= 450 unit2

HOTS F E
1. Draw a line BE || AD, then ABED is a parallelogram.
A 8m B Required area = area of rectangle ABCH + area of trap
10 m 10 m 10 m  GDEF
= AB × BC + 2 ]GD + EFg × HF
1

D E M C
= 40 × 36 + 2 ]30 + 40 + 30 + 40g × ]40g
8m 12 m 1
20 m
... AB = ED = BM, AD = BE = 10 m. = 1440 + 2800
∆BEC will be an isosceles triangle. Draw a perpendicular = 4240 cm2­
BM from B on CD. (b) Required area = area of rectangle ABEF + area of
EC 12 ∆CDE + area of ∆GHF
Then, EM = MC = 2 = 2 = 6 m
In right angle ∆BEM, by Pythagoras theorem
1 1
= AB × AF + 2 × CD × CE + 2 × GH × HF
BE2 = BM2 + ME2 1 1
= 40 × 76 + 2 × 30 × 40 + 2 × 30 × 40
102 = BM2 + 62
BM2 = 102 – 62 = 3040 + 600 + 600
= 100 – 36 = 4240 cm2
= 64
(c) Required area = area of rectangle ABCH + area of
BM =
64 = 8 m square HFEC + area of ∆GHF + area of ∆CDE
Then, area of trap ABCD = 2 ]AB + CDg × BM
1 1 1
= 40 × 36 + 40 × 40 + 2 × 30 × 40 + 2 × 30 × 40
= 2 ]8 + 20g × 8
1
= 1440 + 1600 + 600 + 600
= 4 × 28 = 4240 cm2
= 112 m2 All the three areas are same.
2.Let the depth of the canal be ‘h’ m.
Area of cross-section of canal = 40 m2
Project Work
Length of parallel sides of cross-section of canal = 12m Diagonals of rhombus are d1 = 10 cm and d2 = 8.2 cm
and 8 m. 1
1 ]12 + 8g Area of rhombus = 2 × d1 × d2
... 2 × h = 40
1
10 × h = 40 = 2 × 10 × 8.2
h=4m = 10 × 4.1
Hence, depth of canal is 4 m. = 41 cm2
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 117

 Chapter-16 : Volume and Surface Area of Solids
Exercise 16.1 (iii) Here, l= 3.6 cm
Volume = l3 = (3.6)3 = 46.656 cm3
1. (i) Here, l = 10 cm, b = 6 cm, h = 3 cm
Surface Area = 6l2 = 6 × (3.6)2 = 77.76 cm2
Then, volume = lbh
(iv) Here, l= 8 cm
= 10 × 6 × 3 = 180 cm3
Volume = l3 = (8)3 = 512 cm3
Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
Surface Area = 6l2 = 6(8)2 = 384 cm2
= 2(10 × 6 + 6 × 3 + 3 × 10)
= 2(60 + 18 + 30) 3. Let, the length of each edge be l.
= 2 × 108 = 216 cm2 Total Surface Area = 450 cm2
(ii) Here, l = 11 cm, b = 7 cm, h = 10 cm Since, Total Surface Area = 6l2
Then, volume = lbh 6l2 = 450
= 11 × 7 × 10 l2 = 75
= 770 cm3 l= 75 cm = 5 3 cm
Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl) 4. Let, the length of each side of cube be ‘l’ cm.
= 2(11 × 7 + 7 × 10 + 10 × 11) Then, l3 = 9261
= 2(77 + 70 + 110) ... l = 3 9261 = 21 cm
= 2 × 257
Surface Area of cube = 6l2 = 6 × (21)2 = 2646 cm2
= 514 cm2
(iii) Here, l = 9 cm, b = 7.5 cm, h = 50 cm 5. Let, the side of the cube be ‘l’ cm.
Then, volume = lbh Given, surface area of the cube = 1176 cm2
= 9 × 7.5 × 50 ... 6l2 = 1176
= 3375 cm3
l2 = 196
Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(9 × 7.5 + 7.5 × 50 + 50 × 9) l= 196
= 2(67.5 + 375 + 450) = 14 cm
= 2 × 892.5 = 1785 cm2 ... Volume of cube = l3
(iv) Here, l = 12 cm, b = 4 cm, h = 2 cm
= (14)3
Then, volume = lbh
= 2744 cm3
= 12 × 4 × 2 = 96 cm3
Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl) 6. Given, a cuboid of length (l) = 9 cm, breadth (b) = 3 cm
= 2(12 × 4 + 4 × 2 + 2 × 12) and height (h) = 8 cm
= 2(48 + 8 + 24) Then, diagonal of the cuboid = l2 + b2 + h2
= 2 × 80 = 160 cm2 = 92 + 32 + 82
2. (i) Here, side (l) = 4.5 dm = 81 + 9 + 64
Then, volume = l3
= 154 = 12.41 cm (approx)
= (4.5)3 = 91.125 dm3
Surface area = 6(l)2 given, edge of a cube, l = 11 cm
= 6 × (4.5)2 Diagonal of the cube = 3l
= 121.5 dm2 = 3 × 11
(ii) Here, side (l) = 10 cm
= 11 3 cm
Then, volume = l3 = (10)3 = 1000 cm3
Surface area = 6l2 = 19.05 cm  (approx)
= 6(10)2 = 600 cm2 ... Diagonal of the cube is larger.
118 Fun & Joy with Math-8
7. Here, l = 12.5 cm, b = 4 cm and h = 8.2 cm 12. Here, l = 100 cm, b = 25 cm, h = 6 cm
Surface area of the cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl) Area of four walls = Lateral surface area
= 2(12.5 × 4 + 4 × 8.2 + 8.2 × = 2(bh + hl)
12.5)
= 2(25 × 6 + 6 × 100)
= 2(50 + 32.8 + 102.5)
= 2(150 + 600)
= 370.6 cm2
= 2 × 750
Lateral Surface area of the cuboid = 2(bh + hl)
= 1500 cm2
= 2(4 × 8.2 + 8.2 × 12.5)
= 2(32.8 + 102.5) 13. Here, l = 6 cm, b = 4.5 m, h = 3m
for white washing required area is area of four walls and
= 270.6 cm2
ceiling.
8. Here, edge of the cube (l) = 12 cm
Required Area = 2(bh + hl) + lb
Diagonal of the cube = 3 l
= 2[4.5 × 3 + 6 × 3] + 6 × 4.5
= 12 3 cm
= 2[13.5 + 18] + 27
9. Let, the height of the cuboided solid cuboidal box be ‘h’
= 2 × 31.5 + 27
cm
Given, volume of cuboidal box V = 72 cm3 = 63.0 + 27
Length of cuboidal box, l = 9 cm = 90 m2
Breadth of cuboidal box, b = 9 cm
Cost of white washing = Required area × Rate of
Since, V = lbh white washing
= 90 × ` 8 = ` 720
72 = 9 × 4 × h
14. Here, l = 50 cm, b = 54 cm, h = 30 cm (dimensions of
72
h = 9 × 4 = 2 cm cuboid)
Hence, height of cuboidal box is 2 cm. Volume of cuboid, V = lbh
10. Here, l = 80 cm, b = 30 cm and = 20 cm = 50 × 54 × 30
Then, V = lbh = 81,000 cm3
= 80 × 30 × 20 Here, side of cube, a = 5 cm
= 48000 cm3 Volume of cube, V' = a3
11. Let, the edges of the cuboid be x, 2x and 3x. = (5)3 = 125 cm3
Given, its surface area = 88 cm2 V 81, 000
No. of cubes formed = V' = 125 = 648
... 2(lb + bh + hl) = 88
2(x × 2x + 2x × 3x + x × 3x) = 88 15. Here, l = 1 m = 100 cm
b = 85 cm
2(2x2 + 6x2 + 3x2) = 88
h = 60 cm
2 × 11x2 = 88
Area of box to be made = Area of four walls + Area of
88
x2 = 22 = 4 base
x= 2 = 2(bh + hl) + lb
... Sides of cuboid are : = 2(85 × 60 + 60 × 100) + 100
 × 85
length (l) = x = 2 cm
= 2(5100 + 6000) + 8500
breadth (b) = 2x = 4 cm
= 2 × 11100 + 8500
height (h) = 3x = 6 cm = 22200 + 8500
Volume of cuboid = lbh = 30,700 cm2
= 2 × 4 × 6 cost of making tin box = ` 0.50/cm2
= 48 cm3 ... Cost of making tin box = 30,700 × 0.50 = ` 15,350

