PHYSICS

( CL AS S – I X)

Phase - 2

CONTENT

 Force and Laws of Motion

 Gravitation

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 FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
Contents

FORCE …1
Resultant Force …1
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces …1

INERTIA …1

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION …2

MOMENTUM …2

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION …3

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION …5

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM …6

KEY TO EXERCISES …9

FORMULAS AND CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE …10

ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE …11

SOLVED PROBLEMS …13

CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS …23

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVE) …24

KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP …37

KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT …38

 GRAVITATION
Contents

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION …41

Importance of universal law of gravitation …41

FREE FALL …42

VARIATION IN ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY …43

Variation of g with altitude …44
Variation of ‘g’ with depth ...44
Variation of ‘g’ with latitude …45
Shape of earth …46
Rotation of earth …46

APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION …47

CENTRE OF MASS …47

CENTRE OF GRAVITY …47

MOTION OF PLANETS …48

WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT ON THE MOON …48

KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION …49

MOTION OF PARTICLE UNDER GRAVITY …50

KEY TO EXERCISES …52

FORMULAS AND CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE …53

ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE …54

SOLVED PROBLEMS …55

CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS …65

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVE) …66

KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP …78

KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT …79

 FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
FORCE

Force is external effort in the form of push or pull, which

(i) produces or tries to produce motion in a body at rest, or
(ii) stops or tries to stop a moving body or
(iii) changes or tries to change the direction of motion of the body, or
(iv) changes or tries to change the shape of a body.

The following examples illustrate the above definition:

(i) When we push a heavy stone, it does not move. The effort made in this case has only tried to
produce motion.
(ii) A ball falling downwards can be easily caught by our hands. The motion of the ball has been stopped.

Resultant Force:
If single force acting on a body produces the same acceleration as produced by a number of forces, that
single force is called the resultant of these individual forces.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces:

If a set of forces acting on a body produces no acceleration in it, the forces are said to be balanced. If it
produces a nonzero acceleration, the forces are said to be unbalanced.

INERTIA
It is inherent property of all bodies, by virtue of which it resists or opposes any change to its present state
(of rest or of uniform motion). It varies directly as mass of the body.

Inertia of a Body is of Three Types

(a) Inertia of rest
It is inability of a body to change by itself, its state of rest. This means a body at rest remains at
rest and cannot start moving on its own.
e.g. A person who is standing freely in a bus, thrown backward when bus starts suddenly.

(b) Inertia of motion

It is inability of a body to change by itself its state of uniform motion i.e. a body in uniform motion
can neither accelerate nor retard on its own and come to rest.
e.g. A person jumping out of a moving bus may fall forward.

(c) Inertia of Direction

It is inability of a body to change by itself its direction of motion.
e.g. When a car goes round a curve suddenly, the person sitting inside is thrown outwards.

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Exercise 1: 
(i). When we shake a branch of a mango tree, the mangoes fall down, this happens because of Inertia of
……………………….
(ii). An umbrella protects us from rain. It is based on the property of inertia of …………...
(iii). When a car enters a curved path, the person sitting in it is thrown outwards. This is because of the
property of inertia of ……………………….

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

According to this law, a body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line,
unless it is acted upon by some external force to change the state. So we can say, without the
application of an external force, body will not change any type of its inertia either the inertia of rest, inertia
of motion or inertia of direction.

Exercise 2: 
(i). Choose the right answer: If A and B are two objects with masses 8 kg and 20 kg respectively, then:
(A) A has more inertia than B (B) B has more inertia than A
(C) A and B have the same inertia (D) none of the two has inertia

(ii). Explain why, is it dangerous to jump out of a moving bus?

(iii). On what factor does the inertia of a body depends. Which has more inertia, a cricket ball or a rubber
ball of the same size?

MOMENTUM
Suppose we throw a cricket ball and a tennis ball, both with the same speed or velocity. It will be found
that more force is required to stop the cricket ball which has more mass and less force is required to stop
the tennis ball (which has less mass). And if we throw two cricket ball of same mass but with different
speed or velocity. It will be found that more force is required to stop the ball having more velocity as
compared to the ball with less velocity. We conclude that there must be a physical quantity which
depends on the mass of the body as well as on velocity of the body. That physical quantity is known as
“momentum”. Thus, momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. Momentum
is a measure of the quantity of motion of a body.
Thus, momentum = mass  velocity
 
P  mv

Where P = momentum
m = mass of the body

v = velocity of the body.

Momentum is a vector quantity, and its direction is same as the direction of velocity. Its S.I. unit is
kilogram - meter per second or kg - m/s.

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Exercise 3: 
(i). Name the physical quantity whose unit is kg. m/s.

(ii). A body of mass 25 kg has a momentum of 125 kg m/s. Calculate the velocity of the body?

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the same direction as the force.

Suppose the velocity of a body of mass m changes from u to v in time t. The magnitudes of initial and
final momentum of the body will be P1  mu and P2  mv respectively. The change in momentum
( P2  P1 ), takes place in time t. Then according to law
P2  P1
or F
t
mv  u
or Fk …(i)
t
F=kma … (ii)
We choose the units of force in such a manner that the value of k = 1. So that
F = ma … (iii)

Another Form of Second Law

The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the product of the “mass” of the body and the
“acceleration” produced in the body by the action of the force, and it acts in the direction of the
acceleration.
Force = mass  acceleration
or F = k ma, where k is a constant
The value of k in S.I. unit is 1.
So the above equation becomes:
F = ma
or Force = mass  acceleration
So from the above equation, the acceleration produced on the body is given by
F
a
m
The S.I. unit of force is Newton which is denoted by N. One Newton is that force which when acting on a
2
body of mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 m/s in it.

 Illustration 1:
2
The same force acts on two masses A and B separately, producing acceleration of 20 m/s and
15 m/s2 respectively. Find the ratio of their masses.

Solution: F = m1a1 = m2a2

m1 a 2 15 3
  or
m 2 a1 20 4
 Mass of A: mass of B = 3 : 4.

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 Illustration 2:
A mass of 2 kg at rest travels for 4 sec with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s2. What is the gain of momentum?
Solution: Gain of momentum = final momentum  initial momentum
Now, v = u + at
= 0 + (1.5  4) = 6 m/s
Final momentum = m  v
= 2  6 kg m/s
= 12 kg m/s
Initial momentum = m  u = 2  0 = 0
 Gain of momentum = (12 – 0)
= 12 kg m/s.
 Illustration 3:
A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially with a speed of 15
m/s. How long does the body take to stop?
mv  mu
Solution: We know F = …(i)
t
Given F = 50 N
Initial momentum, mu = 20  15  300 kg.m / s
Final momentum, mv = 20  0 = 0
Time, t = ?
Putting the values in (i) equation
0  300
 50 
t
 t  6 second.

 Illustration 4:
A force of 0.04 Newton acts upon a body as a result, the speed of the body changes from 0.30 m/s to
0.10 m/s, in passing through a certain distance. Find the distance if the mass of the body is one
kilogram?
Solution: Since velocity is decreasing. So the force is retarding
F  0.04 N ,
m  1 kg ,
v  0.10 m / s
u  0.30 m / s
From the formula
F = ma
 0.04  1 a
 a  0.04 m / s 2
2 2
and from the formula v  u  2as
2 2
  0.1  .30   2  .04  s
 s  1m .

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 Illustration 5:

Speed (m/s)
The speed time graph of a car is given below. The car weighs
1000 kg.
(i) What is the distance travelled by the car in the first two seconds?
15 A B
(ii) What is the braking force applied at the end of 5 seconds to bring
the car to a stop within one second?
0
(0, 0) 2 5 6
Time (sec)

Solution: (i) Distance travelled in first two seconds

= Area under the line OA and the time axis
1
=  Base  height
2
1
=  2  15  15 meters
2
(ii) For, braking force
F = ma
0  15 15
Acceleration in last one second = slope of line BC = 
65 1
a = 15 m/s2
Negative acceleration indicates retardation
So required retarding force, f
F = ma = 1000   15 
F = 15000 N .

Exercise 4: 
(i). Why do cricketers pull their hands backward with the ball while taking a catch?

(ii). Why are road accidents at high speeds more dangerous than accidents at low speeds?

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

According to this law, “to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction i.e. the forces of
action and reaction are always equal and opposite”. Here, the term action means the force exerted by
the first body on second body while the term reaction means the force exerted by the second body on the
 
first i.e. F12   F21 . We can understand this law with the following illustration.
(a) When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun recoils backwards (reaction).

(b) When a rubber ball is struck against a wall or floor, it exerts a force on wall (action). The ball
rebounds due to equal force (reaction) exerted by the wall.
(c) While walking, a person presses the ground in the backward direction (action) by his feet. The
ground pushes the person in forward direction with an equal force (reaction). The component of
reaction in the horizontal direction makes the person moves forward.

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Exercise 5: 
(i). Why does a runner press the ground with his feet before he starts his run.

(ii). Do action and reaction act on the same body or different bodies? How are they related in magnitude
and direction?

(iii) The two ends of a spring-balance are pulled each by a force of 10 kg wt. What will be the reading of
the balance?

(iv) Action and reaction forces do not balance each other. Why ?

(v). Explain, why it is difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amounts of water at a high
velocity?

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

To understand the law of conservation of momentum, let’s take a case study. Consider the two balls A
and B having masses m1 and m 2 respectively. Let the initial velocity of ball A be u1 and that of ball B
be u 2 .
A B A B
m1 m2 m1 m2
u1 u2 v1 v2

Before collision After collision

Suppose the two balls collide with each other head on and their collision last for t seconds. Suppose the
velocities of ball A and B become v1 and v 2 respectively after the collision.

The momentum of ball A before and after the collision is m1u1 and m1 v1 respectively. The rate of
m1  v1  u1 
change of its momentum during the collision will be . Similarly, the rate of change of
t
m 2  v2  u 2 
momentum of ball B will be .
t
So according to Newton’s second law.
m1  v1  u1  m2  v2  u 2 
F12  and F21 
t t
Now according to the third law of motion, the forces F12 exerted by ball B on ball A and the force F21
exerted by the ball A on the ball B should be equal and opposite to each other.
Therefore F12   F21
m1  v1  u1  m2  v2  u 2 
So we get = 
t t
or m1  v1  u1    m 2  v2  u 2 

 m1u1  m 2 u 2  m1 v1  m 2 v 2
Total initial Momentum = Total final Momentum
So from the above result, we can define the law of conservation of momentum, ‘when there is no external
force acting on a system, the total momentum of the system remains conserved.

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 Illustration 6:
A bullet of mass 10 gm moving with a velocity of 400 m/s gets embedded in a freely suspended wooden
block of mass 900 gm. What is the velocity acquired by the block?

3
Solution: Here mass of bullet m1  10gm  10 10 kg
Velocity of bullet v1 = 400 m/s
Mass of bullet + wooden block, m 2  900  10 = 0.91 kg
Velocity of system (wooden block + bullet), v2 = ?
According to law of conservation of momentum
m1v1  m 2 v 2  10  103  400  0.91 v 2
 v 2  4.4 m/s.

 Illustration 7:
A rifle of mass 3 kg fires a bullet of mass 0.03 kg. The bullet leaves the barrel of the rifle at a velocity of
100 m/s. If the bullet takes 0.003 sec to move through its barrel. Calculate the force experienced by the
rifle due to its recoil.

Solution: We have m1  3kg, m 2  0.03 kg

u1  u 2  0 , v1  ? v 2  100 m/s
According to the law of conservation of momentum.
m1u1  m 2 u 2  m1 v1  m 2 v 2
 0 + 0 = 3v1  100  0.03
 v1  1 m/s
According to second laws of Newton
mv  u
F
t
3  1  0  3
F 
0.003 .003
F  1000 N.

 Illustration 8:
A 6 kg mass A moving with a velocity of 2 m/s collides with a 4 kg mass B moving with a velocity of 1.5
m/s in the opposite direction in a straight line. If the two masses get stuck, what is the velocity of the
combination?
A B
C D u2 = 1.5 m/s
6 kg 4 kg
u1 = 2m/s

v
B

m = 10 kg

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Solution: Before collision:

Momentum of A = m1u1
= 6  2 = 12 kg m/s in the direction AC, say
Momentum of B = m2u2
= 4  1.5 or 6 kg m/s in the direction BD
Total momentum = 12 kg m/s - 6 kg m/s = 6 kg m/s
After collision
Mass of combination = 6 + 4 = 10 kg
Let velocity of combination be v m/s
By the law of conservation of momentum the sum of the initial momentum = final
momentum.
So we have,
6 kg m/s = 10  v kg m/s
or v = 0.6 m/s
Since the value is positive, the direction of velocity is AC.
The velocity of the combination = 0.6 m/s.

 Illustration 9:
A girl of mass 40 kg jumps with a horizontal velocity of 5 m/s on to a stationary cart with frictionless
wheels. The mass of the cart is 3 kg. What is her velocity as the cart starts moving? Assume that there
is no external unbalanced force working in the horizontal direction.

Solution: Let v be the velocity of the girl on the cart as the cart starts moving. The total
momenta of the girl and cart before the interaction.
= 40 kg  5 m/s + 3 kg  0 m/s
= 200 kg m/s
Total momenta after the interaction
= (40 + 3) kg  v m/s
= 43 v kg m/s
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum is conserved
during the interaction.
That is,
43 v = 200
 v = 200 / 43 = + 4.65 m/s.
The girl on cart would move with a velocity of 4.65 m/s in the direction in which the
girl jumped.

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KEY TO EXERCISES

Exercise 1:
(i). Rest

(ii). Direction

(iii). Direction

Exercise 2:
(i). B

(ii). Due to inertia of motion one falls forward

(iii). Mass, Cricket ball

Exercise 3:
(i). Momentum, impulse

(ii). v = 5 m/s

Exercise 4:
(i). To receive less impulse by ball by increasing time.

(ii). More the speed, higher the momentum and larger the energy (KE) is associated with
process.

Exercise 5:
(i). To get reaction by the ground.
(ii). Different bodies, equal and opposite
(iii). The reading of the balance will be 10 kg. wt.
(iv). This is because forces of a action and reaction act always on two different bodies.
(v). Due to reaction of water on hose.

