AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT

SCENARIO USING IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARRISH MANOJ (2021105017)

RAHUL P (2021105538)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GUINDY,

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

NOVEMBER 2024

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF

VEHICLE ACCIDENT SCENARIO USING IOT” is the bonafide work

of “HARRISH MANOJ (2021105017), RAHUL P (2021105538)” who

carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. M. A BHAGYAVENI Dr. S. R. SRIRAM
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
PROFESSOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
College of Engineering Guindy, College of Engineering Guindy,
Anna University, Anna University,
Chennai – 600 025 Chennai – 600 025

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank God Almighty for His grace and blessings, which have made this
work a success.

We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. K.S. EASWARAKUMAR, Dean,

College of Engineering Guindy, for his support and encouragement.

We are deeply thankful to Dr. M. A. BHAGYAVENI, Professor and

Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of
Engineering Guindy for her guidance and motivation throughout our project.

Our heartfelt thanks go to our project supervisor, Dr. S. R. SRIRAM,

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy for her invaluable guidance,
technical expertise, and continuous encouragement.

We also express our gratitude to Dr. M. GULAM NABI ALSATH,

Associate Professor and all the faculty, staffs of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for their support and assistance.

Finally, we are deeply grateful to our family and friends for their
unwavering support and encouragement, which made this endeavor possible.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Road accidents involving cars and motorcycles cause significant casualties and

damages annually, often compounded by incomplete or inaccurate

documentation. This project addresses these challenges by designing a data-

driven system to collect and analyse critical accident parameters, ensuring

precise identification of causes and generation of comprehensive reports. The

system utilizes advanced sensors, including speedometers to monitor velocity,

gyroscopes to measure steering angles, and gas sensors to detect alcohol

consumption. An ESP32 microcontroller serves as the central hub, leveraging its

Wi-Fi capability to securely store data in the cloud while maintaining local

backups for redundancy. This real-time data acquisition and storage ensure

reliable information is available to stakeholders such as authorities, insurance

companies, and vehicle users, facilitating transparent accident investigations and

streamlined insurance claim evaluations. By bridging the gaps in traditional

reporting methods, the system enhances the accuracy and fairness of post-

accident processes, contributing to accountability and informed decision-

making. Furthermore, the project promotes road safety by improving post-

accident analysis and advancing modern traffic management systems.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 PROJECT MOTIVATION 1

1.2 FUNDAMENTALS 2

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

1.4 INFERENCE FROM THE LITERATURE 13

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 15

1.6 SUMMARY 16

2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 17

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN CHOICES 17

2.2 GYROSCOPE DESIGN CALCULATIONS 18

2.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENT

20
INTEGRATION

2.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND FIRMWARE 22

2.5 TESTING AND CALIBRATION 28

2.6 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 29

2.7 SUMMARY 30

iv
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 32

3.1 DATA ACQUISATION AND ANALYSIS 32

3.2 CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY 34

3.3 NOTABLE FEATURES 36

3.4 SUMMARY 37

4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 38

4.1 CONCLUSION 38

4.2 FUTURE WORKS 39

REFERENCES 40

v
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
TABLE TITLE
NO. NO.

3.1 GOOGLE SHEETS DATA TABULATION 32

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
.
NO. NAME
NO.

1.1 ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS 4

1.2 CONTROL STRUCTURED MODEL 5

1.3 IOT CLOUD SYSTEM 6

1.4 CONTRIBUTIONS AND DATA FLOW 7

1.5 DRIVING SIMULATOR AND 8

DRIVING SCENE FROM INSIDE THE
SIMULATOR

1.6 ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM 9

1.7 GPU LOSS AND TPU LOSS 10

1.8 ELECTRONIC SYSTEM SCHEME 11

1.9 FRAMEWORK TO DETECT THE QUALITY OF 12

WATER

1.10 OVERVIEW OF THE MANOEUVRING 13

DETECTION PROCESS

vii
2.1 GYROSCOPIC CODE 19

2.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 20

2.3 PSEUDOCODE FOR ARDUINO 23

2.4 PSEUDOCODE FOR ESP32 24

2.5 PSEUDOCODE FOR ESP32 CAMERA 25

2.6 PSEUDOCODE FOR APPSCRIPT 27

2.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 30

3.2 ESP32 CAMERA OUTPUT 33

3.3 CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY 35

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CSV - COMMA-SEPARATED VALUES

ESP32 - EMBEDDED SYSTEM PLATFORM 32-BIT

MICROCONTROLLER

ESP32-CAM - EMBEDDED SYSTEM PLATFORM 32-BIT

MICROCONTROLLER WITH CAMERA

FSR - FORCE-SENSITIVE RESISTOR

GPS - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

GPIO - GENERAL PROCESS INPUT/OUTPUT

GSM - GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

I2C - INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

IOT - INTERNET OF THINGS

JPEG - JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS GROUP

JSON - JAVASCRIPT OBJECT NOTATION

MQ-3 - ALCOHOL SENSOR MODEL

MPU6050 - MOTION PROCESSING UNIT (ACCELEROMETER AND

GYROSCOPE)

SD - SECURE DIGITAL (STORAGE)

viv
UART - UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVE

TRANSMITTER

URI - UNIFORM RESOURCE IDENTIFIER

vv
AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT
SCENARIO USING IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARRISH MANOJ (2021105017)

RAHUL P (2021105538)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GUINDY,

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

NOVEMBER 2024

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF

VEHICLE ACCIDENT SCENARIO USING IOT” is the bonafide work

of “HARRISH MANOJ (2021105017), RAHUL P (2021105538)” who

carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. M. A BHAGYAVENI Dr. S. R. SRIRAM
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
PROFESSOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
College of Engineering Guindy, College of Engineering Guindy,
Anna University, Anna University,
Chennai – 600 025 Chennai – 600 025

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank God Almighty for His grace and blessings, which have made this
work a success.

We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. K.S. EASWARAKUMAR, Dean,

College of Engineering Guindy, for his support and encouragement.

We are deeply thankful to Dr. M. A. BHAGYAVENI, Professor and

Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of
Engineering Guindy for her guidance and motivation throughout our project.

Our heartfelt thanks go to our project supervisor, Dr. S. R. SRIRAM,

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy for her invaluable guidance,
technical expertise, and continuous encouragement.

We also express our gratitude to Dr. M. GULAM NABI ALSATH,

Associate Professor and all the faculty, staffs of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering for their support and assistance.