Fun & Joy with Math-8 119

16. Dimensions of a brick = 15 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm = 60 × 45 × 32
Dimensions of the wall = 3m × 2m × 250 cm = 86400 cm3
= 300 cm × 200 cm × 250 cm ... Volume of the wood used = Total volume of box –
Volume of a brick = 15 × 10 × 5 capacity of box
= 750 cm3 = 86400 – 59400
Volume of the wall = 300 × 200 × 250 = 27000 cm3
= 1,50,00,000 cm3 20. Here, length of milk container (l) = 60 cm
Volume of wall width of milk container (b) = 24 cm
No. of bricks needed = Volume of a brick
1, 50, 00, 000 Let, height of milk container be ‘h’ cm.
= 750 Volume of milk container, V = 9l
= 20,000 Since, 1l = 1000 cm3
.. . 9l = 9000 cm3
17. Dimensions of a tank
length (l) = 25 m Then, V = lbh
width or breadth (b) = 20 m 9000 = 60 × 24 × h
9000
depth or height (h) = 10 m h = 60 × 24 = 6.25 cm
Volume of tank = lbh Hence, the required height is 6.25 cm
= 25 × 20 × 10 21. Side of the cube of smaller edge (a) = 6 cm
= 5000 m3 Volume of the smaller cube, (V1) = 63 = 216 cm3
Since, 1m3 = 1000 litre Side of the cube of larger edge, (A) = 12 cm
... 5000m3 = (5000 × 1000) litre Volume of the cube of larger edge (V2) = 123 = 1782 cm3
= 5000000 litre V 1782
... No of cubes that can be formed = V2 = 216 = 8
1
= 5000 kilolitre
22. Cost of white washing the cube = ` 396.90
Hence, quantity of water in water tank is 500 kl.
Rate of white washing the cube = 15 p/cm2
18. Let, the length, breadth and height of the cuboid be 5x, ... Total surface area of cube = ` 396.90 ÷ ` 0.15
4x and x.
= 2646 cm2
Given, volume of cuboid = 540 cm3 Let, the edge of the cube = l
... 5x × 4x × x = 540 Then, 6l2 = 2646
20x3 = 540 l2 = 441
x3 = 27 ⇒ l = 441 = 21 cm
x= 3 Then, Volume of the cube = l3 = (21)3 = 9261 cm2
Then, length of cuboid = 5 × 3 = 15 cm
23. Let, the depth of the pit dug out be h m.
breadth of cuboid = 4 × 3 = 12 cm
height of cuboid = 3 cm
Then, surface area of cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(15 × 12 + 12 × 3 + 15 × 3)
= 2(180 + 36 + 45) 12 m 27 m
= 2 × 261 = 522 cm2 13 m
19. Outer dimensions of the wooden box = 60 × 45 × 32
Thickness of wood = 2.5 cm
Inner dimensions of woodenbox 78 m
l = 60 – 2(2.5) = 55cm Given,length of field (l) = 78 m
b = 45 – 2(2.5) = 40 cm breadth of field (b) = 27 m
h = 32 – 2(2.5) = 27 cm Height upto which mud is raised (m) = 25 cm
Then, capacity of the box = lbh For pit, l = 13 m
= 55 × 40 × 27 b = 12 m
= 59400 cm3 h= h m
Total volume of the box = L × B × H (i.e. using outer Now, Volume of earth taken out from pit = volume of the
dimensions)  earth spread on ramaining part of the field.