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FORMULAS AND CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE

1. Inertia is a property of any body to resist the change in its state of rest or motion.

2. Inertia is of three types (i) inertia of rest (ii) inertia of motion. (iii) inertia of direction

3. According to Newton’s first law of motion a body in rest or in uniform motion will remain in the
same state unless a net external force is applied on it.

  
4. Linear momentum of a body of mass m and velocity v is p = m v

5. Newton’s second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to
the force applied on that body, and takes place in the direction of applied force.
 p
F , Its unit is “Newton” denoted by N.
t

6. Newton’s third law of motion states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

7. Any reference frame which is either at rest or moving with a uniform velocity is an inertial frame of
reference. Newton’s 1st law is valid in this reference frame.

8. Any reference frame which is accelerating or retarding with respect to an inertial frame is called
non-inertial frame of reference.

9. Friction is a tangential contact force which opposes the tendency of relative motion or relative
motion between the two surfaces in contact.

10. Force of static friction is a self adjusting force.

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ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

CENTRIPETAL FORCE
If a particle moves in a circle, a resultant non-zero force must act on the particle. This is because a
particle moving in a circle is accelerated and acceleration can be produced only if a resultant force acts
on it. If the speed of the particle remains constant, the acceleration of the particle is towards the centre
and its magnitude is v 2/r. Here v is the speed of the particle and r is the radius of the circle. The direction
of resultant force must be towards the centre and magnitude F must satisfy.
a = F/m,
v2 F mv 2
or,  or, F 
r m r
mv 2
This force is called centripetal force. The centripetal force of magnitude is required to keep the
r
particle in uniform circular motion.

FRICTION
When we push an object with only a small amount of force, it does not move at all. It means that the
surface on which the object is resting exerts some force on the object which opposes the tendency of
motion. A ball moving on the ground slows down or stop after some time because of the friction force.
Hence, we can define the force of friction as “the force which opposes relative motion or the tendency of
relative motion of one surface over another surface in contact with it.

Cause of Friction
Friction arises on account of strong atomic or molecular forces of attraction Area of apparent
contact
between the two surfaces at the points of actual contact. On account of
roughness of surfaces, the area of actual contact is much smaller than the
area of apparent contact. These areas are roughly in the ratio 1 : 104. At the
contact points, the molecules of the two surfaces are so close together that
they exert very strong intermolecular force of attraction on one another. As Area of actual contact

actual area of contact is very small, therefore, the pressure (= force / area) at
the points of contact becomes too large. So that many of the contact points
may deform plastically and becomes ‘cold welded’. When one body tries to
move over the other, it involves rupturing of thousands of such tiny cold
welds. This gives rise to opposing force of friction.

Characteristic of Friction Force

1. Friction force is independent of the area of contact.
2. The maximum value of friction force depends on the normal contact force between the surfaces.

Types of friction force

Friction force can be divided in three groups.

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(i) Static friction:

m F
Static friction acts on a body to oppose the tendency of relative
motion.
For example if 5 N force is required to move a block, and horizontal force F is applied on the block
and value of F is gradually increased from F= 0 N to 5 N the block will not move till F = 5 N. Upto 5 N
the friction force is balancing the applied force. So the maximum value of friction force is 5 N, which
is called the limiting value of friction. Before reaching the limiting value, static friction is variable
because, say F = 2 N block will not slide, so the static friction is 2N and when F = 3N then static
friction in 3 N. So we can say that static friction is self adjustable force, which is equal and opposite
to the applied force upto the limiting value.

(ii) Kinetic or sliding friction:

Force of kinetic friction is the force that comes into picture, opposing the relative motion when one
body is actually moving over the surface of another body. It is found that the force of kinetic friction is
independent of the area of contact, and its magnitude is constant for the given surfaces. It does not
depend on the velocity of the body.

Assignment

1. Match the following:

Column – A Column – B
(a). Momentum (i). F = ma
(b). Newton’s IInd law (ii). Vector quantity
(c). Newton’s IIIrd law (iii). No external force acting
(d). Friction force (iv). Action-Reaction pair
(e). Conservation of linear momentum (v). Self Adjusting in nature

2. Why do we put some powder on a carrom board while playing?

3. Name the force which prevents us from slipping?

Answers

1. (a) (ii) (b) (i) (c) (iv) (d) (v) (e) (iii)
2. To reduce the friction
3. Frictional force

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

Problem 1: A mass m undergoes free fall: What is its linear momentum after it has fallen a distance
h?

Solution: Using v 2 - u2 = 2as

 v= 2gh
 momentum P = mv = m 2gh .

Problem 2: An 8 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 9 kg block of wood and sticks in it. The block,
which is free to move, has a velocity of 40 cm/s after impact. Find the initial velocity of
the bullet.

Solution: Using conservation of momentum,

(0.008 kg)v + 0 = (9.008 kg) (0.4 m/s)
 v = 450.4 m/s.

Problem 3: A 900 kg car is going with speed 20 m/s along a level road. How large a constant steady
force is required to stop it in a distance of 30 m?

v 2  u 2 02  20 2 20
Solution: Using a = = =- m/s2
2s 2(30) 3
& using F = ma = (900) (-6.67 m/s2) = - 6000 N
Retarding force is 6000 N.

Problem 4: A horizontal cable pulls a 200 kg cart along a horizontal track. The tension in the cable is
500 N starting from rest. How long will it take the cart to reach the speed of 8m/s. How
far will it have gone?

F 500N
Solution: a=  = 2.5 m/s2
m 200kg
vu 80
Now t =   3.2 s.
a 2.5
1 2
Distance moved S = ut + at
2
1 2
= 0 (3.2) + (2.5) (3.2) = 12.8 m.
2

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Problem 5: A man throws a ball weighing 500g vertically upwards with a speed of 10m/s.
(i) What will be its initial momentum?
(ii) What would be its momentum at the highest point of its flight.

Solution: (i) Mass of the ball, m = 500 gm = 0.5 kg

initial velocity, v = 10 m/s
initial momentum P = mv = 0.5  10  5 kg m/s
(ii) At the highest point, velocity of ball is zero
so, momentum P = mv
= 0.5  0  0  P = 0.

Problem 6: A rule states that the frictional force between dry concrete and a sliding car’s tyre is equal
to nine–tenth of the car’s weight. If the skid marks left by a car in coming to rest are 20 m
long. How fast was the car going before the brakes were applied?

Solution: Normal fore N = W

& friction f = 0.9 W
  = 0.9
W
also, f =  a
 g 
W
0.9 W =  a
 g 
 a = 0.9 g opposite in direction of motion.
using v 2 – u2 = 2as  u = v 2  2as
= 02  2(0.9g)(20) = 18.8 m/s.

Problem 7: A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with constant acceleration. It travels distance
of 400 m in 20 sec. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if its mass is 7000
kg?

Solution: Distance travelled, s = 400 m

Initial speed, u = 0
Time , t = 20 sec
And acceleration, a = ?
1 2
Applying 2nd equation of motion, S = ut + at
2
1
 400 = 0  20   a  202  400 = 200a
2
2
a = 2 m/sec
For, force, F= ma
M = 7000 kg
2
And a = 2 m/sec
2
So F = 7000  2 kgm/s = 14000 N.

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Problem 8: The velocity-time graph of a particle of

Velocity (m/s)
mass 50 g moving in a fixed direction is 1
shown in figure. Find the force on the
particle.

0 1 2 3 4
Time (seconds)

Solution: The velocity –time graph of the particle is a straight line. Thus the particle moves with a
uniform acceleration. From the graph, we see that the velocity at t = 0 is
u = 0, and that at t = 4 s is v = 2 m/s.
The acceleration is
vu 20
a =  0.5 m / s 2
t 4
Mass of the particle is 50 g = 50  10-3 kg
Thus, F = ma = (50  10-3 kg)  (0.5 m/s2) = 25  10-3 N.

Problem 9: A 20 kg crate hangs at the end of a long rope. Find its acceleration when the tension in
the rope is
(a) 250 N (b) 150 N
(c) zero (d) 196 N

Solution: Two forces acted on the crate, tension (T) in the rope upwards, and
the weight (W) of the crate downwards. T
W = (20 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 196 N
Using, T – W = ma
We get, (a) a = 2.7 m/s2 upward
(b) a = 2.3 m/s2 downward
(c) a = 9.8 m/s2 downward W
(d) a = 0 (Since net force is zero)

Problem 10: The speeds of a tortoise and a hare are 2 m s1 and 5 m s1 respectively. The mass of
the hare is 3 kg and that of the tortoise is 10 kg. Which of the two has greater
momentum? (Assume speed of each to be steady.)

Solution: Mass of tortoise = 10 kg

Speed of tortoise  2 m s1
ptortoise  2  20 kgm s1
Mass of the hare = 3 kg
Speed of the hare  5 m s1
phare  3  5  15 kgm s1 .
Thus, the magnitude of momentum of the tortoise is greater than that of the hare.

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Problem 11: What is the force exerted by a bullock in pulling a cart of mass 100 kg and accelerating at
a rate of 1.5 m s2 ?

Solution: F=?
m = 100 kg
a  1.5 m s2
From Newton’s second law
F = ma
F  100 kg  1.5 m s2  150 N .

Problem 12: An object of mass 10 kg is moving with an initial velocity of 10 m s1 . A constant force
acts for 4 s on the object giving it a speed of 2 m s1 in the opposite direction. Find the
acceleration and force.

Solution: m = 10 kg
u  10 m s1
Let the final velocity in the opposite direction be v.
t=4s
v  2 m s1
a=?
F=?
v u
a From the equations of motion, v  u  at 
t
2  10 12
a   3 m s2
4 4
F = ma = 10 × – 3 = – 30 N
 Retarding force = 30 N.

Problem 13: A ball of mass 100 g moving at a speed of 12 m s1 strikes another ball of mass 200 g at
rest. After the collision both the balls strick to each other and move with a common
velocity. Find the common velocity.

Solution: Let the common velocity of the two bodies be ‘v’.

m1  100 g
u1  12 m s1
m2  200 g
u2  0 m s1
From law of conservation of momentum,
m1 u1  m2 u2  m1 v1  m2 v 2
100  12  0  100  v  200  v
1200 = 300 v
1200
v  4 m s 1 .
300

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Problem 14: A gun fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 30 m s1 because of which the gun
recoils with a velocity 1m s1 . Find the mass of the gun.

Solution: Mass of the bulltet = m1 = 50 g = 0.05 kg

Initial velocity of bullet, u1  0
Final velocity of the bullet, v1  30 m s1
Mass of the gun, m2  ?
Initial velocity of the gun, u2  0
Final velocity of the gun  2 m s1
From the law of conservation of momentum
m1 u1  m2 u2  m1 v1  m2 v 2
0  0  0.05  30  m2  1
0.05  30
m2   1.5 kg .
1

Section – B

Problem 1: A box of mass 20 kg is pushed along a rough floor with a velocity 2 m/s and then let go.
The box moves 5 m on the floor before coming to rest. What must be the frictional force
acting on the box?

Solution: m = 20 kg , u = 2 m/s , v = 0 , s = 5 m .
v 2  u2  2as
2
0 =  2   2a  5
4
a=-
10
F = ma
 4 
F = 20  
 10 
F=-8N
Magnitude of friction force is 8 N.

Problem 2: A large truck and a car are moving with same velocity have a head on collision. Then
which of them exert more force on the other?

Solution: Both will exert same force, when two bodies collide then the force of interaction between
them makes action – reaction pair.
And, force of action = force of reaction.

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Problem 3: A bomb of mass 9 kg initially at rest explodes into two pieces of masses 3kg and 6kg. If
the kinetic energy of 3kg mass is 216 J, then what is the velocity of 6 kg mass?

Solution: For 3 kg mass

1
mv 2  216
2
V  12 m / sec
Using linear momentum conservation for the system
Pi  Pf
m  o    312   6  v 
v  6 m / sec.

Problem 4: A man of 80kg mass stands on a weighting machine in a lift which is moving upwards
with a uniform speed of 5m/s. What is the reading of the weighing machine?
(Take g = 10 m/s2)

Solution: As the lift is moving with uniform speed so weighting machine will read true weight
W  mg   80 10   800 N .

Problem 5: A horizontal jet of water is made to hit a vertical wall with a negiligible rebound. If the
speed of water from the jet is ‘  ’, the diameter of the jet is ‘d’ and the density of water is
‘  ’, then what is the force exerted on the wall by the jet of water?

Change in momentum
Solution: Force exerted =
time
Pf  Pi

t
2
d
Pf  mv        vt  v
2
Pi  0
d2 2
 v t
4 d2 2
Force exerted    v .
t 4

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OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: A force acts on an object which is free to move. If we know the magnitude of the force
and the mass of the object, Newton’s second law of motion enables us to determine the
object’s
(A) weight (B) speed
(C) acceleration (D) position

Solution: (C)
f = ma
 a = F/m.

Problem 2: A body at rest breaks into two pieces of equal masses. The parts will move
(A) in same direction
(B) along different lines
(C) in opposite directions with equal speeds
(D) in opposite directions with unequal speeds

Solution: (C)
Let m mass divides into masses m1 and m2 and velocities v 1 and v2 respectively.
Initial momentum = final momentum
m m
mu = v1  v 2
2 2
0 = v 1 + v2
v1 =  v2.

Problem 3: When a bus starts suddenly, the passengers standing inside leans backwards. This is an
example of
(A) Newton’s first law of motion
(B) Newton’s second law of motion
(C) Newton’s third law of motion
(D) Law of conservation of momentum

Solution: (A)
Due to inertia of rest passenger leans backward.

Problem 4: A block of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 8 m/s on a frictionless horizontal
surface. The force exerted on the horizontal surface is nearly
(A) 20 N (B) 10 N
(C) 40 N (D) 16 N

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Solution: (A)
NR
NR = mg = 2  10 = 20 N.
mg

Problem 5: A machine gun fires n bullets per second, each of mass m. If the speed of each bullet is
u, then the force of recoil is
(A) mng (B) mnv
(C) mnvg (D) (mnv)/g

Solution: (B)
Force = Change in momentum per second
= momentum of one ball  no. of ball per second.
= mnv.

Problem 6: A force of 6 N acts on a mass of 1 kg which acquires a velocity 30 m/s from rest. The
time for which the force acts is
(A) 26 sec (B) 6 sec
(C) 5 sec (D) 2 sec

Solution: (C)
Force = change in momentum / Time
1 30  1 0
6
t
t = 5 sec.