Finally, we are deeply grateful to our family and friends for their
unwavering support and encouragement, which made this endeavor possible.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Road accidents involving cars and motorcycles cause significant casualties and

damages annually, often compounded by incomplete or inaccurate

documentation. This project addresses these challenges by designing a data-

driven system to collect and analyse critical accident parameters, ensuring

precise identification of causes and generation of comprehensive reports. The

system utilizes advanced sensors, including speedometers to monitor velocity,

gyroscopes to measure steering angles, and gas sensors to detect alcohol

consumption. An ESP32 microcontroller serves as the central hub, leveraging its

Wi-Fi capability to securely store data in the cloud while maintaining local

backups for redundancy. This real-time data acquisition and storage ensure

reliable information is available to stakeholders such as authorities, insurance

companies, and vehicle users, facilitating transparent accident investigations and

streamlined insurance claim evaluations. By bridging the gaps in traditional

reporting methods, the system enhances the accuracy and fairness of post-

accident processes, contributing to accountability and informed decision-

making. Furthermore, the project promotes road safety by improving post-

accident analysis and advancing modern traffic management systems.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 PROJECT MOTIVATION 1

1.2 FUNDAMENTALS 2

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

1.4 INFERENCE FROM THE LITERATURE 13

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 15

1.6 SUMMARY 16

2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 17

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN CHOICES 17

2.2 GYROSCOPE DESIGN CALCULATIONS 18

2.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENT

20
INTEGRATION

2.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND FIRMWARE 22

2.5 TESTING AND CALIBRATION 28

2.6 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 29

2.7 SUMMARY 30

iv
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 32

3.1 DATA ACQUISATION AND ANALYSIS 32

3.2 CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY 34

3.3 NOTABLE FEATURES 36

3.4 SUMMARY 37

4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 38

4.1 CONCLUSION 38

4.2 FUTURE WORKS 39

REFERENCES 40

v
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
TABLE TITLE
NO. NO.

3.1 GOOGLE SHEETS DATA TABULATION 32

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
NAME
NO. NO.

1.1 ARCHITECTURE OF BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS 4

1.2 CONTROL STRUCTURED MODEL 5

1.3 IOT CLOUD SYSTEM 6

1.4 CONTRIBUTIONS AND DATA FLOW 7

1.5 (A) DRIVING SIMULATOR 8

(B) DRIVING SCENE FROM INSIDE THE
SIMULATOR

1.6 ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM 9

1.7 (a) GPU LOSS 10

(b) TPU LOSS

1.8 ELECTRONIC SYSTEM SCHEME 11

1.9 FRAMEWORK TO DETECT THE QUALITY OF 12

WATER

1.10 OVERVIEW OF THE MANOEUVRING 13

DETECTION PROCESS

vii
2.1 GYROSCOPIC CODE 19

2.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 20

2.3 PSEUDOCODE FOR ARDUINO 23

2.4 PSEUDOCODE FOR ESP32 24

2.5 PSEUDOCODE FOR ESP32 CAMERA 25

2.6 PSEUDOCODE FOR APPSCRIPT 27

2.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 30

3.2 ESP32 CAMERA OUTPUT 33

3.3 CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY 35

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CSV - Comma-Separated Values

ESP32 - Embedded System Platform 32-bit Microcontroller

ESP32-CAM - Embedded System Platform 32-bit Microcontroller with Camera

FSR - Force-Sensitive Resistor

GPS - Global Positioning System

GPIO - General Process Input/Output

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication

I2C - Inter-Integrated Circuit

IoT - Internet of Things

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group

JSON - JavaScript Object Notation

MQ-3 - Alcohol Sensor Model

MPU6050 - Motion Processing Unit (Accelerometer and Gyroscope)

SD - Secure Digital (Storage)

UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter

URI - Uniform Resource Identifier

viv
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT MOTIVATION

The accurate documentation of vehicular accidents remains a critical challenge in

transportation safety, as the lack of reliable data often obstructs the identification
of root causes and the prevention of future incidents. Traditional accident
reporting methods rely heavily on manual observations, which are prone to biases
and inaccuracies. This project addresses these challenges by adopting a scientific
approach to systematically collect, process, and analyse real-time data during
accidents. By integrating sensors and utilizing Internet of Things (IoT)
technology, the system provides a robust, data-driven framework to evaluate
accident scenarios, offering significant advancements over conventional
methods. Such an approach ensures that decisions are based on objective
evidence, making investigations more transparent and credible.

A significant motivation for this work is to bridge the gap in traditional accident
reporting methods by leveraging IoT technology and multi-sensor integration.
Sensors such as speedometers, gyroscopes, and gas sensors monitor parameters
like speed, steering angle, and alcohol consumption. The data collected is
processed using an Embedded System Platform 32 –bit(ESP32) microcontroller,
which stores it locally and in the cloud for accessibility. This system not only aids
in identifying the cause of accidents but also provides essential data for insurance
evaluations, ensuring justice for all parties involved. By automating the data
collection and reporting process, the system eliminates biases and inaccuracies
prevalent in manual investigations, enabling a fairer and more efficient resolution
of disputes.

Moreover, this solution addresses the critical need for accurate accident reporting
in real-time, offering significant value to law enforcement, insurance companies,

1
and vehicle users. The integration of real-time monitoring and cloud-based
storage allows stakeholders to analyse events with unprecedented precision,
fostering accountability and informed decision-making. By ensuring
transparency and accessibility, the project contributes to creating a safer road
environment and streamlining post-accident processes. This initiative highlights
the importance of modern technological advancements in solving longstanding
societal issues and improving public safety standards.

1.2 FUNDAMENTALS

The Arduino Uno is a basic microcontroller board used to interface with sensors
and actuators. It has 14 digital input/output pins and 6 analog inputs, making it
suitable for reading data from devices like speedometers and gyroscopic sensors.
In this project, it collects and processes sensor data, which is then sent to other
components for further handling. Its Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection
allows easy programming through the Arduino IDE, and its reliable performance
ensures smooth operation in real-time data acquisition systems.

The ESP32 is a powerful microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

capabilities. It acts as the central communication hub in this project, transmitting
sensor data to cloud storage. With multiple General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
pins and high-speed dual-core processors, it handles tasks like connecting to the
internet, processing data, and managing communications. The ESP32 ensures
efficient and secure data transfer, supporting advanced IoT functionalities while
consuming minimal power.

The Neo6M Global Positioning System (GPS) module is used to track the
vehicle's exact location. It communicates with microcontrollers through
Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) or Inter-Integrated
Circuit (I2C) interfaces and provides real-time latitude and longitude data. This
module helps determine where and when accidents occur, which is essential for

2
investigations. Its high sensitivity ensures quick satellite acquisition, making it a
reliable source of geolocation information in dynamic environments.

The Embedded System Platform 32-bit Microcontroller with Camera (ESP32-

CAM) is a compact module combining the ESP32 microcontroller with a camera.
It captures images or streams video of accident scenarios, providing visual
evidence. This module uploads media files directly to cloud platforms via
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), allowing remote access. Its small size and efficient
performance make it ideal for use in vehicles to record real-time footage that
supports accident analysis.