120 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 13 × 12 × h = (78 × 28 – 13 × 12) × 25 cm Lateral surface area = 2πrh
13 × 12 × h = (2184 – 156) × 25 cm 22
= 2 × 7 × 21 × 4
156h = 2028 × 25 cm = 22 × 24 = 528 cm2
156h = 50700 (iii) Here, r = 10.5 dm, h = 12 dm
50700
h = 156 = 325 cm = 3.25 m Volume = πr2h
= 7 × ]10.5g2 × 12
Hence, depth of the pit dug out is 3.25 m. 22
24. Let the edge of the cube be ‘l’ cm. 22
= 7 × 10.5 × 10.5 × 12
Given, Total Surface Area of the cube = 1,014 cm2
= 4158 dm3
... 6l2 = 1014
1014 Lateral surface area = 2πrh
l2 = 6 = 169 22
= 2 × 7 × 10.5 × 12
l = 169 = 13 cm
= 44 × 1.5 × 12
Then, volume of the cube, V = l3 = 792 dm2
= (13)3 = 2197 cm3 Total Surface Area = 2πr(h + r)
25. Edge of first cube, a = 6 cm = 2 × 7 × 10.5 ]12 + 10.5g
22
Volume of first cube V13 = a3 = 63 = 216 cm3
= 44 × 1.5 × 22.5
Edge of second cube, b = 8 cm
= 1485 dm2
Volume of second cube, V2 = b3 = 83 = 512 cm3
(iv) Here, r = 3.5 m, h = 12 m
Edge of third cube, c = 10 cm3 Volume = πr2h
Volume of third cube, V3 = c3 = 103 = 1000 cm3 22
= 7 × 3.5 × 3.5 × 12
Let, the edge of the new cube formed be l.
= 462 m3
Then volume of new cube, V = l3
Lateral surface area = 2πr2h
... V = V1 + V2 + V3
22
l3 = 216 + 512 + 1000 = 2 × 7 × 3.5 × 12
l3 = 1728 = 264 m
Total Surface Area = 2πr(h + r)
l = 3 1728 = 12 cm
= 2 × 7 × 3.5 ]12 + 3.5g
22
Hence, the edge of new cube formed is 12 cm.
= 22 × 15.5
Exercise 16.2 = 341 m2
1. (i) Here, r = 0.21, h = 7 cm 2.
Here, r = 4m, h(depth) = 28 m
Volume of cylinder = πr h 2 Then, capacity of tank = volume of the tank
= πr2h
= 7 × ]0.21g2 × 7
22
22
= 22 × 0.21 × 0.21 = 7 × 4 × 4 × 28
= 0.9702 cm3 = 1408 m3
Lateral surface Area = 2πrh 3.
Let, the diameter of two cylinders be 3x and 4x.
22 3x 4x
= 2 × 7 × 0.21 × 7 Then, radius of two cylinders be = 2 and 2
= 9.24 cm2 Let, the height of two cylinders be H1 and H2.
Then, volume of first cylinder, V1 = r b 2 l × H1
Total Surface Area = 2πr(h + r) 3x 2

= 2 × 7 × 0.21 ]7 + 0.21g
22
Volume of second cylinder, V2 = r b 2 l × H 2
4x 2
= 44 × 0.03 × 7.21
But V 1 = V2
= 9.5172 cm2
r b 2 l × H1 = r b 2 l × H 2
2
3 x 4x 2
(ii) Here r = 21 cm, h = 4 cm ...
Volume = πr2h b 4x l
2

22 H1 2 16
H 2 = 3x 2 = 9
b l
= 7 × 21 × 21 × 4
= 5544 cm3 2

Fun & Joy with Math-8 121

4.Here, r = 10.5 cm and h = 14 cm Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2πrh
Area to be painted = Curved Surface Area of cylinder = 66 × 60
+ Area of base = 3960 cm2
= 2πrh + πr 2 8.
Let, the radius and height of the cylinder be 3x and 4x.

22 22
= 2 × 7 × 10.5 × 14 + 7 × 1.5 × 10.5 Its, Volume, V = 5346 cm3
Then, πr2h = 5346
= 924 + 346.5
22
= 1270.5 cm2 7 × 3x × 3x × 4x = 5346
5346 × 7
Rate of painting = ` 7/m2 x3 = 22 × 3 × 3 × 4
Then, cost of painting = ` 1270.5 × 7 x3 = 47.25
= ` 8893.5 x = 3 47.25
.. . Radius = 3x = 3 3 47.25 cm
5. Here, volume of the tank, V = 1848 m2
9. Here, h = 30 m
Diameter of the base, d = 28 m
diameter = 8 m
Radius of the base, r = 14 m
Then, r = 4m
Let, the height (depth) of the tank be ‘h’ m
Volume of earth taken out, V = πr2h
Then, V = πr2h 22
22 ]14g2 = 7 × 4 × 4 × 30
7 × × h = 1848 10560
1848 × 7 = 7
h = 22 × 14 × 14 = 1508.57 m3
= 3m 10. Here, radius of each disc, r = 7 cm
Hence, the depth of the tank is 3 m. thickness of each disc = 0.5 cm
6. Here, h = 22.5 m, r = 3.5 m No. of discs = 40
Then, volume of earth taken out = πr2h
Then, height of cylinder formed by discs, h = 40 × 0.5
= 7 × ]3.5g2 × 22.5
22
= 20 cm
= 22 × 0.5 × 3.5 × 22.5 ... Volume of cylinder formed, V = πr2h
= 866.25 m3 22
= 7 × 7 × 7 × 20
Area need to be plastered = Lateral surface area of cylinder = 3080 cm3
= 2πrh 11. Here height of cylinder, h = 35 cm
22 External diameter = 2.8 cm
= 2 × 7 × 0.5 × 22.5
= 44 × 0.5 × 22.5 2.8
External radius, R = 2 = 1.4 cm
= 495 m2 Thickness = 0.7 cm
Rate of plastering = ` 5/m2 Then, Internal radius, r = 1.4 – 0.7
Then, cost of plastering = Area × Rate
= 0.7 cm
= ` 495 × 5
Volume of hollow cylinder = π(R2 – r2)h
= ` 2475
= 7 ]1.4 2 – 0.7 2g × 35
22
7.
Let, the radius of the base of the cylinder be ‘r’.
Given, circumference of cylinder = 66 cm = 22 × 5(1.4 – 0.7)(1.4 + 0.7)
i.e. 2πr = 66 = 110 × 0.7 × 2.1
66 = 161.7 cm3
r = 2r
and height of cylinder, h = 60 cm Weight of 1 cm3 of metal = 4g
Volume of cylinder = πr2h Weight of 161.7 cm3 of metal = 4 × 161.7 g
22 66 66
= 7 × 2r × 2r × 60 = 646.8 g
33 × 66 × 7 × 60
= 2 × 22 12. Here, r = 2.8 m, h = 120 m
= 3 × 33 × 7 × 30 Area of metal sheet required = Curved Surface Area
= 20,790 cm3 + Area of base

122 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 = 2πrh + πr2 ... Required difference = 6859 – 6600
22 22 = 259 cm3
= 2 × 7 × 2.8 × 120 + 7 × 2.8 × 2.8
= 44 × 0.4 × 120 + 22 × 0.4 × 2.8 16. (i) (a) 0.000001
= 2112 + 24.64 Volume of cube = (0.01)3
= 0.000001 cm3
= 2136.64 cm2
(ii) (d) 60,000
13. Diameter of roadroller = 140 cm Volume of water storage tank = 5 × 4 × 3
140 = 60 m3
Radius of roadroller, r = 2 = 70 cm
Width of roadroller, h = 20 cm 1m3 = 1000 litre
. . . Volume = 60,000 litre
Area covered in one revolution by roadroller is the curved
(iii) (c) Total Surface Area
surface area of the roadroller.
= 2(bh + hl + lb)
Then, area covered in 1 revolution = 2(8 × 2.5 + 2.5 × 10 + 10 × 8)
= 2πrh
= 2(20.0 + 25 + 80)
22
= 2 × 7 × 70 × 20 = 2 × 45 + 80
= 44 × 200 = 90 + 80
= 170 cm2
= 8800 cm2
(iv) (a) Volume of tank = πr2h
Total area covered in 50 revolution
= rb 2 l × 5
7 2