Problem 7: Identify the true and false statement.

(i). Mass of a body is a measure of its inertia.
(ii). Newton’s second law defined the concept of force.
(iii). Newton’s first law is a special case of second law.

Solution: (i) True

(ii) True
(iii) False

Fill in the blanks

8. The …………………………between moving parts of a machine can be reduced by injecting oil in

the parts.

Sol. Friction.

9. Rate of change of ……………………..is directly proportional to the applied force.

Sol. Momentum.

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True and False

10. Kinetic friction < limiting static friction.

Sol. True.

Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: An object of mass 5 kg is thrown by velocity of 10 m/s. What will be the momentum of the
object
(A) 60 kg m/s (B) 70 kg m/s
(C) 150 kg m/s (D) None of these

Solution: (D)
P = mv.

Problem 2: The linear momentum of a body can be changed by ––––––.

(A) Any force (B) A net external force
(C) An inertial force (D) Both (B) & (C)

Solution: (B)
A net external force.

Problem 3: An object of mass 10 kg is moving with initial velocity 6 m/s. On applying a force in the
direction of motion, its final velocity becomes 8 m/s. Find the change in momentum.
(A) 20 kg m/s (B) 40 kg m/s
(C) 60 kg m/s (D) 80 kg m/s

Solution: (A)
 P = mv – mu.

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Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: A body begins to slide over the surface of another when pulled with a force of 10 N. If we
pull with a force of 5N, the force of friction that will come into play is:
(A) Zero (B) 0.5 N
(C) 5 N (D) 50 N

Solution: (C)
Limiting friction is 10N. When the force applied is 5N, the frictional force will also be 5N,
because the body will not be moving.

Problem 2: The coefficient of friction of an inclined plane is 1/ 3 . If it is inclined at angle 30° with the
horizontal, what will be the downward acceleration of the block placed on the inclined plane
?
(A) 0 (B) 2 ms2
(C) 3 ms2 (C) 3 ms2

Solution: (A)
a  g  sin    cos  
 1 
 g  sin30   cos 30 
 3 
1 1 3
 g     0.
 2 3 2 

Problem 3: A body of weight w1 is suspended from the ceiling of a room through a weight less string.
Find the tension in string.
w
(A) 1 (B) w1g
g
(C) w1 (D) None of these

Solution: (C)
Tension = weight of body = w1.

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. What is the C.G.S unit of linear momentum?

2. What is linear momentum?

3. What do you mean by inertia of rest?

4. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 196 N?

5. Why do passengers in a bus tend to fall backward when it starts suddenly?

6. State law of conservation of momentum.

7. What is normal reaction or normal force?

8. State Newton II law of motion.

9. What is the S.I. Unit of momentum?

10. Calculate the force required to produce an acceleration of 2m / s 2 in a body of mass 10 kg

11. A bullet of mass 50 g is horizontally fired with a velocity of 35 m/s from a pistol of mass 4 kg.
Calculate the recoil velocity of the pistol?

12. An 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a horizontal track. If the
engine exerts a force of 40,000 N and the track offers a frictional force of 5000 N, then calculate:
(a) the net accelerating force
(b) net acceleration (taking all the wagons as a system).
(c) the force of the wagon 1 on rest of the wagons

2
13. An object has a constant momentum of 2.45×10 kg m/s. Determine the momentum of the object
if its mass decreases to 1/3 of its original value and applied forces causes the speed to increased
to exactly four times of the original. The direction of velocity remains same.

14. An object of mass 10 kg is accelerated uniformly from rest to a velocity of 8 m/s in 6 s, calculate
the final momentum of the object

15. A steam engine of mass 3  10 4 kg pulls two wagons each of mass 2  10 4 kg with an acceleration
of 0.2 ms–2, neglecting frictional forces, calculate the
(i) force exerted by the engine
(ii) Net force experienced by each wagon.

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ASSI GNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

1. If a body is at rest. Can we say that no force is acting on the body?

2. What is meant by unbalanced force?

3. (i) Define inertia of motion.

(ii) Define inertia of direction.

4. Define the S.I. unit of force.

5. What is the relation between momentum and kinetic energy?

6. Define impulse.

7. A boy whose mass is 75 kg holds in his hands a bag weighing 40 N. With what force does the
floor push up on his feet ? (take g =9.8 m/s2)

8. A force acts on a 2 kg mass & gives it an acceleration of 3m/s2. What acceleration is produced
by the same force when acting on a mass of
(a) 1 kg (b) 4 kg (c) How large is the force

9. Calculate the force required to move a car from rest to a velocity of 30 m/s in 10 seconds. The
mass of the car is 1500 kg.

10. A 12 g bullet is accelerated from rest to a speed of 700 m/s as it travels 20 cm in a gun barrel.
Assuming the acceleration to be constant, how large was the accelerating force ?

11. How long will it take a force of 10 N to stop a mass of 2.5 kg which is moving at 20 m/s?

12. Stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s across the frozen surface of lake and comes to
rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the
ice?

13. Calculate the change in momentum of a body weighing 5 kg when its velocity decreases from 20
m/s to 0.20 m/s?

14. The 4 kg head of a sledge hammer is moving at 6 m/s when it strikes a spike dividing it into a log,
the duration of the impact is 2 ms. find the time average of the impact force.

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15. A 16 g mass moving in the +x direction at 30 cm/s while a 4g mass is moving in the
–x direction at 50 cm/s. They collide head on and stick together. Find their velocity after
collision.

16. The nucleus of a certain atom has a mass of 3.8  10-25 kg and is at rest. The nucleus is
-27
radioactive and suddenly ejects from itself a particle of mass 6.6  10 kg and speed
7
1.5  10 m/s. Find the recoil speed of the nucleus left behind.

2
17. A resultant force of 20 N gives a body of mass m an acceleration of 8 m/s and a body of mass m
acceleration of 24 m/s2. What acceleration will this force cause the two masses to acquire if
fastened together.

18. A gun weighing 10 kg fires a bullet of 30 gm with a velocity of 330 m/s. With what velocity does
the gun recoil. What is the resultant momentum of the gun and the bullet before and after firing.

19. A ball of mass 0.1 kg is thrown against a wall. It strikes the wall normally with a velocity of
30 m/s and rebounds with a velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate the change in momentum of the ball.

20. A foot ball of mass 0.5 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s-1 hits a pole and, the ball turns back
and moves with a velocity of 20 m s-1. Find the impulse and the force exerted on the ball, if the
force acts for 0.02 s.

21. A body of mass 5 kg moving with a velocity 3 m s-1 collides with another body of mass 3 kg at
rest. After collision both move with the same velocity. Find their common velocity.

22. How much force is needed to produce an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 in a body of mass 4.0 kg?

23. A force of 100 N acts on a particle of mass 25 kg. Find the acceleration of the particle.

24. A force 40 N acts on a mass of 5 kg for 2s. Find the velocity acquired by the body.

25. A body of mass 2.5 kg undergoes a change of velocity of 10 m/s in 5 s. What is the force acting
on it?

26. A force of 12 N acts on mass of 1.5 kg at rest for 3 s. Find the final velocity and the momentum of
the body after 3 s.

27. A force of 20 N acting on a certain mass for 2 s gives it a velocity of 10 m/s. Find the mass of the
body if the body was initially at rest.

28. The velocity of a particle of mass 250 g changes from 10 m/s to 16 m/s in 3 s. Assuming that a
constant force acts on it, find the magnitude of the force.

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 26

29. A force of 6.0 N acts on a body of mass 1.5 kg for 2.0 s. Assuming the body to be initially at rest,
find :
(a) its velocity when the force stops acting,
(b) the distance covered in 5 s after the force starts acting.

12

Velocity (m/s) →
30. Figure shows the velocity-time graph for a particle moving in
8
a fixed direction.
(a) Find the acceleration of the particle. 4
(b) If the mass of the particle is 500 g, what is the
force acting on it? 1 2 3
Time (s) →

31. A constant force of 12.5 N acts on a body for 2 s. Find the change in the linear momentum of the
body.

Section – B

1. A block moving with a velocity of 1.2 m/s is brought to rest in 3 sec. by the application of a force
of 4N. Find the mass of the block.

2. A monkey of mass 30 kg climbs a rope which can withstand a maximum tension 360N. Find the
maximum acceleration which this rope can tolerate for the climbing of monkey.
(g = 10 m/s2)

3. Ten one rupee coins are put on top of one another on a table. Each coin has a mass m kg. Give
the magnitude and direction of
(a) the force on the 7th coin (counted from the bottom) due to all coins above it.
(b) the forces on the 7th coin by the eighth coin and
(c) the reaction of the sixth coin on the seventh coin.

F(N)
4. A particle of mass 2kg is initially at rest. A force starts acting on
it in one direction whose magnitude changes with time. The
20
force- time graph is shown in figure. Find the velocity of the 10
particle at the end of 10 sec. O 2 4 6 10 t (sec)

5. Two bodies of mass 4 and 6 kg are attached to the ends of a string

passing over a pulley. The 4 kg mass is attached to the table top by T T
2
another string. Find the tension in the string T1 (g = 9.8 m/s ) 4kg 6kg

T1

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 27

6. A 500 g pistol lies at rest on a frictionless table. It accidentally discharge and shoots a 10 g bullet
parallel to the table. How far has the pistol moved by the time the bullet hits a wall 5m away?

7. In the shown figure. If F = 20 N, m 1 = m2 = 3 kg and the

acceleration is 0.5 m/s2. What will be the tension in the F
m1 m2
connecting cord if the friction forces on the two blocks are
equal? How large is the frictional force on either block.

8. An elevator starts from rest with a constant upward acceleration. It moves 2 m in the first
0.6 s. A passenger in the elevator is holding a 3 kg package by a vertical string. What is the
tension in the string during acceleration. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)

9. A rubber ball of mass 50 g falls from a height of 10 cm and rebounds to a height of 50 cm.
Determine the change in linear momentum and average force between the ball and the ground,
taking time of contact as 0.1 s.

10. A hunter has a machine gun that can fire 50 g bullets with a velocity of 150 m/s. A 60 kg tiger
springs at him with a velocity of 10 m/s. How many bullets must the hunter fire per second into
the tiger in order to stop him in his track.

11. A man weighing 60 kg runs along the rails with a velocity of 18 km/h and jumps into a car of mass
one quintal standing on the rails. Calculate the velocity with which the car will start travelling
along the rails.

12. A car of mass M is moving with a uniform velocity v on a horizontal road when the hero of a Hindi
film drops himself on it from above. Taking the mass of the hero to be m, what will be the velocity
of the car after the event?

13. A stone of mass 5 kg falls from the top of a cliff 50 m high and buries 1 m deep in sand. Find the
average resistance offered by the sand and the time it takes to penetrate.

14. A cart of mass 20 kg at rest is to be dragged at a speed of 18 km h-1. If the co-efficient of friction
between the cart and the ground is 0.1, what is the minimum force required to drag the cart to a
-2
distance of 10 m? (g = 10 m s )

15. Derive the relation between Newton and dyne.

16. Discuss with an example to show that inertia depends on mass.

17. State Newton’s Laws of motion.

18. State and verify the law of conservation of momentum.

19. Derive F = ma from Newton’s second law of motion.

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 28

20. A wooden block is placed on an inclined plane. Explain how friction between the block and the
inclined plane varies with the variation in the angle of inclination of the inclined plane.

21. A log of wood is dragged up an inclined plane. Explain how the friction varies as the inclination of
the plane is varied.

22. A Pakistani player Shoaib Akhtar bowls a cricket ball of mass 250 g with a speed of
120 km h-1 towards the batsman Dhoni. (Assume that the ball strikes the bat with the same
speed). The time of impact of the bat with the ball is 0.1s. After striking, if the ball bounces back
with half its speed before striking, find the force which Dhoni exerts on the ball.

10 m/s
23. For a mass 2 kg, v – t graph is as shown then
find the retarding force acting on the body?

t
4 sec

24. A car moving at 40 m/s is to be stopped by appling brakes in the next 4 m. If the car weights 500
kg, what average force must be applied on it?

25. A force of 10 N on a particle increases its velocity from 5 m/s to 6 m/s in 2 s. Find the mass of the
particle?

26. A 50 gm bullet moving with speed of 400 m/s stop after penetrating 4 cm of bone. Calculate
average force exerted by the bullet.

27. An elevator of mass 2000 kg is accelerating upward. If the upward tension in supporting cable is
29000 N. Then find upward acceleration?

28. A cricket ball is roled on ice with a velocity of 5.6 m/s and comes to rest after travelling 8 m. Find
2
coefficient of friction. Given g = 9.8 m/s .

Section – C

Numerical based questions (single digit answer 0 to 9)

1. A scooter of mass 120 kg is moving with a uniform velocity of 108 km/hr. The magnitude of force
required to stop the vehicle in 10 sec is (40 × k) Newton, then find the value of k.

2. If velocity of a body is twice of previous velocity, then kinetic energy will become?

3. In the given figure if F = 30 N, the acceleration of both the 5kg 5kg

blocks is 1 m/s2. The net frictional force acting on the blocks m2 m1 F
is 10  k  N . Find the value of ‘K’.

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 29

T3
1 kg
4. In the system shown in figure, tension T2 is xg then what T2
is the value of x.  g  10 m / s2  2 kg
T1
3 kg

(Other than numerical based)

5. A ball of mass 0.2 kg falls from a height of 45 m. On striking the ground, it rebounds in 0.1sec
with two third of the velocity with which it struck the ground. Calculate
(a) change in the momentum of the ball immediately after hitting the ground,
(b) the average force on the ball due to the impact.

F = 50 N

6. Find the normal reaction between the block and the

horizontal surface. 10 kg

7. A body hangs from a spring balance supported from the roof of an elevator.
(a) If the elevator has an upward acceleration of 2 m/s2 and balance reads 240 N, what is the
true weight of the body?
(b) Under what circumstances will the balance read 160 N?
(c) What will the balance reading if the elevator cable breaks? (Take g = 10 ms-2)

8. Two blocks shown in figure are connected by a heavy uniform rope 200 N
of mass 4 kg. An upward force of 200 N is applied as shown. 5 kg
(a) What is the acceleration of the system?
4 kg
(b) What is the tension at the top of heavy rope?
(c) What is the tension at the mid-point of the rope? 7 kg

B
C
A
F = 60 N
9. Find out the mutual contact forces between blocks A and
3 kg 10 kg 7 kg
B and between blocks B and C.
 = 0 for all surfaces

-1
10. A bullet of mass 50 g moving horizontally with velocity 100 m s , hits a wooden block of mass
450 g placed on a vertical wall of height 19.6 m. If the bullet gets emedded in the block then find
how far from the wall, does the block fall on the ground.