The Motion Processing Unit (MPU6050) is a motion sensor with a 3-axis

accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope. It measures linear acceleration and
rotational velocity to detect sudden changes in vehicle movement, such as abrupt
stops or swerves. The sensor communicates via I2C, providing precise motion
data that helps reconstruct the events leading to an accident. Its high accuracy and
compact design make it indispensable for tracking vehicle orientation in real time.

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW

Alvi et al. (2021), in "A Comprehensive Study on IoT-Based Accident Detection

Systems for Smart Vehicles," explore the integration of IoT technologies in
vehicle safety, particularly focusing on accident detection systems. The paper
compares various systems, such as using smartphones for crash prediction,
vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), GPS/GSM-based accident detection, and
machine learning models. One of the critical contributions of this study is the
emphasis on the importance of efficient emergency response systems. The
authors note that even with advanced detection technologies, delays in rescue
operations contribute significantly to fatalities. They point out that while many
IoT-based solutions show promise in reducing the time for accident detection as
mentioned in Fig 1.1, challenges like traffic congestion, unreliable

3
communication channels, and high costs of infrastructure persist. The paper calls
for further research to refine these technologies and make them more efficient in
real-world applications.

Fig 1.1 Architecture of Behavioural Analysis

Fei Yan et al. (2021), in "An Automated Accident Causal Scenario Identification
Method for Fully Automatic Operation System Based on STPA," introduce a
novel approach to accident causal identification in Fully Automatic Operation
(FAO) systems, such as autonomous trains and vehicles. The authors address a
significant challenge in FAO systems: the complexity of hierarchical control
structures and the insufficient causal data provided by basic control models. Their
proposed method, based on System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), defines
a new control structure model as mentioned in Fig 1.2, that incorporates
additional system cause information to better understand accident scenarios. The
study demonstrates the practical application of their method on the Beijing
Yanfang Line, a fully automated subway system. The four-stage causal scenario
identification process ensures that potential failures are detected and corrected

4
before they lead to accidents. This research provides significant insight into
improving the safety of FAO systems, especially in urban transport networks.

Fig 1.2 Control Structured Model

Celesti et al. (2021), in "An IoT Cloud System for Traffic Monitoring and
Vehicular Accidents Prevention Based on Mobile Sensor Data Processing,"
propose an innovative solution for real-time traffic monitoring and accident
prevention. By utilizing IoT-enabled mobile sensors installed in both private and
public vehicles, the system can monitor traffic conditions in real time, particularly
in areas lacking fixed traffic sensors. The authors argue that sudden traffic
slowdowns, which often lead to accidents, can be mitigated by promptly alerting
drivers about traffic congestion and hazards. The paper highlights the potential of
cloud-based platforms like OpenGTS and MongoDB as mentioned in Fig 1.3, to
process large volumes of traffic data and generate timely alerts. One of the most
significant advantages of this system is its applicability for emergency vehicles,
particularly ambulances, allowing them to navigate congested traffic more

5
efficiently. The study also demonstrates that the system can alert drivers in critical
zones, thus preventing accidents by avoiding sudden decelerations.

Fig 1.3 IoT Cloud System

Grigorev et al. (2021), in "Automatic Accident Detection, Segmentation, and

Duration Prediction Using Machine Learning," introduce a machine learning-
based framework for segmenting traffic disruptions caused by accidents. The
study leverages datasets from Caltrans Performance Measurements and the
Countrywide Traffic Accident dataset. The authors apply machine learning
algorithms to accurately identify and segment traffic disruptions as mentioned in
Fig 1.4, leading to more precise predictions of accident duration and traffic
congestion. They test several models and find that their enhanced machine
learning approach yields better accuracy in predicting accident duration
compared to traditional methods. This improvement in prediction accuracy can
help traffic management systems optimize resources and improve the efficiency
of emergency responses. The research highlights the role of machine learning in
improving the prediction of traffic disruptions, which can help reduce traffic
congestion and improve safety.
6
 Fig 1.4 Contributions and Data Flow

Das et al. (2021), in "Differentiating Alcohol-Induced Driving Behaviour Using

Steering Wheel Signals," focus on detecting alcohol impairment in drivers using
vehicle-based sensor signals. The authors collect data from 108 drivers in a high-
fidelity driving simulator as mentioned in Fig 1.5(a) and Fig 1.5(b), both under
impaired and non-impaired conditions. By analysing steering wheel movements
and comparing various measures like sample entropy and Lyapunov exponent,
the paper demonstrates that nonlinear dynamic measures are more effective in
differentiating alcohol-induced driving impairment. The study reveals significant
individual variations in impairment responses, indicating the need for
personalized detection systems. This research contributes to the development of
real-time systems that can detect alcohol impairment based on steering behaviour,
ultimately enhancing road safety by preventing impaired driving.

7
 Fig 1.5(a)Driving simulator Fig1.5(b) Driving Scene From Inside

The Simulator

Tong et al. (2021), in "Embedded System Vehicle Based on Multi-Sensor

Fusion," propose a multi-sensor fusion system for autonomous vehicles that
combines deep learning (YOLOv4) and the Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF
(ORB) algorithm for detecting pedestrians, vehicles, and traffic signs. The system
integrates data from various sensors, providing a robust solution for vehicle
navigation in complex environments. The study also introduces a cloud-based
platform as mentioned in Fig 1.6, where vehicle owners can monitor the status of
their vehicles in real time. The authors show that their system achieves over 96%
accuracy in object recognition, demonstrating the potential of multi-sensor fusion
in improving the performance of autonomous vehicles. Moreover, the system’s
applications extend beyond transportation, with potential uses in fields like
agricultural irrigation, road firefighting, and even contactless delivery.

8
 Fig 1.6 Architecture of the System

Lopez-Montiel et al. (2021), in "Evaluation Method of Deep Learning-Based

Embedded Systems for Traffic Sign Detection," present a performance evaluation
of deep learning models for traffic sign detection (TSD) in autonomous vehicles.
The paper compares the efficiency of MobileNet v1 and ResNet50 v1 models,
combined with the SSD and FPN algorithms, across various hardware platforms
(CPU, GPU, TPU, and embedded systems). The results show that using a Tensor
Processing Unit (TPU) as mentioned in Fig 1.7(b), leads to processing times that
are 16.3 times faster than a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as mentioned in Fig
1.7(a), and also provides improved detection precision. This study contributes to
the development of more efficient TSD systems by identifying the optimal
hardware configurations for different deep learning models, which is essential for
autonomous vehicle navigation and safety.