= 8800 × 50 cm2
22 7 7
= 7 × 2 × 2 ×5
= 4,40,000 cm2
77 × 5
440000 = 2
= 100 × 100 m2
385
= 2 = 192.5 m3
= 44 m2
(v) (c) Volume of metal in pipe = π(R2 – r2) × h
= 7 ]3 2 – 2 2g × 7
14. Edge of cube, l = 28 cm 22

Diameter of cylindrical wire = 3.5 mm = 0.35 cm
0.35 = 22 × (9 – 4)
Radius of cylindrical wire, r = 2 cm = 22 × 5 = 110 cm3
Let, the length of the wire formed be ‘h’ cm (vi) (c) Total Surface Area = 2πr(h + r)
= 2 × 7 × 3.5 ]7 + 3.5g
Now, Volume of the cylindrical wire = Volume of the cube 22

22 0.35 0.35 = 44 × 0.5(10.5)
7 × 2 × 2 × h = 28 × 28 × 28
28 × 28 × 28 × 4 × 7 = 22.0 × 10.5
h = 22 × 0.35 × 0.35
= 231 cm2
= 228,072.72 mm
= 228.072 m MENTAL MATHS
15. For cylinder 1. Side of cube = a cm
Height, h = 21 cm Total Surface Area of cube = 6a2 cm2
Radius, r = 10 cm 2. Let, the radius of the cylinder be ‘r’ cm
Volume of cylinder, V1 = πr h 2 Then, 2πr = 176
22 176
= 7 × 10 × 10 × 21 r = 2r
= 6600 cm3 height of the cylinder, h = 65 m
For cube, Then, volume of the cylinder, V = πr2h

= r b 2r l × 65
Edge, l = 19 cm 176 2
volume of cube, V2 = 193
= 19 × 19 × 19 176 × 176
= r × × 65
= 6859 cm3 4r 2
176 × 176 × 65
Here, V 1 < V2 = 4 × 22 ×7
3
So, volume of cube is greater than volume of cylinder = 1,60,160 cm

Fun & Joy with Math-8 123

3. Volume of a coin = π(0.75)2 × (0.25) HOTS
Volume of the cylinder to be made = π(3)2 × 8 1. Length of box formed, l = 48 – 2 × 8

Volume of cylinder to be made 8 cm 8 cm

Then, no of coins needed = Volume of a coin 8 cm 8 cm
r ]3g2 × 8
= ]
r 0.75g2 × ]0.25g
9×8
= 0.75 × 0.75 × 0.25 8 cm
8 cm
72000000 8 cm 8 cm
= 75 × 75 × 25 = 512
= 48 – 16
4. Let, the side of the cube be ‘a’ cm
= 32 m
Then, volume of cube = 512 Breadth of box formed, b = 36 – 2 × 8
= 36 – 16
a3 = 512 = 20 m
3 Height of box formed, h = 8m
a= 512 Then, volume of the box formed, V = lbh
= 3
8×8×8 = 32 × 20 × 8

= 8 cm 1
2. Given, breadth of cuboid (b) = 2 l
height of cuboid (h) = 2l
Total Surface Area = 6a2
Where, l is the length of the cuboid
= 6(8)2 Then, Volume of a cuboid = lbh
1
= 6 × 64 = l × 2 l × 2l
= l3 cube units.
= 384 cm3
Project Work
5. Here, r = 3 cm, h = 7 cm Here, l = 80 cm, b = 30 cm, h = 40 cm
2
Total Surface Area = 2πrh + 2πr
22 22
= 2 × 7 × 3 × 7 + 2 × 7 × 3 × 3
h
396
= 132 + 7
b
924 + 396 l
= 7 Area needed to be covered by paper
1320 = l × b + b × h + l × h + b × h
= 7 = 80 × 30 + 30 × 40 + 80 × 40 + 30 × 40
4 = 2400 + 1200 + 3200 + 1200
= 188 7 cm2
= 8000 cm2
qq

124 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 Chapter-17 : Data Handling
4. Daily wages of Tally Marks Frequency
Exercise 17.1 employees (in `)
1. (i) Data : A Collection of numerical facts regarding a 200 ||| 3
250 |||| | | 7
particular type of information is called data.
300 |||| 4
(ii) Frequency of an observation : Number of times a 350 | 1
particular observation occurs is called its frequency. Total 15

(iii) Observation : Each numerical fact of the given (i) No. of employees getting ` 250 = 7
information is called observation.
(ii) Range = Highest value – Lowest value
(iv) Range : The difference between the highest and the
=
` 350 – ` 200 = ` 150
lowest values of the observation in a data is called a
5. Rainfall (in cm) Tally Marks Frequency
range.
8 || 2
(v) Raw data : A collection of observations gathered 10 || 2
initially is called raw data. 12 || 2
14 ||| 3
(vi) Frequency : A particular observation which occurs a
15 ||| 3
number of times is called its frequency. 16 |||| 5
2. No of children in Tally Marks Frequency 17 || 2
a family 18 | 1
1 | 1 19 | 1
2 ||| 3 20 | 1
3 |||| | | | | 9 23 |||| 5
4 |||| | 6 25 || 2
5 | 1 26 | 1
Total 20 Total 30

(i) No. of families with more than 3 children = 6 + 1 = 7 (i) Range = Highest value – Lowest Value

(ii) There are no families with 0 children. = 26 – 8

(iii) Total number of families are 20. =

18

3. Outcomes on Tally Marks Frequency (ii) Number of days having less than 20 cm rain
dice
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 2 + 1 + 1
1 || 2
2 |||| | 6 =
21
3 ||| 3 (iii) Number of days have rainfall between 12 cm to 23 cm
4 ||| 3
=3+3+5+2+1+1+1
5 ||| 3
6 ||| 3 =
16
Total 20 (iv) Maximum of rainfall recorded are : 16cm and 23 cm

Fun & Joy with Math-8 125

6. Height of stu- Tally Marks Frequency 3. No. of times head Tally Marks Frequency
dents (in cm) falls
103 || 2 2 || 2
104 || 2 3 | 1
105 | 1 5 ||| 3
110 | 1 6 |||| 5
113 || 2 7 |||| 5
114 | 1 8 |||| 4
115 | 1 Total 20
116 ||| 3
117 || 2 (i) Least no of times head fallen is 2.
124 | 1
|| (ii) Most no of times head fallen is 8.
125 2
127 | 1
4. (i) Class size = 110 – 100 = 10
130 | 1
Total 20 (ii) Class interval with highest frequency is 120 – 130 i.e. 10.