11. A lorry moving with 54 km h-1 speed hits a rock and comes to halt within 0.1 s. If the mass of the
lorry is twenty metric tonn, then find the force exerted by the rock on the lorry.

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 30

OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

2
1. A force of 5 N acts on a body of weight 9.8 N. What is the acceleration produced in m/s .
(A) 0.51 (B) 1.96
(C) 5.00 (D) 49.00

2
2. The engine of a car produces an acceleration of 6 m/s in the car. If this car pulls a block of the
same mass, then the acceleration would be
(A) 6 m/s2 (B) 12 m/s2
2 2
(C) 3 m/s (D) 1.5 m/s

3. In a game of tug of war, a condition of equilibrium exists. Both the teams pull the rope with a force
of 104 N. Tension in the rope is
(A) 104 N (B) 108 N
4
(C) 2  10 N (D) zero

4. When a body stationary

(A) there is no force acting on it
(B) the forces acting on it are not in contact with it
(C) the combination of forces acting on it balances each other
(D) the body is in vacuum

5. For a 1 kg mass v-t graph is as shown then which of the v

following is true? B C
8 m/s
(A) force between A and B  force between C and D
(B) force between A and B = force between C and D
0,0 D
(C) force between B and C = 1
(D) data insufficient to calculate the force.
A 6 sec 14 sec 20 sec t

6. A man of mass 90 kg is standing in an elevator whose cable broke suddenly. If the elevator falls
freely, the force exerted by the floor on the man is:
(A) 90 N (B) 90gN
(C) zero (D) any negative value

7. A scooter of mass 120 kg is moving with a uniform velocity of 108 km/hr. The force required to
stop the vehicle in 10 sec is:
(A) 360 N (B) 720 N
(C) 180 N (D) 20  10.8 N

8. A light string passes over a frictionless pulley. To one of its ends a mass of 6 kg is attached. To
the other end a mass of 10 kg is attached. The tension is the thread is:
(A) 24.5 N (B) 2.45 N
(C) 79 N (D) 73.5 N

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 31

9. A body of mass 10 kg moves at a constant speed of 10 m/s. A constant force then acts for 4
second on the body and gives it a speed of 2 m/s in opposite direction. The force acting on the
body is:
(A) 30 N (B) 20 N
(C) 10 N (D) 15 N

10. An object is suspended from a spring balance in a lift. The reading is 240 N when the lift is at rest.
If the spring balance reading now changes to 220N, then the lift is moving
(A) downward with constant speed (B) downward with decreasing speed
(C) downward with increasing speed (D) upward with increasing speed

11. The statement “friction is a self adjusting force” is____________.

(A) a false statement (B) true in the case of static friction
(C) true in the case of rolling friction (D) true in the case of sliding friction

12. A lift is moving down with acceleration ‘a’. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The
acceleration of the ball as observed by the man in the lift and a man standing stationary on the
ground are, respectively
(A) g and g (B) g – a and g – a
(C) g – a and g (D) a and g

13. The force acting on a body when its momentum changes by 10 kg m s-1, in 5 seconds is
___________N.
(A) 15 (B) 2
(C) 5 (D) 10

14. The change in momentum of a body

(A) is equal to the force applied on it
(B) is equal to the product of force applied on it and the time of application of the force
(C) Both (A) and (B) are true
(D) Both (A) and (B) are false

15. A fast moving car whose engine is switched off, comes to rest on a rough road. This is due
to____________.
(A) static friction
(B) rolling friction
(C) sliding friction
(D) coefficient of rolling friction being greater than the coefficient of static friction

16. A force of 1 kg wt produces in mass of 9.8 kg an acceleration of:

1
(A) 1 ms–2 (B) ms2
9.8
–2 –2
(C) 9.8 ms (D) 1 cm

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 32

17. The time rate of change of momentum is measured in:

(A) kg ms–2 (B) kg ms–1
(C) kg m (D) kg

18. A gun of mass 1 kg fires a bullet of mass 1g with a velocity of 1 ms–1. The recoil velocity of the
gun is:
(A) 1 ms–1 (B) 0.1 ms–1
(C) 0.01 ms–1 (D) 0.001 ms–1

19. Two boys are left in the middle of a frictionless floor. One boy of mass 20 kg gives a blow lasting
one milli second and of 100 N to the other. He himself will move with a velocity of:
–1 –1
(A) 1 ms (B) 2 ms
–1
(C) 0.01 ms (D) 0.005 ms–1

20. When a bullet of mass 5g is fired, the impulse on it is 200 Ns. If mass of the gun is 10 kg, then the
recoil velocity of the gun is:
(A) 20 ms–1 (B) 2 ms–1
(C) 0.2 ms–1 (D) 0.02 ms–1

Match the following

21. Match the following.
Column – A Column – B
(A) Presence of this force violates law of (P) Weight
conservation of momentum
(B) Force applied by string on a body (Q) Friction
(C) Gravitational pull (R) external force
(D) Force perpendicular to surface (S) Normal
(E) Force parallel to surface (T) Tension

Fill in the blanks

22. Momentum of a body depends on …………………and …………………

23. Friction is due to the ………………………of surfaces.

24. A……………………………spring pushes the objects attached to its ends.

True and False

25. The frictional force acting between two bodies is parallel to the contact surface.

26. The force exerted by the earth on a body lying on its surface is called weight of the body.

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 33

Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. A balloon filled with a lighter gas occupies a volume of 1500m 3. Its mass (mass of material of
balloon + mass of gas in it) is 1650 kg. It is tied with a thread and floating in air of density is 1.3
3
kg/m . The pull on the thread tied to rope is
(A) Zero (B) 3000 N
(C) 1950 N (D) 16.5 N

2. Consider the following statements about the blocks shown in the

diagram that are being pushed by a constant force on a
frictionless table:
(I) All block moves with the same acceleration 3 kg 2kg 1kg
(II) The net force on each block is the same
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) both I and II only (D) neither I nor II

3. A machine gun fires a bullet of mass 4 kg with velocity 12 m/s. The person holding it can apply a
maximum force of 144 N on the gun. What is the maximum number of bullets that can be fired per
second
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 7

4. A chain of mass M and length L held vertical by fixing its upper end to a rigid support. The
tension in the chain at a distance y from the rigid support is
Mg  L  y 
(A) Mg (B)
L
MgL Mgy
(C) (D)
 L  y L

5. A body of weight w1 is suspended from the ceiling of a room through a chain weight w2. The
ceiling pulls the chain by a force
(A) w1 (B) w2
w1  w 2
(C) w1 + w2 (D)
2

6. When a horse pulls a cart, the force that helps the horse to move forward is the force exerted by
(A) the cart on the horse (B) the ground on the horse
(C) the ground on the cart (D) the horse on the ground

7. A car accelerates on a horizontal road due to the force exerted by

(A) the engine of the car (B) the driver of the car
(C) the earth (D) the road

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 34

8. A block of mass 10 kg is suspended through two light spring

balances as shown in the figure.
(A) Both the scales will read 10 kg
(B) Both the scales will read 5 kg
(C) The upper scale will read 10 kg and the lower zero.
(D) The readings may be anything but their sum will be 10 kg.

10 kg

9. A force F1 acts on a particle so as to accelerate it from rest to a velocity v. The force F1 is then
replaced by F2 which decelerates it to rest.
(A) F1 must be equal to F2 (B) F1 may be equal to F2
(C) F1 must be unequal to F2 (D) none of these

10. A machine gun fires n bullets per second and the mass of each bullet is m. If v is the speed of
each bullet then the force exerted on the machine gun is
(A) mng (B) mnv
(C) mnvg (D) mnv/g

11. The statement “friction is a self adjusting force” is __________.

(A) a false statement (B) true in the case of static friction
(C) true in the case of rolling friction (D) true in the case of sliding friction

Multiple choice questions (Multiple option correct)

12. Consider a vehicle going on a horizontal road towards east. Neglect any force by the air. The
frictional forces on the vehicle by the road
(A) is towards east if the vehicle is accelerating
(B) is zero if the vehicle is moving with a uniform velocity
(C) must be towards east
(D) must be towards west

13. A force acting on an object

(A) can change direction of its velocity (B) can change magnitude of its velocity
(C) must change magnitude of its velocity (D) must change direction of its velocity

14. Action and reaction forces

(A) always exist in pair (B) are equal in magnitude
(C) are unequal in magnitude (D) always act in opposite direction

15. The force exerted by the floor of an elevator on the foot of a person standing there is more than
the actual weight of the person if the elevator is
(A) going up and slowing down (B) going up and speeding up
(C) going down and slowing down (D) going down and speeding up

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 35

Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg are in contact with each

other on a horizontal frictionless table. When a horizontal 3N
2 kg 1 kg
force of 3.0 N is applied to the block of mass 2 kg, the value
of the force of contact between the two blocks is:
(A) 4 N (B) 3 N
(C) 2 N (D) 1 N

2. Two masses m and m are tied with a thread passing over a pulley. m is on a frictionless
horizontal surface and m is hanging freely. If acceleration due to gravity is g, the acceleration of
m in this arrangement will be (m > m)
mg
(A) g (B)
(m  m)
mg g(m  m)
(C) (D)
(m  m) (m  m )

3. A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass m. force P is
applied at one end of rope. The force which the rope exerts on the block is:
P P
(A) (B)
(M  m) M(M  m)
PM PM
(C) (D)
(M  m) (M  m)

A B
4. Two masses A and B measuring 4 kg and 8 kg are T T
4 kg 8 kg 120 N
connected by a string. If a force of 120 N is applied on
bigger weight, the tension shown in the figure is
(A) 20 N (B) 80 N
(C) 40 N (D) 60 N

T
5. Two bodies of mass 6 kg and 4 kg are tied to a string as shown in
4kg
the figure. If the table is smooth and pulley frictionless, then
acceleration of mass 6 kg will be (g = 10 m/s2) T

(A) 60 m/s2 (B) 40 m/s2

(C) 6 m/s2 (D) 4 m/s2 6kg

6. A ball is dropped inside a car which is initially at rest but has an acceleration a to the right. A
stationary observer on the ground observe that
(A) The ball is falling vertically downward with an acceleration g
(B) The ball is accelerating horizontally
(C) The acceleration of the ball is a2  g2
(D) The ball is accelerating downward with an acceleration (a + g)

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 36

7. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A man hangs his bag on the spring balance
and the spring balance reads 49 N, when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves downward with an
acceleration of 5 ms2 , then the reading of the spring balance will be
(A) 24 N (B) 74 N
(C) 15 N (D) 49 N

8. A ball of 1 kg strikes a wall with velocity 1 m/s at an angle of 60° with the wall and reflects at the
same angle. If it remains in contact with wall for 0.1sec, then the force is
(A) zero (B) 10 3N
(C) 20 3N (D) 30 3N

9. When a wheel is rolling on a level road, the direction of frictional force between the wheel and
road is in
(A) backward direction (B) forward direction
(C) depends on speed (D) can not say

10. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on a rough surface, F = 10 N is applied F= 10 N

2 kg
on the block as shown, then friction force acting on the block is
(A) 40 N (B) 12 N
  0.6
(C) 2 N (D) 10 N

11. With respect to Newton’s third law action and reaction forces
(A) always exist in pairs (B) are equal in magnitude
(C) always act in opposite directions (D) All the above are true

12. Identify the false statement

(A) It is difficult to run on sand as the force of friction is small
(B) Friction is necessary in everyday life
(C) Friction causes wear and tear of the moving machinery parts
(D) The coefficient friction increases on increasing the area of contact

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 37

KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP

1. gm cm/s

4. 20 kg

5. Inertia of rest

10. 20 N

11. 0.44 m/s

12. (a) 35000 N

(b) 3.5 m/s2
(c) 28000 N

13. 3.27×102 kg m/s

14. 80 kg m/s

15. (i) 1.4  104 N

(ii) Force experienced by first wagon  4  103 N
Force experienced by second wagon 4  103 N.

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 38

KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

1. No, we can only say that net force acting on the body is zero.

7. 775 N 8. (a) 6 m/s2 (b) 1.5 m/s2 (c) 6 N

9. 4500 N 10. 14.7 kN

11. 5 seconds 12. 4 Newton

13.  99 kg m/s. 14. 12 kN

15. 14 cm/s 16. 2.7  105 m/s

17. 6 m/s2 18. 0.99 m/s, zero before and after firing.

19.  5 Newton second. 20. 15 kg m/s, 750 N.

21. 1.875 m/s. 22. 10 N.

23. 4 m/s2 24. 16 m/s2

25. 5 N. 26. 24 m/s, 36 kg m/s.

27. 4 kg. 28. 0.5 N.

29. (a) 8 m/s. (b) 32 m. 30. (a) 4 m/s2, (b) 2 N.

31. 25 N-s.

Section – B

1. 10 kg 2. 2 m/s2

3. (a) (3 mg) N downwards (b) (3mg) N downwards (c) (4mg) N upwards

4. 50 m/s 5. 19.6 N

6. 10 cm 7. 8.5 N

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 39

8. 62. 7 N 9. 0.226 Newton second, 2.26 N.

10. 80 11. 1.88 m/s

Mv
12. 13. 2450 N
mM

14. (i) Force required to accelerate + Force required to overcome friction F = 45 N.

22. 125 N. 23. 5 N.

5
24. 10 N. 25. 20 kg.

26. 105 N. 27. 4.7 m/s2.

28. 0.2.

Section – C

Numerical based questions (single digit answer 0 to 9)

1. 9 2. 4 3. 2 4. 5

(Other than numerical based)

5. (a) 10 Ns, (b) 100 N. 6. 50 N.

7. (a) 200 N, (b) When the elevator has a downward acceleration of 2 m/s2 (c) zero.

8. 2.5 m/s2, 137.5 N, 112.5 N. 9. FAB = 51 N, FBC = 21 N.

10. 20 m. 11. 3 × 106 N.

OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C

5. A 6. C 7. A 8. D

9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C

13. B 14. B 15. B 16. A

17. A 18. D 19. D 20. A

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 40

Match the following

21. A  (R)

B  (T)

C  (P)

D  (S)

E  (Q)
Fill in the blanks

22. Mass, velocity

23. Roughness

24. Compressed
True and False

25. True

26. True

Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B

5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A

9. B 10. B 11. B

Multiple choice questions (Multiple option correct)

12. A,B 13. A,B 14. A,B,D 15. B,C

Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C

5. C 6. A 7. A 8. B

9. B 10. D 11. D 12. D

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 GRAVITATION

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle in the M1 F12 F21 M2
universe with a force, which is proportional to the product of their
r
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
This force is along the line joining the two particles and forces form action reaction pairs.
F  M 1M 2 ... (i)
1
And F 2 ... (ii)
r
MM
From (i) and (ii), F  1 2 2
r
GM1 M 2
or, F
r2
Where M1 , M 2 are masses of particles, r is distance between particles and G is a constant known as the
universal constant of gravitation. The value of G was experimentally measured in the laboratory. This
value is G = 6.67  10-11 Nm2/kg2.
‘G’ is same everywhere and between any two bodies interacting gravitationally.

Importance of Universal law of Gravitation:

The universal law of gravitation successfully explained several phenomena.
(i) the force that binds us to the earth.
(ii) the motion of the moon around the earth.
(iii) the motion of planets around the sun.
(iv) the tides due to the moon and the sun.

 Illustration 1:
If the force of gravitation between the earth and a body of mass M on its surface be 9  107 N, what would
be the value of M? Mass of the earth = 6  1024 kg and radius of the earth = 6.4  106 m.

Solution: Given that F = 9  107 N

Mass of the earth (m1) = 6  1024 kg
Mass of the body (m2) = M
Radius of the earth (r) = 6.4  106 m
(G) = 6.67  10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Gm1 m 2
We know that, F =
r2
11
6.67 10  M  6  10 24
or, 9  107 =
(6.4  106 )2
M = 9.2  106 kg.

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION
 42

Exercise 1: 
(i) Does the force of attraction between two bodies depend upon the presence of other bodies and
properties of intervening medium?
-11 2 -2
(ii) On earth value of G = 6.67  10 Nm kg . What is its value on moon, where g is nearly one-sixth
that of earth?
24 22
(iii) The mass of the earth is 6  10 kg and that of the moon is 7.4  10 kg. If the distance between the
5
earth and the moon is 3.84  10 km, calculate the force exerted by the earth on the moon.
-11 2 -2
G = 6.7  10 Nm kg .

FREE FALL
We know that due to gravitational force earth attracts objects towards it. Whenever objects fall towards
the earth under the gravitational force alone, we say that objects are in free fall.

Earth also attracts everybody towards its centre. That is why all particles are falling towards earth.
The force with which earth attracts any other body towards its centre is called force of gravity and the
acceleration produced by force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity. Thus by universal law of
gravitation, on any body of mass M earth applies,
body
G Me M 
Force F  earth
r2
 G  M e  M    1  r
Which gives a   2   Me
 r  M  M

GM e
or, a  , which is acceleration due to gravity and denoted by g.
r2
GM
thus g  2 e where r = distance of body from centre of earth.
r
At the surface of earth,
r = R e = Radius of earth
GM e
g  9.81 m / s2
R2

 Illustration 2:
Find the force of earth’s gravitation on a stone of mass 2 kg held near the surface of the earth. Also
calculate the accelerations this force would produce in the stone and the earth. Given that, mass of the
24 6 -11 2 -2
earth = 6  10 kg, radius of the earth = 6.4  10 m and G = 6.7  10 Nm kg .

Solution: Force of earth’s gravitation on the stone,

Mm -11 2  6 10 24
F=G = 6.7  10   19.6 N
R2 (6.4 106 )2
19.6N
Acceleration produced in the stone by this force = F/m =  9.8m / s 2
2kg
and a acceleration produced in the earth by the same force = F/m.
19.6N
=  3.3 10 24 m / s 2 .
6  1024 kg

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION
 43

 Illustration 3:
Consider a body in space which has a mass twice that of the earth and a radius thrice that of the earth.
What will be the weight of a book on this body in space, if its weight on the earth is 900 N?

Solution: Let m be the mass of the book, its weight on the earth is given by
Me m
Weight W = F = G …(i)
R 2e
and the weight of the book on the body in space is given by
Mm
W = F = G 2 …(ii)
R
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)
2
W  M R 2e M  Re 
Then   2   
W Me R Me  R 
Here, W = 900 N and M =- 2Me and R = 3Re
2
W  2M e  R e  1
    2
900 M e  3R e  9
1
W = 2   900N = 200 N.
9

 Illustration 4:
What is acceleration due to gravity at the surface of mars if its diameter is 6760 km and mass one-tenth
that of earth. The diameter of earth is 12742 km and acceleration due to gravity on earth is 9.8 m/s2.

GM
Solution: We know that g 
R2
2
gM  MM   RE 
  
gE  ME   RM 
 gM  9.8  0.35  3.48m / s2 .

Exercise 2: 
(i) What do you mean by free fall?
(ii) If the acceleration due to gravity at earth is g and mass of earth is 80 times that of moon and radius
of earth is 4 times that of moon, then what is the value of ‘g’ at the surface of moon?

VARIATION IN ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

We know that the value of acceleration due to gravity at the earth surface is
GM
g  2 e  9.8 m / s 2
Re
Where Me and Re are the mass and radius of earth respectively.

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION
 44

Variation of ‘g’ With Altitude

On moving above the earth’s surface, the value of g decreases because the distance from the earth’s
centre increases.
Suppose a body is taken to a height ‘h’ above the earth’s surface where the value of acceleration due
gravity is gh.
2
GMe GMe  R e2   Re 
Taken gh  2
 2
 2
 or, g h  g  
R e  h R e  R e  h    Re  h 

 Illustration 5:
How far away from the earth does acceleration due to gravity become one percent of its value at the
earth’s surface? Assume that the earth’s surface is a sphere of radius R = 6.4  106 m.

Solution: Let g be the acceleration due to gravity at height h from the surface of earth. Given g
1
= g . If R is the radius of earth, then
100
g 2
 R 2
g (R  h)
1 R2
or, 
100 (R  h)2
 h = 9R = 9  6.4  106 m
h = 5.76  107 m.

 Illustration 6:
At what height above the surface of the earth the value of ‘g’ becomes 25 % of its value on the surface of
the earth? Given, radius of the earth = 6400 km.

Solution: The value of g at height h above the surface of the earth is given by
2
 R 
g = g  
R h
25
Here, g = 25 % of g = g
100
2
25  R 
 g  g 
100 R h
or, 2R = R + h
or, h = R = 6400 km.
Variation of ‘g’ With Depth
If g is the value of acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth and ‘g’ its value at a depth h
below the surface of the earth, then
 h
g = g  1  
 R 
Which clearly shows that the value of g decreases as we go inside the surface of the earth. Hence the
value of g is maximum at the surface of the earth and becomes zero at the centre of the earth.

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION
 45

 Illustration 7:
What are the distances from the centre of earth where the weights of the body are zero and one fourth
that of the weight of the body on the surface of earth? (Assume R is the radius of the earth). The
distances should be with in the surface of the earth.

Solution: (i) The weight of the body at the center of the earth is equal to zero because
 d  R
gcentre = g  1    g  1   = 0
 R  R
g  d  R d
(ii)  1    
g  R  R 
where, d represents depth w.r.t. earth’s surface. Hence R – d = x = distance from
centre of earth.
x x
 g = g.  mg = mg
R R
1 x
or, 
4 R
 x = R/4.

 Illustration 8:
Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh half way
down to the centre of the earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface?

Solution: The weight, mg = 250 N, at the surface of the earth.

250 250
 m=  kg
g 9.8
The value of acceleration due to gravity at a depth h is given by
 h
g = g  1  
 R
Here, g = 9.8 m/s2 , h = R/2
 1
g = 9.8  1    4.9 m / s 2
 2
Hence new weight of the body
250
= mg =  4.9  125N .
9.8

Exercise 3: 
Where will the true weight of the body be zero?

VARIATION OF ‘g’ WITH LATITUDE

The value of acceleration due to gravity changes with latitude due to following reasons.

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(a) Shape of Earth

Rp
The earth is not a perfect sphere. It is flattened at the poles and bulges at the
Re
equator. The equator radius Re is greater than the polar radius by Rp O

GM
We know that, g  2
R
Since, G and M are constants,
1
 g 2
R
Hence, the value of g increases as we move from the equator to the pole.

(b) Rotation of Earth

The values of g is larger at the poles and smaller at the equator due to rotation of earth about its North-
South axis.

 Illustration 9:
What is the height at which the acceleration due to gravity decreases by 36% of its value on the surface
of the earth? (Radius of earth = 6400 km)
GM
Solution: g
r2
GM e
at surface, g  …(i)
R e2
at distance ‘r’ from centre
GM
g '  2 e ; r  Re  h …(ii)
r
Given that, g '  0.64  g 
Solving (i) and (ii)
Re = 4h
R
 h = e  1600 km .
4

Exercise 4: 
(i) When you move from equator to pole, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g):
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains the same (D) increases then decreases
(ii) If the earth shrinks to half of its radius its mass remaining same. The weight of an object on earth
will change___________times?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(iii) The weights of an object in a coal mine, at sea level, and at the top of mountains are w1, w2 and w3
respectively then
(A) w1 < w2> w3 (B) w1 = w2 = w3 (C) w1 < w2 < w3 (D) w1 > w2 > w3

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APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

Some important applications of Newton’s law of gravitation are
i. It helps us to determine the mass of the earth accurately.
ii. It is helpful in determining the masses of the sun, the moon and the planets.
iii. It is useful in estimating the masses of the double stars.

Exercise 5: 
(i). In vacuum, all bodies falling under gravity have same acceleration. True / false?
(ii). The earth is acted upon by the gravitational force of attraction. Then why does the earth not fall
towards the sun?
(iii) Is it that going inside earth, value of ‘g’ changes? Discuss.

Mass:
The mass of a body is the quantity of material (or matter) contained in it. It is a scalar quantity. The unit of
mass is kilogram. The mass of a body is constant and does not change from place to place.
Weight:
“The force with which the earth attracts an object is called the weight of the object.” Weight is a force,
and hence is expressed in Newton. The relation between the mass of an object and its weight W is as
shown below.
GM e m  GM 
W= 2
= m  2 e  = mg
Re  Re 
 W = mg
Thus, the weight of an object of mass 1 kg will be W = (1 kg)  (9.8 m/s2) = 9.8 N.
The weight of a one kg object is sometimes called 1 kg weight. Thus, 1 kg weight = 9.8 N. When a
weighing machine gives weight as 35 kg, it means the actual weight is 343 N.

Exercise 6: 
If a man weights 60 kg on the surface of the earth, the height above the surface of the earth where his weight
is 30 kg is (Assume radius of the earth is R)
(A) 0.41 R (B) 2R (C) R/ 2 (D) R/2

CENTRE OF MASS
A body consists of many particles. A point where the total mass can be supposed to be concentrated is
called centre of mass. If we assume earth to be a sphere of uniform density then its centre of mass lies at
its centre. The force of the earth on any body is therefore in the direction of line joining their centres.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
GM e g
g where ‘r’ is distance from centre of earth. As we move at high altitude  
r2
from surface of earth, the value of ‘g’ changes. The centre of gravity of a body, is r Re

therefore, a point at which force of gravity of the body can be assumed to act.
For bodies of regular shape and which have uniform density, the centre of gravity
lies at geometrical centre of body, if the field due to gravity is uniform.

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MOTION OF PLANETS
Planets move round the sun or satellites around planets under the action of
M1 vo
gravitational force of attraction. The centripetal force required is provided by
gravitational force of attraction.   M2
r
GM1 M 2 M 2 vo2 2r
2
  vo 
r r T

 Illustration 10:
A remote sensing satellite of the earth is revolving in a circular orbit at a height of 400 km above the
surface of earth. What is the (a) orbital speed and (b) period of revolution of satellite? Radius of earth =
6 2
6  10 m and acceleration due to gravity at the surface of earth is 10 m/s

Solution: Here, R = 6  106 m

g = 10 m/s2
h = 400  103 m = 0.4  106 m
g
(a) Orbital speed v = R
Rh
10
= 6  106
6 106  0.4  106
= 7.5  103 m/s
(b) Period of revolution
2 (R  h)3
T=
R g
2  3.14 (6  10 6  0.4 10 6 ) 3
= = 5368.5 sec.
6  10 6 10

WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT ON THE MOON

Just as the weight of an object on the earth is the force with which the earth attracts the object,in the
same way, the weight of an object on the moon is the force with which the moon attract that object. The
gravitational pull of the moon is about one-sixth that the earth, therefore, the weight of an object on
the moon will be about one-sixth of what it is on the earth. Thus, a spring balance which shows
the weight of a body to be 6 kg on the earth will show a weight of only 1 kg when taken to the moon. The
weight of an object on the moon is less than that on the earth because the mass and radius of moon is
less than that of earth (due to which it exerts a lesser force of gravity).

Exercise 7: 
(i) Two satellites of masses 3m and m orbit the earth in circular orbits of radii r and 3r respectively.
What is the ratio of their orbital speeds?
(ii) Two satellites A and B are orbiting around the earth in circular orbits of the same radius. The mass
of A is 16 times that of B. What is the ratio of the period of revolution of B to that of A?

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 Illustration 11:
The satellite Aryabhatta is revolving round the earth at a height of 650 km and completes one revolution
in 96 minutes. If the earth’s radius be 6400 km, find acceleration of Aryabhatta towards the centre of
earth.
Mv 2
Solution:  centripetal force
R  h
v2
 Acceleration 
R  h
2
 2 
g     R  h 
 T 
g  8.3 m / s 2 .

Exercise 8: 
(i). A force acts on the earth revolving in a circular path about the sun. Hence work should be done on
the earth. Give comment on this statement.
(ii). A person standing on a tower throws a stone vertically upward with a velocity and throws another
stone downward with the same initial velocity. Which stone will strike the earth with a larger
velocity?