9
 Fig 1.7 (a) GPU loss Fig 1.7(b) TPU loss

Rosero-Montalvo et al. (2021), in "Hybrid Embedded-Systems-Based Approach

to in-Driver Drunk Status Detection Using Image Processing and Sensor
Networks," propose a system that combines sensor networks with computer
vision to detect alcohol impairment in drivers. The system uses sensors as
mentioned in Fig 1.8, such as gas sensors, temperature sensors, and cameras to
monitor alcohol concentration and physical signs of impairment, like facial
temperature and pupil dilation. A machine learning algorithm is employed to
process this data and classify the driver’s condition. The study shows that the
system performs well with low computational requirements, making it suitable
for embedded systems. This technology offers a practical solution for preventing
accidents caused by drunk driving by preventing vehicle startup when the driver
is intoxicated.

10
 Fig 1.8 Electronic System Scheme

Kumar et al. (2023), in their paper "IoT-Enabled Advanced Water Quality

Monitoring System for Pond Management and Environmental Conservation,"
present a real-time water quality monitoring system that utilizes IoT technology.
Although not directly related to accident detection, this study illustrates the
broader potential of IoT systems in real-time monitoring and environmental
safety. The system, based on an ESP32 microcontroller as mentioned in Fig 1.9,
collects data from sensors measuring water quality parameters such as turbidity,
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), and pH. The data is uploaded to the cloud,
providing real-time analysis via an application. This system can be adapted to
monitor vehicle health parameters or environmental conditions that affect road
safety.

11
 Fig 1.9 Framework To Detect The Quality Of Water

Leakkaw and Panichpapiboon (2023), in "Real-Time Vehicle Manoeuvring

Detection Using a Digital Compass," propose a method for detecting vehicle
manoeuvres using a digital compass. Unlike traditional methods relying on
accelerometers and gyroscopes, which require fixed orientations, the digital
compass method allows for flexible placement of smartphones in any orientation
within the vehicle. The study shows that this technique effectively detects vehicle
turns, U-turns, and lane changes with high accuracy as mentioned in Fig 1.10,
offering potential applications in traffic incident detection and driver behaviour
recognition. This approach is especially useful in cases where traditional sensor
positioning is not feasible.

12
 Fig 1.10 Overview of the Manoeuvring Detection Process

1.4 INFERENCES FROM THE LITERATURE

The research studies explored highlight the importance of IoT-based systems,
machine learning, and embedded systems in improving road safety and vehicle
behaviour analysis, all of which align closely with the objectives of our project.
One key inference is the ability of IoT-based systems to collect and transmit data
in real-time, providing crucial insights into traffic conditions, accident detection,
and vehicle performance. For instance, the study by Celesti et al. emphasizes the
use of mobile sensor data processing and cloud-based IoT systems to detect traffic
anomalies in real-time. This approach is highly relevant to our project, as we aim
to collect data from sensors in vehicles and transmit it to a cloud server for
analysis, enabling quick identification of potential accidents or risky driving
behaviours.

Another critical aspect highlighted across the studies is the effectiveness of

machine learning models in predicting and classifying driving behaviour.
Research by Grigorev et al. on traffic disruption segmentation and accident

13
duration prediction shows the importance of advanced models in enhancing the
accuracy of predictions based on traffic data. Similarly, Rosero-Montalvo et al.
focus on detecting alcohol-induced impairment using machine learning, which
can be applied to our project for differentiating between normal and impaired
driving behaviors. By leveraging machine learning techniques, we can enhance
the precision of our system, enabling better detection of dangerous driving
scenarios and improving accident prevention capabilities.

The studies also underscore the significance of sensor fusion and multi-sensor
systems for accurate monitoring and detection. In the work of Tong et al., the
fusion of multiple sensors for autonomous vehicle systems improves environment
perception, crucial for safe navigation. For our project, this reinforces the idea
that combining multiple sensor inputs (speed, gyroscope, alcohol sensors) will
lead to more reliable accident detection and accurate analysis of driving
conditions. By integrating sensors such as alcohol detectors, GPS, and gyroscope
sensors in vehicles, we can ensure that our system operates with a higher degree
of precision, improving real-time decision-making.

Furthermore, the research by Leakkaw and Panichpapiboon offers a novel method

of vehicle manoeuvring detection using a digital compass. This paper highlights
the potential of smartphone sensors to detect specific driving behaviours without
relying on physical placement or orientation. This is particularly relevant to our
project, as we can use similar technology to monitor vehicle movements and
recognize manoeuvres such as lane changes or sudden turns, which are often
precursors to accidents. The success of using a digital compass in vehicle
manoeuvring detection directly supports our goal of building a system that can
track and analyse vehicle behaviours in real-time, offering proactive solutions for
accident prevention. The integration of IoT systems, machine learning, and multi-
sensor fusion, as discussed in the literature, provides a solid foundation for our
project. By combining these technologies, we can create a robust vehicle

14
monitoring system that enhances safety and supports real-time accident detection
and prevention.

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

 Accurate Accident Cause Identification:

The primary objective is to collect real-time data from various vehicle
parameters (e.g., speed, steering angle, alcohol detection, and adherence to
traffic signals) to precisely identify the cause of an accident. This data will
be processed and analysed to generate a detailed and accurate report of the
incident, eliminating biases associated with traditional reporting methods.
The system will provide a clear understanding of how the accident
occurred, contributing to more reliable investigations.

 Real-Time Data Collection and Cloud Integration:

The project aims to leverage IoT technologies, including sensors and
microcontrollers like the ESP32, to collect and transmit accident-related
data to cloud storage. This will ensure real-time access to crucial
information for law enforcement and insurance companies, streamlining
accident investigations and insurance claim processing. By storing data
locally and in the cloud, the system ensures that important information is
both accessible and secure for future analysis.

 Enhanced Transparency and Accountability:

By providing detailed and reliable data, the project will facilitate the
identification of the responsible party in accidents. This will promote
fairness in accident claims and insurance evaluations, while also ensuring
that all relevant data is available for accurate and transparent decision-
making in legal and insurance matters. The system’s ability to eliminate
inaccuracies in reporting will significantly improve the credibility of

15
 accident-related data, making it a valuable tool for all stakeholders
involved.

1.6 SUMMARY

The project aims to improve the accuracy and transparency of vehicular accident
documentation by integrating IoT technologies and advanced sensors. Traditional
accident reporting often relies on manual observations, which can be biased and
inaccurate, making it difficult to determine the real cause of accidents. To address
this, the project collects real-time data from sensors like speedometers,
gyroscopic sensors, alcohol detectors, and GPS modules. This data is processed
and transmitted through an ESP32 microcontroller to the cloud, ensuring
accessible and reliable information for law enforcement and insurance
companies. The system automates data collection, reducing human error and
providing an objective account of incidents.

This work enhances accident detection and cause identification by utilizing

sensor fusion and machine learning. Integrating multiple sensors ensures all
relevant factors, such as speed, steering angle, and alcohol consumption, are
considered during analysis. This approach offers detailed, actionable insights that
lead to faster, more accurate investigations. With cloud-based storage, the system
ensures real-time data availability, improving decision-making and response
times. Ultimately, this project provides a transparent and reliable method for
accident documentation, leading to more effective insurance evaluations, law
enforcement actions, and proactive accident prevention strategies.