(iii) Upper limit of second class interval i.e. 110 – 120 is

Exercise 17.2
120.
1. Class Interval Tally Marks Frequency
120 + 130 250
0-10 |||| | | | | 9 (iv) Class mark of 120 – 130 = 2 = 2 = 125
10-20 17
|||| |||| |||| | | 5. Temperature (in º C) Tally Marks Frequency
Class Intervals
20-30 |||| |||| | | 12
5-6 3
|||
30-40 |||| | | 7

40-50 5 6-7 || 2
||||
7-8 |||| | 6
Total 50

8-9 5
(i) Class size is 10 – 0 = 10 ||||

9-10 5
(ii) Range = 50 – 0 = 50 ||||

30 + 40 10-11 4
(iii) Class mark of 30 – 40 = 2 = 35 ||||

11-12 ||| 3
(iv) 50
12-13 ||| 3
2. Marks (C.I.) Tally Marks Frequency
Total 31
0-10 |||| | | | 8
10-20 |||| | | | 8 (i) Minimum temperature in December is 5.2º C
20-30 |||| | 6
(ii) Maximum temperature in December is 12.5º C
30-40 ||| 3
40-50 |||| 5 (iii) Temperature range of 7º C to 8º C occur maximum
Total 30
number of times.
126 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 Exercise 17.3
1. Y

Class VII

100 Class VIII

Scale : any-axis
1 cm = 10 units
90

80

70

60

50
Pass Percentage

40

30

20

10

0
Rakesh Rajesh Vinay Rajni Aparna X
Students
2. Y

100
Scale : any-axis
1 cm = 10 marks
90

80

70

60
Marks

50

40

30

20

10

0
Hindi English Math Science S.St Arts X
Subjects

Fun & Joy with Math-8 127

3. Y

50
Scale : on Y-axis
1 cm = 10 Students
40

30
No. of Students

20

10

0
I II III IV V X
Classes
4. Y

3
No. of Children

0
25 30 35 40 45 50 X
Age group (in years)
5.

40
35
30
25
20
Area

15
10
5
0
Wheat Rice Grams Oil Seeds Cereals Jute Cotton
Crops
Cereals was cultivated in the largest area.

128 Fun & Joy with Math-8

6.

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600
No. of toys produced

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year

7. Y

700

Men
600
Women

500
Wages (in `)

400

300

200

100

0 X
A B C D E
Categories

Fun & Joy with Math-8 129

8. (i) Class size = 35 – 30 = 5 9. (i) Rainfall (in mm)
(ii) Number of educated males are highest in the age
group 35 – 40 i.e. 1100. (ii) Rainfall occurred all the days of a week.
(iii) Educated males are least in the age group 30-35 i.e.
300 (iii) Rainfall is minimum on Wednesday in a particular
(iv) Lowest frequency is 300. week.
(v) C.I. Class Marks
(iv) Rainfall is not same on any of the day.
30-35 30 + 35 65
= 2 = 32.5
2 (v) Maximum rainfall was on Saturday.
35-40 35 + 40 75
2 = 2 = 37.5 (vi) No, it is an horizontal graph.
40-45 40 + 45 85 10. (i) Only 1 student got marks between 80 to 90.
2 = 2 = 42.5
45-50 45 + 50 95 (ii) B students got the maximum marks i.e. 40-50.
2 = 2 = 47.5
50-55 (iii) Longest rectangle depicts the C.I. with highest
50 + 55 105
2 = 2 = 52.5
frequency.
55-60 55 + 60 115
2 = 2 = 57.5 (iv) Class size = 20 – 10 = 10

11.
Y

1600

1400

1200

1000

800
No. of Cars Produced

600

400

200

0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th X
Months

130 Fun & Joy with Math-8

12. Y

20

No. of Workers
15
10
5
0
X

2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Monthly income

13.
30 Quaterly
25
Half Yearly
20
15
10
Scores

5
0
Reshma Anubhav Rohini Amita Karim
Students

14. (i) 31 – 37 i.e. 11 (iii) No. of students passed in English = 5 + 8 + 10 + 6 +

(ii) Class size = 31 – 25 = 6 4 = 33

25 + 31 56 (iv) Class size = 20 – 10 = 10

(iii) Class mark of class 25 – 31 = = = 28
2 2
(iv) Total no. of supervisors in factory Exercise 17.4
= 9 + 11 + 5 + 4 + 2 1. (i) Not a random experiment
=
31 (ii) Random experiment
(v) False
(iii) Random experiment
No. of youngest supervisors in factory is 9.
(iv) Not a random experiment
15. (i) There are 3 workers in maximum salary group
(v) Random experiment
(ii) The salary group with max workers is 330 – 340
2. Total number of outcomes = 100
(iii) Class size = 310 – 300 = 10
Number of times even no. occur = 16 + 14 + 25 = 55
(iv) No. of workers whose salary is less than ` 330 = 5 +
55 11
20 + 25 = 50 Probability of getting an even number = 100 = 20

(v) No. of workers whose salary is ` 330 or more than 3. No. of red balls = 5
that = 30 + 15 + 3 = 48 No. of white balls = 7
(vi) Total no. of workers = 5 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 15+ 3 = 98 Total no. of balls = 5 + 7 = 12
16. (i) No. of students getting marks less than 30 = 2 + 1 = 3 7
(i) Probability that a ball drawn is white = 12
(ii) No. of students getting marks 60 or more than 60
5
marks = 10 + 6 + 4 = 20 (ii) Probability that a ball drawn is red = 12