C
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION D

The motion of planets are also governed by gravitational forces of

 B
attraction. The inverse square law by Newton can be explained on the O
Sun
basis of Kepler’s laws.
A
The three laws of Kepler are:
1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of its focii.
2. The line joining the planet and the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time. (Areal
velocity is constant).
3. The cube of mean distance of a planet from sun is proportional to square of its orbital time period
T. i.e.T 2  r 3
Suppose orbital velocity is v and radius of orbit is r. Then force acting on orbiting planet is
given by
v2
F
r
2r r2
v , so v2  2
T T
3
 1   r 
or v 2     2 
r T 
r3 rd
 constant by Kepler’s 3 law
T2
1 v2 1
Hence, v 2  and F   2 .
r r r

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 Illustration 12:
Compare the period of rotation of planet Mars about the Sun with that of the earth about Sun. The mean
distance of Mars from the sun is 1.52 A0 times the distance of earth from sun.

Solution: According to Kepler’s third law

T2  R3
2 3
 T1   R 1  3
or,      (1.52)
T
 2  2 R
T1
 (1.52)3 / 2  1.8741
T2

 Illustration 13:
A Saturn year is 29.5 times the earth year. How far is the Saturn from the Sun if the earth is 1.50  108km
away from the sun?

Solution: According to Kepler’s law

T2 = R3 or, T12  R 13
or, T22  R 32
dividing the two,
2 3
 T1   R 1 
    
 T2   R 2 
Given, T1 = 29.5 T2; R2 = 1.50  108 km = 1.50  1011 m

R 13
hence, (29.5) 2 
(1.50 1011 )3

or, R13  (29.5) 2  (1.50  1011 ) 3  2.937 1036

3 12
or, R1 = 2.937 1036 = 1.43  10 m

Exercise 9: 
(i) The period of a satellite in a circular orbit of radius R is T. What is the period of another satellite in a
circular orbit of radius 4R.
(ii) A satellite which is geostationary in a particular orbit is taken to another orbit, the distance of which
is twice that of earlier orbit. The time period of satellite in the second orbit is
(A) 24 hrs (B) 48 hrs
48
(C) 48 2 hrs (D) hrs.
2

MOTION OF PARTICLE UNDER GRAVITY

The three basic equations of motion are
v = u + at
1
s = ut + at 2
2
v 2  u 2  2as

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 2n  1 
Distance travelled in nth second, s n  u   a
 2 
If a body is moving in vertical direction, the three basic equations can be applied by putting a  g . We
use sign convention for it
+y
With above convention ‘g’ is taken as negative.
(,+) (+, +)
And v = u  gt
1
s = ut  gt 2 x +x
2
v 2  u 2  2gs (, ) (+, )

 2n  1  y
sn  u   g (body falling under gravity.)
 2 

 Illustration 14:
What will be the ratio of the distance moved by a freely falling body from rest in 4th and 5th second of its
velocity?

Solution: The distance travelled in nth second

 2n  1 
S n= u   g
 2 
 2  4 1 
Hence, h 4  0    9.8 . . . (1)
 2 
 2  5 1 
h5  0    9.8 . . . (2)
 2 
h 7
From (1) & (2) 4  .
h5 9

Exercise 10: 
(i). According to Newton’s universal law of gravitation, every body in the universe attracts every other
body. But we do not see bodies on the surface of the earth moving towards one another on account
of this force of attraction. Why?

(ii). The plants also recognize gravity and react to it by growing roots downwards and shoots upward.
What this phenomenon is called?

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KEY TO EXERCISES

Exercise 1:
(i) The gravitational force of attraction between the two bodies is independent of presence of other
bodies and properties of intervening medium.

(ii) The value of G is same on moon as on the surface of earth because G is a universal gravitational
constant.
(iii) 2.01  1020 N

Exercise 2:
(ii) g/5

Exercise 3:
The true weight of a body be zero where the gravitational effects are nil .e.g. at the centre of earth.

Exercise 4:
(i) A (ii) C
(iii) A
Exercise 5:
(i). True
(ii). The gravitational force of attraction provides the centripetal force that keeps the earth in circular
path.
(iii).Yes, As we go into the earth g decreases. It is zero at the center of the earth.
Exercise 6:
(i). A
Exercise 7:
GM 1
(i) v = i.e. v 
r r
v1 r2 3r
so,    3
v2 r1 r
(ii) TB/TA = 1 : 1.

Exercise 8:
(i). This statement is false because force and displacement both are perpendicular to each other.
Hence, no work is done.
(ii). Both will hit the ground with the same velocity.

Exercise 9:
(i) 8 T (ii) C.

Exercise 10:
(ii). Geotropism

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FORMULAS AND CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE

1. Universal Law of Gravitation

Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle in the universe with a force, which is
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
GM1M 2
or, F
r2
Where M1 , M 2 are masses of particles, r is distance between particles and G is a constant
known as the universal constant of gravitation. The value of G was experimentally measured in
the laboratory. This value is G = 6.67  10-11 Nm2/kg2.
‘G’ is same everywhere and between any two bodies interacting gravitationally.

2. The force with which earth attracts any other body towards its centre is called force of gravity
and the acceleration produced by force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity.

3. Variation in the Acceleration Due to Gravity:

x
(a) Inside the earth: g = g0 (x is distance from the centre of the earth)
Re
2
R 
(b) Outside the earth g = g0  e 
 x 

4. Kepler’s law of Planetary Motion:

(i). The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of its focii.
(ii). The line joining the planet and the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
(Areal velocity is constant).
(iii). The cube of mean distance of a planet from sun is proportional to square of its orbital time
period T. i.e.T 2  r 3

5 Motion of Planets and Satellites in Circular Orbits

v
GMm  v2 
F= = m   r
r2  r 
Mr
GM
Speed of Satellite, v 
r

2r 2 r 2
6. Time period of revolution; T   = r 3/ 2
v GM e / r GM e

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ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MOTION OF SATELLITES
Here we discuss the motion of artificial earth satellites which moves in Circular orbits.
Orbital Speed: Suppose that the speed of an artificial earth satellite in its orbit of radius r be v 0. The
GMm
satellite accelerates towards the centre of earth due to the earth’s gravitational pull
r2
GMm
 FCP =
r2 V0
mv02 GMm
= M r
m
r r2 Fg

GM
 v0 = …(1)
r
GM
Putting 2 = g (acceleration due to gravity at the orbit), we obtain,
r
 v0 = gr …(2)
When it orbits at an altitude h, putting r = (R+h)
GM GM gR
 v0 = = = ; where g is acceleration due to gravity at the earth-
Rh R(1  h / R) (1  h / R)
surface

2r
Time Period of Revolution: The period of revolution, T =
v0
r3 (R  h)3
 T = 2 = 2 .
GM GM

Kinetic Energy: We know that the KE of a particle is equal to 1/2 mv 2. Therefore, KE of a satellite in the
2
GM  GM 
orbit can be given as KE = 1/2 mv 20 , putting v0 = , we obtain, KE = 1/2 m  
r  r 
GMm
KE = .
2r

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

Problem 1: Mass of an object is 10 kg. What is its weight on the earth?

Solution: Mass, m = 10 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
W = mg
W = 10 kg  9.8 m/s2
= 98 N
Thus, the weight of the object is 98 N.

Problem 2: What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49 N?

Solution: Here, W = 49 N , m = ? , g = 9.8 m/s2

Since, W = mg
49
m=
9.8
m = 5 kg
Thus, the mass of the object is 5 kg.

Problem 3: Find the gravitational force between two protons kept at a separation of 1 femtometre (1
femtometre = 10-15m). The mass of a proton is 1.67  10-27 kg

Solution: The gravitational force is

Nm 2
6.67 10 11  (1.67 10 27 kg) 2
Gm1m 2 kg 2
G= 
r2 (10 15 m) 2
= 1.86  10-34 N.

Problem 4: Find the gravitational force between the sun and the earth. The mass of the sun is 2.0 
1030 kg, and that of the earth is 6.0  1024 kg. The distance between the sun and the
earth is 1.5  1011 m.

Solution: The gravitational force is

Nm 2
6.67 10 11  (2.0 1030 kg)  (6.0 10 24 kg)
Gm1m 2 kg 2
G= 
r2 (1.5  1011 m) 2
 3.56  1022 N.

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Problem 5: Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are placed at a separation of 1 m. Find
the accelerations of the bodies assuming that only gravitational forces act.

Solution: The force of gravitation is

Gm1 m 2
F=
r2
Nm 2
6.6 10 11  (1kg)  (2kg)
kg 2
=
(1m)2
= 1.33  10-10 N.

Each body attracts the other with a force of this magnitude. The acceleration of the 1 kg
body is
F 1.33 10 10
a= 
1kg 1
a = 1.33  10-10 m/s2
The acceleration of the 2 kg body is
F
a=  6.67  1011 m / s2 .
2 kg

Problem 6: Suppose an astronaut lands on the moon and drops an object from a height of
7.35 m from the surface. How much time will it take to reach the moon’s surface?

Solution: The acceleration of the object due to the moon’s gravity will be a = g/6 = 9.8/6 m/s2. If
the object takes a time t to reach the surface.
1
or, x = at 2
2
1 9.8
or, 7.35 m =  m / s2  t 2
2 6
7.35 12 2
or, t2 = s 9s
9.8
or, t = 3s.

Problem 7: An object weighs 10 N when measured on the surface of the earth what would be its
weight when measured on the surface of the moon?

Solution: We know,
1
Weight of object on the moon =  its weight on the earth.
6
We 10
i.e. W m =  N
6 6
= 1.67 N
Thus, the weight of object on the surface of the moon would be 1.67 N.

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Problem 8: The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies is F Newtons. If the mass of
each body and the distance between them are doubled, then calculate the gravitational
force between them in Newton.

Gm1 m 2
Solution: Given, F = … (i)
r2
If the mass of each body and the distance between them are doubled,
G(2m1 )(2m 2 )
then F =
(2r)2
Gm1 m 2
F =
r2
 F = F
Hence, the gravitational force between the bodies will remain same.

Problem 9: An object is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 10 m. Calculate (i) the
velocity with which the object was thrown upwards and (ii) the time taken by the object to
reach the highest point. (g = 9.8 m/s2)

Solution: (i) v2 = u2 + 2as

0 = u2 + 2  (9.8 m/s2)  10 m
 u2 = 2  9.8  10 m2/s2
u = 196 m / s
u = 14 m/s.
(ii) v = u + at
0 = 14 m/s  9.8 m/s2  t
t = 1.43 s.
Thus, (i) initial velocity, u = 14 m/s, and (ii) time taken t = 1.43 s.

Problem 10: A ball is projected from the bottom of the 15 m high tower in the vertically upwards
direction with a speed of 20 m/s. At what time it will reach the top of the tower.
(take g = 10 m/s2)

1 2
Solution: Using s = ut + at
2
1
 15 = 20t - (10)t 2
2
2
 5t – 20t + 15 = 0
 t = 1, 3
Ball will first reach the top of the tower after one second, it will go further high, and will
reach the top of the tower after three seconds from the beginning of the journey.

Problem 11: The moon orbits the earth in an approximately circular path of radius 3.8  108 m. It
takes about 27 days to complete one orbit. Calculate the mass of the earth from this data.

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Solution: The gravitational attraction between the earth and moon provides the centripetal force.
M v 2 GM e M m
Therefore m 
r r2
2
 2 r 
r
v 2 r  T 
 Me = 
G G
2
 2 3.8  108  8
  (3.8  10 )
27  24  3600
Me =   24
or, = 6.0  10 kg
6.67 10 11

3 2
M R   Tm 
Problem 12: Show that for a circular orbit s   P   
Mp  R m   Tp 
where Ms is the mass of the sun, Mp is the mass of the planet, Rp is the distance of the
planet from the sun. Rm is the distance of the moon from the planet & Tp is the period of
the planet around the sun.

Solution: Gravitational force is centripetal force

M p v p2 GM s M p 2 R p
 2
and vp =
Rp Rp Tp
42 R 3p
 Ms =
GTp2
Similarly we can obtain
4 2 R 3m
Mp =
GTm2
3 2
Ms  R p   Tm 
taking the ratio    
Mp  R m   Tp 

Problem 13: If gravitational force between two particles would have been inversely proportional to the
first power of the distance between two particles. Prove that if a particle is in a circular
orbit under such a force, its orbital speed is independent of the orbital radius & its time
period is proportional to the radius.

k
Solution: Gravitational force Fg = will act as a centripetal force.
r
mv 2 k k
 v=
r r m
hence, we can say that speed is independent of the orbital radius.
2r k 2r m
Now, v =    T =2r
T m T k
Hence, we can say that time period is proportional to the radius.

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Problem 14: Two particles of mass m and 2m are kept a distance d apart. Where a third particle
should be placed so that the net gravitational force acting on it is zero.

Solution: Let us say third particle of mass M is kept at a distance x from the particle of mass m so
that its distance from other particle is d  x. Gravitational force on third particle due to
masses m and 2m should be equal and opposite.
GMm G(2m)M
Therefore, 
x2 (d  x)2
d d
or, x= or
1 2 1 2
As x can not be negative
d
so x= .
1 2

Section – B

Problem 1: State the universal law of gravitation.

Solution: The gravitational force of attraction between any two particles is directly proportional to
the product of the masses of the particles and is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between the particles.

Problem 2: Define centre of gravity of a body.

Solution: Centre of gravity of a body is a point where the entire weight of the body may be
assumed to be acting.

Problem 3: Compute the mass of the earth, assuming it to be a sphere of radius 6370 km.

GMe gR2e 9.8  (6.37  106 )2

Solution: g=  M e =   6.0  1024 kg.
R2e G 6.67  1011

Problem 4: A body is thrown upwards; when it is at the highest point, what is its acceleration?

Solution: Its acceleration remains constant and is equal to 9.8 m / s2 acting vertically downward,
which remains same at highest point also.

Problem 5: Earth moves around the sun in an elliptical path. When will the speed of earth will be
maximum and when it will be minimum.

Solution: Its speed will be maximum when it passes through semi minor axis and its speed will be
minimum when it passes thorugh semi major axis.

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OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: If the distance between earth and the sun were half its present value, then calculate the
number of days in a year?
(A) 365 days (B) 120 days
(C) 129 days (D) 91 days

Solution: (C)
2 3
According to Kepler’s law, T  r
3/ 2 3/ 2
r  1
T2  T1  2   365   
 r1  2
T2 = 129 days.