16
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN CHOICES

Our project focuses on building an IoT-based accident detection and analysis

system that captures and transmits critical real-time data, such as vehicle speed,
location, alcohol levels, motion dynamics, and impact forces. This system
employs a combination of Arduino, ESP32, ESP32-CAM, and multiple sensors,
integrated for efficient data collection and transmission. Each component was
chosen carefully for its specific functionalities and capabilities, ensuring the
system is robust, reliable, and tailored to meet the project’s needs.

We selected Arduino as it excels in handling analog sensor data, such as those

from the force sensor and MQ-3 alcohol sensor. Its simplicity, library support,
and cost-effectiveness make it a perfect choice for prototyping and sensor
interfacing. The ESP32, with its dual-core processor, Wi-Fi capabilities, and
GPIO versatility, manages data processing and wireless transmission to the cloud.
For capturing accident visuals, the ESP32-CAM is ideal due to its on-board
camera, SD card support, and compact design, enabling real-time image and
video capture alongside sensor data.

The sensors included in this project provide detailed insights into accident
scenarios. The force sensor (FSR) measures collision impact, with a range of up
to 10 kg, allowing us to assess the severity of accidents. The MQ-3 ethanol sensor
detects alcohol concentrations between 0.04 mg/L and 4 mg/L, making it critical
for evaluating driver impairment. The NEO-6M GPS module tracks location with
2.5-meter accuracy, ensuring precise geotagging of incidents. The MPU6050
combines a gyroscope and accelerometer to measure pitch, roll, and vibrations,
with a sensitivity range of ±250°/sec to ±2000°/sec for the gyroscope and ±2g to
±16g for the accelerometer, offering comprehensive motion analysis.

17
To support the system’s power demands, a stable power supply unit was included,
ensuring uninterrupted operation of all components, including high-power
devices like the ESP32-CAM. Additionally, a Secure Digital (SD) card module
is integrated with the ESP32-CAM to store captured images and videos locally
when network connectivity is unavailable, ensuring data redundancy and
reliability.Each component was specifically chosen for its role in addressing
critical project requirements. The Arduino simplifies analog sensor management,
while the ESP32 and ESP32-CAM provide advanced connectivity and visual data
capture. Sensors like the MQ-3, MPU6050, and force sensor offer precise
environmental data, and modules like the GPS and SD card enhance system
utility.

2.2 GYROSCOPE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Our aim is to calculate tyre wheel angle of a car from the steering wheel angle
using the MPU6050, you need to account for the steering ratio of the car. Here's
how you can proceed:

Steps:

1. Measure Steering Wheel Angle:

o Use the MPU6050 (accelerometer + gyroscope) to measure the

rotation angle of the steering wheel. The gyroscope provides the rate
of change of angular velocity, and by integrating over time, you can
calculate the angle of rotation.

o Formula for angle integration from gyroscope data:

Steering wheel angle = ∫ Gyroscope Data (degrees/second) ⋅ Δt

2. Understand Steering Ratio:

o The steering ratio is the relationship between the steering wheel

angle and the wheel angle (or front tire turn angle). For example, the
18
 steering ratio is 16:1, it means 16° of steering wheel rotation results
in 1° of wheel rotation.

o Common steering ratios range from 12:1 to 20:1(passenger cars).

For our calibration, we took the value as 12:1.

Tyre Wheel Angle=Steering Wheel Angle / Steering Ratio

3. Account for Physical Limits:

o The wheel angle is physically limited by the maximum steering lock

angle of the car, typically ±30° to ±50° for most vehicles. Make sure
to constrain your calculations within this range.

4. Calibrate the MPU6050:

o Perform calibration to ensure accurate measurements. Use

gyroscope data to correct for drift.

5. Implement in Code: Using Arduino or ESP32

Fig 2.1 Gyroscopic code

19
 6. Fine-Tune:

o Validate the system with real-world measurements to ensure

accuracy.

2.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENT INTEGRATION

The system architecture for this project is designed to integrate IoT components
seamlessly for real-time vehicular data collection, processing, and transmission.
The central framework emphasizes modularity, reliability, and scalability to
ensure effective accident detection and analysis. Each component in the
architecture plays a specific role, contributing to the overall functionality of the
system. The architecture incorporates various sensors, microcontrollers, and
storage modules, with their interconnections illustrated in the block diagram
above.

At the core of the system is the Arduino Uno as mention in Fig 2.2, which serves
as the primary microcontroller. It acts as the interface for data acquisition,
collecting signals from multiple sensors. The MQ3 alcohol sensor measures the
driver’s alcohol levels, providing analog signals that are processed into readable
data by the Arduino.

Fig 2.2 System Architecture

20
The GPS module (Neo6M) supplies real-time location data, crucial for tracking
the vehicle's position during an accident. The MPU6050 gyroscopic sensor
monitors the vehicle's motion dynamics, including angular velocity and linear
acceleration, which help identify sudden movements or collisions. Additionally,
a force sensor captures impact levels, enabling the system to assess the severity
of an accident. A stable power supply ensures that the Arduino and its connected
sensors operate reliably under all conditions.

The ESP32 microcontroller is the system's communication and data management

hub. It facilitates the transfer of processed data from the Arduino to various
storage platforms, enabling both local and remote access. The logic level
converter connects the Arduino and ESP32 by bridging their different operating
voltages (5V and 3.3V, respectively), ensuring compatibility in data
communication. The ESP32 transmits accident-related data to cloud storage,
allowing stakeholders to access it in real time from any location. Additionally,
the ESP32 integrates with external storage, such as SD cards, for local data
backup, ensuring redundancy in case of connectivity issues. An ESP32-CAM
module may also be incorporated to capture visual evidence, such as images or
videos, during an accident, providing valuable context for analysis. The ESP32
has its own dedicated power supply, guaranteeing uninterrupted operation.

The communication between Arduino and ESP32 is achieved through serial or

I2C protocols, with the logic level converter ensuring smooth interaction. This
modular setup allows for easy expansion, enabling the addition of new sensors or
modules without disrupting the system's existing functionalities. The system's
dual-layer data storage—cloud and local—ensures that no critical information is
lost, even during network disruptions.

The operational workflow begins with the sensor data collection phase, where all
sensors continuously monitor their respective parameters and send raw data to the
Arduino for pre-processing. For example, the alcohol sensor alerts the system if

21
it detects alcohol levels above a certain threshold, while the gyroscopic sensor
tracks real-time motion to identify sudden deviations indicative of accidents. The
Arduino processes this data by filtering noise, converting signals, and performing
initial validation. Once processed, the data is sent to the ESP32 for advanced
handling.