Fun & Joy with Math-8 131

4. Total no. of times coin tossed = 200 (ii) (a) (0, 1)
No. of times head occurred = 85 73
(iii) (d) 135
No. of times tail occurred = 200 – 85 = 115
Total outcomes = 135
115 23
Probability of getting a tail = 200 = 40
No. of times head appears = 62
5. No. of green marbles = 8
No. of times tail appears = 135 – 62 = 73
No. of blue marbles = 2
73
No. of red marbles = 3 P (getting tail) = 135
No. of yellow marbles = 2 8
(iv) (c) 20
Total no. of marbles = 8 + 2 + 3 + 2 = 15 Total no. of outcomes = 20
2
(i) Probability of getting a yellow marble = 15 Prime number = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 i.e. 8
3 1
(ii) Probability of getting a red marble = 15 = 5 8 2
P (getting a prime number) = 20 = 5
8
(iii) Probability of getting a green marble = 15
Exercise 17.5
6. When two coins are tossed then possible outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT i.e. 4. 1. We have total marks obtained = 90 + 110 + 70 + 120 + 150
2 1
Probability of getting one head = 4 = 2 = 540
1
Probability of getting two heads = 4 Central angle for a component
Total number of marbles = 6 c m × 360º
7. marks obtained in each subject
=
Total marks
(i) No. of marbles with number 6 = 1 Calculation of central angle
1
... Required probability = 6 Subjects Marks obtained Central Angle
(ii) No. of marbles with number 5 = 1 Mathematics 90 90
1 540 × 360º = 60º
... Required probability = 6
Hindi 110 110
(iii) No. of marbles with number 3 = 1 540 × 360º = 73º
1 (approx)
... Required probability = 6
English 70 70
8. Total no. of throws of dice = 40 540 × 360 = 47º
No. of times 1 occured = 7 (approx)
No. of times 2 occured = 4 Science 120 120
No. of times 3, 4, 5, 6 occurred (greater than 2) 540 × 360 = 80º
= 40 – (7 + 4) G.K. 150 150
540 × 360 = 100º
= 40 – 11
= 29 Required pie-chart is
29
Then, probability of getting a number greater than 2 = 40
9. Total no. of cards = 52
Hindi
Number of red Cards = 26
Number of black Cards = 26
26 1
Then, probability of getting a black card = 52 = 2 English Mathematics
73º
10. Total number of cards = 6 47º 60º
Then, two cards are removed, so total number of remaining
80º
cards = 6 – 2 = 4 100º
1
So, probability of getting 6 = 4 Science
1 G.K.
11. (i) (b)
13
There are 4 queens in a pack of 52 cards P(queen)
4 1
= 52 = 13

132 Fun & Joy with Math-8

2. Total no. of students = 50 + 25 + 150 + 75 = 300 4. Total percentage of types of books = 100%
Calculation of central angle Calculation of Central angle
Mode of transport No. of students Central angle Type of books Percentage Central Angle
Scooter 50 50 Stories 20% 20
300 × 360 = 60º 100 × 360 = 72º
Car 25 25 Novels 15% 15
300 × 360 = 30º 100 × 360 = 54º
Bus 150 150 Drama 30% 30
300 × 360 = 180º 100 × 360 = 108º
on Foot 75 75 Adventure 10% 10
300 × 360 = 90º 100 × 360 = 36º
Required pie-chart is- others 25% 25
100 × 360 = 90º
Required pie-chart is :
Car

Scooter Novels
30º

60º Stories
Bus 180º
90º 54º
72º
Drama 108º
on foot 90º
36º
Others

Adventure
3. Total no. of players = 25 + 35 + 30 + 40 + 20
= 150
Calculation of Central angle 5. Total no. of students = 40 + 12 + 9 + 4 + 7 = 72
Calculation of central angle
Year No. of Players Central Angle
2005 25 Languages No. of students Central Angle
25
150 × 360 = 60º Hindi 40 40
2006 35 35 72 × 360º = 200º
150 × 360 = 84º English 12 12
2007 30 30 72 × 360º = 60º
150 × 360 = 72º Gujrati 9 9
2008 40 40 72 × 360º = 45º
150 × 360 = 96º Bengali 4 4
2009 20 20 72 × 360º = 20º
150 × 360 = 48º Marathi 7 7
Required pie-chart is : 72 × 360º = 35º
Required pie-chart is

2006
Hindi
2005
84º
60º 200º
2007 72º
48º
96º 35º
2004 60º Marathi
45º 20º
Be
English ng
2008 ali
Gujrati

Fun & Joy with Math-8 133

6. Total percentage of consumers = 100% 8. (i) Deer
Calculation of central angle (ii) Snakes and Crocodiles
Brand Percentage of Central Angle (iii) It forms an angle of 45º at the centre from the graph
consumers given
Tata Tea 35% 35
100 × 360 = 126º
45
... Required percentage = 360 × 100
Lipton 20% =
50 25
4 % = 2 %
20
100 × 360 = 72º
1
Brooke Bond 30% 30 = 12 2 %
100 × 360 = 108º 9. (i) Food
AVC 15% 15
100 × 360 = 54º (ii) Others
Required pie-chart is (iii) Let, the total expenditure be ` x.
18, 000
Then,x × 360º = 180º
18000
Tata Tea x = 180 × 360
= ` 36,000
Lipton 126º Let, case on clothing be ` y.
72º
y
108º
54º ... 36, 000 × 360 = 54º
AVC 54 × 36000
y= 360
Brooke Bond = 5400
Hence, cost on clothing is ` 5400.
(iv) Rent is forming 72º angle
7. Total salary = ` 14,400
Education is forming 36º angle
Item Amount (in `) Central Angle
... Expenses on rent is 2 times the expenses on education.
Food 5,400 5400
14, 400 × 360 = 135º 10. Total marks = 450
Clothing 4,000 4000
14, 400 × 360 = 100º
(i) English :
Marks in English
Rent 2,800 2800 Total Marks × 360 = Central angle
14, 400 × 360 = 70º
Marks in English
Education 1,800 1800 450 × 360 = 72º
14, 400 × 360 = 45º 72 × 450
Marks in English = 360
Miscellaneous 400 400
14, 400 × 360 = 10º = 90
Required pie-chart is Sanskrit :
Marks in Sanskrit
450 × 360 = 44º
44 × 450
Food Marks in Sanskrit = 360 = 55
Hindi :
Marks in Hindi
135º 450 × 360 = 52º
Clothing 100º 10º Miscellaneou
s 52 × 450
70º
45º
Marks in Hindi = 360 = 65
Education Maths :
Marks in Maths
Rent 450 × 360 = 84º
84 × 450
Marks in Maths = 360 = 105