Problem 2: A satellite of mass m revolves around the earth of radius R at a height x from its surface.
If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, then what is the orbital
speed of the satellite?
gR 2 gR
(A) (B)
Rx Rx
g R2
(C) (D)
Rx Rx

Solution: (A)
For the satellite, the gravitational force provides the necessary centripetal force,
GM e m mv02
i.e.  . . . (i)
(R  x) 2 (R  x)
GM e
and g . . . (ii)
R2
from equation(i) and (ii)
gR 2
v0 = .
Rx

Problem 3: At what height from the earth’s surface the acceleration due to gravity will be half the
value of g at the surface? (Re = 6400 km)
(A) 3200 km (B) 1650 km
(C) 2800 km (D) 2650 km

Solution: (D)
g
Since, g = 2
1   h / R e  

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g
 g/2 = 2
1  (h / R e )
h
or, 1+  2
Re
or, h = ( 2  1)R e
= (1.414 – 1)  6400
= 2650 km.

Problem 4: A ball A is dropped from the top of a tower 44.1 m high. Two seconds later another ball B
is thrown in the downwards direction from same point. Both the balls reach the ground
2
together. Find the speed with which the ball B is thrown. (Take g = 9.8 m/s )
(A) 30.2 m/s. (B) 35.2 m/s.
(C) 39.2 m/s. (D) 28.2 m/s.

Solution: (C)
For ball A
1 2
Using h = gt
2
2h 2(44.1)
t=   3s
g (9.8)
For ball B, time taken t = 3 – 2 = 1 sec.
1
Using S = ut + at 2
2
1
- 44.1 = - u(1) - (9.8)(1) 2
2
 u = 39.2 m/s.

Problem 5: The masses of two planets are in the ratio 1 : 2 and their radii are in the ratio 1 : 4. The
ratio of gravitational acceleration on the planets is
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 8 : 1 (D) 4 : 1

Solution: (C)
M1 1 R 1
 and 1 
M2 2 R2 4
GM1
g1 R12
 = 8 : 1.
g2 GM2
R 22

Problem 6: Which of the following graphs is true for the motion of a satellite revolving round the
earth. (‘T’ is the time period of a satellite and ‘r’ is the distance of the satellite from the
earth).

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(A) (B) (C) (D)

T2 T2 T2 T2

r3 r3 r3 r3

Solution: (C)
Graph C is correct as T 2  r 3 .

Problem 7: According to Newton’s Universal law of gravitation the gravitational force between two
bodies is
(A) always attractive and depends on their masses
(B) depends on the distance between them
(C) does not depend on the medium between the bodies
(D) All the above

Solution: (D)
All of the options A, B, C are correct as gravitational force between two bodies is given as
GM1 M2
F .
R2

Fill in the blanks

8. A satellite X moves round the earth in a circular orbit of radius R. If another satellite Y of the same
mass moves round the earth in a circular orbit of radius 4R, then the speed of X is ____________
times that of Y.

Sol. Two

9. If the density of a planet is increased, then the acceleration due to gravity at its surface
will_____________.

Sol. Increase

True and False

10. Under the force of gravity, a heavy body falls quicker than a light body (neglect air resistance).

Sol. False

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Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: Where is the intensity of the gravitational field of the earth maximum?
(A) Centre of the earth (B) Equator
(C) Poles (D) Same every where

Solution: (C)
The intensity of the gravitational field of the earth is maximum at poles as radius from
pole is least.

Problem 2: The mass of a body on the surface of the earth is 6 kg. If we measure its mass on the
surface of the moon, it will be:
(A) 36 kg (B) 6 kg
(C) 1 kg (D) 0.1 kg

Solution: (B)
The mass of the body does not change at any surface, it remains constant.

Problem 3: Assuming the earth as a sphere of uniform density, the acceleration due to gravity half
way towards the centre of the earth will be:
(A) 0.75 g (B) 0.50 g
(C) 0.25 g (D) 0.125 g

Solution: (B)
 d 
g'   1  g
 Re 
Putting d  Re , we get g'  0.5 g .

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Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

Problem 1: A flying jet plane gets reaction from

(A) gravity (B) atmosphere
(C) gravity and atmosphere (D) gases ejected from behind

Solution: (D)
By newton’s third law.

Problem 2: A body is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 10 m. The velocity with which
the body was thrown upwards is (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
(A) 16 m/sec (B) 15 m/sec
(C) 14 m/sec (D) 12 m/sec

Solution: (C)
v2 = u2 – 2gh
o = u2 – 2 × 9.8 × 10
u2 = 196, u = 14 m/sec.

Problem 3: There are two bodies of masses 100 kg and 10000 kg separated by a distance 1 m. At
what distance from the smaller body, intensity of gravitational field will be zero.
1 1
(A) m (B) m
9 10
1 10
(C) m (D) m
11 11

Solution: (C)
Let the distance be r from smaller body
G 10, 000 G  100
then, 2

1  r  r2
1
r m.
11

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity on the core of Earth.

2. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity in outer space ?

3. What is center of mass ?

4. How the acceleration due to gravity change with height.

5. What is the energy possessed by a body due to gravitational field

6. State two factors on which the gravitational force between two objects depends.

7. What is the gravitational force between the earth and a body on surface of earth called?

8. State the source of centripetal force that our Earth requires to revolve around the Sun. List the
factors on which this force depends.

9. A man weighs 100 N on earth. What is his mass? (g = 10 m/s2). On moon his weight would be
50/3 N. What is the acceleration due to gravity on the moon?

10. Distinguish between mass and weight of an object. How does weight of an object change on
moving from equator to poles? When can the weight of an object be zero?

11. Assuming that the mass of earth is 100 times larger than the mass of moon and radius of earth is
1
about 4 times as that of moon, show that the weight of an object on moon is th of that on earth.
6

12. (a) A car falls off a ledge and drops to the ground in 0.5 s. Let g = 10 m/s2
(i) What is its speed on striking the ground?
(ii) What is the average speed during the 0.5 sec?
(iii) How high is the ledge from the ground?
(b) Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity?

13. A rocket is fired form the earth towards the moon. At what distance from the moon is the
gravitational force on the rocket zero. Mass of earth = 6  10 24 kg, mass of moon = 7.4  10 22 kg
and orbital radius = 3.8  108 m. Neglect the effect of the sun and other planets.

14. What is a geostationary satellite and what is its time period?

15. State S.I. and C.G.S. units of ‘G’ and mention its value in both the systems.

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ASSI GNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

1. What is the acceleraton due to gravity at the surface of earth in its C.G.S unit.

2. A satellite is revolving around the planet of mass M and the radius of orbit is R then find its orbital
velocity.

3. A body is thrown vertically upwards, its motion is governed by which force.

4. Define free fall.

5. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.

6. What is the effect of mass on ‘g’?

7. State Kepler’s 2nd law of planetary motion.

8. Define escape velocity of an object.

9. State Kepler’s 3rd law of planetary motion.

10. Define geotroprism.

11. You know that the earth attracts you in the vertically downward direction. Do you attract the earth
as well? If yes, in which direction?

12. A coin and a feather are dropped from the roof of a building. Which one will fall to the ground
first? (Neglect air resistance).

13. Where is the value of g greater, at the poles or at the equator?

14. When you put an object on a spring balance, do you get the mass of the object or its weight ?

15. State three conditions in which the value of the acceleration due to gravity changes.

16. Can a man standing on a weighing machine will always be able to measure his weight.

17. A body is thrown upwards; when it is at the heighest point, what is its acceleration.

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18. Three balls A, B and C are kept on a straight line. The separation between A and C is 1m, and B
is placed at the midpoint between them. The masses of A, B, C are 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g
respectively. Find the net gravitational force on (a) A, (b) B and (c) C.

19. Starting from Newton’s law of gravitation show that the value of g decreases as one goes above
the earth’s surface.

20. Show that the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the moon is about one-sixth of that at
the surface of the earth.

21. If the radius of the earth were increased by a factor of three, by what factor would its density have
to be changed to keep ‘g’ the same?

22. At what height from the surfaces of earth will the value of acceleration due to gravity be reduced
by 36 % from the value at the surface? Given : Radius of earth = 6400 km

23. A body weighs 90 N on the surface of the earth. How much will it weigh on the surface of mars
whose mass is 1/9th and radius ½ that of the earth?

24. If a planet existed whose mass and radius were both half those of the earth, what would be the
value of acceleration due to gravity on its surface as compared to what it is on the earth’s
surface?

25. The escape speed from earth’s surface is 11kms1 . A certain planet has a radius twice that of
earth but its mean density is the same as that of the earth. Find the value of the escape speed
from the planet.

26. The gravitational forces acting on a rocket at a height h from the surface of earth is 1/3 of the
force acting on a body at see level. What is the ratio of h and R (radius of earth)?

27. What do you understand by gravity and acceleration due to gravity. Establish a relation between
g and G.

28. The moon’s radius is 27% of earth’s radius and its mass is 1.2% of the earth’s mass. What will
be the mass of the body at the moon if its mass on the earth is 70 kg?

29. At what height above the earth’s surface value of acceleration due to gravity is the same as in the
mine 100 km deep?

30. A simple pendulum has a time period of 2 sec at the earth’s surface. If it is taken to a height Re
above the earth’s surface, where Re is the radius of the earth, find the time period.

2
31. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.7 m/s . What is the time period of
a simple pendulum on the moon if its time period on the earth is 3.5 s? (g on the earth = 9.8
2
m/s ).

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Section – B

1. Find the acceleration due to gravity in a mine of depth 640 m if the value at the surface is
2
9.8 m/s . The radius of the earth is 6400 km.

2. The radius of the earth is 6370 km and radius of mars is 3440 km. What is the acceleration due
to gravity on mars if mass of the mars is 0.11 times the mass of earth?

3. A particle of mass m 1 is kept at x = 0 and another of mass m 2 at x = d. When a third particle is

kept at x = d/4, it experiences no net gravitational force due to the two particles. Find m 2/m1.

4. Two satellites are revolving around earth. Orbital radius and orbital velocity of the one satellite is
R1 & v1 respectively. Find the orbital radius of other satellite whose orbital velocity is v 2.

5. An artificial satellite is orbiting at 500 km above the earth’s surface (take the radius of earth as
6.5  106 m) {mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg}
(a) Find the acceleration due to gravity at any point along the satellite path.
(b) What is the centripetal acceleration of the satellite?

6. A body of mass 64 kg on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force on it due to the
earth at a height to one – third the radius of the earth? {g = 10 m/s2}

7. The mass of Mars is one - tenth that of the earth and its diameter is only half that of the earth.
Compare the values of g on their surfaces.

8. As one moves to a place 3200 km above the earth’s surface, the acceleration due to gravity
reduces to 4/9 of its value at the earth’s surface. Calculate the radius of the earth from
this data.

9. Two particles of equal masses go round a circle of radius R under the action of their mutual
gravitational attraction. Find the speed of each particle.

10. Find the percentage decrease in weight of a body when taken 16 km below the surface of the
earth. Take radius of the earth as 6400 km.

11. How does altitude affect ‘g’?

12. Compare mass and weight.

13. Mass of moon is 7.3 × 1022 kg and its radius is 1.74 × 106 m. Find the value of the acceleration
due to gravity on the moon.

14. A body weighs 98 N on the earth. How much does it weigh on the moon?
2 2
( g E  9.8 m s , g m  1.61 m s ).

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15. A body weighs 60 N when measured on the surface of the earth. What would be its weight when
measured on the surface of the moon?

16. What will be the acceleration due to gravity at a planet whose mass is eight times the mass of the
earth and whose radius is twice that of earth? (g on earth is 10 m/s2)

17. What will be the effect on the weight of a body if the average density of the earth is same and
diameter reduces to half of the present value?

18. An object is thrown vertically upwards and rises to height of 10 m. Calculate

(i) the velocity with which the object was thrown upward and
(ii) the time taken by the object to reach the highest point.

19. A ball is dropped from a cliff. Find (a) its speed 2 s after it is dropped, (b) its speed when it has
fallen through 78.4 m and (c) the time taken in falling through 78.4 m.

20. A ball thrown upwards takes 5s to reach the maximum height. Find (a) the initial speed with which
it was thrown and (b) the maximum height reached.

21. An object thrown upwards reaches the highest point in 2.0 s. Find the velocity with which it was
thrown.

22. A stone thrown upwards attains a maximum height of 39.2 m. Find the velocity with which it was
thrown.

23. A ball is thrown upwards with a speed of 19.6 m/s. Calculate (a) the maximum height it reaches,
and (b) the time taken in reaching the maximum height (c) time to return its original position.

24. Calculate the value of the acceleration due to gravity at a place 3,200 km above the surface of
the earth.

25. A body weighs 120 N on the earth. Find its approximate weight on the moon.

24
26. Calculate the value of ‘g’ on the surface of earth. The mass of the earth is 6 × 10 kg and the
6 –11 2 -2
radius of the earth is 6 × 10 m. Gravitational constant is 6.67 × 10 N m kg .

1
27. Calculate acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet whose mass is and radius is
8
half those of earth. Value ‘g’ on the surface of the earth = 9.8 m/s2

22
28. Calculate the value of ‘g’ on the surface of the moon. Given, mass of the moon = 7.4 ×10 kg
and radius of the moon = 1.75 ×106 m.

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Section – C

Numerical based questions (single digit answer 0 to 9)

1. Sun’s mass is 3.2  105 times the earth’s mass. Sun is 400 times as far as from the earth as the
moon is. Find the ratio of magnitude of the pull of the sun on the moon to that of the pull of the
earth on the moon.

2. Three uniform spheres each having a mass M and radius ‘a’ are kept in such a way that each
3GM2
touch the other two. The magnitude of the gravitational force is on any of the spheres due
Ka2
to the other two. Find the value of K.

3. A body weighs 120 N on the earth. Its weight on the moon is 10 K Newton. Find the value of K.

4. Time period of two planets round the sun are in the ratio 1 : 8 then radii will be in the ratio 1: R.
Find ‘R’.

(Other than numerical based)

5. Determine the height h above the surface where the value of g

(i) falls to 1 % of the value at the surface.
(ii) falls by 1 % of the value at the surface.

6. The radii of two planets are R1 and R2 and their densities are 1 and 2 respectively. What is the
ratio of the acceleration due to gravity at their surfaces ?

7. Two satellites A and B go around a planet P in circular orbits having radius 4R and R
respectively. If the speed of the satellite A is 3v, find the speed of satellite B.