The ESP32 manages data transmission and storage. It uploads data to the cloud
for remote accessibility and stores it locally for redundancy. Furthermore, it
integrates with external systems, such as machine learning algorithms in the
cloud, to enable real-time data analysis. This ensures timely detection and
reporting of accident scenarios, which is crucial for emergency responses and
investigations.

This architecture offers several advantages. Its modular design ensures that each
component functions independently while maintaining seamless integration.
Scalability is a key feature, allowing for the addition of new modules without
significant reconfiguration. The dual-storage approach ensures reliability, as data
is protected even in the event of connectivity issues. Overall, the system
effectively combines IoT technology with robust data storage and communication
mechanisms, providing a comprehensive and efficient solution for vehicular
accident detection and analysis.

2.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND FIRMWARE

The firmware for this project is designed to collect real-time data from a GPS
module, an MPU6050 sensor, and a force sensor, and send it to an ESP32 for
processing. Using the Arduino IDE, the program initializes communication with
the sensors via libraries like Wire.h for I2C, SoftwareSerial.h for GPS, and
MPU6050_light.h for motion sensing. The main loop continuously reads data
from the GPS every 500 milliseconds (ms), updating the latitude, longitude,
speed, and time, with the time adjusted from Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)

22
to Indian Standard Time (IST). The MPU6050 sensor updates every 10 ms to
capture the vehicle’s orientation, and the force sensor checks for impact data. All
collected data is packaged into Comma Separated Values (CSV) format and sent
to the ESP32 every 10 ms.

In this pseudocode mentioned in fig 2.3, it ensures efficient real-time data

collection using non-blocking functions like millis() to manage updates for each
sensor at different intervals. By processing GPS, MPU6050, and force sensor data
separately, the system avoids delays and keeps the data flow continuous and
smooth. This setup provides real-time insights into the vehicle's status, making it
ideal for accident detection and monitoring. The program is designed to be
flexible and easily adaptable for future upgrades, whether integrating new sensors
or modifying data collection methods.

Fig 2.3 Pseudocode for Arduino

23
The ESP32 collects and transmits real-time sensor data from an Arduino system
to Google Sheets. The code begins by initializing the ESP32’s Wi-Fi connection
to a specified network and setting up communication with an Arduino via Serial2.
The ESP32 listens for incoming data from the Arduino, which sends sensor
readings in CSV format. These values include GPS coordinates (latitude and
longitude), vehicle speed, time (hour, minute, second), roll angle, ethanol level,
and a force sensor value. The received data is parsed, converted to the appropriate
data types, and displayed for debugging purposes before being sent to a Google
Sheets document via an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) POST request. This
allows for seamless integration of the ESP32 with cloud services for data storage
and retrieval.

In this pseudocode mentioned in fig 2.4, is to handle communication in real-time,

ensuring efficient transmission of data with minimal delay.

Fig 2.4 Pseudocode for ESP32

24
The ESP32 reads incoming data from Arduino and sends it to the Google Apps
Script (which connects to Google Sheets) every 500 ms. To manage this timing,
the code uses millis() for non-blocking timing, ensuring that the system can
efficiently check for new data without interrupting other tasks. Additionally, the
firmware handles the Wi-Fi connection status, ensuring that data is only sent
when a stable connection is available. An on-board Light-emitting diode (LED)
is used as an indicator to show when data is being transmitted, helping visualize
the system's activity. This approach ensures reliable and continuous operation of
the data logging system while also maintaining flexibility for future modifications
or integrations.

The software for the ESP32-CAM focused on enabling real-time video streaming
and image capturing. It used the esp camera, WiFi, and esp_http_server libraries
to interface with the camera and manage network connections. In this pseudocode
mentioned in fig 2.5(a) and fig 2.5(b), is to optimize the ESP32’s performance
for camera captures and network communication.

Fig 2.5(a) Pseudocode for ESP32 Camera

25
 Fig 2.5(b) Pseudocode for ESP32 Camera

The camera was configured with the correct pin settings, and a Wi-Fi connection
was established using the provided Service Set Identifier (SSID) and password.
The software handled two main actions: streaming live video at the root Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI) and capturing snapshots at the /capture URI, sending
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images with boundary markers for
smooth streaming. It initialized the camera based on available resources, handling
JPEG compression for the frames. The firmware also managed error handling for
capture and compression failures and sent appropriate HTTP error responses. It
ensured continuous streaming while allowing snapshot captures when requested.

This work ensures on creating a Google Apps Script function to process and store
accident-related data received via an HTTP POST request from ESP32-based
devices. "We designed the script to open a specific Google Sheet using its unique
ID and ensure that the sheet maintains a clean structure by removing unnecessary
columns beyond the expected range," the developers reported. "The code
validates incoming JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data, assigns default
values for missing parameters, and appends sanitized information, such as

26
latitude, longitude, time components, speed, and sensor readings, into the sheet."
Emphasis was placed on robust error handling to manage issues like invalid JSON
input or append failures, ensuring smooth operation.

In this pseudocode mentioned in fig 2.6, it is running on ESP32 devices is

programmed to capture real-time accident-related metrics such as GPS
coordinates, time details, speed, and sensor data (like ethanol and force levels).

Fig 2.6 Pseudocode for Appscript

27
We ensured the firmware collects and formats this data into a JSON structure
before transmitting it via HTTP POST requests to the Google Apps Script
endpoint," the team explained. The ESP32 firmware is optimized to handle
network connectivity, retry logic, and accurate data readings from sensors,
ensuring consistent and precise data delivery to the cloud-based storage system.

2.6 TESTING AND CALIBRATION

During the testing phase, the team began by verifying the integration of all
components—Arduino, ESP32, and ESP32-CAM and it ensured that the
Arduino, responsible for capturing sensor data (e.g., gyroscope, accelerometer),
communicated correctly with the ESP32 via serial communication. We checked
the ESP32’s ability to handle incoming data and send it accurately to Google
Sheets, verifying that the data was logged correctly with each transmission and
focused on verifying the connectivity and functionality of the ESP32-CAM and
confirmed the Wi-Fi connection by checking the serial monitor for successful
connection messages.

In the calibration phase, we focused on fine-tuning the various components for

optimal performance. For the ESP32-CAM, the camera's settings—such as frame
size, JPEG quality, and Wi-Fi strength—were calibrated to provide the best
streaming performance with minimal lag and image degradation and adjusted the
frame rate to balance smooth streaming with system resource usage. For the
Arduino, sensor thresholds were calibrated, ensuring the gyroscope and
accelerometer values remained within expected ranges and were transmitted
accurately to the ESP32. Calibration also included optimizing the communication
between the Arduino and ESP32, making sure the sensor data was processed
promptly and transmitted efficiently to Google Sheets without loss. The team also
ensured that the ESP32, as the central hub, was capable of handling continuous
data streams from both the sensors and the camera without performance
degradation.

28
2.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

The schematic diagram illustrates the interconnection between the ESP32

microcontroller and the Arduino Uno, highlighting the critical role of a level
shifter for voltage compatibility. The ESP32 operates at a logic level of 3.3V,
whereas the Arduino Uno functions at 5V, necessitating the level shifter to
translate voltage signals. This ensures safe and seamless communication between
the two devices. The UART2 pins of the ESP32, namely TX2 (transmit) and RX2
(receive), are connected to the low-voltage (LV) side of the level shifter, while
the high-voltage (HV) side interfaces with the Arduino’s SRX and STX pins. This
setup facilitates bidirectional data transfer between the microcontrollers, forming
the backbone of the communication infrastructure.

Power delivery is carefully managed to ensure the stable operation of the

components. The Arduino Uno is powered by a 9V battery, which connects to its
5V and GND pins. The onboard voltage regulator of the Arduino steps the 9V
input down to 5V, supplying power to its internal circuitry and attached sensors.
The ESP32, on the other hand, receives power independently, with its ground pin
connected to the shared ground of the Arduino and the level shifter. This common
ground is crucial for maintaining signal integrity and ensuring proper operation
across the system.

The UART communication protocol employed in the setup is highly efficient,

enabling the ESP32 to collect sensor data transmitted from the Arduino. The TX
and RX lines are cross-connected, allowing the TX of one device to send data to
the RX of the other. This straightforward yet effective approach ensures smooth
data exchange, which is vital for the project’s functionality. The data received by
the ESP32 can then be processed, stored, or uploaded to cloud platforms, making
the system suitable for IoT and sensor-based applications.

29
As mentioned in the fig 2.7, the schematic diagram emphasizes the design’s
reliability, scalability, and safety. The level shifter ensures that both
microcontrollers can communicate without voltage incompatibilities, protecting
the components from potential damage. The use of a 9V battery for the Arduino
guarantees an uninterrupted power supply, while the shared ground connection
underpins the stability of the entire system. This thoughtful design creates a
robust foundation for further development and successful project deployment.

Fig 2.7 Schematic diagram

2.8 SUMMARY
The project focuses on designing an IoT-based accident detection and analysis
system leveraging Arduino, ESP32, ESP32-CAM, and multiple sensors for
efficient real-time data collection, processing, and transmission. The system
integrates critical components tailored for specific functionalities: Arduino for
analog sensor management, ESP32 for wireless communication and data
management, and ESP32-CAM for capturing visual data. Sensors like the FSR,
MQ-3 ethanol sensor, MPU6050, and NEO-6M GPS module provide detailed
information on collision impact, driver impairment, vehicle motion dynamics,
and location tracking, ensuring robust accident analysis. A stable power supply
30
and dual-layer data storage (local and cloud) enhance system reliability and
scalability, supporting seamless integration of additional components if
required.

The software development focuses on real-time data handling, efficient sensor

integration, and cloud communication. Arduino collects data from sensors,
processes it, and transmits it to ESP32, which uploads it to Google Sheets using
HTTP POST requests. The ESP32 firmware ensures network stability and
supports retry logic for data delivery. Additionally, the ESP32-CAM streams
video and captures images for enhanced contextual analysis. Rigorous testing and
calibration were conducted to ensure accurate measurements, efficient
communication between components, and reliable data transmission. The
architecture’s modular design, supported by a level shifter for voltage
compatibility, allows smooth operation and scalability, forming a robust
foundation for accident detection and analysis.

31
 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

The results obtained from the Google Sheets underline the robust functionality
and seamless integration of the IoT-based monitoring system. Real-time data
logging for multiple parameters, such as latitude, longitude, speed, steering wheel
angle, ethanol level, and force sensor readings, is achieved with precision and
consistency. The timestamped data in the first column ensures accurate
chronological tracking of events, showcasing the effectiveness of data
transmission from the Arduino Uno to Google Sheets via the ESP32 module. The
latitude and longitude values remain stable as mentioned in table 3.1, reflecting
the stationary setup during the experiment.

Date & Latitude Longitude Speed Steering Ethanol Force Tyre

Time Wheel Level Sensor Wheel
Angle Angle
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.23 453 0 1.935833333
12:40:00
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.33 453 0 1.944166667
12:40:01
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.43 453 0 1.9525
12:40:02
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.53 453 0 1.960833333
12:40:03
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.63 453 0 1.969166667
12:40:04
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.73 453 0 1.9775
12:40:05
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.83 453 0 1.985833333
12:40:06
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 23.93 453 0 1.994166667
12:40:07
25/11/2024 13.015123 80.238823 0 24.03 453 0 2.0025
12:40:08
Fig 3.1 Google Sheets Data Tabulation

32
The data's systematic organization on Google Sheets allows for effortless analysis
and visualization. By plotting graphs or analysing trends, stakeholders can derive
meaningful insights from the recorded data. For instance, variations in ethanol
levels or steering wheel angles can help identify irregularities or potential safety
concerns. The integration of such diverse sensor data into a unified platform
demonstrates the project's scalability, as additional sensors can be incorporated
to monitor other critical parameters in similar systems. Despite the occasional
computational issues, the consistent flow of data to the cloud establishes this
framework as a dependable solution for IoT-driven applications.

The ESP32-CAM module has significantly enhanced the system’s functionality

through its ability to capture and upload high-quality images to a dedicated
Google Drive folder. The folder's timestamped images serve as visual proof of
the experiment’s environment and conditions, adding an extra dimension of data
verification and context to the numerical readings logged in Google Sheets. As
mentioned in the fig 3.2, these images provide additional clarity, ensuring that

Fig 3.2 ESP32 Camera Output

33
the sensor data can be cross-referenced with the captured visuals for accurate
interpretation. For instance, steering wheel angle changes or force sensor
activations can be directly correlated with real-time photographs, offering an
unmatched level of transparency in the monitoring process. This ability to
integrate visual and numerical data elevates the system from being purely data-
centric to being a comprehensive monitoring tool.

The successful cloud upload of images via the ESP32-CAM module highlights
the reliability and adaptability of the IoT architecture. By bridging the gap
between physical monitoring and digital documentation, the system demonstrates
its potential for wide-ranging real-world applications. Whether used in vehicle
safety systems, industrial monitoring, or environmental tracking, this IoT-based
setup ensures seamless documentation and analysis. Furthermore, the captured
images can serve as a historical log or be analysed with AI or machine learning
algorithms for advanced predictive analysis. The integration of visual evidence
not only strengthens the credibility of the sensor data but also underscores the
system's readiness for deployment in complex monitoring environments.

3.2 CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY

The circuit assembly involved a precise arrangement of multiple hardware

components, including the Arduino Uno, ESP32-CAM, level shifter, and various
sensors, all integrated on a breadboard for modularity and ease of connection.
Jumper wires were used to establish connections, ensuring a neat and systematic
layout. The Arduino Uno was powered by a 9V battery, providing stable and
portable power. The ESP32 and sensors were powered through regulated voltage
supplies to avoid fluctuations. The steering wheel module and the force sensor
were mounted securely to prevent movement and ensure accurate data capture
during operation. Photographs of the hardware assembly document the detailed
connections, showing a compact and efficient design that is easy to replicate and
troubleshoot.

34
This experimental setup successfully combines hardware and software to monitor
real-time parameters while storing data in Google Sheets and Google Drive. The
ESP32-CAM integration for image capture adds significant value to the system
as mentioned in the fig 3.3, by introducing a visual monitoring feature, which can
be critical in applications like driver safety and remote surveillance. The minor
computational errors observed in Google Sheets highlight opportunities for
improvement in data handling, such as refining the communication protocol or
implementing error-checking mechanisms. Overall, the system proves to be a
reliable and versatile IoT solution capable of addressing various monitoring and
documentation needs, paving the way for more advanced and scalable
applications in the future.

Fig 3.3 Circuit Assembly

35
3.3 NOTABLE FEATURES

The IoT-based monitoring system exhibits several notable features that

underscore its efficiency, reliability, and scalability. First, the seamless
integration of hardware and software components ensures precise and consistent
real-time data logging for various parameters, including location coordinates,
speed, steering wheel angle, ethanol level, and force sensor readings. The use of
Google Sheets for data storage and organization allows for effortless analysis and
visualization, enabling stakeholders to identify trends and anomalies.
Timestamped entries enhance chronological accuracy, while the system's
scalability allows for the integration of additional sensors, making it adaptable to
diverse applications. Despite minor computational issues, the consistent data flow
to the cloud demonstrates the reliability of the communication protocols between
the Arduino Uno and ESP32 module.

The ESP32-CAM module adds a significant dimension to the system by capturing

and uploading timestamped images to Google Drive. This feature provides visual
documentation that complements the sensor data, ensuring comprehensive
monitoring and enabling cross-verification. The high-quality images enhance
transparency and offer context for analysing environmental conditions or system
events. The system’s modular and compact circuit design, utilizing a breadboard
for efficient connections, ensures ease of assembly and troubleshooting. Powered
by stable voltage supplies, the setup is portable and reliable. With applications
ranging from vehicle safety systems to remote surveillance, this IoT architecture
demonstrates its potential for addressing real-world monitoring challenges while
paving the way for future enhancements, such as error-checking mechanisms or
Artificial Intelligence (AI) -driven data analysis.

36
3.4 SUMMARY

The project demonstrates an innovative approach by integrating real-time data

acquisition, cloud connectivity, and visual documentation into a unified
framework. The system effectively logs essential parameters such as location,
speed, steering wheel angle, ethanol level, and force sensor readings with
remarkable precision. The use of Google Sheets enables systematic data
organization and facilitates easy visualization, allowing for efficient trend
analysis and anomaly detection. The inclusion of timestamps in the dataset
ensures accurate chronological tracking, bolstering the reliability of data
interpretation. Furthermore, the system’s scalable design allows for the addition
of extra sensors, making it versatile and adaptable for various applications. While
minor computational errors in data handling indicate potential areas for
improvement, they do not compromise the system’s overall performance and
reliability.

The incorporation of the ESP32-CAM module enhances the system's

functionality by capturing high-resolution, timestamped images and uploading
them to Google Drive. These images provide context to the numerical data,
enabling comprehensive monitoring and cross-verification. The modular circuit
assembly, which includes an Arduino Uno, ESP32-CAM, and sensors, ensures a
compact, portable, and robust setup. Stable power supplies and securely mounted
sensors contribute to the system's accuracy and durability during operation. By
seamlessly merging physical monitoring with digital documentation, this system
effectively addresses real-world challenges in fields such as vehicle safety,
industrial monitoring, and remote surveillance, while offering opportunities for
future upgrades like advanced error-handling mechanisms and AI-driven
analytics.

37
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 CONCLUSION

The project successfully designed and implemented an IoT-based accident

detection and analysis system that integrates real-time data collection,
processing, and communication. The system effectively combines Arduino,
ESP32, ESP32-CAM, and a range of sensors to capture critical parameters such
as alcohol levels, vehicle dynamics, collision impacts, and GPS location. Each
component was selected and configured based on specific functionalities,
ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Arduino excelled at managing
analog sensor data, while the ESP32 served as the communication hub, enabling
seamless wireless data transmission to cloud platforms like Google Sheets. The
inclusion of the ESP32-CAM provided visual context through video streaming
and image capturing, enhancing the system's analytical capabilities. A robust
dual-storage mechanism, involving both local and cloud storage, ensured data
redundancy and accessibility, while the level shifter facilitated voltage
compatibility between components, highlighting the system’s attention to
design safety and scalability.

The software development phase emphasized modularity and efficiency. The

firmware was carefully crafted to handle real-time data from sensors and ensure
smooth communication between components. Calibration processes enhanced the
accuracy of sensor measurements, while testing validated the system's reliability
in detecting and analyzing accident scenarios. The integration of the MPU6050
for motion dynamics, MQ-3 for alcohol detection, and force sensors for impact
measurement provided detailed insights into accident severity and driver
conditions. Additionally, the system’s architecture demonstrated scalability,
allowing for future enhancements. This comprehensive approach ensures that the

38
system is not only functional but also adaptable to evolving requirements, making
it a promising solution for accident detection and analysis in real-world
applications.

4.2 FUTURE WORKS

The project lays a strong foundation for further enhancements in the field of IoT-
based accident detection and analysis systems. Future work can focus on
integrating advanced machine learning algorithms to analyse collected data for
more precise accident prediction and severity assessment. Real-time analytics
could provide instant feedback to emergency services, reducing response times
and potentially saving lives. Additionally, incorporating vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems could enable
the system to interact with nearby vehicles and traffic control units, creating a
smarter, interconnected transportation network. These features would
significantly enhance the system's utility in urban and highway scenarios, making
accident detection more dynamic and effective.

Another area of future exploration involves expanding the system's hardware

capabilities. For instance, integrating additional sensors such as Light Detection
and Ranging (LiDAR)or ultrasonic sensors could improve obstacle detection and
collision prediction. Implementing a power-efficient design, possibly through
energy harvesting mechanisms like solar panels, would ensure the system's
sustainability. Furthermore, the use of encrypted communication protocols and
advanced authentication mechanisms could enhance data security, protecting
sensitive information from cyber threats. The system could also be extended to
support multilingual user interfaces, enabling broader accessibility. These
advancements would not only improve the system’s robustness but also pave the
way for widespread adoption across diverse environments and vehicle types.

39
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