134 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 SSt : 2. Here, the class interval with maximum frequency is 11,000
Marks in S.St – 14,000
450 × 360 = 45º
11, 000 + 14, 000 25, 000
40 × 450 Then, class mark = = =12,500
Marks in S.St = 360
2 2
Class size = 14,000 – 11,000 = 3,000
= 50
(ii) Maths i.e. 105 Project Work
(iii) S.St i.e. 50 Total no. of students = 40 + 12 + 9 + 7 + 4 = 72
Calculation of central angle
(iv) Maths i.e. 84º
11. Total number of Students = 720 Language No. of students Central Angle
Hindi 40 40
72 × 360 = 200º
(i) For Parantha :
Students liking Parantha
Total no. of students × 360 = 120º English 12 12
120 × 720 72 × 360 = 60º
Students liking Parantha = 360 = 240
Marathi 9 9
For Chapati : 72 × 360 = 45º
Students liking chapati Tamil 7 7
Total no. of students × 360º = 105 72 × 360 = 35º
105 × 720
Students liking chapati = = 210 Bengali 4 4
.
360 72 × 360 = 20º
. . Required difference = 240 – 210 = 30
Required pie chart is
(ii) For idli & sambhar
60 × 720
Students liking idli & sambhar = 360 = 120
75 × 720
(iii) Students liking bread and jam = 360 = 150
150 5
Required ratio = 120 = 4 = 5 : 4
Hindi
HOTS
200º
1. Total no.of children = 200
2
3 0º
No. of children liking milk = 82 60º 45º 5º Bengali

No. of children disliking milk = 118 Tamil

118 English
Probability of choosing a child disliking milk = 200 Marathi
59
= 100
qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 135

 Chapter-18 : Graphs
7. (i) Y
Exercise 18.1 8
1. Y 7
8 6 S (5, 6)
7 5
6 4 R (5, 4)
5 3
4 2 Q (5, 2)
3 (ii) (5, 3) 1 P (5, 0)
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
1 X'
(viii) (0, 0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
X'

Y'
Yes, these points lie on a line.
Y'
(ii) Y
2. (i) (2, 0) (ii) (– 3, – 5) (iii) (4, – 6) 8
3. (i) I quadrant (ii) I quadrant 7

(iii) II quadrant (iv) III quadrant 6

5
(v) II quadrant (vi) IV quadrant
4 O
4. Coordinates of A = (– 4, 6)
3 N
Coordinates of B = (1, 2)
2 M
Coordinates of C = (– 2, 3) 1 L
Coordinates of D = (1, – 4)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
X'
Coordinates of E = (– 5, – 2)
5. Coordinates of P = (0, 1)
Coordinates of Q = (1, 2)
Coordinates of R = (4, 4)
Coordinates of S = (3, 1)
Coordinates of T = (2, 0)
Coordinates of U = (1, 0) Y'
6. Coordinates of J = (– 3, 6) Yes, points lie on a line
Coordinates of K = (9, 1)
Coordinates of L = (– 3, 0) Exercise 18.2
Coordinates of M = (0, – 4) 1. (i) The given function is A = S2
Coordinates of N = (3, – 7) For different values of S, the corresponding values of
Coordinates of P = (– 7, – 8) A, will be given as.
136 Fun & Joy with Math-8
 S 0 1 2 3 Y
12 V U
A = S2 0 1 4 9
11
16 U
Y 10
15
9
14
8 Q
13
7
12
6
11
5
10
4
9 S C(3, 9)
3
8
2
7
R 1
6 P T
5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
X'
4 Q B(2, 4)
3
2

X'
1 A(1, 1)
X
P R T
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(0, 0)

Y' S 8
Y'

On the graph paper plot the points O(– 1, 1), A(1, 1),
B(2, 4), C(3, 9). Join them successively to obtain the (ii) Reading from the graph :
required graph. (a) on the x-axis, take the point P at x = 2.
(ii) Reading from the graph
Draw PQ ⊥ x-axis, meeting the graph at Q
(a) When s = 2, then A = 4. On the x-axis take the
clearly, PQ = 8 units
point P as s = 2. Draw PQ ⊥r x-axis meeting the
graph at Q clearly PQ = 4 units. ... x = 2⇒ y = 8
(b) When s = 3, then A = 9. (b) on the x-axis, take the point R at x = – 2
... On the x-axis take the point R as s = 3. Draw RS Draw RS ⊥ x-axis, meeting the graph at S.
⊥r x-axis meeting the graph at S. clearly, RS = 9 clearly, RS = – 8 units
units. s = 3 ⇒ A = 9
... x = – 2⇒ y = – 8
(c) When s = 4, then A = 16
(c) on the x-axis, take the point T at x = 3.
On the x-axis, take the point T as s = 4. Draw TU
⊥ x-axis meeting the graph at U clearly TU = 16 Draw UT ⊥ x-axis, meeting the graph at V.
units clearly, UT = 12 units
.
. . s = 4 ⇒ A = 16 ... x = 3 ⇒ y = 12
2. (i) The given function is : y = 4x 3. (i) x = y + 8
for different values of x, the corresponding values of y
x
will be as given below :
y 0 3 5 –2
x 0 1 2 3
It y = 0, then x = 0 + 8 = 8
y = 4x 0 4 8 12
It y = 3, then x = 3 + 8 = 11
on a graph paper plot the points O(0, 0), A(1, 4), B(2,
8) and C(3, 12). Join them successively to obtain the If y = 5, then x = 5 + 8 = 13
required graph. If y = – 2, then x = 8 + (– 2) = 6

Fun & Joy with Math-8 137

 Y (ii) At the time interval 15s-20s, when distance is not
6
C (13, 5) changing, then at that time the speed is zero.
5
4 (iii) The speed is highest in the time interval 10s-15s
3 B (11, 3)
(iv) Total distance travelled = (60 – 30) + (60 – 30)
2
1 = 30 + 30 = 60 m
A (8, 0) X
5. (i) The books sale was highest in the month of May.
X' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(ii) The sale of books was minimum in the month of
February.
Y'
(iii) Total books sold = 250 + 325 + 300 + 400 + 275
We will plot the point A(8, 0), B(11, 3), C(13, 5) and
D(6, – 2) on the graph and get the required graph. = 1550
(ii) y = x – 4 6. Y
600
x 2 5 –6 –4
500
y
400 Q
If x = 2, y = 2 – 4 = – 2 300
If x = 5, y = 5 – 4 = 1

S.I.
200
If x = – 6, y = – 6 – 4 = – 10 100
If x = – 4, y = – 4 – 4 = – 8 O
X' 1000 2000 3000 P 4000 5000 X
x 2 5 –6 –4
Deposits
y –2 1 – 10 –8
Y Y'
8
7 (i) Yes, the graph passes through the origin
6
(ii) On the x-axis, take the point P at x = 3,500
2
1 B (5, 1) Draw PQ ⊥ x-axis, meeting the graph at Q.
X' X
±6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 clearly, PQ = 315

... x = 3500 ⇒ SI = ` 315

7. (i) When, x changes from 0 to 2, then y changes from 8

to 4.

i.e. 4 – 8= – 4

(ii) When x changes from 2 to 6, then y remains constant

and does not change.

(iii) When x changes from 6 to 8, then y changes from 4

Y'
to 0.
On plotting the points on the graph paper we get the
i.e. 0 – 4= – 4
required graph
Distance covered 8. Given, D = 5t
4. (i) speed = Time taken
45 – 30 15 (i) t (in sec) 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
= 5 – 0 = 5
= 3 m/min D (in meter) 0 5 10 15 20 25 35 50

138 Fun & Joy with Math-8

 (ii) Y Y
16
B
14
12
60 10
55 8 A
50 6
C
45 4
K
40 2
O
35 S 0 1 2 3 4 5
X' X
30
D (in metre)

25 Q

20
B A C
15
10
5
X' X
P R
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D Y'
T (in sec)
PRT
Y' 10. Since, SI = 100

(iii) On the x-axis, take the point P at x = 5. Here, P = ` 10,000

Draw PQ ⊥r x-axis, meeting the graph at Q. R = 10% p.a.
clearly, PQ = 25 units 10, 000 × 10 × T
... SI =
... x = 5 ⇒ D = 25 100
on the x-axis, take the point R at x = 7. SI = 1000T

Draw RS ⊥r x-axis, meeting the graph at S. T 0 1 2 3

clearly, RS = 35 units SI 0 1000 2000 3000
... x = 5 ⇒ D = 35 Now, we will plot the points O(0, 0), A(1, 1000), B(2,
(iv) On the y-axis, take the point B at D = 15 m. 2000), C(3, 3000) on the graph paper.
Draw BA ⊥r y-axis meeting the graph at A.
Y
clearly BA = 3
... D = 15 m ⇒ t = 3 sec
5000
On the y-axis, take the point C at D = 45 m. 4500
Draw CK ⊥r y-axis meeting the graph at K.
Simple interesrt (in `)

4000
clearly, CK = 9 3500

... D = 45 m ⇒ t = 9 sec 3000 C

2500
1
9. Area of triangle, A = 2 × b × h 2000 B
Here, base, b = 15 cm 1500
1 1000
... A = 2 × 15 × h = 7.5 h A
500
X' X
h 0 1 2 –1 –2
O
A 0 7.5 15 – 7.5 – 15 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (in years)
Now, we graph the points O(0, 0), A(1, 7.5), B(2, 15),
C(– 1, 7.5) and D(– 2, – 15) on the graph paper. Y'

Fun & Joy with Math-8 139

11. (a) The graph of the given data is : (i) Yes, the graph passes throught the origin
Y (ii) On the X-axis, take the point P at x = 2500.
Draw PQ ⊥r x-axis, meeting the graph at Q.
35 clearly, PQ = 200 units
... x = 2500 ⇒ SI = ` 200
Cost (in `)
30
25 (iii) On the y-axis, take the point R at SI = ` 280.
20 Draw RK ⊥r y-axis, meeting the graph at K.
15 clearly RK = ` 3500
. . . SI = ` 280 ⇒ Deposit = ` 3500
10
5 12. (a) Scale on time axis 2cm = 1 hour
X' X
(b) Total time taken to travel = 11 : 30 a.m. – 8 : 00 a.m.
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 3 : 30 hour
Number of apples
(c) Total distance travelled = 22 km
Y' (d) Yes, as between 10 : 00 a.m. to 10 : 30 a. m. the
(b) Y distance remains constant. So, it shows that the
merchant waited at the place for half-an-hour.
160 (e) From 8 a.m. to 9 a.m., he covered the distance of 10 km.
140 From 9 a.m. to 10 a.m., he covered the distance of 6 km.
Distance (in km)

120 From 10 : 30 a.m. to 11 : 30 a.m., he covered the

100 distance of 6 km.
80 So, he rode fastest between 8: 00 a.m. to 9 : 00 a. m.
60
HOTS
40
PRT
20 1. SI = 100
X' X
O Here, P = ` 5,000
6 a. m.
7 a. m.
8 a. m.
9 a. m.
10 a. m.

R = 10%
5000 × 10 × T
Then SI = 100
Y' Time (in hours)
SI = 500T
(i) At 7 : 30 a.m. the car had covered the distance of 100 For different values of T, the corresponding values of SI is
km and at 8 : 00 am car had covered the distance of
given below :
120 km.
Distance covered between 7 : 30 am and 8 : 00 am T 0 1 2 3
120 – 100 = 20 km.
(ii) The 100 km distance is covered at 7 : 30 a.m. SI 0 500 1000 1500
So, the time taken is 7 : 30 a.m. - 6 : 00 a.m. = 1 : 30 On a graph paper plot the points O(0, 0), A(1, 500), B(2,
hours. 1000) and C(3, 1500). Join them successively to obtain the
(c) Y required graph.
Y

1600
1400
500
450
1200
400 1000
350
800
300
S.I. (in `)

R K 600
S.I.

250
Q
200 400
150
200
100
50 X' X
X' O 1 2 3 4
X
O P Time
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Deposit (in `)
Y' Y'

140 Fun & Joy with Math-8

2. Y = 4X Y
Where X is the length of the side of the square and Y is 80
the perimeter of the square for different values of X, the 70
Q
corresponding values of Y are given as below. 60
50
X 0 1 2 3

height (h)
40
Y 0 4 8 12
30
On a graph paper, plot the points O(0, 0), A(1, 4), B(2, 8) 20
and C(3, 12). Join them successively to obtain the required 10
graph. X' X
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
base (b)
Y
Y'
(a) When base increases the height decreases
12
(b) When base decreases the height increases.
10
8 Project Work
6 We will plot the points A(10, 500), B(15, 750), C(20,
4
1000) and D(25, 1250) and join them to get the required
graph.
2
Y
X' X
O 1500
1 2 3 4 5
1400
Y' 1300

1 1200
3. Area of a triangle, A = 2 × b × h
1100
1 1000
64 = 2 × b × h
900
128
h= b 800
700
For different values of b, the corresponding values of h
will be given as follow. 600
500
b 2 4 8 16 400
h 64 32 16 8 300
200
On a graph paper, plot the points A(2, 64), B(4, 32), C(8,
100
16) and D(16, 2). Join them successively to get the required X
graph. 0
5 10 15 20 25 30

qq

Fun & Joy with Math-8 141