8. Compare the acceleration due to gravity at height of 16 km above the surface of the earth to that
at 32 km below the surface of the earth, given the radius of the earth is 6400 km.

9. A satellite revolve around the earth at a height 900 km above the surface of the earth in a circular
orbit. Calculate its orbital velocity, G = 6.67  10-11 Nm2/kg2, Mass of the earth = 6  1024 kg,
radius of the earth = 6400 km

10. If the time period of revolution of a planet is increased to 3 3 times its present value. Then from
what percentage its radius of the orbit of revolution will increases?

11. A person can jump to a height of 3 m at the equator of the earth. Considering the same initial
velocity for jumping, to what height can he jump at the poles? The radius of the earth at the poles
6357
and the equator is 6357 km and 6378 km, respectively. Given  0.9967 .
6378

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OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining same, the weight of an object on earth
becomes……….times?
(A) two (B) three
(C) four (D) five

2. On decreasing the height of a satellite, its time period will

(A) decrease (B) increase
(C) remain unchanged (D) none of these

3. The weight of an astronaut, in an artificial satellite revolving around the earth is

(A) zero (B) equal to that on the earth
(C) more than that on the earth (D) less than that on the earth

4. Weightlessness experienced while orbiting the earth, in spaceships, is the result of

(A) acceleration (B) inertia
(C) zero gravity (D) centre of gravity

5. The ratio of time periods of two satellites revolving around the earth in the orbits of radii 1 : 4. Will
be
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 4 : 1
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 8 : 1

6. When you move from equator to pole, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g)
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains the same (D) increases then decreases

7. The time period of an earth satellite in circular orbit is independent of

(A) the mass of the satellite
(B) radius of its orbit
(C) both the mass of satellite and radius of the orbit
(D) neither the mass of satellite nor the radius of its orbit

8. How much deep inside the earth (radius R) should a man go, so that his weight becomes one
fourth of that one the earth’s surface?
R R
(A) (B)
4 2
3R 2R
(C) (D)
4 3

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9. The time period (T) of an artificial satellite of the earth depends on the density (d) of the earth as
(A) T  d (B) T  d
1 1
(C) T  (D) T 
d d

10. According to kepler’s law, the period of revolution of a planet (T) and its mean distance from the
Sun (R) are related by the equation
(A) T 2 R  constant (B) T 2 R 3  constant
3
(C) TR  constant (D) T 3 R 3  constant

11. When a spring balance which showed a reading of 30 divisions on earth, is taken to the moon, it
will show (for the same body)
(A) 180 divisions (B) 6 divisions
(C) 150 divisions (D) 5 divisions

12. The place where the value of ‘g’ is unaffected by the increase (or) decrease in the speed of
rotation of the earth about its own axis is
(A) equator (B) poles
(C) tropic of Cancer (D) tropic of Capricorn

13. The gravitational force of earth on a ball of mass one kilogram is 9.8 N. The attraction of ball on
the earth is:
(A) 9.8 N (B) negligible
(C) slightly less than 9.8 N (D) more than 9.8 N

14. If the gravitational mass of a body on the moon be denoted by Mm and that on the earth by Me ,
then:
1
(A) Mm  Me (B) Mm  Me
6
(C) Mm  Me (D) Mm  6 Me

15. Which of these can not be the unit of gravitational constant:

(A) Nm2/kg2 (B) Dyne cm2/gm2
(C) Nm/kg2 (D) None of these

16. The acceleration due to gravity (on earth) depends upon:

(A) size of the body (B) gravitational mass of the body
(C) gravitational mass of the earth (D) none of the above factors

17. The length of a simple pendulum for a given time period is  . If the pendulum is taken to a place
where acceleration due to gravity is doubled, then for the time period to remain the same its
length should be:
(A) 2 (B) 
(C)  / 2 (D)  / 4

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18. If the density of the earth is doubled keeping its radius constant then acceleration due to gravity
(present value 9.8 ms–2) will be:
(A) 2.45 ms–2 (B) 4.9 ms–2
–2 –2
(C) 9.8 ms (D) 19.6 ms

19. If the mass and radius of a planet are doubled, then acceleration due to gravity on its surface will
become:
(A) one fourth (B) one half
(C) double (D) four times

Match the following

20. Match the following

Column – A Column – B
(A) Mass of an object (P) Same values at all places
(B) Weight (Q) Different values at different places
Depends upon the mass of planet, say
(C) Gravitational Constant (G) (R)
earth.
(D) Acceleration due to gravity (S) Does not depend upon the mass of planet.

Fill in the blanks

21. The acceleration due to gravity _____________ with an increase in height and depth.

22. The acceleration due to gravity at a height (1/20)th the radius of earth above earth’s surface is
9 m/sec2. Its value at a point at an equal distance below the surface of earth is ________ m/sec2.

True and False

23. If a planet gets inflated, keeping its density constant, then g will increase.

24. A satellite going round the earth suffers no acceleration.

Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. The weight of a body at the centre of the earth is:

(A) zero (B) infinite
(C) same as on the surface of earth (D) none of the above.

2. The earth revolves round the sun in an elliptical orbit. Its speed
(A) goes on decreasing continuously (B) is greatest when it is closest to the sun
(C) is greatest when it is farthest from the sun (D) is constant at all the points on the orbit.

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3. Two satellites are orbiting around the earth in circular orbits of same radius. One of them is 10
times greater in mass than the other. Their periods of revolutions are in the ratio:
(A) 100:1 (B) 1:100
(C) 10:1 (D) 1:1.

4. An earth satellite is moving round the earth in a circular orbit. For such a satellite, which of the
following statements is wrong ?
(A) It is a freely falling body.
(B) It is moving with a constant speed.
(C) Its acceleration is zero.
(D) Its angular momentum about earth remains constant.

5. If a body is projected with a speed less than the escape velocity,

(A) it must reach a certain height and may fall down following a straight path.
(B) it must reach a certain height and may fall down following a parabolic path.
(C) it may orbit the earth in a circular or elliptic orbit.
(D) it must orbit the earth in a circular orbit.

6. The time period of a satellite of mass m in a circular orbit around the sun is
(A) independent of m (B) proportional to m
(C) inversely proportional to m 1/2 (D) proportional to m -1

7. An earth satellite is moved from one stable circular orbit to a farther stable circular orbit. Which
one of the following quantities increase?
(A) gravitational force. (B) gravitational potential energy.
(C) linear orbital speed. (D) centripetal acceleration.

8. A body of mass m is taken from earth's surface to a height equal to radius of earth. The change in
potential energy will be
1
(A) mgR (B) mgR
2
1
(C) 2mgR (D) mgR
4

9. The weight of a body at earth's surface is W. At a depth half way to the centre of the earth, it will
be (assuming uniform density in earth)
(A) W (B) W/2
(C) W/4 (D) W/8

10. If the distance between the earth and the sun become four times, then time period becomes.
(A) 4 times (B) 8 times
(C) 2 times (D) 5 times

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11. A geostationary satellite is going round the earth in an orbit. Then which of the following
statements are true?
(i) It is like a freely falling body.
(ii) It possesses acceleration throughout its journey
(iii) It is moving with constant speed
(iv) It is moving with constant velocity
(A) (i),(ii),(iii) (B) (ii),(iii),(iv)
(C) (iii),(iv),(i) (D) (iv),(i),(ii)

6
12. The weight of a body of mass 3 kg at a height of 12.8 × 10 m from the surface of the earth is
___________.
(A) 9.75 N (B) 1.46 N
(C) 3.26 N (D) 4.36 N

Multiple choice questions (Multiple option correct)

13. Two particles A and B of masses 5 kg and 10 Kg are kept at a separation of 1 m. Both the
particles are free to move. If the two particles are released from rest, then mark out the correct
statement(s)
(A) Both the particles experience an equal and opposite force.
(B) Magnitudes of acceleration of both the particles are the same.
(C) Magnitude of acceleration of both the particles are different.
(D) Magnitude of acceleration of A is double of that of B.

14. An earth satellite is moving round the earth in a circular orbit. For such a satellite, which of the
following statement is / are correct?
(A) It is a freely falling body (B) It is moving with a constant speed
(C) Its acceleration is zero (D) Its areal velocity is constant

15. The time period of a satellite in a circular orbit around a planet depends on
(A) The mass of the planet (B) The mass of the satellite
(C) Radius of the circular orbit (D) All of the above

16. Choose the correct statements from the following:

(A) The gravitational forces between two particles are an action and reaction pair
(B) Gravitational constant (G) is scalar but acceleration due to gravity (g) is a vector
(C) The values of G and g are to be determined experimentally
(D) G and g are constant everywhere

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Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. If the radius of the earth’s orbit around the Sun is R and the time period of revolution of the earth
around the Sun is T. The mass of the Sun is
GT3 42R3
(A)  2
T (B)
4 R GT 2
1 1
 4 2 R 3  2  4 2 R 3  3
(C)   (D)  
 GT 2   GT 2 

2. The orbital velocity of an artificial satellite in a circular orbit just above the centre’s surface is v.
For a satellite orbiting at an altitude of half of the earth’s radius, the orbital velocity is:
(A) 3v/2 (B) 3 / 2T v
(C) 2/3 v (D) (2/3)v

3. The distance between the centre of moon and the earth is D. The mass of the earth is 81 times
the mass of the moon. At what distance from the centre of the earth, the gravitational force will be
zero?
(A) D/2 (B) 2D/3
(C) 4D/3 (D) 9D/10

4. A tunnel is dug along a diameter of the earth of mass Me and radius Re. The force on a particle
of mass m placed in the tunnel at a distance r from the centre is
GMe m GMem
(A) 3
r (B)
Re Re3 r
GMe m GMe m
(C) 3
(D) r
Re r Re2

5. When a planet moves around the sun, its

(A) areal velocity is constant (B) linear velocity is constant
(C) angular velocity is constant (D) all the velocities are constant

6. A mass of 1kg on earth weighs (1/6) kg on moon. The radius of the moon is 1.738106m. The
mass of the moon is (ge = 9.8 m/s2, G = 6.6710-11 Nm2/kg2)
(A) 7.41022 kg (B) 4.351016 kg
23
(C) 4.410 kg (D) 7.41020 kg

7. A planet has twice the density of earth but the acceleration due to gravity on its surface is exactly
the same as on the surface of the earth. Its radius in terms of radius of the earth R will be
(A) R/4 (B) R/2
(C) R/3 (D) R/8

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8. A geostationary satellite
(A) can move about any axis
(B) must move about the polar axis
(C) must move about an axis in the equitorial plane.
(D) can't be on an equitorial plane.

9. Planets are moving in circular orbits around a star attracted by a force proportional to Rn where R
= distance between the planet and the star. The time period of revolution is found to be such that
2 5/2
T is proportional to R . Then the value of n is
1 3
(A)  (B) 
2 2
7
(C)  (D) -2
2

10. The time period of a satellite in a circular orbit around the sun of mass m is
(A) independent of m (B) proportional to m
1/2
(C) inversely proportional to m (D) proportional to m -1

11. The weight of a body of mass 3 kg at a height of 12.8 ×106 m from the surface of the earth is
_____________.
(A) 9.75 N (B) 1.46 N
(C) 3.26 N (D) 4.36 N

12. If the acceleration due to gravity on a planet is 6.67 m s-2 and its radius is 4 × 106 m, then the
mass of the planet is________.
(A) 16 × 1023 kg (B) 726 × 1023 kg
(C) 16 × 1024 kg (D) 26 × 1024 kg

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KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP

1. zero.

2. zero.

4. It decreases.

5. Gravitational potential energy.

5
9. m/s2.
3

10. It increases. At the centre of earth weight is zero.

1
11. wt. on earth.
6

12. (a) (i) 5 m/s. (ii) 2.5 m/s. (iii) 1.25 m.

13. 3.8  107 m.

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KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section – A

2 GM
1. 980 cm/sec . 2. .
R

3. Gravitational force of earth. 11. Yes, in vertically upward direction.

12. Both will fall at the same time. 13. At the poles.

14. Weight. 16. No

17. 9.8 m/s2

18. (a) 7.34  10-12 N towards C, (b) 1.07  10-11 N towards C, (c) 1.80  10-11 N towards A

21. Decrease by factor of 3. 22. R/4.

23. 40 kg wt. 24. g = 2g.

25. 22 km/s. 26. 0.732

28. Mass remains constant. 29. h = 50 km.

30. 4 sec. 31. 8.4 sec.

Section – B

1. 9.799 m/s2 2. 3.7 m/s2

R1 v12
3. 9 4.
v22

5. (a) 8.45 m/s2, (b) 8.45 m/s2 6. 360 N

7. 2:5 8. 6400 km

Gm
9. v= 10. 0.25 %
4R

13. 1.61 m/s2 14. 16.1 N.

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15. 10 N 16. 20 m/s2

-1
17. W/2 18. (i) 14 ms , (ii) 1.43 s.

19. (a) 19.6 m/s, (b) 39.2 m/s, (c) 4 s. 20. (a) 49 m/s, (b) 122.5 m/s.

21. 19.6 m/s 22. 14 m/s

2
23. (a) 19.6 m, (b) 2 s, (c) 4 s. 24. 4.35 m/s

25. 20 N 26. 9.8 m/s2

1 
27. 4.9 m/s2 28. 1.63 m / s2  g  .
6 

Section – C

Numerical based questions (single digit answer 0 to 9)

1. 2 2. 4 3. 2 4. 4

(Other than numerical based)

5. (i) 9 R (ii) 32 km. 6. R11 : R22.

7. 6 v. 8. g1 = g2.

9. v0 = 7.4 km/s. 10. 200%.

11. 2.98 m.

OBJECTIVE

Level – I

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1 C 2. A 3. A 4 A

5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C

9. C 10. B 11. D 12. B

13. A 14. B 15. C 16. C

17. A 18. D 19. B

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Match the following

20. A  (P,S)

B  (Q,R)

C  (P,S)

D  (Q,R)

Fill in the blanks

21. Decreases

2
22. 9.5 m/s

True and False

23. True

24. False

Level – II

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C

5. C 6. A 7. B 8. B

9. B 10. B 11. A 12. C

Multiple choice questions (Multiple option correct)

13. A,C,D 14. A,B,D 15. A,C

16. A,B,C

Level – III

Multiple choice questions (single option correct)

1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A

5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B

9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A

FY-2024-P2-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION